351:
31:
131:
217:
324:. This means that the binding of oxygen to a heme group on hemoglobin induces a favorable conformation change that allows for increased binding favorability of oxygen for the next heme groups. In these circumstances, the binding curve of hemoglobin will be sigmoidal due to its increased binding favorability for oxygen. Since myoglobin has only one heme group, it exhibits noncooperative binding which is hyperbolic on a binding curve.
413:
such as binding site are conserved. Structure based methods require the 3D structure of the protein. These methods in turn can be subdivided into template and pocket based methods. Template based methods search for 3D similarities between the target protein and proteins with known binding sites. The pocket based methods search for concave surfaces or buried pockets in the target protein that possess features such as
293:
347:, destroying the development of the bacterial cell wall and inducing cell death. Thus, the study of binding sites is relevant to many fields of research, including cancer mechanisms, drug formulation, and physiological regulation. The formulation of an inhibitor to mute a protein's function is a common form of pharmaceutical therapy.
412:
A number of computational tools have been developed for the prediction of the location of binding sites on proteins. These can be broadly classified into sequence based or structure based. Sequence based methods rely on the assumption that the sequences of functionally conserved portions of proteins
229:
At the regulatory site, the binding of a ligand may elicit amplified or inhibited protein function. The binding of a ligand to an allosteric site of a multimeric enzyme often induces positive cooperativity, that is the binding of one substrate induces a favorable conformation change and increases the
258:
Binding sites can be characterized also by their structural features. Single-chain sites (of âmonodesmicâ ligands, ÎźĎνοĎ: single, δξĎÎźĎĎ: binding) are formed by a single protein chain, while multi-chain sites (of "polydesmicâ ligands, ĎοΝοί: many) are frequent in protein complexes, and are formed by
308:
or noncooperative binding behavior respectively. Typically, the x-axis describes the concentration of ligand and the y-axis describes the fractional saturation of ligands bound to all available binding sites. The
Michaelis Menten equation is usually used when determining the shape of the curve. The
152:
For instance, the transferase hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to make glucose-6-phosphate. Active site residues of hexokinase allow for stabilization of the glucose molecule in the active site and spur the onset of an alternative pathway of favorable interactions, decreasing the
145:
than substrates and products. At the catalytic binding site, several different interactions may act upon the substrate. These range from electric catalysis, acid and base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis. These interactions decrease the activation energy of a chemical reaction
197:
At the active site, a substrate binds to an enzyme to induce a chemical reaction. Substrates, transition states, and products can bind to the active site, as well as any competitive inhibitors. For example, in the context of protein function, the binding of calcium to troponin in muscle cells can
177:
Lastly, mixed inhibitors are able to bind to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex. However, in contrast to competitive and uncompetitive inhibitors, mixed inhibitors bind to the allosteric site. Allosteric binding induces conformational changes that may increase the protein's
393:(β-Blockers) are antihypertensive agents that block the binding of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline to β1 and β2 receptors in the heart and blood vessels. These receptors normally mediate the sympathetic "fight or flight" response, causing constriction of the blood vessels.
249:
pathway. Therefore, at sufficient levels of ATP, PFK is allosterically inhibited by ATP. This regulation efficiently conserves glucose reserves, which may be needed for other pathways. Citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle, also works as an allosteric regulator of PFK.
213:. Carbon monoxide's high affinity may outcompete oxygen in the presence of low oxygen concentration. In these circumstances, the binding of carbon monoxide induces a conformation change that discourages heme from binding to oxygen, resulting in carbon monoxide poisoning.
167:
compete with substrate to bind to free enzymes at active sites and thus impede the production of the enzyme-substrate complex upon binding. For example, carbon monoxide poisoning is caused by the competitive binding of carbon monoxide as opposed to oxygen in hemoglobin.
