685:
ELAD (n=96) or standard medical care (n=107) groups, with even distribution for patients in terms of sex, MELD score, and bilirubin levels. Of the 96 patients in the ELAD group, 45 completed the full 120 hours of treatment – the rest were unable to complete the full regimen due to a variety of reasons, including withdrawal of consent or severe adverse events, though 37 completed >72 hours of treatment, with results showing minimal difference in mortality between those receiving either >72 hours or the full 120 hours of treatment. The study was unable to complete its goal, finding no statistically significant improvement in mortality rates for patients that received ELAD treatment over those receiving standard care at 28 and 91 days (76.0% versus 80.4% and 59.4% versus 61.7%, respectively). Biomarker measurements showed a significantly reduced level of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase in ELAD patients, though neither improvement translated into increased survivability rates. Outcomes for patients with MELD score <28 showed trends towards improved survival on ELAD, whereas those with MELD >28 had decreased survivability on ELAD. These patients presented with raised creatinine from kidney failure, suggesting a reason why ELAD decreased survival chance over standard care. Unlike artificial ELS devices and HepatAssist, ELAD does not incorporate any filtration devices, such as charcoal columns and exchange resins. Therefore, it cannot replace the filtration capability of the kidneys and cannot compensate for multi-organ failure from more severe presentations of ACLF, resulting in increased mortality rates.
612:
detoxification, some studies have explored the application of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containingPoly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA)-alginate cryogels as scaffolds for BAL. These cryogels, incorporating alginate to mitigate protein fouling and functionalized with an RGD-containing peptide to enhance hepatocyte adhesion, represent a promising avenue for BAL scaffold development. Methods for characterizing internal flow within the porous cryogel matrix such as
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), enables visualization of flow dynamics. PIV analysis revealed the laminar flow characteristics within cryogel pores, prompting the design of a multi-layered bioreactor consisting of spaced cryogel discs to optimize blood/hepatocyte mass exchange. Compared to the column configuration, the stacked bioreactor demonstrated significantly elevated production of albumin and urea, alongside enhanced cell colonization and proliferation over time.
661:
study and were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. The study found that at the primary end-point 30-day post admission mark, there was an increased survival rate in BAL patients over control patients (71% vs 62%), but the difference was not significant. However, when patients with PNF are excluded from the results there is a 44% reduction in mortality for BAL treated patients, a statistically significant advantage. The investigators noted that exclusion of PNF patients is justifiable due to early retransplantation and lack of intercranial hypertension, so HepatAssist would give little benefit to this group. For the secondary end-point of time-to-death, in patients with ALF of known aetiology there was a significant difference between BAL and control groups, with BAL patients surviving for longer. There was no significant difference for patients of unknown aetiology, however.
603:
the cryogel precursors in the solution to increase, initiating the cryogelation process and forming the polymer walls. As the cryogel warms, the solvent crystals thaw, leaving cavities that form the pores. Cryogel pores range in size from 10-100 μm in size, forming an interconnected network that mimics a capillary system with a very large surface area to volume ratio, supporting large numbers of immobilised cells. Convection mediated transport is also supported by cryogels, enabling even distribution of nutrients and metabolite elimination, overcoming some of the shortcomings of hollow-fibre systems. Cryogel scaffolds demonstrate good mechanical strength and biocompatibility without triggering an immune response, improving their potential for long-term inclusion in BAL devices or
455:(ACLF). The fundamental difference between artificial and BAL systems lies in the inclusion of hepatocytes into the reactor, often operating alongside the purification circuits used in artificial ELS systems. The overall design varies between different BAL systems, but they largely follow the same basic structure, with patient blood or plasma flow through an artificial matrix housing hepatocytes. Plasma is often separated from the patient’s blood to improve efficiency of the system, and the device can be connected to artificial liver dialysis devices in order to further increase the effectiveness of the device in filtration of toxins. The inclusion of functioning hepatocytes in the reactor allows the restoration of some of the synthetic functions that the patient’s liver is lacking.
563:
in their cost and difficulty to obtain, especially with the current lack in transplantable tissue. In addition, questions have been raised about tissue collected from patients transmitting malignancy or infection via the BAL device. Several lines of human hepatocytes are also used in BAL devices, including C3A and HepG2 tumour cell lines, but due to their origin from hepatomas, they possess the potential to pass on malignancy to the patient. There is ongoing research into the cultivation of new types of human hepatocytes capable of improved longevity and efficacy in a bioreactor over currently used cell types, that do not pose the risk of transfer of malignancy or infection, such as the HepZ cell line created by Werner
583:, which is injected into a series of hollow fibers. In the case of collagen, the suspension is then gelled within the fibers, usually by a temperature change. The hepatocytes then contract the gel by their attachment to the collagen matrix, reducing the volume of the suspension and creating a flow space within the fibers. Nutrient media is circulated through the fibers to sustain the cells. During use, plasma is removed from the patients blood. The patient's plasma is fed into the space surrounding the fibers. The fibers, which are composed of a semi-permeable membrane, facilitate transfer of toxins, nutrients and other chemicals between the blood and the suspended cells. The membrane also keeps immune bodies, such as
1263:
therapy. They analyzed hemodynamic parameters in both groups hourly. In the MARS group, a statistically significant increase of 46% on systemic vascular resistance was observed (1215 ± 437 to 1778 ± 710 dinas x s x cm x m) compared with a 6% increase in the controls. Mean arterial pressure also increased (69 ± 5 to 83 ± 11 mmHg, p< 0.0001) in the MARS group, whereas no difference was observed in the controls. Cardiac output and heart rate also decreased in the MARS group as a consequence of an improvement in the hyperdynamic circulation. Therefore, it was shown that a statistically significant improvement was obtained with MARS when compared with the SMT.
2845:. studied the impact on survival of MARS therapy for patients with ALF, waiting on the liver transplant list. Forty-nine patients received SMT and 53 were treated with MARS. They observed that patients that received 3 or more MARS sessions showed a statistically significance increase in transplant-free survival compared with the others patients of the study. Notably, 75% of the patients underwent liver transplantation in the first 24 hours after inclusion in the waiting list, and besides the short exposure to MARS therapy, some patients showed a better survival trend compared to controls, when they were treated with MARS prior to the transplant.
1002:
electrolyte/acid-base balance, by a standard dialysis fluid. Next, the albumin dialysate passes through two different adsorption columns; protein-bound substances are removed by the diaMARS AC250, containing activated charcoal and anionic substances are removed by the diaMARS IE250, filled with cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin. The albumin solution is then ready to initiate another detoxifying cycle of the patient's blood that can be sustained until both adsorption columns are saturated, eliminating the need to continuously infuse albumin into the system during treatment (Fig. 1).
1633:. in which 13 patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome type I was treated with MARS therapy. Mean survival was 25,2±34,6 days in the MARS group compared to 4,6±1,8 days observed in the controls in whom hemodiafiltration and standard care (SMT) was applied. This resulted in a statistically significance difference in survival at 7 and 30 days (p<0.05). Authors concluded that MARS therapy, applied to liver failure patients (Child-Pugh C and UNOS 2A scores) who develop hepatorenal syndrome type I, prolonged survival compared to patients treated with SMT.
3718:
3734:
liver failure, one with MARS therapy and five addressing acute on chronic, being four MARS related. Authors concluded that extra-hepatic detoxifying systems improve survival for acute liver insufficiency, whereas results for acute decompensation of chronic liver diseases suggested a non significant survival benefit. Also, due to an increased demand for liver transplantation together with an augmented risk of liver failure following large resections, development of detoxifying extrahepatic systems are necessary.
1643:. published a meta-analysis based on 4 small RCT's and 2 non RCT's in patients diagnosed with ACLF, concluding that MARS therapy would not bring any significant increment in survival compared with SMT. Another observational study in 6 patients with cirrhosis, refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome type I, not responding to vasoconstrictor therapy, showed no impact on hemodynamics following MARS therapy; however authors concluded that MARS therapy could effectively serve as bridge to liver transplantation.
3703:
1006:
36:
2868:. noticed a non significant improvement in survival, probably because of the short number of patients included in the trials. In the majority of available MARS studies published with patients diagnosed with ALF, either transplanted or not, survival was greater in the MARS group with some variations according to the type of trial, ranging from 20-30%, and 60-80%. Data is summarized in Tables 8, 9 and 10.
3797:
hospitalization costs in patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver failure. Cost of 11 patients treated with standard medical care (SMT) were compared to those that received MARS, in addition to SMT (12 patients). In the MARS group, there was less in-hospital mortality and complications related to the disease, with a remarkable reduction in cost which compensated the MARS related expenditure (Table 11).
653:, developed at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, is a BAL device containing porcine hepatocytes within a hollow-fibre bioreactor. These semi-permeable fibres act as capillaries, allowing the perfusion of plasma through the device, and across the hepatocytes surrounding the fibres. The system incorporates a charcoal column to act as a filter, removing additional toxins from the plasma.
2214:, etc. Despite the number of historical drugs used, individually or combined (exchange resins, hydrophilic biliary acids, antihistamines, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, opioid antagonists), there are reported cases of intractable or refractory pruritus with a dramatic reduction in patients’ quality of life (i.e. sleep disorders, depression, suicide attempts...). Intractable
868:, is in contact with the patient's blood through a semipermeable membrane and has two filters to clean the albumin after it has absorbed toxins from the patient's blood. The second circuit consists of a hemodialysis machine and is used to clean the albumin in the first circuit, before it is recirculated to the semipermeable membrane in contact with the patient's blood.
973:
1224:
selectively shows higher cerebral membrane permeability. Imbalance between aromatic and branched chain aminoacids (Fischer index), traditionally involved in HE genesis, can be normalized following a MARS treatment. The effects are noticeable even after 3 hours of treatment and this reduction in the Fisher index is accompanied with an improvement in the HE.
898:
cost of €500. A high-flux dialyzer costing approximately €40 and the tubings (€125) must also be purchased. The overall costs of a SPAD treatment is approximately €656—30% of the costs of an equally efficient MARS therapy session. The expenditure for the MARS monitor necessary to operate the MARS disposables is not included in this calculation.
933:(acute-on-chronic liver failure and accompanying kidney failure). The treatment for two consecutive days for more than four hours significantly improved serum levels of conjugated bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, cholinesterase, creatinine, urea and blood pH. Prometheus was proven to be a safe supportive therapy for patients with liver failure.
677:(ELAD) is a human-cell based treatment system. A catheter removes blood from the patient, and an ultrafiltrate generator separates the plasma from the rest of the blood. This plasma is then run through a separate circuit containing cartridges filled with C3A cells, before being returned to the main circuit and re-entering the patient.
258:(LTx) ranges between 40-80%. LTx is the only effective treatment for these patients although it requires a precise indication and timing to achieve good results. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of organs to carry out liver transplantations, it is estimated that one third of patients with ALF die while waiting to be transplanted.
3936:
years); the results were significant (p=0,022). Differences in average cost was €19,853 (95% IC: 13.308-25.429): 35.639 € for MARS patients and 15.804 € for the control group. Incremental cost per LYG was 29.985 € (95% IC: 9.441-321.761) and €43,040 (95% IC: 13.551-461.856) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY).
432:
techniques can produce, in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy grade and biochemical parameters. Potential side effects that have been documented include immunological issues (porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission), infectious complications, and tumor transmigration.
964:
hormonal systems are unaffected. Also, MARS therapy in conjunction with CRRT/HDF can help clear cytokines acting as inflammatory and immunological mediators in hepatocellular damage, and therefore can create the right environment to favour hepatocellular regeneration and recovery of native liver function.
7912:
Di Campli C, Santoro MC, Gaspari R, Merra G, Zileri Dal Verme L, Zocco MA, Piscaglia AC, Di
Gioacchino G, Novi M, Santoliquido A, Flore R, Tondi P, Proietti R, Gasbarrini G, Pola P, Gasbarrini A (Jul–Aug 2005). "Catholic university experience with molecular adsorbent recycling system in patients with
7808:
Gaspari, R; Cavaliere, F; Sollazzi, L; Perilli, V; Melchionda, I; Agnes, S; Gasbarrini, A; Avolio, AW (Jan–Feb 2009). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (Mars) in patients with primary nonfunction and other causes of graft dysfunction after liver transplantation in the era of extended criteria
4535:
The liverNet is an eCRF database (www.livernet.net) using a SAS platform that allows major advantages for the centres including the automatic calculations of most liver rand ICU scoring systems, instant queries online, instant export of all patients included in the database of each centre to an Excel
3787:
The MARS International
Registry, with data from more than 500 patients (although sponsored by the manufacturer), shows that the adverse effects observed are similar to the control group. However, in these severely ill patients it is difficult to distinguish between complications of the disease itself
2160:
Abbreviations; ALF= acute liver failure; ACLF= acute on chronic liver failure; GD= graft dysfunction; HE= hepatic encephalopathy; AST: aspartate amino transferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; NS: not significant; S: statistically significant (p<0,05); ↓decrease; ↑ increase; ↔ no change; ALT: alanine
1620:
Hepatorenal syndrome is one of the more serious complications in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and increased portal hypertension. It is characterized by hemodynamic changes in splanchnic, systemic and renal circulation. Splanchnic vasodilatation triggers the production of endogenous
963:
preliminary investigations indicated the ability of the system to effectively remove bilirubin, biliary salts, free fatty acids and tryptophan while important physiological proteins such as albumin, alpha-1-glicoproteine, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, transferrin, globulin tyrosine, and
615:
Recent developments in bioartificial liver (BAL) using living liver cells have shown promising advancements in the field of liver support and regeneration. These developments focus on utilizing various cell sources, scaffold materials, and bioreactor designs to enhance the functionality and viability
468:
The first bioartificial liver device was developed in 1993 by Dr. Achilles A. Demetriou at Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center. The bioartificial liver helped an 18-year-old southern California woman survive without her own liver for 14 hours until she received a human liver using a 20-inch-long, 4-inch-wide
435:
Other biological hepatic systems are
Bioartificial Liver Support (BLSS) and Radial Flow Bioreactor (RFB). Detoxification capacity of these systems is poor and therefore they must be used combined with other systems to mitigate this deficiency. Today, its use is limited to centers with high experience
10594:
Rubik, J; Pietraszek-Jezierska, E; Kamiński, A; Skarzynska, A; Jóźwiak, S; Pawłowska, J; Drewniak, T; Prokurat, S; Grenda, R; Kaliciński, P (Jun 2004). "Successful treatment of a child with fulminant liver failure and coma caused by
Amanita phalloides intoxication with albumin dialysis without liver
4959:
Demetriou AA, Brown RS Jr, Busuttil RW, Fair J, McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, Am Esch JS 2nd, Lerut J, Nyberg SL, Salizzoni M, Fagan EA, de
Hemptinne B, Broelsch CE, Muraca M, Salmeron JM, Rabkin JM, Metselaar HJ, Pratt D, De La Mata M, McChesney LP, Everson GT, Lavin PT, Stevens AC, Pitkin Z, Solomon BA
4520:
is a database dedicated to the liver diseases treated with the support of extracorporeal therapies. To date, the most currently used system is the
Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), which is based on the selective removal of albumin bound molecules and toxins from the blood in patients
3733:
Recently, a meta-analysis on survival in patients treated with an extra-hepatic therapy has been published. Searching strategies yielded 74 clinical trials: 17 randomized controlled trials, 5 case control and 52 cohort studies. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis: three addressing acute
2221:
The MARS indication for intractable pruritus is therapeutically an option that has shown to be beneficial for patients in desperate cases, although at high cost. In several studies, it was confirmed that after MARS treatments, patients remain free from pruritus for a period of time ranging from 6 to
1441:
Abbreviations: MAP= mean arterial pressure; WHVP= wedged hepatic venous pressure;FHVP= free hepatic venous pressure; HVPG= hepatic venous pressure gradient; PAP= pulmonary arterial pressure; PCP= pulmonar capillary pressure; rPAP= right pulmonary arterial pressure; CO= cardiac output; SVRI= systemic
1049:
Evidence suggests that HE develops as some neurotoxins and neuro active substances, produced after hepatocellular breakdown, accumulates in the brain as a consequence of a portosystemic shunt and the limited detoxification capability of the liver. Substances involved are ammonia, manganese, aromatic
688:
While the results of the study cannot provide conclusive evidence to suggest that a BAL device like ELAD improves the outcome of severe ACLF, it does suggest that it can aid the survival of patients with a less severe form of the disease. In those patients with a MELD <28, beneficial effects were
562:
Various types of hepatocytes are used in these devices. Porcine hepatocytes are often used due to ease of acquisition and cost; however, they are relatively unstable and carry the risk of cross-species disease transmission. Primary human hepatocytes sourced from donor organs present several problems
431:
are experimental extracorporeal devices that use living cell lines to provide detoxification and synthesis support to the failing liver. Bio-artificial liver (BAL) Hepatassist 2000 uses porcine hepatocytes whereas ELAD system employs hepatocytes derived from human hepatoblastoma C3A cell lines. Both
271:
LTx has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with severe cases of ALF. Nevertheless, cost and donor scarcity have prompted researchers to look for new supportive treatments that can act as “bridge” to the transplant procedure. By stabilizing the patient's clinical state, or by creating
7017:
Mitzner, S; Loock, J; Peszynski, P; Klammt, S; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Gramowski, A; Stange, J; Schmidt, R (December 2002). "Improvement in central nervous system functions during treatment of liver failure with albumin dialysis MARS--a review of clinical, biochemical, and electrophysiological data".
