250:) of points in the images viewed by each eye by creating the illusion of depth from flat depictions of such images displayed in his stereoscope. Such stereopsis is impossible unless information is being combined from each eye. Although Wheatstone's discovery of stereopsis supported fusion theory, he still had to account for binocular rivalry. He regarded binocular rivalry as a special case in which fusion is impossible, saying "the mind is inattentive to impressions made on one retina when it cannot combine the impressions on the two retinae together so as to occasion a perception resembling that of some external object" (p. 264).
234:. Its essential idea is that, despite having two eyes, we see only one of everything (known as singleness of vision) because we see with one eye at a time. According to this theory, we do not normally notice the alternations between the two eyes because their images are too similar. By making the images very different, Porta and Dutour argued, this natural alternation can be seen. Wheatstone, on the other hand, supported the alternative theory of singleness of vision,
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289:). Breese quantified the amount of rivalry by requiring his observers to press keys while observing rivalry for 100-second trials. An observer pressed one key whenever and for as long as he or she saw one rival stimulus with no trace of the other, and another key whenever and for as long as he or she saw the other rival stimulus with no trace of the first. This has come to be known as recording periods of
301:
asked observers specifically to move their eyes over one stimulus, that stimulus predominated in rivalry. He could also increase predominance of a stimulus by increasing the number of its contours, by moving it, by reducing its size, by making it brighter, and by contracting the muscles on the same side of the body as the eye viewing that stimulus. Breese also showed that rivalry occurs between
794:
Dutour, É.F. (1763). "Addition au Mémoire intitulé, Discussion d'une question d'Optique, imprimé dans le troisième Volume des Mémoires des Savans Étrangers, pages 514 & suivantes" [Addition to the Memoir entitled, Discussion on a question of Optics printed in the third Volume of
Memoirs of
102:
At transitions, brief, unstable composites of the two images may be seen. For example, the vertical lines may appear one at a time to obscure the horizontal lines from the left or from the right, like a traveling wave, switching slowly one image for the other. Binocular rivalry occurs between any
300:
Breese first found that although observers could increase the time one rival stimulus was seen by attending to it, they could not increase the rate of that stimulus. Moreover, when he asked his observers to refrain from moving their eyes over the attended stimulus, control was abolished. When he
309:: if the two rival stimuli are optically superimposed to the same eye and one fixates on the stimuli, then alternations in the clarity of the two stimuli are seen. Occasionally, one image disappears altogether, as in binocular rivalry, although this is much rarer than in binocular rivalry.
171:. Porta put one book in front of one eye, and another in front of the other. He reported that he could read from one book at a time and that changing from one to the other required withdrawing the "visual virtue" from one eye and moving it to the other. According to
297:), Breese was able to quantify rivalry in three ways: the number of periods of exclusive visibility of each stimulus (the rate of rivalry), the total duration of exclusive visibility of each stimulus, and the average duration of each period of rivalry.
210:). To experience contour rivalry Dutour again used free fusion of different objects or used a prism or a mirror in front of one eye to project different images into it. The first clear description of rivalry in English was by
149:. Occasionally however, the blank field, or even the dark field of a closed eye, can become visible, making the image invisible for about as long as it would be invisible were it in rivalry with another image of equal
103:
stimuli that differ sufficiently, including simple stimuli like lines of different orientation and complex stimuli like different alphabetic letters or different pictures such as of a face and of a house.
153:. When an image is presented to one eye and a blank field to the other, introducing a different image onto the blank field usually results in that image being seen immediately. This is referred to as
183:
also recorded it when looking at different colours from spectra in the bevel of a mirror. The clearest early description of both colour and contour rivalry was made by Dutour (
230:
Various theories were proposed to account for binocular rivalry. Porta and Dutour took it as evidence for an ancient theory of visual perception that has come to be known as
99:
of the other, sometimes the vertical lines are seen with no trace of the horizontal lines, and sometimes the horizontal lines are seen with no trace of the vertical lines.
246:, the perception of depth arising from the lateral placement of the eyes. Wheatstone was able to prove that stereopsis depended on the different horizontal positions (the
114:
techniques and single-cell recording techniques to identify neural events responsible for the perceptual dominance of a given image and for the perceptual alternations.