245:(PFK), which phosphorylates fructose in glycolysis, is largely regulated by ATP. Its regulation in glycolysis is imperative because it is the committing and rate limiting step of the pathway. PFK also controls the amount of glucose designated to form ATP through the
2162:
Broomhead NK, Soliman ME (March 2017). "Can We Rely on
Computational Predictions To Correctly Identify Ligand Binding Sites on Novel Protein Drug Targets? Assessment of Binding Site Prediction Methods and a Protocol for Validation of Predicted Binding Sites".
174:, alternatively, bind concurrently with substrate at active sites. Upon binding to an enzyme substrate (ES) complex, an enzyme substrate inhibitor (ESI) complex is formed. Similar to competitive inhibitors, the rate at product formation is decreased also.
309:
Michaelis Menten equation is derived based on steady-state conditions and accounts for the enzyme reactions taking place in a solution. However, when the reaction takes place while the enzyme is bound to a substrate, the kinetics play out differently.
421:
capacity that would allow them to bind ligands with high affinity. Even though the term pocket is used here, similar methods can be used to predict binding sites used in protein-protein interactions that are usually more planar, not in pockets.
259:
ligands that bind more than one protein chain, typically in or near protein interfaces. Recent research shows that binding site structure has profound consequences for the biology of protein complexes (evolution of function, allostery).
146:
by providing favorable interactions to stabilize the high energy molecule. Enzyme binding allows for closer proximity and exclusion of substances irrelevant to the reaction. Side reactions are also discouraged by this specific binding.
267:
Cryptic binding sites are the binding sites that are transiently formed in an apo form or that are induced by ligand binding. Considering the cryptic binding sites increases the size of the potentially
1615:
Iida S, Nakamura HK, Mashimo T, Fukunishi Y (November 2020). "Structural
Fluctuations of Aromatic Residues in an Apo-Form Reveal Cryptic Binding Sites: Implications for Fragment-Based Drug Design".
98:
Binding of a ligand to a binding site on protein often triggers a change in conformation in the protein and results in altered cellular function. Hence binding site on protein are critical parts of
122:, steric shape and geometry of the site selectively allow for highly specific ligands to bind, activating a particular cascade of cellular interactions the protein is responsible for.
404:
that causes flaccid paralysis in the muscle due to binding to acetylcholine dependent nerves. This interaction inhibits muscle contractions, giving the appearance of smooth muscle.
178:
affinity for substrate. This phenomenon is called positive modulation. Conversely, allosteric binding that decreases the protein's affinity for substrate is negative modulation.
1072:
118:. Binding sites incur functional changes in a number of contexts, including enzyme catalysis, molecular pathway signaling, homeostatic regulation, and physiological function.
1699:
Anne A, Demaille C (October 2012). "Kinetics of enzyme action on surface-attached substrates: a practical guide to progress curve analysis in any kinetic situation".
722:
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Dehnavi, Alireza (2021). "3D U-Net: A Voxel-based method in binding site prediction of protein structure".
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Dehnavi, Alireza (2024). "Deep attention network for identifying ligand-protein binding sites".
354:
Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by outcompeting the substrate folic acid. Binding site in blue, inhibitor in green, and substrate in black.
198:
induce a conformational change in troponin. This allows for tropomyosin to expose the actin-myosin binding site to which the myosin head binds to form a
358:
In the scope of cancer, ligands that are edited to have a similar appearance to the natural ligand are used to inhibit tumor growth. For example,
1767:
161:
Protein inhibition by inhibitor binding may induce obstruction in pathway regulation, homeostatic regulation and physiological function.
469:
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule.
2254:
209:
In the context of the blood, an example of competitive binding is carbon monoxide which competes with oxygen for the active site on
149:
Types of enzymes that can perform these actions include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.
2045:
1280:
1148:
1123:
1052:
1019:
995:
706:
579:
550:
483:"Binding site prediction for protein-protein interactions and novel motif discovery using re-occurring polypeptide sequences"
1396:"Ligand-Binding-Site Structure Shapes Allosteric Signal Transduction and the Evolution of Allostery in Protein Complexes"
1247:
2281:
1743:
1219:
1092:
954:
828:
300:
Binding curves describe the binding behavior of ligand to a protein. Curves can be characterized by their shape,
59:
1167:
Konc J, JaneĹžiÄ D (April 2014). "Binding site comparison for function prediction and pharmaceutical discovery".