4424:
Similarly to CVVHD, it depends on previous patient's coagulation status. In many cases it will not be needed, unless the patient presents a PTT inferior to 160 seconds. In patients with normal values, a bolus of 5000 to 10000 IU of heparin could be administered at the commencement of the treatment,
1257:
Hemodynamic instability is often associated with acute liver insufficiency, as a consequence of endogenous accumulation of vasoactive agents in the blood. This is characterized by a systemic vasodilatation, a decrease of systemic vascular resistance, arterial hypotension, and an increase of cardiac
1243:
an improvement in HE was considered when encephalopathy grade was reduced by one or more grades vs. basal values; for
Hassenein et al., in their randomized controlled trial, improvement was considered when a decrease of two grades was observed. In the latter, 70 patients with acute on chronic liver
786:
and the transplantation department, which is responsible for procuring and implanting a new liver, or a part (lobe) of one, if and when it becomes available in time and the patient is eligible. Because of the need for these experts, as well as the relative newness of the procedure in certain areas,
684:
performed a large open-label trial, measuring the effectiveness of ELAD on patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis resulting in ACLF. Their study involved patients screened at 40 sites across the US, UK, and
Australia, and enrolled a total of 203 patients. Patients were then randomised into either
660:
carried out a large, randomised, multicentre, controlled trial on the safety and efficacy of the HepatAssist device. 171 patients with ALF stemming from viral hepatitis, paracetamol overdose or other drug complications, primary non-function (PNF), or of indeterminate aetiology, were involved in the
5137:
Morsiani E, Pazzi P, Puviani AC, Brogli M, Valieri L, Gorini P, Scoletta P, Marangoni E, Ragazzi R, Azzena G, Frazzoli E, Di Luca D, Cassai E, Lombardi G, Cavallari A, Faenza S, Pasetto A, Girardis M, Jovine E, Pinna AD (March 2002). "Early experiences with a porcine hepatocyte-based bioartificial
3935:
Two years later, same authors published the results of 149 patients diagnosed with ACLF. There were 67 patients (44,9%) treated with MARS and 82 patients (55,1%) were allocated to receive SMT. Mean survival time was 692 days in the MARS group (33% at 3 years) and 453 days in the controls (15% at 3
3927:
There were 5 survivors in the control group, with a cost per patient of $ 35.904, whereas in the MARS group, 11 patients out of 12 survived with a cost per patient of $ 32.036 which represents a $ 4000 savings per patient in favors of the MARS group. Hessel et al. published a 3-year follow-up of a
3317:
Abbreviations; ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; ALF: Acute liver failure; ESLD: End-stage liver disease; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; RCT(LN): RCT, low number of patients; RCT (HN): RCT, high number of patients; HD: Hemodialysis; SMT: Standard medical treatment; 1: Survival/mortality; 2:
1248:
44 observed a significant reduction in Child-Pugh Score (p<0,01) at 7 days following a MARS treatment, without any significant change in the controls. Nevertheless, when they looked at the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score (MELD), a significant reduction in both groups, MARS and controls,
1231:
published their three years experience on MARS analyzing the impact of the treatment in the cerebral level for 63 patients reporting an improvement in Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) for all observed in all patients. In the last 22 patients, cerebral perfusion pressure was monitored by Doppler (mean flow
897:
solution (20%), €1740 for a MARS treatment kit, and €125 for disposables used by the dialysis machine have to be spent. The cost of this therapy adds up to approximately €2165. Performing SPAD according to the protocol by Sauer et al., however, requires 1000 mL of human albumin solution (20%) at a
664:
The conclusions of the study suggest that such a device has potentially significant importance when used as a treatment measure. While the overall findings were not statistically significant, when the aetiology of the patients was taken into account the BAL group gained a statistically significant
602:
are super-macroporous three-dimensional polymers prepared at sub-zero temperatures, by the freezing of a solution of cryogel precursors and solvent. The pores develop during this freezing process – as the cryogel solution cools, the solvent begins to form crystals. This causes the concentration of
7857:
Stefoni S, Colì L, Bolondi L, Donati G, Ruggeri G, Feliciangeli G, Piscaglia F, Silvagni E, Sirri M, Donati G, Baraldi O, Soverini ML, Cianciolo G, Boni P, Patrono D, Ramazzotti E, Motta R, Roda A, Simoni P, Magliulo M, Borgnino LC, Ricci D, Mezzopane D, Cappuccilli ML (February 2006). "Molecular
7495:
Novelli, G; Rossi, M; Pretagostini, R; Novelli, L; Poli, L; Ferretti, G; Iappelli, M; Berloco, P; Cortesini, R (2003). "A 3-year experience with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS): our results on 63 patients with hepatic failure and color Doppler US evaluation of cerebral perfusion".
4501:
due to a decompensation of a chronic liver disease. Clinical trials conducted with MARS treatment in HE patients having a decompensation of chronic liver disease demonstrated a transient effect from MARS treatments to significantly decrease their hepatic encephalopathy scores by at least 2 grades
3729:
Combined results yielded a non-significant reduction on mortality in patients treated with MARS therapy. However, the low number of patients included in each of the studies may be responsible for not being able to achieve enough statistical power to show differences between both treatment groups.
2266:
In patients with hepatic failure, drugs that are only metabolized in the liver, accumulate in the plasma right after they are administered, and therefore it is needed to modify drug dosing in both, concentration and time intervals, to lower the risk of toxicity. It is also necessary to adjust the
1621:
vasoactive substances that produce renal vasoconstriction and low glomerular filtration rate, leading to oliguria with a concomitant reduction in creatinine clearance. Renal insufficiency is always progressive with an inferior prognosis, with survival at 1 and 2 months of 20 and 10% respectively.
1266:
Catalina et al. have also evaluated systemic and hepatic hemodynamic changes produced by MARS therapy. In 4 patients with acute decompensation of chronic liver disease, they observed after MARS therapy, an attenuation of hyperdynamic circulation and a reduction in the portal pressure gradient was
627:
Bioreactor Designs: Innovative bioreactor designs have been developed to enhance the performance of BAL systems by optimizing mass transfer, fluid dynamics, and cell-matrix interactions. These designs include perfusion-based bioreactors, microfluidic devices, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted
8007:
Camus, C; Lavoué, S; Gacouin, A; Compagnon, P; Boudjéma, K; Jacquelinet, C; Thomas, R; Le Tulzo, Y (December 2009). "Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list:
1624:
Pierre Versin is one of the pioneers in the study of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver impairment. Great efforts have been made trying to improve the prognosis of this type of patient; however, few have solved the problem. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only treatment that has
1223:
Manganese and copper serum levels are increased in patients with either acute or acute on chronic liver failure. Nevertheless, only in those patients with chronic hepatic dysfunction, a bilateral magnetic resonance alteration on Globos Pallidus is observed, probably because this type of patients
1054:
Subsequently, several studies in either animals or humans have confirmed that, a ratio in ammonia concentration higher than 2 mM between the brain and blood stream, causes HE, and even a comatose state when the value is greater than 5 mM. Some investigators have also reported a decrease in serum
607:
use. Another advantage of cryogels is their flexibility for use in a variety of tasks, including separation and purification of substances, along with acting as extracellular matrix for cell growth and proliferation. Immobilisation of specific ligands onto cryogels enables adsorption of specific
3931:
Hospitalization costs for the MARS treated group were greater than that for the controls (€31,539 vs. €7,543) and similarly direct cost at 3-year follow-up (€8,493 vs. €5,194). Nevertheless, after adjusting mortality rate, the annual cost per patient was €12,092 for controls and €5,827 for MARS
1262:
Schmidt et al. reported the treatment of 8 patients, diagnosed with acute hepatic failure, that were treated with MARS for 6 hours, and were compared with a control group of 5 patients to whom ice pads were applied to match the heat loss produced in the treatment group during the extracorporeal
851:
dialysis using standard renal replacement therapy machines without an additional perfusion pump system: The patient's blood flows through a circuit with a high-flux hollow fiber hemodiafilter, identical to that used in the MARS system. The other side of this membrane is cleansed with an albumin
640:
There have been numerous clinical studies involving hollow-fibre bioreactors. Overall, they show promise but do not provide statistically significant evidence supporting their effectiveness. This is generally due to inherent design limitations, causing convectional transport issues, nutritional
1636:
Although mechanisms explaining previous findings are not yet fully understood, it has been reported that there was a decrease in plasma renin concentrations in patients diagnosed with acute on chronic liver failure with renal impairment that were treated with MARS. Likewise, other studies have
619:
Cell Sources: Researchers have explored different cell sources for BAL, including primary hepatocytes, stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, and immortalized liver cell lines. Efforts have been made to optimize cell culture conditions to maintain cell viability and functionality within BAL
595:
Currently, hollow-fibre bioreactors are the most commonly accepted design for clinical use due to their capillary-network allowing for easy perfusion of plasma across cell populations. However, these structures have their limitations, with convectional transport issues, nutritional gradients,
2838:. was a significance difference in survival found for patients diagnosed with ALF treated with extracorporeal liver support systems. Nevertheless, these reviews included all kind of liver support systems and used a heterogeneous type of publication (abstracts, clinical trials, cohort, etc.).
1232:
velocity in middle cerebral artery), establishing a clear relationship between a clinical improvement (especially neurological) and an improvement in arterial cerebral perfusion. This study confirms other results showing similar increments in cerebral perfusion in patients treated with MARS.
790:
Between the different albumin dialysis modalities, single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) has shown some positive results at a very high cost; it has been proposed that lowering the concentration of albumin in the dialysate does not seem to affect the detoxification capability of the procedure.
631:
Functional Assessment: Advances in bioanalytical techniques have enabled researchers to assess the functionality of liver cells within BAL systems more accurately. These techniques include measuring the secretion of liver-specific biomarkers, such as albumin, urea, and bile acids, as well as
623:
Scaffold Materials: Biomaterial scaffolds play a critical role in providing structural support and facilitating cell attachment and proliferation in BAL systems. Recent studies have investigated the use of natural and synthetic materials, such as hydrogels, alginate, and decellularized liver
880:
with regard to detoxification capacity. SPAD and CVVHDF showed a significantly greater reduction of ammonia compared with MARS. No significant differences could be observed between SPAD, MARS and CVVHDF concerning other water-soluble substances. However, SPAD enabled a significantly greater
3796:
Only three Studies addressing cost-effectivenenss of MARS therapy have been found. Hassanein et al. analysed costs of randomized patients with ACLF receiving MARS therapy or standard medical care. They used the study published in 2001 by Kim et al. describing the impact of complications in
665:
reduction in mortality over the control group. This suggests that while the device may not be applicable to patients as an overall treatment for liver dysfunction, it can provide an advantage when the heterogeneity of patients is considered and is used with patients of specific aetiology.
611:
Developing an effective bioartificial liver (BAL) remains a formidable challenge, as it necessitates the intricate optimization of cell colonization, biomaterial scaffold design, and BAL fluid dynamics. Expanding upon prior research indicating its potential as a blood perfusion device for
6821:
Stange J, Mitzner SR, Risler T, Erley CM, Lauchart W, Goehl H, Klammt S, Peszynski P, Freytag J, Hickstein H, Löhr M, Liebe S, Schareck W, Hopt UT, Schmidt R (April 1999). "Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for
10638:
Covic, A; Goldsmith, DJ; Gusbeth-Tatomir, P; Volovat, C; Dimitriu, AG; Cristogel, F; Bizo, A (2003). "Successful use of Molecular Absorbent Regenerating System (MARS) dialysis for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure in children accidentally poisoned by toxic mushroom ingestion".
3777:. described, among patients treated with MARS, a thrombocytopenia case and a second patient with chronic hepatitis B, who underwent TIPS placement on day 44 after randomization and died on day 105 of multiorgan failure, as a consequence of complications related to the TIPS procedure.
