426:, the attraction force accelerates the objects, increasing their velocity, which converts their potential energy (gravity) into kinetic energy. When the particles either pass through each other without interaction or elastically repel during the collision, the gained kinetic energy (related to speed) begins to revert into potential energy, driving the collided particles apart. The decelerating particles will return to the initial distance and beyond into infinity, or stop and repeat the collision (oscillation takes place). This shows that the system, which loses no energy, does not combine (bind) into a solid object, parts of which oscillate at short distances. Therefore, to bind the particles, the kinetic energy gained due to the attraction must be dissipated by resistive force. Complex objects in collision ordinarily undergo
430:, transforming some kinetic energy into internal energy (heat content, which is atomic movement), which is further radiated in the form of photons – the light and heat. Once the energy to escape the gravity is dissipated in the collision, the parts will oscillate at a closer, possibly atomic, distance, thus looking like one solid object. This lost energy, necessary to overcome the potential barrier to separate the objects, is the binding energy. If this binding energy were retained in the system as heat, its mass would not decrease, whereas binding energy lost from the system as heat radiation would itself have mass. It directly represents the "mass deficit" of the cold, bound system.
419:. In the process of binding, the constituents of the system might enter higher energy states of the nucleus/atom/molecule while retaining their mass, and because of this, it is necessary that they are removed from the system before its mass can decrease. Once the system cools to normal temperatures and returns to ground states regarding energy levels, it will contain less mass than when it first combined and was at high energy. This loss of heat represents the "mass deficit", and the heat itself retains the mass that was lost (from the point of view of the initial system). This mass will appear in any other system that absorbs the heat and gains thermal energy.
406:
A bound system is typically at a lower energy level than its unbound constituents because its mass must be less than the total mass of its unbound constituents. For systems with low binding energies, this "lost" mass after binding may be fractionally small, whereas for systems with high binding
540:
is the difference of the binding energies of the "fuel", i.e. the initial nuclide(s), from that of the fission or fusion products. In practice, this energy may also be calculated from the substantial mass differences between the fuel and products, which uses previous measurements of the
433:
Closely analogous considerations apply in chemical and nuclear reactions. Exothermic chemical reactions in closed systems do not change mass, but do become less massive once the heat of reaction is removed, though this mass change is too small to measure with standard equipment. In
29:
required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts. In the former meaning the term is predominantly used in condensed matter physics, atomic physics, and chemistry, whereas in nuclear physics the term
545:
of known nuclides, which always have the same mass for each species. This mass difference appears once evolved heat and radiation have been removed, which is required for measuring the (rest) masses of the (non-excited) nuclides involved in such calculations.
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When nucleons bind together to form a nucleus, they must lose a small amount of mass, i.e. there is a change in mass to stay bound. This mass change must be released as various types of photon or other particle energy as above, according to the relation
407:
energies, the missing mass may be an easily measurable fraction. This missing mass may be lost during the process of binding as energy in the form of heat or light, with the removed energy corresponding to the removed mass through
Einstein's equation
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The chromodynamic binding energy of a proton is about 928.9 MeV, while that of a neutron is about 927.7 MeV. Large binding energy between bottom quarks (280 MeV) causes some (theoretically expected) reactions with
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of reactants and (cooled) products. This is because nuclear forces are comparatively stronger than the
Coulombic forces associated with the interactions between electrons and protons that generate heat in chemistry.
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required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom. The atomic binding energy derives from the
522:. This energy is a measure of the forces that hold the nucleons together. It represents energy that must be resupplied from the environment for the nucleus to be broken up into individual nucleons.
438:, the fraction of mass that may be removed as light or heat, i.e. binding energy, is often a much larger fraction of the system mass. It may thus be measured directly as a mass difference between
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has a mass defect of 0.0023884 Da, and its binding energy is nearly equal to 2.23 MeV. This means that energy of 2.23 MeV is required to disintegrate an atom of deuterium.
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There are several types of binding energy, each operating over a different distance and energy scale. The smaller the size of a bound system, the higher its associated binding energy.
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or otherwise removed as binding energy in order to decay to the unexcited state may be in one of several forms. This may be electromagnetic waves, such as
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Karliner, Marek, and
Jonathan L. Rosner. "Quark-level analogue of nuclear fusion with doubly heavy baryons". Nature 551.7678 (2017): 89.
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499:. No mass deficit can appear, in theory, until this radiation or this energy has been emitted and is no longer part of the system.
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The difference between the unbound system calculated mass and experimentally measured mass of nucleus (mass change) is denoted as Δ
781:, see pp. 248–249 for discussion of mass remaining constant after detonation of nuclear bombs until heat is allowed to escape.
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is misusing the denomination of a lack of energy. It addresses the mass and kinetic energy of the parts that bind the various
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The average nuclear binding energy per nucleon ranges from 1.11226 MeV for
703:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. p. 625.
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For example, if two objects are attracting each other in space through their
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Mass change = (unbound system calculated mass) − (measured mass of system)
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e.g. (sum of masses of protons and neutrons) − (measured mass of nucleus)
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Quantum
Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles
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is from 3.8939 eV for the outermost electron in an atom of
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it is composed of. It is the energy equivalent of the
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Nuclear Energy: Principles, Practices, and
Prospects
624:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 524.
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amounts to approximately 99% of the nucleon's mass.
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805:Experimental atomic mass data compiled Nov. 2003
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184:Electron binding energy; Ionization energy
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103:If a body with the mass and radius of
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773:, W.H. Freeman and Co., NY. 1992.
650:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
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459:, or mass
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109:hydrogen-1
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