272:â human proteome from ~40% to ~78% of disease-associated proteins. The binding sites have been investigated by:
2206:
Jones S, Thornton JM (September 1997). "Analysis of protein-protein interaction sites using surface patches".
2437:
296:
Sigmoidal versus hyperbolic binding patterns demonstrate cooperative and noncooperative character of enzymes.
17:
2106:"Proteins and Their Interacting Partners: An Introduction to Protein-Ligand Binding Site Prediction Methods"
280:
with Markov state model and with biophysical experiments, and cryptic-site index that is based on relative
1830:
Peng J, Li XP (November 2018). "Apolipoprotein A-IV: A potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis".
1448:"CryptoSite: Expanding the Druggable Proteome by Characterization and Prediction of Cryptic Binding Sites"
1446:
Cimermancic P, Weinkam P, Rettenmaier TJ, Bichmann L, Keedy DA, Woldeyes RA, et al. (February 2016).
2565:
448:
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
2570:
1298:"Ligand Binding Site Structure Shapes Folding, Assembly and Degradation of Homomeric Protein Complexes"
389:
In cardiovascular illnesses, drugs such as beta blockers are used to treat patients with hypertension.
1875:"Skeletal myosin binding protein-C: An increasingly important regulator of striated muscle physiology"
220:
Competitive and noncompetitive enzyme binding at active and regulatory (allosteric) site respectively.
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2538:
2525:
2512:
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2486:
2473:
2460:
2422:
2432:
2386:
2329:
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235:
231:
481:
Amos-Binks A, Patulea C, Pitre S, Schoenrock A, Gui Y, Green JR, Golshani A, Dehne F (June 2011).
2334:
1971:"Interaction of dihydrofolate reductase with methotrexate: ensemble and single-molecule kinetics"
1347:"Ligand Binding Site Structure Influences the Evolution of Protein Complex Function and Topology"
367:
281:
199:
171:
67:
1558:"Discovery of multiple hidden allosteric sites by combining Markov state models and experiments"
273:
164:
2355:
2274:
759:"Small-molecule binding sites to explore protein-protein interactions in the cancer proteome"
567:
238:
ligands, in which single or multiple types of molecule affects enzyme activity respectively.
79:
55:
312:
Modeling with binding curves are useful when evaluating the binding affinities of oxygen to
2427:
1982:
1569:
1510:
872:
460:
439:
383:
371:
75:
51:
374:, shutting off production of DNA, RNA and proteins. Inhibition of this function represses
241:
Enzymes that are highly regulated are often essential in metabolic pathways. For example,
8:
2391:
2244:
1843:
321:
305:
242:
99:
1986:
1573:
1514:
876:
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1899:
1874:
1855:
1807:
1782:
1761:
1640:
1592:
1557:
1533:
1498:
1497:
Beglov D, Hall DR, Wakefield AE, Luo L, Allen KN, Kozakov D, et al. (April 2018).
1474:
1447:
1420:
1395:
1371:
1346:
1322:
1297:
895:
860:
783:
758:
670:
645:
621:
596:
509:
482:
277:
230:
enzyme's likelihood to bind to a second substrate. Regulatory site ligands can involve
203:
2069:
Montecucco C, MolgĂł J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer".
2005:
1970:
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2180:
2137:
2086:
2041:
2010:
1948:
1904:
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960:
950:
900:
824:
788:
739:
702:
675:
626:
575:
546:
514:
341:
276:
applied to "CryptoSite" data set, Extension of "CryptoSite" data set, long timescale
134:
2055:
1969:
Rajagopalan PT, Zhang Z, McCourt L, Dwyer M, Benkovic SJ, Hammes GG (October 2002).