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414:
Wolfe, Jeremy M (1983). "Influence of spatial frequency, luminance, and duration on binocular rivalry and abnormal fusion of briefly presented dichoptic stimuli".
242:. Its essential idea is that we see only one of everything because the information from the two eyes is combined or fused. Wheatstone also discovered binocular
290:
809:
784:
2706:
757:
Desaguiliers, J.T. (1716). "III. A plain and easy
Experiment to confirm Sir Isaac Newton's Doctrine of the different Refrangibility of the Rays of Light".
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for as long as one cares to look. For example, if a set of vertical lines is presented to one eye, and a set of horizontal lines to the same region of the
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261:. But Dutour also speculated that the alternations could be controlled by structural properties of the images (such as by temporary fluctuations in the
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Other theories of binocular rivalry dealt more with how it occurs than why it occurs. Dutour speculated that the alternations could be controlled by
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may be seen. When an image is presented to one eye and a blank field to the other, the image is usually seen continuously. This is referred to as
911:(1838). "Contributions to the physiology of vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phænomena of binocular vision".
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91:), instead of the two images being seen superimposed, one image is seen for a few moments, then the other, then the first, and so on,
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974:"Modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist psilocybin"
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An image demonstrating binocular rivalry. If you view the image with red-cyan 3D glasses, the text will alternate between
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Wilson, Hugh R.; Blake, Randolph; Lee, Sang-Hun (30 August 2001). "Dynamics of travelling waves in visual perception".
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Binocular rivalry. If you view the image with red-cyan 3D glasses, the angled Warp and weft will alternate between the
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110:. Binocular rivalry has been extensively studied in the last century. In recent years neuroscientists have used
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When one image is presented to one eye and a very different image is presented to the other (also known as
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forms of perceptual rivalry can occur when there are conflicting and so rivaling inputs into the two
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of one image). This theory was promoted in the nineteenth century by
Helmholtz's traditional rival,
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191:). To experience colour rivalry Dutour either crossed his eyes or overdiverged his eyes (a form of
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The most comprehensive early study of binocular rivalry was conducted by B. B. Breese (
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When the images presented to the eyes differ only in their contours, rivalry is referred to as
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Very small differences between images, however, might yield singleness of vision and
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Blake, R. (2001). "A primer on binocular rivalry, including current controversies".
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Wade, N.J. (1996). "Descriptions of visual phenomena from
Aristotle to Wheatstone".
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Blake, Randolph; Logothetis, Nikos K. (1 January 2002). "Visual competition".
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Mémoires de Mathématique et de
Physique Préséntes par Divers Savants
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Mémoires de Mathématique et de
Physique Présentés par Divers Savants
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Carter O.L.; Pettigrew J.D.; Hasler F.; et al. (June 2005).
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Blake, Randolph (1989). "A neural theory of binocular rivalry".
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134:. When the images presented to the eyes differ only in their
126:. When the images presented to the eyes differ only in their
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Dutour, É.F. (1760). "Discussion d'une question d'optique".
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commonly used also at the end of the 20th century to view
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Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
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913:
325:
644:"Binaral rivalry between the nostrils and in the cortex"
879:
Wade, N.J. (1998). "Early studies of eye dominances".
293:. From the key-press records (Breese's were made on a
2707:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Consciousness
591:
Deutsch D. (September 1974). "An auditory illusion".
82:
glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
55:
glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.
202:) to look at differently coloured pieces of cloth (
952:
795:Foreign Scientists, pages 514 and following].
257:, a theory promoted in the nineteenth century by
175:, binocular colour rivalry was first reported by
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265:of one image, or temporary fluctuations in the
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543:Alais, David; Blake, Randolph, eds. (2005).
277:Empirical studies: B. B. Breese (1899, 1909)
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305:. Breese also discovered the phenomenon of
206:) or differently coloured pieces of glass (
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834:De refractione. Optices parte. Libri novem
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2333:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
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2343:Higher-order theories of consciousness
1642:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
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1045:(January 2002). "Visual competition".
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1089:Blake, Randolph; Tong, Frank (2008).