1625:
shown to improve acute and chronic complications derived from severe liver insufficiency. Today it is possible to combine albumin dialysis with continuous veno-venous hemodialfiltration, which provides a greater expectation for these patients by optimization of their clinical status.
5222:
Mundt, A; Puhl, G; Müller, A; Sauer, I; Müller, C; Richard, R; Fotopoulou, C; Doll, R; Gäbelein, G; Höhn, W; Hofbauer, R; Neuhaus, P; Gerlach, J (June 2002). "A method to assess biochemical activity of liver cells during clinical application of extracorporeal hybrid liver support".
988:
and a conventional hemodialysis device to pump the patient's blood into the MARS FLUX, a biocompatible polysulfone high-flux dialyser. With a membrane surface area of 2.1 m, 100 nm of thickness and a cut-off of 50 KDa, the MARSFLUX is essential to retaining the albumin in the
1001:
and protein-bound toxins, by means of the presence of albumin in the dialysate (albumin dialysis). The albumin dialysate is then regenerated in a close loop in the MARS circuit by passing through the fibres of the low-flux diaFLUX filter, to clear water-soluble toxins and provide
9880:
Faenza S, Baraldi O, Bernardi M, Bolondi L, Coli L, Cucchetti A, Donati G, Gozzetti F, Lauro A, Mancini E, Pinna AD, Piscaglia F, Rasciti L, Ravaioli M, Ruggeri G, Santoro A, Stefoni S (May 2008). "Mars and Prometheus: our clinical experience in acute chronic liver failure".
3939:
Liver support systems, such as MARS, are very important to stabilize patients with acute or acute on chronic liver failure and avoid organ dysfunction, as well as a bridge-to-transplant. Although initial in-hospital costs are high, they are worth for the favorable outcome.
3742:
Safety, defined as presence of adverse events, is evaluated in few trials. Adverse events in patients receiving MARS therapy are similar to those in the controls with the exception of thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage that seems to occur more frequently with the MARS system.
9797:
Camus, C; Lavoue, S; Gacouin, A; et al. (2009). "Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list: impact of the duration of therapy".
9156:
Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Amodio P, Salerno F, Merli M, Panella C, Loguercio C, Apolone G, Niero M, Abbiati R, Italian Study Group for quality of life in cirrhosis (January 2001). "Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis".
596:
non-uniform seeding, inefficient immobilisation of cells, and reduced hepatocyte growth restricting their effectiveness in BAL designs. Researchers are now investigating the use of cryogels to replace hollow-fibres as the cell carrier components in BAL systems.
4494:(FDA) cleared, in a document dated on May 27, 2005, MARS therapy for the treatment of drug overdose and poisoning. The only requirement is that the drug or poison must be susceptible to be dialysed and removed by activated charcoal or anionic exchange resins.
641:
gradients, non-uniform seeding, inefficient immobilisation of cells, and reduced hepatocyte growth. As of writing, no cryogel-based devices have entered clinical trials. However, laboratory results have been promising, and hopefully trials will begin soon.
3928:
cohort of 79 patients with ACLF, of whom 33 received MARS treatments and 46 received SMT. Survival was 67% for the MARS group and 63% for the controls, that was reduced to 58 and 35% respectively at one year follow-up, and then 52 and 17% at three years.
3698:
For patients diagnosed with acute on chronic liver failure and treated with MARS therapy, clinical trial results showed a not statistically significant reduction in mortality (odds ratio =0,78; confident interval =95%: 0,58 – 1,03; p= 0,1059, Figure 3)
219:
5266:
van de Kerkhove MP, Di Florio E, Scuderi V, Mancini A, Belli A, Bracco A, Dauri M, Tisone G, Di Nicuolo G, Amoroso P, Spadari A, Lombardi G, Hoekstra R, Calise F, Chamuleau RA (October 2002). "Phase I clinical trial with the AMC-bioartificial liver".
10772:
Hommann, M; Kasakow, LB; Geoghegan, J; Kornberg, A; Schotte, U; Fuchs, D; Hermann, J; Zintl, F; Scheele, J (Aug 2002). "Application of MARS artificial liver support as bridging therapy before split liver retransplantation in a 15-month-old child".
9841:
Evenepoel, P; Laleman, W; Wilmer, A; Claes, K; Kuypers, D; Bammens, B; Nevens, F; Vanrenterghem, Y (Apr 2006). "Prometheus versus molecular adsorbents recirculating system: comparison of efficiency in two different liver detoxification devices".
791:
Nevertheless, the most widely used systems today are based on hemodialysis and adsorption. These systems use conventional dialysis methods with an albumin containing dialysate that is later regenerated by means of adsorption columns, filled with
7710:
Kramer, L; Gendo, A; Madl, C; Mullen, KD; Kaminski-Russ, K; Sunder-Plassmann, G; Schaffer, A; Bauer, E; Roth, E; Ferenci, P (July 2001). "A controlled study of sorbent suspension dialysis in chronic liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy".
4536:
file for direct statistical analysis and finally instant online statistical analysis of selective data decided by the scientific committee. Therefore, the LiverNet is an important tool to progress in the knowledge of liver support therapies.
689:
seen 2–3 weeks post treatment, suggesting that while C3A incorporating BAL devices are unable to provide short-term aid like artificial albumin filtration devices, they instead provide more long-term aid in recovery of the patient’s liver.
9323:
Mullhaupt, B; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Ambühl, PM; Stocker, R; Renner, EL (April 2003). "Successful use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and treatment refractory pruritus".
8847:
Wong, F; Raina, N; Richardson, R (March 2010). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor treatment".
8086:
Camus C, Lavoué S, Gacouin A, Le Tulzo Y, Lorho R, Boudjéma K, Jacquelinet C, Thomas R (November 2006). "Molecular adsorbent recirculating system dialysis in patients with acute liver failure who are assessed for liver transplantation".
5050:
Falkenhagen, D; Strobl, W; Vogt, G; Schrefl, A; Linsberger, I; Gerner, FJ; Schoenhofen, M (January 1999). "Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances".
7253:
Sorkine P, Ben Abraham R, Szold O, Biderman P, Kidron A, Merchav H, Brill S, Oren R (July 2001). "Role of the molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure".
889:
no significant differences between SPAD and MARS were seen. It was concluded that the detoxification capacity of SPAD is similar or even higher when compared with the more sophisticated, more complex and hence more expensive MARS.
1607:
Abbreviations: MAP: Mean arterial pressure; SVRI: Systemic vascular resistance index; CO: Cardiac output; BR: Beat rate; S: Statistically significant, p< 0.05; NS: not statistically significant. ↑: Increase; ↓:Decrease; ↔: No
10859:
Parés, A; Cisneros, L; Salmerón, JM; Caballería, L; Mas, A; Torras, A; Rodés, J (Jun 2004). "Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis".
704:
as scavenger molecule to clear the toxins involved in the physiopathology of the failing liver. Most of the toxins that accumulate in the plasma of patients with liver insufficiency are protein bound, and therefore conventional
8960:
Montejo González JC, Catalán González M, Meneu Díaz JC, Moreno Elola-Olaso A, De la Cruz J, Moreno González E (Mar–Apr 2009). "Artificial liver support system in acute liver failure patients waiting liver transplantation".
498:
techniques in the decade after Matsumara's work have led to improved membranes and hepatocyte attachment systems. Cell sources now include primary porcine hepatocytes, primary human hepatocytes, human hepatoblastoma (C3A),
957:(Germany), in 1993 and later commercialized for its clinical use in 1999. The system is able to replace the detoxification function of the liver while minimizing the inconvenience and drawbacks of previously used devices.
9919:
Krisper, P; Haditsch, B; Stauber, R; Jung, A; Stadlbauer, V; Trauner, M; Holzer, H; Schneditz, D (Sep 2005). "In vivo quantification of liver dialysis: comparison of albumin dialysis and fractionated plasma separation".
6326:
Demetriou, Achilles A.; Brown, Robert S.; Busuttil, Ronald W.; Fair, Jeffrey; McGuire, Brendan M.; Rosenthal, Philip; Am Esch, Jan Schulte; Lerut, Jan; Nyberg, Scott L.; Salizzoni, Mauro; Fagan, Elizabeth A. (May 2004).
8600:
McIntyre, CW; Fluck, RJ; Freeman, JG; Lambie, SH (November 2002). "Characterization of treatment dose delivered by albumin dialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure associated with severe hepatic dysfunction".
7173:
Novelli, G; Rossi, M; Pretagostini, R; Poli, L; Novelli, L; Berloco, P; Ferretti, G; Iappelli, M; Cortesini, R (2002). "MARS (Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System): experience in 34 cases of acute liver failure".
9235:
Huster, D; Schubert, C; Achenbach, H; Caca, K; Mössner, J; Berr, F (June 2001). "Successful clinical application of extracorporal albumin dialysis in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC)".
7451:
Loock, J; Stange, J; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Gramowski, A; Schiffmann, D; Weiss, D; Keefer, EW; Gross, GW (June 2001). "Influence of albumin dialysis (MARS) on neuronal network activity in vitro--early results".
2164:
Primary goal in the Heemann trial was to achieve a bilirubin level beloiw 15 mg/dL during three consecutive days, which was observed in 42% of the patients treated with MARS® compared to 17% in the control
1628:
MARS treatment lowers serum urea and creatinine levels improving their clearance, and even favors resolution of hepatorenal syndrome. Results are confirmed in a randomized controlled trial published by Mitzner
10497:
Sen, S; Ytrebø, LM; Rose, C; Fuskevaag, OM; Davies, NA; Nedredal, GI; Williams, R; Revhaug, A; Jalan, R (Mar 2004). "Albumin dialysis: a new therapeutic strategy for intoxication from protein-bound drugs".
3763:. detected one patient with thrombocytopenia in both the MARS and Prometheus treatment groups, and an additional patient with clotting of the dialysis circuit and hypotension, only in the Prometheus group.
6538:
Chawla, LS; Georgescu, F; Abell, B; Seneff, MG; Kimmel, PL (March 2005). "Modification of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with single-pass albumin dialysate allows for removal of serum bilirubin".
10380:
Jalan, R; Sen, S; Steiner, C; Kapoor, D; Alisa, A; Williams, R (Jan 2003). "Extracorporeal liver support with molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis".
8393:
Parés, A; Escorsell, A; Cisneros, L (2002). "Effects of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) on vasoactive agents and systemic hemodynamics in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis".
2852:. it was reported that MARS treatment do not decrease mortality directly; however, the treatment contributed to significantly improve survival in patients that were transplanted. In studies by Mitzner
839:
Artificial detoxification devices currently under clinical evaluation include the Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD), Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), Prometheus system, and Dialive.
6389:
Thompson, Julie; Jones, Natasha; Al-Khafaji, Ali; Malik, Shahid; Reich, David; Munoz, Santiago; MacNicholas, Ross; Hassanein, Tarek; Teperman, Lewis; Stein, Lance; Duarte-Rojo, Andrés (March 2018).
9440:
Majcher-Peszynska, J; T. Schneider; S. Müller; P. Peszynski; R. Mundowski; A. Berg; S. Klammt; B. Drewelow (2002). "Elimination of Fluoroquinolones during Extracorporeal Albumin Dialysis (MARS)".
8350:
Catalina, MV; Barrio, J; Anaya, F; Salcedo, M; Rincón, D; Clemente, G; Bañares, R (2003). "Hepatic and systemic haemodynamic changes after MARS in patients with acute on chronic liver failure".
1244:
failure and encephalopathy grade III and IV were included. Likewise, Kramer et al. estimated an HE improvement when an improvement in peak N70 latency in electroencephalograms was observed. Sen
8491:
Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, Berger ED, Lauchart W, Peszynski P, Freytag J, Hickstein H, Loock J, Löhr JM, Liebe S, Emmrich J, Korten G, Schmidt R (May 2000).
1655:. measured bilirubin levels 14 days after since MARS therapy was terminated and observed a consistent, significant decrease not only for bilirubin but also for creatinine and urea (Table 6).
3784:. showed that MARS is an easy technique, without serious adverse events related to the procedure, and also easy to implement in ICU settings that are used to renal extracorporeal therapies.
8639:
Saich, R; Collins, P; Ala, A; Standish, R; Hodgson, H (May 2005). "Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis with secondary renal impairment treated with extracorporeal albumin dialysis".
674:
268:
Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event.
8242:"Effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system and Prometheus devices on systemic haemodynamics and vasoactive agents in patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic liver failure"
9362:
Macia, M; Avilés, J; Navarro, J; Morales, S; García, J (January 2003). "Efficacy of molecular adsorbent recirculating system for the treatment of intractable pruritus in cholestasis".
7338:
Bergeron, M; Layrargues, GP; Butterworth, RF (September 1989). "Aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy".
2222:
9 months. Nevertheless, some authors have concluded that besides the good results found in the literature, application of MARS therapy in refractory pruritus requires larger evidence.
10551:
Koivusalo, AM; Yildirim, Y; Vakkuri, A; Lindgren, L; Höckerstedt, K; Isoniemi, H (Oct 2003). "Experience with albumin dialysis in five patients with severe overdoses of paracetamol".
7381:
Bergeron, M; Swain, MS; Reader, TA; Grondin, L; Butterworth, RF (July 1990). "Effect of ammonia on brain serotonin metabolism in relation to function in the portacaval shunted rat".
3730:
Moreover, heterogeneity for the number of MARS sessions and severity of liver disease of the patients included, make it very difficult for the evaluation of MARS impact on survival.
9632:
Lai, WK; Haydon, G; Mutimer, D; et al. (2005). "The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on pathophysiological parameters in patients with acute liver failure".
9121:
Bergasa, NV; Thomas, DA; Vergalla, J; Turner, ML; Jones, EA (1993). "Plasma from patients with the pruritus of cholestasis induces opioid receptor-mediated scratching in monkeys".
10979:
Evenepoel P, Maes B, Wilmer A, et al. (2003). "Detoxifying capacity and kinetics of the molecular adsorbent recycling system. Contribution of the different inbuilt filters".
10345:
Sen, S; Mookerjee, RP; Cheshire, LM; Davies, NA; Williams, R; Jalan, R (Jul 2005). "Albumin dialysis reduces portal pressure acutely in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis".
469:
plastic cylinder filled with cellulose fibers and pig liver cells. Blood was routed outside the patient's body and through the artificial liver before being returned to the body.
10462:
Chen, S; Zhang, L; Shi, Y; Yang, X; Wang, M (2002). "Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System: clinical experience in patients with liver failure based on hepatitis B in China".