1859:
83:
2370:
2365:
2339:
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2215:
2192:
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1407:
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1317:
1309:
1207:
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1040:
983:
927:
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731:
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504:
494:
418:
333:
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142:
103:
63:
2417:
2401:
2314:
1362:
1084:
885:
820:
694:
397:
119:
115:
1211:
2455:
2396:
2082:
1975:
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1562:
Proceedings of the
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1503:
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661:
414:
2176:
2037:
1890:
1464:
1313:
1180:
735:
350:
332:
Biochemical differences between different organisms and humans are useful for
34:
Glucose binds to hexokinase in the active site at the beginning of glycolysis.
2554:
2360:
2319:
1753:
1628:
1257:
964:
499:
43:
30:
1582:
1523:
1411:
86:. Binding to protein binding sites is most often reversible (transient and
2219:
2184:
2141:
2090:
2014:
1995:
1952:
1908:
1851:
1816:
1720:
1685:
1636:
1601:
1542:
1483:
1429:
1380:
1331:
1188:
904:
792:
743:
679:
630:
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390:
363:
359:
269:
111:
87:
2227:
2122:
1044:
987:
2533:
2468:
2304:
192:
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337:
313:
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1712:
1676:
1659:
597:"Protein function annotation by local binding site surface similarity"
130:
54:. The binding partner of the macromolecule is often referred to as a
2507:
2481:
1445:
379:
317:
216:
1556:
Bowman GR, Bolin ER, Hart KM, Maguire BC, Marqusee S (March 2015).
375:
137:
is decreased in the presence of an enzyme to catalyze the reaction.
1202:
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304:
or hyperbolic, which reflect whether or not the protein exhibits
71:
47:
917:
721:
480:
78:. The binding event is often, but not always, accompanied by a
2520:
2290:
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1077:
Principles and
Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
813:
Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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Competitive inhibitors are also largely found commercially.
646:"Targeting biomolecules with reversible covalent chemistry"
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active site. This interaction inhibits the synthesis of
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Enzymes incur catalysis by binding more strongly to
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980:Polymer and Biopolymer Brushes
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143:transition states
135:Activation energy
104:neurotransmitters
68:second messengers
64:enzyme substrates
42:is a region on a
16:(Redirected from
2578:
2561:Chemical bonding
2428:HanesâWoolf plot
2371:Enzyme activator
2366:Enzyme inhibitor
2340:Enzyme catalysis
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2232:
2231:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2116:(12): 29829â42.
2101:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1707:(41): 14665â71.
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1406:(8): 1711â1727.
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1008:
1002:
1001:
975:
969:
968:
942:
936:
935:
915:
909:
908:
898:
888:
856:
850:
849:
844:Ahern K (2015).
841:
835:
834:
808:
797:
796:
786:
754:
748:
747:
719:
713:
712:
690:
684:
683:
673:
641:
635:
634:
624:
592:
586:
585:
563:
557:
556:
538:
523:
522:
512:
502:
478:
472:
471:
457:
451:
450:
436:
419:hydrogen bonding
372:tetrahydrofolate
364:chemotherapeutic
342:
336:. For instance,
334:drug development
116:steroid hormones
21:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2456:Oxidoreductases
2442:
2418:Enzyme kinetics
2406:
2402:List of enzymes
2375:
2344:
2315:Catalytic triad
2293:
2288:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2204:
2200:
2160:
2149:
2102:
2098:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2026:
2022:
1981:(21): 13481â6.
1967:
1960:
1923:
1916:
1871:
1867:
1828:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1697:
1693:
1656:
1652:
1613:
1609:
1554:
1550:
1495:
1491:
1444:
1437:
1392:
1388:
1343:
1339:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1200:
1196:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
976:
972:
957:
943:
939:
916:
912:
871:(6): e0198632.
857:
853:
842:
838:
831:
809:
800:
769:(10): 3067â87.
755:
751:
720:
716:
709:
691:
687:
642:
638:
593:
589:
582:
564:
560:
553:
539:
526:
479:
475:
459:
458:
454:
438:
437:
433:
428:
410:
398:Botulinum toxin
345:-transpeptidase
330:
290:
265:
256:
227:
225:Allosteric site
195:
189:
184:
159:
128:
120:Electric charge
96:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2380:Classification
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2240:
2239:External links
2237:
2234:
2233:
2198:
2147:
2096:
2061:
2046:
2020:
1958:
1937:(6): 694â703.