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167:Binocular rivalry was discovered by
778:. l’Académie des Sciences: 514–530.
642:Zhou W.; Chen D. (September 2009).
13:
2649:Subjective character of experience
2545:Neural correlates of consciousness
1128:"Binocular Rivalry Demonstrations"
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14:
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2679:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
2328:Damasio's theory of consciousness
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803:. Académie des Sciences: 499–511.
225:
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2814:
2813:
2741:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2629:Sociology of human consciousness
2465:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
2368:Orchestrated objective reduction
1141:"Binocular rivalry bibliography"
948:Wikibooks: Consciousness Studies
73:
46:
2747:Online Consciousness Conference
2734:How the Self Controls Its Brain
1282:Vergence-accommodation conflict
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2393:Altered state of consciousness
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1:
2495:Hard problem of consciousness
2353:Integrated information theory
1448:Stereo photography techniques
953:Alais, D.; Blake, R. (2005).
357:
2793:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
2780:The Science of Consciousness
2654:Subjectivity and objectivity
1458:Stereoscopic depth rendition
547:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
130:, rivalry is referred to as
7:
2786:Understanding Consciousness
2713:Consciousness and Cognition
2701:A Universe of Consciousness
373:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
335:
218:). Wheatstone invented the
138:, a form of rivalry called
10:
2881:
2760:The Astonishing Hypothesis
2455:Disorders of consciousness
759:Philosophical Transactions
522:10.1037/0033-295x.96.1.145
162:
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2540:Minimally conscious state
2450:Consciousness after death
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2004:
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1473:Stereoscopic video coding
1468:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
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1232:Convergence insufficiency
1204:
1118:10.4249/scholarpedia.1578
668:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.052
124:binocular contour rivalry
2403:Artificial consciousness
1920:William Kingdon Clifford
1569:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
1506:3D-enabled mobile phones
1463:Stereoscopic rangefinder
1300:Active shutter 3D system
730:Psychological Monographs
132:binocular colour rivalry
117:
2720:Consciousness Explained
2639:Stream of consciousness
2614:Secondary consciousness
2338:Global workspace theory
2323:Dynamic core hypothesis
2318:Attention schema theory
2292:Revisionary materialism
2207:Eliminative materialism
1730:Charles Augustus Strong
1541:Virtual reality headset
1536:Stereoscopic video game
1385:Virtual retinal display
1026:10.1023/A:1017925416289
978:Neuropsychopharmacology
2774:The Emperor's New Mind
2580:Problem of other minds
2515:Introspection illusion
2348:Holonomic brain theory
1705:Alfred North Whitehead
1433:Multiview Video Coding
1428:Computer stereo vision
1237:Correspondence problem
991:10.1038/sj.npp.1300621
925:10.1098/rstl.1838.0019
212:Charles Wheatstone
89:dichoptic presentation
84:
57:
2575:Primary consciousness
2460:Divided consciousness
2363:Multiple drafts model
1865:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1008:on binocular rivalry.
819:Le Clerc, S. (1712).
724:Breese, B.B. (1899).
699:Breese, B.B. (1909).
259:Hermann von Helmholtz
63:
36:
2727:Cosmic Consciousness
2565:Philosophical zombie
2505:Higher consciousness
2398:Animal consciousness
2202:Double-aspect theory
1735:Christopher Peacocke
1325:Head-mounted display
1257:Kinetic depth effect
821:Système de la vision
805:O’Shea, R.P. (1999)
780:O’Shea, R.P. (1999)
705:Psychological Review
510:Psychological Review
291:exclusive visibility
248:horizontal disparity
2500:Heterophenomenology
2413:Attentional control
2062:Lawrence Weiskrantz
1890:Patricia Churchland
1725:Brian O'Shaughnessy
1710:Arthur Schopenhauer
1413:2D to 3D conversion
1365:Specular holography
1360:Polarized 3D system
1277:Stereoscopic acuity
1272:Stereopsis recovery
1109:2008SchpJ...3.1578B
1091:"Binocular rivalry"
909:Wheatstone, Charles
837:. Naples: Salviani.