7424:
Fischer, JE; Funovics, JM; Aguirre, A; James, JH; Keane, JM; Wesdorp, RI; Yoshimura, N; Westman, T (September 1975). "The role of plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy".
1046:(HE) represents one of the more serious extrahepatic complications associated with liver dysfunction. Neuro-psychiatric manifestations of HE affect consciousness and behaviour.
2237:
for a majority of drugs can be significantly be modified with liver failure, affecting the therapeutic approach and potential toxicity of the drugs. In these type of patients,
2202:. Many hypotheses have been formulated to explain physio pathogenesis of such manifestation, including incremental plasma concentration of biliary acids, abnormalities in the
10250:
Hessel, FP; Bramlage, P; Wasem, J; Mitzner, SR (Feb 2010). "Cost-effectiveness of the artificial liver support system MARS in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure".
4433:
A biochemical analysis is recommended (liver and kidney profile, ionic, glucose) together with a hemogram at the end of first session and before starting the following one.
482:. The structure and function of the first device also resembles that of today's BALs. Animal liver cells are suspended in a solution and a patient's blood is processed by a
1031:
On-going clinical trials and research project databases: Clinical Trials Registry (National Institutes of Health, EE.UU.) and Health Services Research Projects in Progress.
852:
solution in counter-directional flow, which is discarded after passing the filter. Hemodialysis can be performed in the first circuit via the same high-flux hollow fibers.
9564:
Kjaergard, LL; Liu, J; Als-Nielsen, B; Gluud, C (2003). "Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review".
3932:
group; also in the latter, they found an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 31.448 € per life-year gained (LYG) and an incremental costs per QALY gained of 47171 €.
2198:
is one of the most common clinical manifestations in cholestasis liver diseases and one of the most distressing symptoms in patients with chronic liver disease caused by
9721:
Zhou, XM; Miao, JY; Yang, Y; et al. (2004). "Clinical experience with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients with drug-induced liver failure".
4924:
Stange, J; Ramlow, W; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Klinkmann, H (September 1993). "Dialysis against a recycled albumin solution enables the removal of albumin-bound toxins".
261:
On the other hand, a patient with a chronic hepatic disease can suffer acute decompensation of liver function following a precipitating event such as variceal bleeding,
8308:"Systemic hemodynamic effects of treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with hyperacute liver failure: a prospective controlled trial"
8132:"Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and severe liver failure"
692:
A randomized, phase 3 trial of the ELAD device in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis failed to show benefit on overall survival and development was discontinued.
608:
substances, supporting their use as treatment options for toxins, for separation of haemoglobin from blood, and as a localised and sustained method for drug delivery.
10419:
Manz, T; Ochs, A; Bisse, E; Strey, C; Grotz, W (2003). "Liver support--a task for nephrologists? Extracorporeal treatment of a patient with fulminant Wilson crisis".
10156:
Kim WR, Gross JB Jr, Poterucha JJ, Locke GR 3rd, Dickson ER (Jan 2001). "Outcome of hospital care of liver disease associated with hepatitis C in the United States".
9601:"Randomized controlled multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of albumin dialysis with MARS in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure"
7214:"Cerebral blood flow velocity increases during a single treatment with the molecular adsorbents recirculating system in patients with acute on chronic liver failure"
4508:
The effectiveness of the MARS device in patients that are sedated could not be established in clinical studies and therefore cannot be predicted in sedated patients
5748:
4531:
Increase the knowledge in this extremely innovative area, a basis for an improvement of liver support devices and the treatment of these patients in the next future
2179:., that was specifically addressing the topic, it is reported that MARS and Prometheus systems lower to the same extent biliary acids plasma concentration. Heemann
9675:
Lee, KH; Lee, MK; Sutedja, DS; et al. (2005). "Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) liver dialysis following drug-induced liver failure".
6155:
Ingavle, Ganesh C.; Baillie, Les W.J.; Zheng, Yishan; Lis, Elzbieta K.; Savina, Irina N.; Howell, Carol A.; Mikhalovsky, Sergey V.; Sandeman, Susan R. (May 2015).
815:
While the technique is in its infancy, the prognosis of patients with liver failure remains guarded. Liver dialysis is currently only considered to be a bridge to
46:
9758:"The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on survival, native liver recovery, and need for liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients"
272:
the right conditions that could allow the recovery of native liver functions, both detoxification and synthesis can improve, after an episode of ALF or ACLF.
8051:
Steiner, C; Mitzner, S (2002). "Experiences with MARS liver support therapy in liver failure: analysis of 176 patients of the International MARS Registry".
5877:
2841:
There is literature showing favorable results in survival for patients diagnosed with ALF, and treated with MARS., In a randomized controlled trial, Salibà
2827:. which included 4 randomized trials an improvement in survival for the patients with liver failure treated with MARS, compared with SMT, was not observed.
929:
after selective filtration of the albumin fraction through a specific polysulfon filter (AlbuFlow). It has been studied in a group of eleven patients with
7063:"Role of circulating neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: potential for improvement following their removal by liver assist devices"
4521:
with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure. The purpose is to register prospectively all patients treated worldwide with the MARS system in order to:
3756:
hemodynamic instability, three patients required larger than average platelets transfusion and three more patients presented gastrointestinal bleeding.
775:
should be beneficial to the clinical course of a patient in liver failure. This led to the development of artificial filtration and absorption devices.
7562:
Heemann, U; Treichel, U; Loock, J; Philipp, T; Gerken, G; Malago, M; Klammt, S; Loehr, M; Liebe, S; Mitzner, S; Schmidt, R; Stange, J (October 2002).
1249:
was recorded (p<0,01 y p<0,05, respectively). Likewise, in several case series, an improvement in HE grade with MARS therapy is also reported.
885:
reduction than MARS. Bilirubin serves as an important marker substance for albumin-bound (non-water-soluble) substances. Concerning the reduction of
4505:
The MARS is not indicated as a bridge to liver transplant. Safety and efficacy has not been demonstrated in controlled, randomized clinical trials.
778:
Liver dialysis is performed by physicians and surgeons and specialized nurses with training in gastroenterological medicine and surgery, namely, in
7297:
Spahr, L; Butterworth, RF; Fontaine, S; Bui, L; Therrien, G; Milette, PC; Lebrun, LH; Zayed, J; Leblanc, A; Pomier-Layrargues, G (November 1996).
6157:"Affinity binding of antibodies to supermacroporous cryogel adsorbents with immobilized protein A for removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen"
4545:
8493:"Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial"
2267:
dosing for those drugs that are exclusively metabolized by the liver, and have low affinity for prioteins and high distribution volume, such as
5778:"Bioartificial liver support systems for acute liver failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature"
8988:
Stadlbauer, V; Krisper, P; Beuers, U; Haditsch, B; Schneditz, D; Jung, A; Putz-Bankuti, C; Holzer, H; Trauner, M; Stauber, RE (Mar–Apr 2007).
7299:"Increased blood manganese in cirrhotic patients: relationship to pallidal magnetic resonance signal hyperintensity and neurological symptoms"
3770:. (Biologic-DT) wrote about 3 cases with disseminated intravascular coagulation in the interventional group, two of them with fatal outcomes.
1639:
However, other references have been published that do not show efficacy in the treatment of these types of patients with MARS therapy. Khuroo
3469:
Abbreviations; ALF: Acute liver failure; ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; ESLD: End-stage liver disease; Not statistically significance.
799:
resins. At present, there are two artificial extracorporeal liver support systems: the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) from
650:
6446:
5353:
Sussman, NL; Gislason, GT; Conlin, CA; Kelly, JH (May 1994). "The Hepatix extracorporeal liver assist device: initial clinical experience".
4439:
In case that medication susceptible to be eliminated by MARS is being administered, it is also recommended to monitor their levels in blood
3714:
A non-statistically significant reduction of mortality was shown in patients with ALF treated with MARS (OR = 0,75 ; p= 0,3427). (Figure 4)
1651:
Total bilirubin was the only parameter analyzed in all trials that was always reduced in the groups of patients treated with MARS; Banayosy
218:
9455:
Majcher-Peszynska, J; S. Klammt; EM. Hehk (2000). "Removal of Albumin Bound Drugs in Albumin Dialysis (MARS)- A New Liver Support System".
9192:
Younossi, ZM; Kiwi, ML; Boparai, N; Price, LL; Guyatt, G (February 2000). "Cholestatic liver diseases and health-related quality of life".
5086:
Xue, YL; Zhao, SF; Luo, Y; Li, XJ; Duan, ZP; Chen, XP; Li, WG; Huang, XQ; Li, YL; Cui, X; Zhong, DG; Zhang, ZY; Huang, ZQ (December 2001).
4358:
The trend is to use high flow rates, although it is determined by the technical specifications of the combined machine and catheters’ size
864:(MARS) is the best known extracorporal liver dialysis system. It consists of two separate dialysis circuits. The first circuit consists of
6748:
Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U, et al. (December 2003). "Prometheus—a new extracorporeal system for the treatment of liver failure".
275:
Three different types of supportive therapies have been developed: bio-artificial, artificial and hybrid liver support systems (Table 2).
5923:
61:
6503:
Peszynski, P; Klammt, S; Peters, E; Mitzner, S; Stange, J; Schmidt, R (2002). "Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS)".
2860:. they were able to show a significance statistical difference in 30-day survival for patients in the MARS group. However, El Banayosy
17:
5893:
1025:
Specialized in systematic reviews: Cochrane Library Plus and NHS Centre database for Reviews and Dissemination (HTA, DARE and NHSEED).
7131:"Can the clearance of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 be enhanced using an albumin dialysate hemodiafiltration system?"
2282:
Extracorporeal detoxification with albumin dialysis increases the clearance of drugs that are bound to plasmatic proteins (Table 7).
1462:. concluded that there is a statistically significant improvement favourable to MARS in comparison with Prometheus system (Table 5).
599:
8906:"First use of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System technique on patients with hypoxic liver failure after cardiogenic shock"
1260:
During MARS therapy, systemic vascular resistance index and mean arterial pressure have been shown to increase and show improvement.
478:
magazine in 2001. Liver cells obtained from an animal were used instead of developing a piece of equipment for each function of the
10296:
Doria, C; Mandalá, L; Smith, J; Vitale, CH; Lauro, A; Gruttadauria, S; Marino, IR; Foglieni, CS; Magnone, M; Scott, VL (Apr 2003).
5876:
Werner, Andreas; Duvar, Sevim; Müthing, Johannes; Büntemeyer, Heino; Lünsdorf, Heinrich; Strauss, Michael; Lehmann, Jürgen (2000).
5181:
Sauer, IM; Goetz, M; Steffen, I; Walter, G; Kehr, DC; Schwartlander, R; Hwang, YJ; Pascher, A; Gerlach, JC; Neuhaus, P (May 2004).
1235:
More recently, several studies have shown a significant improvement of HE in patients treated with MARS. In the studies by Heemann
787:
it is usually available only in larger hospitals, such as level I trauma center teaching hospitals connected with medical schools.
10109:"Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: possible impact of albumin dialysis on hospitalization costs"
7955:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system in patients with early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation: a pilot study"
6391:"Extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multinational, prospective, controlled, randomized trial"
8186:"Extracorporeal detoxification using the molecular adsorbent recirculating system for critically ill patients with liver failure"
5594:
6978:"A carrier-mediated transport of toxins in a hybrid membrane. Safety barrier between a patients blood and a bioartificial liver"
6471:
3746:
Heemann et al. reported two adverse events most probably MARS related: fever and sepsis, presumably originated at the catheter.
10816:
van de Kerkhove MP, de Jong KP, Rijken AM, de Pont AC, van Gulik TM (2003). "MARS treatment in posthepatectomy liver failure".
5535:
8423:"Effect of Prometheus liver assist system on systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized controlled study"
7953:
Hetz, H; Faybik, P; Berlakovich, G; Baker, A; Bacher, A; Burghuber, C; Sandner, SE; Steltzer, H; Krenn, CG (September 2006).
7666:
Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr, McGuire B, Lynch P, Mehta R, Larsen FS, Gornbein J, Stange J, Blei AT (December 2007).
5388:
Ellis, AJ; Hughes, RD; Wendon, JA; Dunne, J; Langley, PG; Kelly, JH; Gislason, GT; Sussman, NL; Williams, R (December 1996).
5009:
Mazariegos GV, Patzer JF 2nd, Lopez RC, Giraldo M, Devera ME, Grogan TA, Zhu Y, Fulmer ML, Amiot BP, Kramer DJ (March 2002).
628:
constructs, which aim to mimic the physiological microenvironment of the liver and promote liver cell function and survival.
265:
and excessive alcohol intake among others that can lead to a condition referred to as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).
11072:
7759:"Preoperative risk factor analysis in orthotopic liver transplantation with pretransplant artificial liver support therapy"
9039:"Pruritus in chronic hepatitis C: association with high serum bile acids, advanced pathology, and bile duct abnormalities"
7858:
adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) application in liver failure: clinical and hemodepurative results in 22 patients".
6941:
Sechser, A; Osorio, J; Freise, C; Osorio, RW (May 2001). "Artificial liver support devices for fulminant liver failure".
5752:
559:
constituents. Several types of BALs are being developed, including hollow fiber systems and flat membrane sheet systems.
6110:"Fabrication and characterization of soft macroporous Jeffamine cryogels as potential materials for tissue applications"
8581:
Versin P, Hirsch-Marie H, Catan R (1962). "Línsufissance rénale circulatoire spntané du cirrhotique. Son évolution".
700:
Artificial liver support systems are aimed to temporarily replace native liver detoxification functions and they use
83:
9960:"Effect of extracorporeal liver support by MARS and Prometheus on serum cytokines in acute-on-chronic liver failure"
6709:"In vitro comparison of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) and single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD)"
5183:"In vitro comparison of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) and single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD)"
941:
Dialive (Yaqrit Limited, London, UK) incorporates albumin removal and replacement and, endotoxin removal. It is at "
6227:
Koshy, Sandeep T.; Zhang, David K.Y.; Grolman, Joshua M.; Stafford, Alexander G.; Mooney, David J. (January 2018).
231:
138:
to assist in performing the functions of the liver. Such systems focus either on removing the accumulating toxins (
10201:"Economic evaluation of the artificial liver support system MARS in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure"
7668:"Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis"
7614:"Pathophysiological effects of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled study"
6329:"Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Trial of a Bioartificial Liver in Treating Acute Liver Failure"
4962:"Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure"
65:
10682:
Faybik, P; Hetz, H; Krenn, CG; Baker, A; Germann, P; Berlakovich, G; Steininger, R; Steltzer, H (Sep 15, 2003).