1931:The Oncologist
1914:
1865:
1822:
1773:
1744:
1726:
1691:
1650:
1607:
1548:
1489:
1458:(4): 709â719.
1435:
1386:
1337:
1288:
1281:
1263:
1249:978-0956478115
1248:
1227:
1220:
1194:
1156:
1149:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1093:
1060:
1053:
1027:
1020:
1003:
996:
970:
955:
937:
910:
851:
836:
829:
798:
749:
714:
707:
685:
636:
587:
580:
558:
551:
524:
473:
452:
440:"Binding site"
430:
429:
427:
424:
415:hydrophobicity
409:
406:
329:
326:
289:
288:Binding curves
286:
264:
261:
255:
252:
226:
223:
191:Main article:
188:
185:
183:
180:
158:
155:
127:
124:
95:
92:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2583:
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2564:
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2540:
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2527:
2523:
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2517:
2514:
2510:
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2504:
2501:
2497:
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2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Enzyme family
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Cooperativity
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Oxyanion hole
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:Binding Sites
2243:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:(1): 121â32.
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:(4): 679â94.
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:9781464126093
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:(9): 2734â9.
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1221:9789048164837
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1096:
1094:9780511841477
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
966:
962:
958:
956:9780199248995
952:
948:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
906:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
847:
840:
832:
830:9780511841477
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
710:
704:
700:
696:
689:
681:
677:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
632:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
607:(4): 679â94.
606:
602:
598:
591:
583:
577:
573:
569:
562:
554:
548:
544:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
520:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
470:
466:
462:
456:
449:
445:
441:
435:
431:
423:
420:
416:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
391:Beta blockers
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
348:
346:
339:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
260:
251:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
218:
214:
212:
207:
205:
202:and induce a
201:
194:
179:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
154:
150:
147:
144:
136:
132:
123:
121:
117:
113:
112:neuropeptides
109:
105:
101:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:macromolecule
41:
32:
19:
18:Binding sites
2534:Translocases
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2469:Transferases
2466:
2453:
2310:Binding site
2309:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2171:(1): 15â23.
2168:
2164:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2077:(3): 274â9.
2074:
2070:
2064:
2029:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1934:
1930:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1735:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1670:(1): 25â30.
1667:
1663:
1653:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1455:
1451:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1354:
1351:Cell Reports
1350:
1340:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1266:
1239:
1203:
1197:
1172:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1076:
1036:
1030:
1011:
1006:
979:
973:
946:
940:
923:
919:
913:
868:
864:
854:
845:
839:
812:
766:
762:
752:
727:
723:
717:
698:
688:
653:
649:
639:
604:
600:
590:
571:
561:
542:
490:
486:
476:
468:
464:
455:
447:
443:
434:
411:
395:
388:
360:Methotrexate
357:
331:
328:Applications
311:
299:
266:
257:
240:
236:heterotropic
228:
208:
200:cross-bridge
196:
176:
170:
163:
160:
151:
148:
140:
97:
88:non-covalent
40:binding site
39:
37:
2305:Active site
1885:: 121â128.
656:: 110â116.
306:cooperative
193:Active site
187:Active site
52:specificity
2555:Categories
2508:Isomerases
2482:Hydrolases
2349:Regulation
1100:2018-11-01
426:References
408:Prediction
402:neurotoxin
382:and adult
338:penicillin
314:hemoglobin
232:homotropic
157:Inhibition
46:such as a
2387:EC number
1838:: 87â92.
1762:cite book
1754:937824456
1645:226244554
1258:760830351
1073:"Enzymes"
965:487962823
461:"Ligands"
380:psoriasis
318:myoglobin
302:sigmoidal
270:druggable
247:catabolic
126:Catalysis
2411:Kinetics
2335:Cofactor
2298:Activity
2185:27796788
2142:26694353
2091:15907915
2056:38187984
2015:12359872
1953:16794248
1909:30339776
1860:53023273
1852:30352313
1817:24166661
1787:Proteins
1721:22978617
1701:Langmuir
1686:27228905
1637:33140952
1602:25730859
1543:29581267
1484:26854760
1430:31004156
1381:29562182
1332:31306664
1189:24878342
1175:: 34â9.