701:"Binocular rivalry"
660:2009CBio...19.1561Z
605:1974Natur.251..307D
471:2001Natur.412..907W
342:Binocular summation
181:Desaguiliers (1716)
22:is a phenomenon of
2800:Wider than the Sky
2767:The Conscious Mind
2570:Philosophy of mind
2550:Neurophenomenology
2525:Locked-in syndrome
2520:Knowledge argument
2184:Philosophy of mind
1805:George Henry Lewes
1775:Douglas Hofstadter
1395:Wiggle stereoscopy
1390:Volumetric display
1355:Parallax scrolling
1139:O'Shea, Robert P.
1047:Nat. Rev. Neurosci
823:. Paris: Delaulne.
812:2015-06-05 at the
787:2015-06-05 at the
232:suppression theory
85:
58:
16:Optical phenomenon
2860:Visual perception
2850:Binocular rivalry
2837:
2836:
2535:Mind–body problem
2485:Flash suppression
2445:Cartesian theater
2430:Binocular rivalry
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2375:
2242:Mind–body dualism
2171:
2170:
2158:Victor J. Stenger
2133:Erwin Schrödinger
2087:Stanislas Dehaene
2067:Michael Gazzaniga
1951:Donald D. Hoffman
1835:John Polkinghorne
1815:Gottfried Leibniz
1650:
1649:
1611:Sharp Actius RD3D
1531:Stereo microscope
1438:Parallax scanning
1252:Epipolar geometry
1242:Peripheral vision
1217:Binocular rivalry
1132:Binocular Rivalry
1126:Blake, Randolph.
955:Binocular Rivalry
893:10.1080/713754296
545:Binocular rivalry
465:(6850): 907–910.
307:monocular rivalry
156:flash suppression
151:stimulus strength
147:contour dominance
83:
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24:visual perception
20:Binocular rivalry
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2659:Unconscious mind
2287:Reflexive monism
2282:Property dualism
2257:New mysterianism
2217:Epiphenomenalism
2197:Computationalism
2192:Anomalous monism
2180:
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2072:Michael Graziano
2042:Francisco Varela
1946:Carl Gustav Jung
1910:Thomas Metzinger
1880:Martin Heidegger
1860:Kenneth M. Sayre
1720:Bertrand Russell
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1596:Nvidia 3D Vision
1350:Parallax barrier
1335:Integral imaging
1247:Depth perception
1227:Chromostereopsis
1222:Binocular vision
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1147:. Archived from
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2664:Unconsciousness
2475:Explanatory gap
2425:Binding problem
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2153:Susan Blackmore
2106:
2097:Stuart Hameroff
2017:Antonio Damasio
2000:
1996:Wolfgang Köhler
1934:
1895:Paul Churchland
1800:George Berkeley
1770:Donald Davidson
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1453:Stereoautograph
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1340:Lenticular lens
1315:Autostereoscopy
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1262:Stereoblindness
1200:
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1145:Robert P O'Shea
1085:
1043:Logothetis N.K.
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944:
942:Further reading
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856:10.1068/p251137
850:(10): 1137–75.
814:Wayback Machine
789:Wayback Machine
726:"On inhibition"
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599:(5473): 307–9.
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1083:External links
1081:
1080:
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1059:10.1038/nrn701
1038:
1014:Brain and Mind
1009:
984:(6): 1154–62.
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2490:Hallucination
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2222:Functionalism
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2148:Roger Penrose
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2138:Marvin Minsky
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2128:Eugene Wigner
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1526:Stereo camera
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1151:on 2020-10-11
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1004:— Effects of
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964:0-262-01212-X
960:
957:. MIT Press.
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887:(2): 97–108.
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236:fusion theory
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21:
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2711:
2699:
2644:Subconscious
2604:
2590:Quantum mind
2429:
2082:Roger Sperry
2057:Karl Pribram
2005:Neuroscience
1915:Thomas Nagel
1790:Fred Dretske
1765:David Pearce
1740:Colin McGinn
1584:Nintendo 3DS
1491:3D camcorder
1406:technologies
1293:technologies
1216:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1144:
1131:
1103:(12): 1578.
1100:
1096:Scholarpedia
1094:
1053:(1): 13–21.
1050:
1046:
1017:
1013:
981:
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916:
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843:
833:
829:Porta, J. B.