9397:
Majcher-Peszynska, J; P. Peszynki; SC Müller (2001). "Drugs in Liver Disease and During Albumin Dialysis-MARS".
6063:"Polymeric cryogels as a new family of macroporous and supermacroporous materials for biotechnological purposes"
4668:
Jalan, R; Williams R (2002). "Acute on chronic liver failure. Pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options".
8990:"Removal of bile acids by two different extracorporeal liver support systems in acute-on-chronic liver failure"
8240:
Laleman, W; Wilmer, A; Evenepoel, P; Elst, IV; Zeegers, M; Zaman, Z; Verslype, C; Fevery, J; Nevens, F (2006).
6012:
Bonalumi, Flavia; Crua, Cyril; Savina, Irina; Davies, Nathan; Habstesion, Abeba; Sandeman, Susan (April 2021).
5684:
4118:
Fulminant Wilson: minimum 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions owing to copper saturation of the treatment kit
6014:"Bioengineering a cryogel-derived bioartificial liver using particle image velocimetry defined fluid dynamics"
4266:
Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)
4201:
Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)
4166:• Prolong survival time and stabilize the patient to receive a re-transplant if the above goal is not achieved
4016:
Continuous treatment with hemodynamic instability (in any case, treatment kit must be replaced every 24 hours)
2175:
Impact of MARS therapy on plasma biliary acids levels was evaluated in 3 studies. In the study from Stadbauer
6196:
Derazshamshir, Ali; Baydemir, Gözde; Andac, Müge; Say, Rıdvan; Galaev, Igor Yu; Denizli, Adil (2010-03-15).
1052:
The relationship between ammonia neurotoxicity and HE was first described in animal studies by Pavlov et al.
1005:
893:
Albumin dialysis is a costly procedure: for a seven-hour treatment with MARS, approximately €300 for 600 mL
579:, hollow fiber systems employ a hollow fiber cartridge. Hepatocytes are suspended in a gel solution such as
11087:
9037:
Lebovics, E; Seif, F; Kim, D; Elhosseiny, A; Dworkin, BM; Casellas, A; Clark, S; Rosenthal, WS (May 1997).
4335:
Unstable hemodynamics with mean arterial pressure (MAP)< 55 mmHg despite vasoconstrictors administration
8725:
Moreau, R; Lebrec, D (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis".
4528:
Evaluate the clinical impact of MARS therapy on the course of the disease in different specific indication
4367:
Without renal dysfunction, it is recommended a blood and albumin flow rates ranging from 150 to 250 mL/min
11067:
7129:
Awad, SS; Sawada, S; Soldes, OS; Rich, PB; Klein, R; Alarcon, WH; Wang, SC; Bartlett, RH (Jan–Feb 1999).
5615:
Tilles A, Berthiaume F, Yarmush M, Tompkins R, Toner M (2002). "Bioengineering of liver assist devices".
4491:
8808:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis"
8760:
Wong, F (January 2007). "Drug insight: the role of albumin in the management of chronic liver disease".
11082:
1021:
A systematic review of the literature from 1999 to June 2011 was performed in the following databases:
942:
737:
10298:"Effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system in hepatitis C virus-related intractable pruritus"
3725:
Figure 4. Meta-analysis showing the effect on survival of patients with ALF treated with MARS therapy.
3710:
Figure 3: Meta-analysis showing the effect on survival of patients with ACLF treated with MARS therapy
1050:
aminoacids, mercaptans, phenols, medium chain fatty acids, bilirubin, endogenous benzodiazepines, etc.
7612:
Sen, S; Davies, NA; Mookerjee, RP; Cheshire, LM; Hodges, SJ; Williams, R; Jalan, R (September 2004).
7564:"Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study"
6859:"Molecular adsorbent recirculating system: albumin dialysis-based extracorporeal liver assist device"
1059:
Table 3. Clinical studies showing some improvement in the treatment of HE following a MARS treatment
247:
5481:
4621:"Acute liver failure: clinical features, outcome analysis, and applicability of prognostic criteria"
4497:
More recently, on December 17, 2012, MARS therapy has been cleared by the FDA for the treatment of
4436:
Coagulation analysis must be also performed before starting the session to adjusting heparin dose.
803:
and Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (FPSA), commercialised as Prometheus (PROM) from
235:
161:
The primary functions of the liver include removing toxic substances from the blood, manufacturing
154:
which are typically used over the longer term. These systems are being trialed to help people with
8184:
Mitzner, SR; Stange, J; Klammt, S; Peszynski, P; Schmidt, R; Nöldge-Schomburg, G (February 2001).
4331:
Same contraindications as with any other extracorporeal treatment may be applied to MARS therapy.
3717:
4832:
Allen, JW; Hassanein, T; Bhatia, SN (September 2001). "Advances in bioartificial liver devices".
4525:
Improve our understanding of the clinical course, pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases
4425:
followed by a continuous perfusion, to keep PTT in ratios from 1,5 to 2,5 or 160 to 180 seconds.
2831:
807:. Of the two therapies, MARS is the most frequently studied, and clinically used system to date.
4875:
Sussman, NL; Chong, MG; Koussayer, T; He, DE; Shang, TA; Whisennand, HH; Kelly, JH (July 1992).
3702:
4498:
3997:
Bilirubin > 15 mg/dL (255 μmol/L), not responding to standard medical care alter 3 days
1043:
804:
500:
483:
227:
8130:
Parés, A; Deulofeu, R; Cisneros, L; Escorsell, A; Salmerón, JM; Caballería, J; Mas, A (2009).
5927:
5878:"Cultivation of immortalized human hepatocytes HepZ on macroporous CultiSpher G microcarriers"
226:
In hyperacute and acute liver failure, the clinical picture develops rapidly with progressive
53:
8904:
El Banayosy, A; Kizner, L; Schueler, V; Bergmeier, S; Cobaugh, D; Koerfer, R (Jul–Aug 2004).
4462:
Treatment must be stopped before schedule owing to the particular circumstances listed below:
954:
816:
519:, but to serve as a supportive device, either allowing the liver to regenerate properly upon
255:
9958:
Stadlbauer, V; Krisper, P; Aigner, R; Haditsch, B; Jung, A; Lackner, C; Stauber, RE (2006).
9086:
Jones, EA; Bergasa, NV (Dec 16, 1992). "The pruritus of cholestasis and the opioid system".
8959:
8421:
Dethloff, T; Tofteng, F; Frederiksen, HJ; Hojskov, M; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (Apr 7, 2008).
4377:
With or without renal impairment it is recommended to use flow rates from 100 to 150 mL/min.
7757:
Yuan, JZ; Ye, QF; Zhao, LL; Ming, YZ; Sun, H; Zhu, SH; Huang, ZF; Wang, MM (Aug 21, 2006).
6289:
6277:
6121:
5706:
5567:
4711:
Stravitz, RT (2008). "Critical management decisions in patients with acute liver failure".
2268:
2241:
represents a poor prognostic factor to assess the metabolic capacity of the failing liver.
2238:
990:
980:
MARS is an extracorporeal hemodialysis system composed of three different circuits: blood,
930:
764:
725:
10058:
Mitzner, SR; Stange, J; Klammt, S; Koball, S; Hickstein, H; Reisinger, EC (Sep–Oct 2009).
8682:
Cárdenas, A; Ginès, P (June 2006). "Therapy insight: Management of hepatorenal syndrome".
6574:
O'Grady J (June 2006). "Personal view: current role of artificial liver support devices".
624:
scaffolds, to create biomimetic environments conducive to liver cell growth and function.
8:
11077:
10942:
Sen S, Williams R, Jalan R (February 2005). "Emerging indications for albumin dialysis".
7110:
Matthews, SA (1922). "Ammonia, a causative factor in meat poisoning in Eck fistula dos".
5390:"Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure"
4746:
Auzinger, G; Wendon, J (April 2008). "Intensive care management of acute liver failure".
994:
919:
894:
865:
848:
820:
733:
520:
448:
243:
178:
155:
10011:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of survival following extracorporeal liver support"
9734:
6898:
Davenport, A (Jun 1, 2003). "Extracorporeal support for patients with hepatic failure".
6489:
6293:
6198:"Molecularly Imprinted PHEMA-Based Cryogel for Depletion of Hemoglobin from Human Blood"
6125:
5837:"Which hepatocyte will it be? Hepatocyte choice for bioartificial liver support systems"
5710:
11041:
11004:
10967:
10885:
10841:
10798:
10749:
10732:
10713:
10664:
10620:
10576:
10533:
10444:
10327:
10275:
10227:
10200:
10181:
10138:
10089:
10040:
9986:
9959:
9894:
9823:
9700:
9657:
9541:
9516:
9422:
9261:
9217:
9068:
9019:
9006:
8989:
8935:
8922:
8905:
8873:
8785:
8707:
8664:
8563:
8449:
8422:
8375:
8268:
8241:
8158:
8131:
8112:
8033:
7984:
7926:
7891:
7822:
7785:
7758:
7736:
7521:
7477:
7406:
7394:
7363:
7279:
7092:
7043:
6923:
6643:
6634:
6618:
6599:
6423:
6390:
6361:
6344:
6328:
6253:
6228:
6173:
6156:
6090:
5985:
5812:
5777:
5730:
5675:
5517:
5462:
5419:
5366:
5335:
5292:
5248:
5163:
5114:
5087:
4986:
4977:
4961:
4937:
4906:
4857:
4814:
4771:
4693:
4650:
4596:
4571:
4550:
4448:
Once the treatment is finalized, blood should be returned following the unit procedure,
3318:
Security; 3: Biochemical parameters; 4: hemodynamic parameters; 5: Clinical parameters.
783:
472:
Dr. Kenneth Matsumara's work on the BAL led it to be named an invention of the year by
10394:
9468:
9375:
9337:
9284:"Use of molecular adsorbent recirculating system for treatment of refractory pruritus"
6954:
6761:
486:
that allow toxins and blood proteins to pass but restricts an immunological response.
11045:
11033:
10996:
10959:
10955:
10930:
10877:
10873:
10833:
10790:
10786:
10754:
10705:
10656:
10612:
10608:
10568:
10564:
10525:
10479:
10475:
10436:
10398:
10362:
10319:
10267:
10232:
10173:
10130:
10081:
10032:
9991:
9937:
9898:
9859:
9855:
9815:
9811:
9779:
9774:
9757:
9738:
9692:
9688:
9649:
9581:
9546:
9426:
9414:
9379:
9341:
9305:
9265:
9253:
9209:
9205:
9174:
9138:
9134:
9103:
9099:
9060:
9011:
8970:
8927:
8865:
8829:
8777:
8742:
8699:
8656:
8652:
8618:
8555:
8514:
8454:
8367:
8329:
8273:
8207:
8163:
8104:
8068:
8064:
8025:
8021:
7976:
7930:
7883:
7836:
7790:
7728:
7689:
7635:
7585:
7513:
7481:
7469:
7433:
7398:
7355:
7320:
7271:
7267:
7235:
7191:
7187:
7152:
7147:
7130:
7084:
7035:
6999:
6958:
6915:
6911:
6880:
6839:
6835:
6765:
6730:
6689:
6648:
6591:
6587:
6556:
6520:
6516:
6428:
6410:
6366:
6348:
6305:
6258:
6178:
6137:
6082:
6062:
6043:
5977:
5969:
5949:
5905:
5897:
5858:
5817:
5799:
5722:
5667:
5632:
5543:
5509:
5501:
5454:
5411:
5370:
5327:
5323:
5296:
5284:
5240:
5204:
5167:
5155:
5119:
5068:
5064:
5032:
5027:
5010:
4991:
4941:
4898:
4849:
4806:
4802:
4763:
4728:
4685:
4642:
4601:
718:
406:
104:
11008:
10971:
10889:
10845:
10802:
10717:
10668:
10624:
10593:
10580:
10537:
10448:
10331:
10279:
10185:
10142:
10093:
10044:
9827:
9704:
9072:
8939:
8877:
8789:
8711:
8668:
8567:
8363:
8037:
7988:
7895:
7740:
7525:
7367:
7283:
7096:
7047:
6927:
6603:
6094:
5989:
5734:
5521:
5466:
5423:
5252:
4910:
4818:
4697:
4654:
11025:
10988:
10951:
10920:
10869:
10829:
10825:
10782:
10744:
10695:
10652:
10648:
10604:
10560:
10515:
10507:
10471:
10428:
10390:
10354:
10309:
10259:
10222:
10212:
10165:
10125:
10120:
10108:
10071:
10022:
9981:
9971:
9929:
9890:
9851:
9807:
9769:
9730:
9684:
9661:
9641:
9612:
9573:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9495:
9464:
9406:
9371:
9333:
9295:
9245:
9221:
9201:
9166:
9130:
9095:
9050:
9023:
9001:
8917:
8857:
8819:
8769:
8734:
8691:
8648:
8610:
8545:
8504:
8444:
8434:
8379:
8359:
8319:
8263:
8253:
8197:
8153:
8143:
8116:
8096:
8060:
8017:
7966:
7922:
7875:
7867:
7826:
7818:
7780:
7770:
7720:
7679:
7625:
7575:
7509:
7505:
7461:
7410:
7390:
7347:
7310:
7263:
7225:
7183:
7142:
7079:
7074:
7062:
7027:
6989:
6950:
6907:
6875:
6870:
6858:
6831:
6757:
6720:
6679:
6638:
6630:
6583:
6548:
6512:
6418:
6402:
6356:
6340:
6297:
6248:
6240:
6209:
6168:
6129:
6074:
6033:
6025:
5961:
5889:
5848:
5807:
5789:
5714:
5679:
5659:
5624:
5493:
5482:"Extracorporeal support for patients with acute and acute on chronic liver failure"
5446:
5401:
5362:
5339:
5319:
5276:
5232:
5194:
5147:
5109:
5099:
5060:
5022:
4981:
4973:
4933:
4888:
4877:"Reversal of fulminant hepatic failure using an extracorporeal liver assist device"
4861:
4841:
4798:
4775:
4755:
4720:
4677:
4632:
4591:
4583:
2234:
2230:
2207:
792:
732:
and based on the same principles, but hemodialysis does not remove toxins bound to
524:
181:(ALF) which can be seen in person with previously diseased liver or a healthy one.
150:). A diachysis machine is used for acute care i.e. emergency care, as opposed to a
10731:
Lahdenperä, A; Koivusalo, AM; Vakkuri, A; Höckerstedt, K; Isoniemi, H (Jan 2005).
9439:
5650:
Allen J, Hassanein T, Bhatia S (2001). "Advances in bioartificial liver devices".