905:29874286
865:PLOS ONE
793:27452673
744:33866960
680:27599186
631:24166661
601:Proteins
519:21635751
94:Function
84:function
72:hormones
2521:Ligases
2291:Enzymes
2228:9299342
2193:6705144
2133:4691145
1983:Bibcode
1900:6289839
1808:3949165
1593:4352775
1570:Bibcode
1534:5899430
1511:Bibcode
1475:4794384
1421:6657754
1372:5873459
1323:6739599
896:5991966
873:Bibcode
784:5030169
671:5107367
622:3949165
510:3120708
493:: 225.
48:protein
2495:Lyases
2251:(MeSH)
2226:
2191:
2183:
2140:
2130:
2089:
2054:
2044:
2013:
2006:129699
2003:
1951:
1907:
1897:
1858:
1850:
1815:
1805:
1752:
1742:
1719:
1684:
1643:
1635:
1600:
1590:
1541:
1531:
1482:
1472:
1428:
1418:
1379:
1369:
1330:
1320:
1279:
1256:
1246:
1218:
1187:
1147:
1122:
1091:
1051:
1018:
994:
963:
953:
903:
893:
827:
791:
781:
742:
705:
678:
668:
629:
619:
578:
549:
517:
507:
114:, and
108:toxins
56:ligand
2447:Types
2189:S2CID
2052:S2CID
1856:S2CID
1641:S2CID
730:(2).
182:Types
74:, or
2539:list
2532:EC7
2526:list
2519:EC6
2513:list
2506:EC5
2500:list
2493:EC4
2487:list
2480:EC3
2474:list
2467:EC2
2461:list
2454:EC1
2224:PMID
2181:PMID
2138:PMID
2087:PMID
2042:ISBN
2011:PMID
1949:PMID
1905:PMID
1848:PMID
1813:PMID
1768:link
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1717:PMID
1682:PMID
1633:PMID
1598:PMID
1539:PMID
1480:PMID
1426:PMID
1377:PMID
1328:PMID
1277:ISBN
1254:OCLC
1244:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1185:PMID
1145:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1016:ISBN
992:ISBN
961:OCLC
951:ISBN
901:PMID
825:ISBN
789:PMID
740:PMID
703:ISBN
676:PMID
627:PMID
576:ISBN
547:ISBN
515:PMID
417:and
362:, a
316:and
234:and
211:heme
2216:doi
2212:272
2173:doi
2128:PMC
2118:doi
2079:doi
2034:doi
2001:PMC
1991:doi
1939:doi
1895:PMC
1887:doi
1883:660
1840:doi
1836:139
1803:PMC
1795:doi
1709:doi
1672:doi
1625:doi
1621:124
1588:PMC
1578:doi
1566:112
1529:PMC
1519:doi
1507:115
1470:PMC
1460:doi
1456:428
1416:PMC
1408:doi
1367:PMC
1359:doi
1318:PMC
1310:doi
1306:431
1208:doi
1177:doi
1081:doi
1041:doi
984:doi
928:doi
891:PMC
881:doi
817:doi
779:PMC
771:doi
732:doi
666:PMC
658:doi
617:PMC
609:doi
505:PMC
495:doi
62:),
2557::
2222:.
2210:.
2187:.
2179:.
2169:75
2167:.
2150:^
2136:.
2126:.
2114:16
2112:.
2108:.
2085:.
2073:.
2050:.
2040:.
2032:.
2009:.
1999:.
1989:.
1979:99
1977:.
1973:.
1961:^
1947:.
1935:11
1933:.
1929:.
1917:^
1903:.
1893:.
1881:.
1877:.
1854:.
1846:.
1834:.
1811:.
1801:.
1791:82
1789:.
1785:.
1764:}}
1760:{{
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