820:
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771:
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758:
733:
729:
711:(6): 410–5.
708:
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409:
379:(1): 13–21.
376:
372:
366:
316:
313:Other senses
299:
280:
271:Ewald Hering
252:
229:
166:
154:
146:
139:
131:
123:
121:
112:neuroimaging
105:
101:
86:
69:
65:
42:
38:
19:
18:
2277:Physicalism
2272:Parallelism
2267:Panpsychism
2237:Materialism
2212:Emergentism
2102:Wolf Singer
1971:Kurt Koffka
1900:Philip Goff
1875:Michael Tye
1870:Max Velmans
1850:Karl Popper
1840:John Searle
1825:John Eccles
1810:Georges Rey
1616:View-Master
1443:Pseudoscope
1375:Stereoscope
1305:Anaglyph 3D
1194:Stereoscopy
919:: 371–394.
807:Translation
782:Translation
303:afterimages
220:stereoscope
208:Dutour 1763
204:Dutour 1760
200:stereograms
193:free fusion
173:Wade (1998)
136:lightnesses
80:3D red cyan
53:3D red cyan
2844:Categories
2669:Upanishads
2470:Experience
2435:Blindsight
2262:Nondualism
2143:Max Planck
2123:David Bohm
1939:Psychology
1830:John Locke
1755:David Hume
1698:Philosophy
1630:Miscellany
1521:Digital 3D
1516:Blu-ray 3D
1380:Vectograph
1345:Multiscopy
1330:Holography
1320:Bubblegram
1267:Stereopsis
1205:Perception
1198:3D display
1155:2013-04-08
1041:Blake R.,
1006:psilocybin
881:Laterality
844:Perception
765:: 448–452.
648:Curr. Biol
576:Porta 1593
416:Perception
358:References
244:stereopsis
140:binocular
108:stereopsis
2684:Yogachara
2619:Sentience
2480:Free will
2420:Awareness
2408:Attention
2297:Solipsism
2012:Anil Seth
1885:Ned Block
750:249336219
580:Wade 1996
563:990669529
322:olfactory
267:luminance
255:attention
240:Aristotle
197:Magic Eye
2819:Category
2555:Ontology
2510:Illusion
2227:Idealism
2176:Theories
1621:XpanD 3D
1606:RealD 3D
1564:Dolby 3D
1559:AMD HD3D
1552:products
1067:11823801
1020:: 5–38.
1000:15688092
933:36512205
901:15513077
872:21480863
831:(1593).
810:Archived
785:Archived
736:: 1–65.
686:19699095
487:11528478
444:26294790
393:11823801
352:Diplopia
336:See also
330:nostrils
318:Auditory
93:randomly
68:and the
2829:Commons
2606:Purusha
2595:Reentry
2388:Agnosia
2311:Science
1691:Figures
1589:New 3DS
1574:Infitec
1550:Notable
1511:4D film
1496:3D film
1482:Product
1291:Display
1105:Bibcode
1075:8410171
1034:2336275
864:9027920
677:2901510
656:Bibcode
629:4273134
621:4427654
601:Bibcode
530:2648445
495:4431136
467:Bibcode
436:6672740
401:8410171
328:or two
214: (
163:History
128:colours
2855:Vision
2753:Psyche
2600:Sakshi
2585:Qualia
2381:Topics
2247:Monism
2111:Others
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72:lines.
2693:Works
2440:Brain
1484:types
1404:Other
1071:S2CID
1030:S2CID
929:S2CID
868:S2CID
746:S2CID
625:S2CID
491:S2CID
440:S2CID
397:S2CID
169:Porta
118:Types
2634:Soul
2530:Mind
1196:and
1063:PMID
996:PMID
959:ISBN
897:PMID
860:PMID
682:PMID
617:PMID
559:OCLC
549:ISBN
526:PMID
483:PMID
432:PMID
389:PMID
326:ears
320:and
287:1909
283:1899
263:blur
216:1838
189:1763
185:1760
70:Blue
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41:and
1113:doi
1055:doi
1022:doi
986:doi
921:doi
917:128
889:doi
852:doi
763:348
738:doi
713:doi
672:PMC
664:doi
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