5497:
10263:
10076:
10059:
6244:
5450:
5088:"TECA hybrid artificial liver support system in treatment of acute liver failure"
4789:
Sen, S; Williams R; Jalan R (2005). "Emerging indications for albumin dialysis".
4759:
2251:
2211:
2199:
824:
576:
473:
11016:
Mitzner S, Klammt S, Stange J, Nöldge-Schomburg GF, Schmidt R (April 2005). "".
5948:
Wung, Nelly; Acott, Samuel M.; Tosh, David; Ellis, Marianne J. (December 2014).
876:
SPAD, MARS and continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were compared
11062:
10730:
10358:
9933:
7871:
7724:
7212:
Schmidt, LE; Svendsen, LB; Sørensen, VR; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (August 2001).
6994:
6977:
6783:
6552:
6029:
5280:
5236:
5151:
828:
710:
706:
584:
544:
516:
495:
444:
251:
202:
191:
162:
135:
57:
10637:
10511:
9645:
9322:
9055:
9038:
8738:
8202:
8185:
8100:
7031:
6197:
6078:
5965:
831:), cannot support a patient for an extended period of time (months to years).
11056:
7775:
6414:
6352:
6141:
6086:
5973:
5901:
5803:
5794:
5547:
5505:
2276:
744:
632:
evaluating metabolic activity, drug metabolism, and detoxification capacity.
10314:
10297:
10169:
9170:
8861:
8324:
8307:
7580:
7563:
7230:
7213:
6301:
6013:
5853:
5836:
5718:
5663:
4845:
3801:
Table 11. Analysis of Complications According to the Modality of treatment.
1450:
There are other studies also worth mentioning with similar results: Heemann
177:
that perform these tasks can be killed or impaired by disease, resulting in
11037:
11000:
10963:
10934:
10881:
10837:
10794:
10758:
10709:
10660:
10616:
10572:
10529:
10483:
10440:
10402:
10366:
10323:
10271:
10236:
10217:
10177:
10134:
10085:
10036:
9995:
9941:
9902:
9863:
9819:
9783:
9742:
9696:
9653:
9585:
9577:
9550:
9500:
9483:
9418:
9383:
9345:
9309:
9257:
9213:
9178:
9015:
8974:
8931:
8903:
8869:
8833:
8781:
8773:
8746:
8703:
8695:
8660:
8622:
8559:
8518:
8458:
8420:
8371:
8333:
8277:
8211:
8167:
8108:
8072:
8029:
7980:
7934:
7887:
7840:
7794:
7732:
7693:
7639:
7589:
7517:
7473:
7275:
7239:
7195:
7088:
7039:
6962:
6919:
6884:
6843:
6769:
6734:
6693:
6652:
6595:
6560:
6524:
6432:
6370:
6309:
6262:
6213:
6182:
6047:
5981:
5909:
5862:
5821:
5776:
He, Yu-Ting; Qi, Ya-Na; Zhang, Bing-Qi; Li, Jian-Bo; Bao, Ji (2019-07-21).
5726:
5671:
5636:
5513:
5458:
5331:
5288:
5244:
5208:
5159:
5123:
5036:
4995:
4893:
4876:
4853:
4810:
4767:
4732:
4689:
4646:
4605:
2830:
However, neither in the extracorporeal liver support systems review by the
2272:
2254:
2225:
1038:
1016:
926:
911:
796:
729:
714:
552:
239:
151:
146:
functions of the liver through the inclusion of hepatocytes to the device (
11029:
10060:"Albumin dialysis MARS: knowledge from 10 years of clinical investigation"
9410:
9249:
9142:
9107:
9064:
7465:
7402:
7359:
7324:
7315:
7298:
7156:
7003:
6617:
van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, van Gulik TM (August 2004).
5628:
5415:
5406:
5389:
5374:
5104:
5072:
4945:
4902:
4724:
4459:
For continuous treatments, kit must be changed by a new one every 24 hours
1637:
suggested some efficacy for MARS in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome.
418:
116:
10858:
10771:
10550:
9300:
9283:
8550:
8533:
8509:
8492:
7437:
7211:
6616:
5894:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(20000405)68:1<59::AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-N
5697:
Strain A, Neuberger J (2002). "A bioartificial liver--state of the art".
5011:"First clinical use of a novel bioartificial liver support system (BLSS)"
4637:
4620:
4587:
915:
768:
540:
174:
9957:
8987:
8439:
7831:
7807:
7494:
6038:
4121:
Drug overdose: 3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days
2187:. have also published a significant improvement for these organic ions.
10700:
10683:
8129:
7879:
7351:
6447:"Vital Therapies falls 88%, ditches liver treatment after phase 3 fail"
6229:"Injectable nanocomposite cryogels for versatile protein drug delivery"
6133:
6109:
5950:"Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors for tissue engineering applications"
4109:
Hypoxic hepatitis. 3 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days
998:
922:
886:
779:
760:
752:
536:
504:
452:
143:
10992:
10925:
10908:
10520:
10432:
10344:
9617:
9600:
9481:
9120:
8599:
7684:
7667:
7611:
7423:
6725:
6708:
6684:
6667:
5352:
5265:
5199:
5182:
4681:
1646:
10106:
10027:
10010:
9396:
8824:
8807:
8614:
8183:
7971:
7954:
7630:
7613:
7380:
7337:
7296:
7172:
6502:
6406:
5049:
4283:
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
4084:
Acute hypoxic hepatitis with bilirubin > 8 mg/dL (100 μmol/L)
2203:
1252:
882:
772:
756:
206:
195:
10249:
9840:
9234:
8239:
8006:
7561:
7016:
6668:"Prediction of survival for patients with fulminant hepatic failure"
6537:
11015:
10815:
9976:
9918:
9281:
9191:
8349:
8305:
8258:
8148:
7952:
6940:
4923:
4125:
985:
945:" (TRL) 5, which means it is validated in the disease environment.
877:
587:, from passing to the cells to prevent an immune system rejection.
580:
447:
liver support (ELS) system for an individual who is suffering from
254:
that can lead to brain death. In these cases the mortality without
166:
10684:"Liver support in fulminant liver failure after hemorrhagic shock"
10057:
9454:
9361:
9036:
7450:
5480:
Aron, Jonathan; Agarwal, Banwari; Davenport, Andrew (2016-04-02).
5310:
Rozga, J (September 2006). "Liver support technology--an update".
4874:
4618:
997:(HSA) dialysate solution that allows blood detoxification of both
10733:"Value of albumin dialysis therapy in severe liver insufficiency"
10496:
10295:
5387:
4299:
Attenuate pruritus symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life
3984:
Prolong survival time and bridge to urgent or elective transplant
981:
701:
10008:
9517:"Artificial and bioartificial support systems for liver failure"
8638:
6108:
Erdem, Ahmet; Ngwabebhoh, Fahanwi Asabuwa; Yildiz, Ufuk (2016).
5180:
4112:
Paracetamol overdose: 3 to 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions
7709:
7252:
7128:
5614:
4619:
Shakil, OA; Kramer D; Mazariegos GV; Fung JJ; Rakela J (2000).
4270:
800:
262:
10681:
10379:
9756:
Kantola, T; Koivusalo, A; Höckerstedt, K; et al. (2008).
9155:
4115:
Mushroom poisoning: 3 to 5 twenty four-hour treatment sessions
2245:
Metabolic performance of the liver depends on several factors:
1615:
515:
The purpose of BAL-type devices is not to permanently replace
9282:
De Simone, P; Van Nuffelen, M; Donckier, V (September 2003).
6619:"Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems"
6195:
5221:
3753:, two patients in the MARS group abandoned the study owing to
984:
and low-flux dialysis. The blood circuit uses a double lumen
748:
556:
548:
479:
9879:
9563:
8392:
8306:
Schmidt, LE; Wang, LP; Hansen, BA; Larsen, FS (March 2003).
7911:
7665:
6388:
5875:
5008:
4205:
1466:
Table 5. Changes in hemodynamic parameters with MARS therapy
855:
10418:
9755:
8805:
5924:"University of Minnesota Bioartificial Liver: How it Works"
4831:
4517:
4075:
King's College or Clichy criteria for liver transplantation
2215:
2195:
740:, it is a form of artificial extracorporeal liver support.
170:
8762:
Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology
8684:
Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology
8085:
7756:
6325:
5136:
4958:
1659:
Table 6: Biochemical parameters analysis with MARS therapy
847:
Single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) is a simple method of
10461:
8846:
8490:
6226:
4319:
3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days
4106:
3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions in consecutives days
747:
is the accumulation of toxins not cleared by the failing
9514:
7856:
6820:
6011:
5437:
Phua, J; Lee, KH (April 2008). "Liver support devices".
4263:
3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days
4198:
3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days
4013:
3 to 5 eight-hour treatment sessions on consecutive days
2834:(published in 2004), nor the meta-analysis by Kjaergard
2226:
Effects of MARS Treatment on Drugs and Poisons clearance
2190:
1039:
Effects of MARS treatment on Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
1017:
Results published in the literature with the MARS system
972:
523:, or to bridge the individual's liver functions until a
10107:
Hassanein, T; Oliver, D; Stange, J; Steiner, C (2003).
9482:
Pszynski, PM; J. Majcher-Pszynska; J. Stangeet (2000).
8727:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
8580:
5085:
10155:
8806:
Khuroo, MS; Khuroo, MS; Farahat, KL (September 2004).
6707:
Sauer IM, Goetz M, Steffen I, et al. (May 2004).
6154:
4096:
Acute liver dysfunction following paracetamol overdose
842:
10252:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
10009:
Stutchfield, BM; Simpson, K; Wigmore, SJ (May 2011).
9515:
Liu, JP; Gluud, LL; Als-Nielsen, B; Gluud, C (2004).
8641:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
6797:
6107:
1271:
Table 4: Hemodinamic parameters during MARS treatment
1258:
output that gives rise to a hyperdynamic circulation.
668:
331:
Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system
9599:
Saliba, F; Camus, C; Durand, F; et al. (2008).
6747:
5649:
5479:
4788:
953:
MARS was developed by a group of researchers at the
64:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
10978:
4473:
Transmembrane pressure (TMP) greater than 600 mmHg.
1647:
Effects of MARS Treatment on Biochemical Parameters
918:, Germany) is a device based on the combination of
724:Liver dialysis has shown promise for patients with
9796:
5947:
4415:According to medical criteria and same as in CVVHD
4138:Graft damage during preparation and transportation
3849:Worsening of renal function (Hepatorenal Syndrome)
1253:Effects of MARS Treatment on Unstable Hemodynamics
871:
9598:
8050:
6706:
6276:STRAIN, ALASTAIR; NEUBERGER, JAMES (8 Feb 2002).
4745:
4326:
4224:Partial resection in living donor transplantation
3948:
782:, alongside their colleagues in the intensive or
11054:
10941:
10291:
10289:
9631:
9085:
8681:
6975:
4126:MARS in Graft Dysfucntion After Liver Transplant
3788:and side effects attributable to the technique.
2218:can be an indication for liver transplantation.
8724:
6275:
5696:
4667:
4546:American Society for Artificial Internal Organs
4467:MAP inferior to 40 mmHg at least for 10 minutes
4046:Liver failure during pregnancy or Reye syndrome
11018:Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther
7860:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
7713:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
6982:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
5536:"Artificial Liver Used After Removal of Organ"
5269:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
5225:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
5140:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
2818:
1055:ammonia following a MARS treatment (Table 3).
1034:General web searching engines: Scholar Google.
1028:General databases: Medline, Pubmed and Embase.
393:
142:), or providing additional replacement of the
10286:
9674:
8190:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
6573:
4392:Without renal impairment: 1800 a 3000 mL/hour
4163:Recovery and prevention of re-transplantation
3836:Worsening of hepatic encephalopathy (grade 4)
1267:measured. Results are summarized in table 4.
743:A critical issue of the clinical syndrome in
10906:
9720:
4572:"Artificial and bioartificial liver support"
4502:compared to standard medical therapy (SMT).
4479:Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
4405:Recommended flow rate: 1000 to 2000 mL/hour.
4271:MARS for intractable pruritus in Cholestasis
339:TECA-Hybrid Artificial Liver Support System
7060:
6665:
5775:
5436:
4476:Blood leak detection in the albumin circuit
4456:For the next session a new kit must be used
4218:Liver Resection in hepatocellular carcinoma
4150:Technical complications (vascular, biliary)
4065:Pre-transplant optimization of the patient.
4034:Poisoning (paracetamol overdose, mushrooms)
3943:
1616:Effects of MARS Treatment on Renal Function
751:. Based on this hypothesis, the removal of
721:are not able to adequately eliminate them.
10205:Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
6863:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
5834:
5138:liver in acute hepatic failure patients".
4486:
4470:Air embolism of the extracorporeal circuit
4395:With renal impairment: 3000 a 6000 mL/hour
4250:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome.
4185:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome.
4000:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome.
3987:Pre-transplant optimization of the patient
3981:Re-compensation of previous chronic state.
616:of BAL systems. Key advancements include:
10924:
10748:
10699:
10519:
10313:
10226:
10216:
10124:
10075:
10026:
9985:
9975:
9773:
9616:
9540:
9499:
9484:"Kinetics of Drugs During MARS Treatment"
9299:
9054:
9005:
8921:
8823:
8549:
8534:"New treatments for hepatorenal syndrome"
8508:
8448:
8438:
8323:
8267:
8257:
8201:
8157:
8147:
7970:
7830:
7784:
7774:
7683:
7629:
7579:
7314:
7229:
7146:
7078:
6993:
6897:
6874:
6724:
6683:
6642:
6490:"Advanced Search | Cochrane Library"
6422:
6360:
6278:"A Bioartificial Liver--State of the Art"
6252:
6172:
6037:
5852:
5811:
5793:
5749:"Current Work on the Bioartificial Liver"
5405:
5198:
5113:
5103:
5026:
4985:
4892:
4636:
4595:
4206:MARS in liver Failure after Liver Surgery
4087:Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome
3968:Metabolic disease such as hemochromatosis
2823:In the meta-analysis published by Khuroo
967:
862:Molecular Adsorbents Recirculation System
856:Molecular adsorbents recirculation system
736:that accumulate in liver failure. Like a
547:) that perform the functions of a normal
308:Molecular adsorbent recirculating system
158:(ALF) or acute-on-chronic liver failure.
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
10862:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
9194:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
7109:
6060:
5610:
5608:
4710:
4040:Vascular diseases (Budd Chiari syndrome)
3480:Table 10: Mortality in Selected Studies
971:
590:
222:Classification for hepatic insufficiency
10414:
10412:
9953:
9951:
9914:
9912:
9875:
9873:
9716:
9714:
9357:
9355:
9277:
9275:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8801:
8799:
6976:Stange, J; Mitzner, S (November 1996).
5589:
5587:
4452:and both catheter's lumens heparinized
4348:
2286:Table 7: Drugs Highly Bound to Proteins
570:
14:
11055:
10198:
8634:
8632:
8531:
8345:
8343:
8179:
8177:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7907:
7905:
7705:
7703:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7557:
7555:
6856:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6321:
6319:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5771:
5769:
4322:Repeat treatment when symptoms reoccur
4221:Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
4037:Multiorgan dysfunction (severe sepsis)
4020:
2848:In a case-controlled study by Montejo
819:or liver regeneration (in the case of
45:contains content that is written like
10907:Tandon R, Froghi S (September 2020).
8486:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8221:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7852:
7850:
7752:
7750:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7207:
7205:
7168:
7166:
5605:
5309:
4569:
4286:Benign intrahepatic cholestasis (BIC)
2191:Effects of MARS Treatment on Pruritus
2161:amino transferase; h: hours; d: days
976:Combined MARS and PrismaFlex monitors
810:
365:Modular Extracorporeal Liver Support
10409:
9948:
9909:
9870:
9711:
9352:
9272:
8946:
8884:
8796:
8759:
8008:impact of the duration of therapy".
6202:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
5584:
4253:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis
4188:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis
4090:Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis
3329:Table 9: Survival with MARS Therapy
861:
555:, which is separated from the other
383:Selective plasma filtration therapy
250:, severe metabolic alterations, and
190:The word diachysis derives from the
29:
10553:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
9735:10.1046/j.1525-1594.2003.00953.x-i1
8629:
8340:
8174:
7995:
7902:
7700:
7646:
7596:
6541:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
6377:
6316:
6269:
5996:
5766:
5015:American Journal of Transplantation
4237:Recovery until hepatic regeneration
3791:
2262:Extrahepatic clearance for the drug
843:Single Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD)
755:, albumin-bound substances such as
635:
323:Bioartificial Liver Support System
300:Extracorporeal liver assist device
201:The word dialysis derives from the
24:
10909:"Artificial liver support systems"
10900:
10750:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.tb00500.x
9895:10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.069
9007:10.1097/01.mat.0000249852.71634.6c
8923:10.1097/01.MAT.0000131251.88146.CD
8465:
8401:
8284:
8218:
8010:Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis
7941:
7927:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.06.048
7847:
7823:10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.10.066
7747:
7532:
7395:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08842.x
7202:
7163:
6635:10.1097/01.sla.0000132986.75257.19
6345:10.1097/01.sla.0000124298.74199.e5
6174:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.039
5367:10.1111/j.1525-1594.1994.tb02221.x
4978:10.1097/01.sla.0000124298.74199.e5
4938:10.1111/j.1525-1594.1993.tb00635.x
3716:
3701:
1004:
948:
675:Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device
669:Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device
217:
25:
11099:
9238:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie
8427:World Journal of Gastroenterology
7763:World Journal of Gastroenterology
7454:Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie
5782:World Journal of Gastroenterology
5092:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3737:
2873:Table 8: Studies of MARS Therapy
695:
10956:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40864.x
10874:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30204.x
10852:
10809:
10787:10.1034/j.1399-3046.2002.02007.x
10765:
10724:
10675:
10631:
10609:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2004.00170.x
10587:
10565:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00190.x
10544:
10490:
10476:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00009.x
10455:
10373:
10338:
10243:
10192:
10149:
10100:
10051:
10002:
9856:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00215.x
9834:
9812:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00708.x
9790:
9775:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00698.x
9749:
9689:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01091.x
9668:
9625:
9592:
9557:
9508:
9475:
9448:
9433:
9390:
9364:The American Journal of Medicine
9316:
9228:
9206:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01774.x
9185:
9149:
9114:
9100:10.1001/jama.1992.03490230089034
9079:
9030:
8981:
8840:
8753:
8653:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00018
8065:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00003.x
8022:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00708.x
7268:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00006
7188:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00008.x
7148:10.1097/00002480-199901000-00011
6912:10.1046/j.1492-7535.2003.00046.x
6836:10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06122.x
6588:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02931.x
6517:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.00007.x
5882:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
5542:. Associated Press. 1993-05-19.
5486:Expert Review of Medical Devices
5439:Current Opinion in Critical Care
5324:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00323.x
5065:10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06292.x
5028:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2002.20311.x
4803:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40864.x
4748:Current Opinion in Critical Care
3691:Abbreviations; NR: Not reported.
463:
441:bioartificial liver device (BAL)
213:
165:, storing energy in the form of
34:
9043:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
8718:
8675:
8593:
8574:
8525:
8386:
8364:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.10.x
8123:
8079:
8044:
7801:
7488:
7444:
7417:
7374:
7331:
7290:
7246:
7122:
7103:
7054:
7010:
6969:
6934:
6891:
6850:
6814:
6790:
6776:
6741:
6700:
6659:
6610:
6567:
6531:
6496:
6482:
6464:
6439:
6220:
6189:
6148:
6101:
6054:
5941:
5916:
5869:
5828:
5741:
5690:
5643:
5560:
5528:
5473:
5430:
5381:
5346:
5303:
5259:
5215:
5174:
5130:
5079:
5043:
5002:
4972:(5): 660–7, discussion 667–70.
4952:
4182:Increased intracranial pressure
4081:Increased intracraneal pressure
3686:
3464:
3312:
2155:
1602:
1436:
872:Comparing SPAD, MARS and CVVHDF
10830:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.2.x
10688:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
10653:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.9.x
10126:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.6.x
10015:The British Journal of Surgery
9533:10.1002/14651858.CD003628.pub2
7510:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.4.x
7080:10.1034/j.1478-3231.23.s.3.1.x
6876:10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s3.14.x
6822:bioartificial liver support".
5835:Tsiaoussis, J (January 2001).
4917:
4868:
4825:
4782:
4739:
4704:
4661:
4612:
4563:
4327:MARS Therapy Contraindications
4309:Pruritus not responding to SMT
3949:Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
3512:Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
3478:
3327:
2871:
993:. Blood is dialysed against a
644:
489:
453:acute-on-chronic liver failure
279:Table 2: Liver Support Systems
13:
1:
10395:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00334-3
9469:10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80562-0
9376:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01354-2
9338:10.1016/s1386-6346(02)00310-8
6955:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70172-0
6762:10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00468-9
5498:10.1586/17434440.2016.1154455
4556:
4153:Recurrence of primary disease
2259:Albumin affinity for the drug
901:
501:immortalized human cell lines
357:Single-pass albumin dialysis
205:word, διάλυσις, which means "
194:word, διάχυσησ, which means "
10264:10.1097/meg.0b013e3283314e48
10077:10.1097/mat.0b013e3181b37d86
9135:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90569-o
6666:Neuberger J (January 2005).
6245:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.024
6061:Lozinsky, V. I. (May 2008).
5451:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f70057
4760:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f6a450
4227:Other surgical interventions
4062:Bridging to liver transplant
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2158:
184:
7:
11073:Digestive system procedures
9883:Transplantation Proceedings
7915:Transplantation Proceedings
7811:Transplantation Proceedings
6857:Kapoor, D (December 2002).
5617:Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg
4539:
4511:
4492:Federal Drug Administration
4247:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II
4179:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II
4078:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II
4003:Hepatic encephalopathy ≥ II
3689:
3467:
3315:
2819:Effects of MARS on Survival
1605:
1496:
1458:. among others. Dethloff T
1439:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
530:
429:Bioartificial liver devices
394:Bioartificial liver devices
10:
11104:
10359:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.032
10199:Hessel, FP (Oct 5, 2006).
9934:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.02.038
9521:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
7872:10.1177/039139880602900207
7725:10.1177/039139880102400707
6995:10.1177/039139889601901109
6900:Hemodialysis International
6553:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.11.023
6030:10.1016/j.msec.2021.111983
5281:10.1177/039139880202501009
5237:10.1177/039139880202500609
5152:10.1177/039139880202500305
3912:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3749:In the study by Hassanein
3632:
3510:
3136:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1442:vascular resistance index.
943:Technology readiness level
936:
834:
738:bioartificial liver device
551:. They process oxygenated
458:
148:bioartificial liver device
18:Bioartificial liver device
10913:J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
10775:Pediatric Transplantation
10597:Pediatric Transplantation
10512:10.1007/s00134-003-2141-0
9646:10.1007/s00134-005-2786-y
8739:10.1016/j.bpg.2006.10.004
8203:10.1681/ASN.V12suppl_1s75
8101:10.1007/s00134-006-0340-1
7383:Journal of Neurochemistry
6079:10.1007/s11172-008-0131-7
6067:Russian Chemical Bulletin
5966:10.1007/s10529-014-1619-x
5595:"Best Inventions of 2001"
4176:Primary graft dysfunction
3360:
3357:
3350:
3273:
3216:
3189:
3162:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
1013:Figure 1: The MARS system
415:
405:
400:
248:respiratory insufficiency
113:
103:
98:
10737:Transplant International
7776:10.3748/wjg.v12.i31.5055
7061:Butterworth, RF (2003).
6943:Clinics in Liver Disease
6576:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
5795:10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3634
4482:Severe active hemorrhage
4387:Intermittent treatments:
4362:Intermittent treatments:
4093:Fulminant Wilson disease
3944:MARS Therapy Indications
1009:Albumin dialysis circuit
236:hyperdynamic circulation
10500:Intensive Care Medicine
10315:10.1053/jlts.2003.50055
10170:10.1053/jhep.2001.20798
9171:10.1053/gast.2001.21193
9056:10.1023/A:1018865809556
8963:Hepato-gastroenterology
8862:10.1136/gut.2008.174615
8325:10.1053/jlts.2003.50051
8089:Intensive Care Medicine
7913:severe liver failure".
7581:10.1053/jhep.2002.36130
7340:Metabolic Brain Disease
7231:10.1053/jlts.2001.26059
7032:10.1023/A:1021986624600
7020:Metabolic Brain Disease
6302:10.1126/science.1068660
5854:10.1053/jlts.2001.20845
5719:10.1126/science.1068660
5664:10.1053/jhep.2001.26753
4846:10.1053/jhep.2001.26753
4487:FDA Clearance (US only)
4420:Heparin Anticoagulation
4344:Severe thrombocytopenia
4338:Uncontrolled hemorrhage
4304:MARS Therapy Indication
4242:MARS Therapy Indication
4171:MARS Therapy Indication
4070:MARS Therapy Indication
3992:MARS Therapy Indication
3962:Alcoholic liver disease
3959:Chronic viral hepatitis
3138:MARS-Prometheus Studies
349:Radial Flow Bioreactor
10218:10.1186/1478-7547-4-16
9578:10.1001/jama.289.2.217
9501:10.1002/hep.1840380507
8774:10.1038/ncpgasthep0680
8696:10.1038/ncpgasthep0517
8532:Arroyo, V (May 2000).
7256:Critical Care Medicine
6214:10.1002/macp.200900425
6120:(113): 111872–111881.
4894:10.1002/hep.1840160112
4499:hepatic encephalopathy
4400:Continuous treatments:
4372:Continuous treatments:
4059:Native liver recovery.
3722:
3707:
1044:Hepatic encephalopathy
1010:
977:
968:MARS System Components
805:Fresenius Medical Care
510:
484:semipermeable membrane
436:in their application.
232:multiorgan dysfunction
223:
11030:10.1055/s-2004-826116
10383:Journal of Hepatology
10347:Journal of Hepatology
10302:Liver Transplantation
9922:Journal of Hepatology
9611:(4 (Suppl 1)): 377A.
9411:10.1055/s-2001-919048
9288:Liver Transplantation
9250:10.1055/s-2001-919024
8812:Liver Transplantation
8538:Liver Transplantation
8497:Liver Transplantation
8395:4th ISAD 2002 Abstrac
8312:Liver Transplantation
7959:Liver Transplantation
7618:Liver Transplantation
7466:10.1055/s-2001-919055
7316:10.1002/hep.510240523
7218:Liver Transplantation
6395:Liver Transplantation
5954:Biotechnology Letters
5841:Liver Transplantation
5629:10.1007/s005340200095
5407:10.1002/hep.510240625
5105:10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.826
4725:10.1378/chest.08-1071
4410:Replacement Flow Rate
4294:Goals of MARS Therapy
4232:Goals of MARS Therapy
4158:Goals of MARS Therapy
4054:Goals of MARS Therapy
3976:Goals of MARS Therapy
3901:Electrolyte disorders
3823:In-hospital mortality
3720:
3705:
1421:SVRI (dinas x seg/cm)
1008:
975:
955:University of Rostock
591:Cryogel-Based Systems
535:BALs are essentially
256:liver transplantation
221:
66:neutral point of view
10944:Am. J. Gastroenterol
9301:10.1002/lt.500090918
8551:10.1053/lv.2000.7569
8510:10.1002/lt.500060326
8196:(Suppl 17): S75–82.
6312:– via Medline.
6050:– via Medline.
4791:Am. J. Gastroenterol
4638:10.1002/lt.500060218
4588:10.4161/org.3.1.3635
4349:Treatment Parameters
3971:Idiopathic Cirrhosis
2512:Calcium Anthagonists
2206:, increased central
931:hepatorenal syndrome
765:aromatic amino acids
726:hepatorenal syndrome
709:techniques, such as
571:Hollow fibre systems
401:Liver support system
375:Bioartificial Liver
128:liver support system
99:Liver support system
11088:Membrane technology
10818:Liver International
10641:Liver International
10113:Liver International
9326:Hepatology Research
8603:Clinical Nephrology
8440:10.3748/wjg.14.2065
8352:Liver International
7498:Liver International
7067:Liver International
6869:(Suppl 3): S280–6.
6453:. 12 September 2018
6294:2002Sci...295.1005S
6288:(5557): 1005–1009.
6126:2016RSCAd...6k1872E
5711:2002Sci...295.1005S
5312:Xenotransplantation
4382:Dyalisate Flow Rate
4341:Severe coagulopathy
4314:Treatment Schedule:
4258:Treatment Schedule:
4193:Treatment Schedule:
4101:Treatment Schedule:
4021:Acute Liver failure
4008:Treatment Schedule:
3802:
3634:Acute Liver Failure
3481:
3330:
2874:
2288:
1661:
1468:
1274:
1060:
995:human serum albumin
895:human serum albumin
866:human serum albumin
821:acute liver failure
728:. It is similar to
521:acute liver failure
449:acute liver failure
281:
244:acute kidney injury
179:acute liver failure
156:acute liver failure
58:promotional content
11068:Medical treatments
10824:(Suppl 3): 44–51.
10701:10.1007/bf03040455
10595:transplantation".
10470:(Suppl 2): 48–51.
10421:Blood Purification
9634:Intensive Care Med
8358:(Suppl 3): 39–43.
7574:(4 Pt 1): 949–58.
7460:(Suppl 2): 28–32.
7352:10.1007/bf01000293
6476:scholar.google.com
6233:Acta Biomaterialia
6134:10.1039/C6RA22523C
5568:"Medical Miracles"
5540:The New York Times
4570:Pless, G. (2007).
4551:Tissue engineering
4443:End of the Session
3965:Autoimmune disease
3888:Severe hypotension
3800:
3723:
3708:
3479:
3328:
3190:Comparative series
3163:Comparative series
2909:Analysed Variables
2872:
2743:Oral Antidiabetics
2691:Methylprednisolone
2381:Chemotherapy Drugs
2285:
2255:enzimatic activity
1936:ACLF+HE (III / IV)
1658:
1465:
1270:
1058:
1011:
978:
811:Prognosis/survival
793:activated charcoal
784:critical care unit
278:
224:
136:therapeutic device
60:and inappropriate
27:Therapeutic device
11083:Medical equipment
10993:10.1159/000070697
10926:10.1111/jgh.15255
10647:(Suppl 3): 21–7.
10433:10.1159/000070695
10119:(Suppl 3): 61–5.
9844:Artificial Organs
9723:Artificial Organs
9640:(11): 1544–1549.
9618:10.1002/hep.22615
9244:(Suppl 2): 13–4.
8059:(Suppl 2): 20–5.
7685:10.1002/hep.21930
7504:(Suppl 3): 10–5.
7182:(Suppl 2): 43–7.
6824:Artificial Organs
6784:"DIALIVE Concept"
6726:10.1002/hep.20195
6685:10.1002/hep.20562
6511:(Suppl 2): 40–2.
6333:Annals of Surgery
5960:(12): 2357–2366.
5788:(27): 3634–3648.
5355:Artificial Organs
5200:10.1002/hep.20195
5053:Artificial Organs
4966:Annals of Surgery
4926:Artificial Organs
4682:10.1159/000047017
4144:Hepatotoxic drugs
4043:Hypoxic hepatitis
3925:
3924:
3875:Variceal bleeding
3696:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3311:
3310:
2899:Level of Evidence
2816:
2815:
2761:Ethinylestradiol
2626:Immunosuppressors
2248:Hepatic flow rate
2208:neurotransmitters
2200:viral hepatitis C
2172:
2171:
2154:
2153:
1686:MARS Intervention
1613:
1612:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1287:AFTER 2nd TREAT.
1221:
1220:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
763:, metabolites of
719:hemodiafiltration
443:is an artificial
426:
425:
411:internal medicine
391:
390:
124:
123:
94:
93:
86:
16:(Redirected from
11095:
11049:
11012:
10975:
10938:
10928:
10919:(5): 1164–1179.
10894:
10893:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10752:
10728:
10722:
10721:
10703:
10694:(15–16): 595–8.
10679:
10673:
10672:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10591:
10585:
10584:
10548:
10542:
10541:
10523:
10494:
10488:
10487:
10459:
10453:
10452:
10416:
10407:
10406:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10342:
10336:
10335:
10317:
10293:
10284:
10283:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10230:
10220:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10128:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10079:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10030:
10028:10.1002/bjs.7418
10006:
10000:
9999:
9989:
9979:
9955:
9946:
9945:
9916:
9907:
9906:
9877:
9868:
9867:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9718:
9709:
9708:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9629:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9544:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9479:
9473:
9472:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9437:
9431:
9430:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9359:
9350:
9349:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9303:
9279:
9270:
9269:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9159:Gastroenterology
9153:
9147:
9146:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9058:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9009:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8957:
8944:
8943:
8925:
8901:
8882:
8881:
8844:
8838:
8837:
8827:
8825:10.1002/lt.20139
8803:
8794:
8793:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8636:
8627:
8626:
8615:10.5414/CNP58376
8597:
8591:
8590:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8553:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8512:
8488:
8463:
8462:
8452:
8442:
8418:
8399:
8398:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8347:
8338:
8337:
8327:
8303:
8282:
8281:
8271:
8261:
8237:
8216:
8215:
8205:
8181:
8172:
8171:
8161:
8151:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8004:
7993:
7992:
7974:
7972:10.1002/lt.20804
7950:
7939:
7938:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7854:
7845:
7844:
7834:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7707:
7698:
7697:
7687:
7663:
7644:
7643:
7633:
7631:10.1002/lt.20236
7609:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7559:
7530:
7529:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7233:
7209:
7200:
7199:
7170:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7082:
7073:(Suppl 3): 5–9.
7058:
7052:
7051:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6472:"Google Scholar"
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6407:10.1002/lt.24986
6386:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6323:
6314:
6313:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6073:(5): 1015–1032.
6058:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6009:
5994:
5993:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5926:. Archived from
5920:
5914:
5913:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5797:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5751:. Archived from
5745:
5739:
5738:
5705:(5557): 1005–9.
5694:
5688:
5683:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5409:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5107:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4896:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4719:(5): 1092–1102.
4708:
4702:
4701:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4640:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4567:
4049:Unknown etiology
3803:
3799:
3792:Health Economics
3690:
3687:
3506:Odds Ratio (OR)
3482:
3468:
3465:
3340:Controlled Study
3331:
3316:
3313:
2875:
2864:. and Hassanein
2736:Diphenhydramine
2459:D-penicillamine
2289:
2284:
2269:fluoroquinolones
2252:Cytochrome P-450
2239:Child-Pugh score
2235:pharmacodynamics
2231:Pharmacokinetics
2212:opioid receptors
2156:
1662:
1657:
1606:
1603:
1469:
1464:
1440:
1437:
1284:AFTER 1st TREAT.
1275:
1269:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1061:
1057:
636:Clinical Studies
539:, with embedded
494:Advancements in
419:edit on Wikidata
398:
397:
328:Prometheus FPSA
282:
277:
169:, and secreting
152:dialysis machine
117:edit on Wikidata
96:
95:
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
47:an advertisement
38:
37:
30:
21:
11103:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11053:
11052:
10903:
10901:Further reading
10898:
10897:
10857:
10853:
10814:
10810:
10770:
10766:
10729:
10725:
10680:
10676:
10636:
10632:
10592:
10588:
10549:
10545:
10495:
10491:
10460:
10456:
10417:
10410:
10378:
10374:
10343:
10339:
10294:
10287:
10248:
10244:
10197:
10193:
10154:
10150:
10105:
10101:
10056:
10052:
10007:
10003:
9956:
9949:
9917:
9910:
9878:
9871:
9839:
9835:
9800:Ther Apher Dial
9795:
9791:
9754:
9750:
9719:
9712:
9673:
9669:
9630:
9626:
9597:
9593:
9562:
9558:
9527:(1): CD003628.
9513:
9509:
9480:
9476:
9453:
9449:
9438:
9434:
9399:Z Gastroenterol
9395:
9391:
9360:
9353:
9321:
9317:
9280:
9273:
9233:
9229:
9190:
9186:
9154:
9150:
9119:
9115:
9094:(23): 3359–62.
9084:
9080:
9035:
9031:
8986:
8982:
8958:
8947:
8902:
8885:
8845:
8841:
8818:(9): 1099–106.
8804:
8797:
8758:
8754:
8723:
8719:
8680:
8676:
8637:
8630:
8598:
8594:
8579:
8575:
8530:
8526:
8489:
8466:
8433:(13): 2065–71.
8419:
8402:
8391:
8387:
8348:
8341:
8304:
8285:
8238:
8219:
8182:
8175:
8128:
8124:
8095:(11): 1817–25.
8084:
8080:
8049:
8045:
8005:
7996:
7951:
7942:
7910:
7903:
7855:
7848:
7809:donor organs".
7806:
7802:
7755:
7748:
7708:
7701:
7664:
7647:
7610:
7597:
7560:
7533:
7493:
7489:
7449:
7445:
7422:
7418:
7379:
7375:
7336:
7332:
7295:
7291:
7251:
7247:
7210:
7203:
7171:
7164:
7127:
7123:
7108:
7104:
7059:
7055:
7015:
7011:
6974:
6970:
6939:
6935:
6896:
6892:
6855:
6851:
6819:
6815:
6806:
6804:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6746:
6742:
6705:
6701:
6664:
6660:
6615:
6611:
6582:(11): 1549–57.
6572:
6568:
6536:
6532:
6501:
6497:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6456:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6387:
6378:
6324:
6317:
6274:
6270:
6225:
6221:
6194:
6190:
6153:
6149:
6106:
6102:
6059:
6055:
6018:Mater Sci Eng C
6010:
5997:
5946:
5942:
5933:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5874:
5870:
5833:
5829:
5774:
5767:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5695:
5691:
5648:
5644:
5613:
5606:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5552:
5550:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5478:
5474:
5435:
5431:
5386:
5382:
5351:
5347:
5308:
5304:
5264:
5260:
5220:
5216:
5179:
5175:
5135:
5131:
5084:
5080:
5048:
5044:
5007:
5003:
4957:
4953:
4922:
4918:
4873:
4869:
4830:
4826:
4787:
4783:
4744:
4740:
4709:
4705:
4666:
4662:
4617:
4613:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4542:
4514:
4489:
4351:
4329:
4289:Biliary Atresia
4273:
4208:
4147:Graft rejection
4128:
4031:Viral infection
4023:
3951:
3946:
3794:
3740:
3728:
3726:
3713:
3711:
3476:
3411:Yes (crossover)
3390:Yes (crossover)
3364:Bridging to LTx
3325:
2869:
2821:
2755:
2745:
2727:
2698:
2688:
2681:
2643:
2628:
2598:
2596:Antiarrhythmics
2572:
2565:
2538:
2514:
2505:
2478:
2476:Benzodiazepines
2467:
2436:
2418:
2383:
2373:Amphotericine B
2356:
2341:Chlorpromazine
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2228:
2193:
2174:
2168:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1618:
1467:
1449:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1019:
1014:
970:
951:
949:The MARS System
939:
925:with high-flux
904:
874:
858:
845:
837:
825:kidney dialysis
817:transplantation
813:
767:, medium-chain
698:
671:
647:
638:
593:
585:immunoglobulins
577:kidney dialysis
573:
533:
517:liver functions
513:
492:
466:
461:
422:
396:
280:
216:
187:
120:
90:
79:
73:
70:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11101:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11051:
11050:
11024:(4): 199–206.
11013:
10976:
10939:
10902:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10868:(6): 1105–10.
10851:
10808:
10764:
10743:(11): 717–23.
10723:
10674:
10630:
10603:(3): 295–300.
10586:
10559:(9): 1145–50.
10543:
10506:(3): 496–501.
10489:
10454:
10408:
10372:
10337:
10285:
10242:
10191:
10148:
10099:
10070:(5): 498–502.
10050:
10001:
9977:10.1186/cc5119
9947:
9908:
9889:(4): 1169–71.
9869:
9833:
9806:(6): 549–555.
9789:
9768:(9): 857–866.
9748:
9729:(5): 483–486.
9710:
9683:(5): 973–977.
9667:
9624:
9591:
9572:(2): 217–222.
9556:
9507:
9474:
9447:
9432:
9389:
9351:
9332:(4): 442–446.
9315:
9271:
9227:
9200:(2): 497–502.
9184:
9148:
9129:(16): 1253–7.
9113:
9078:
9029:
8980:
8969:(90): 456–61.
8945:
8883:
8839:
8795:
8752:
8717:
8674:
8628:
8592:
8573:
8524:
8464:
8400:
8385:
8339:
8283:
8259:10.1186/cc4985
8217:
8173:
8149:10.1186/cc7697
8122:
8078:
8043:
7994:
7965:(9): 1357–64.
7940:
7921:(6): 2547–50.
7901:
7846:
7800:
7769:(31): 5055–9.
7746:
7699:
7678:(6): 1853–62.
7645:
7624:(9): 1109–19.
7595:
7531:
7487:
7443:
7416:
7373:
7330:
7309:(5): 1116–20.
7289:
7245:
7201:
7162:
7121:
7102:
7053:
7009:
6988:(11): 677–91.
6968:
6933:
6890:
6849:
6813:
6789:
6775:
6740:
6719:(5): 1408–14.
6699:
6658:
6609:
6566:
6530:
6495:
6481:
6463:
6438:
6401:(3): 380–393.
6376:
6339:(5): 660–670.
6315:
6268:
6219:
6208:(6): 657–668.
6188:
6147:
6100:
6053:
5995:
5940:
5915:
5868:
5827:
5765:
5740:
5689:
5685:Free Full Text
5642:
5623:(6): 686–696.
5604:
5583:
5559:
5527:
5492:(4): 367–380.
5472:
5429:
5400:(6): 1446–51.
5380:
5345:
5302:
5258:
5214:
5193:(5): 1408–14.
5173:
5146:(3): 192–202.
5129:
5078:
5042:
5001:
4951:
4916:
4867:
4824:
4797:(2): 468–475.
4781:
4738:
4703:
4676:(3): 252–261.
4660:
4631:(2): 163–169.
4611:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4510:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3814:CONTROL GROUP
3812:
3806:
3793:
3790:
3739:
3738:Safety Aspects
3736:
3724:
3709:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2982:1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2856:. and Heemann
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:Spironolactone
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:Antiepilectics
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:Anticoagulants
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:Antipsychotics
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:Antidepresants
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:Phenylbutazone
2423:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:Antipsychotics
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2227:
2224:
2192:
2189:
2183:. and Laleman
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:8:8 Prometheus
2068:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:MARS Group (n)
1673:
1668:
1648:
1645:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1254:
1251:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1012:
969:
966:
950:
947:
938:
935:
914:Medical Care,
903:
900:
873:
870:
857:
854:
844:
841:
836:
833:
829:kidney failure
823:) and, unlike
812:
809:
711:hemofiltration
707:renal dialysis
697:
696:Liver dialysis
694:
670:
667:
646:
643:
637:
634:
592:
589:
572:
569:
532:
529:
512:
509:
496:bioengineering
491:
488:
465:
462:
460:
457:
445:extracorporeal
424:
423:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
395:
392:
389:
388:
385:
377:
368:
367:
359:
351:
342:
341:
333:
325:
316:
315:
310:
302:
293:
292:
289:
286:
285:Bio-artificial
252:cerebral edema
228:encephalopathy
215:
212:
211:
210:
199:
186:
183:
163:blood proteins
140:liver dialysis
122:
121:
114:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
92:
91:
62:external links
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11100:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11020:(in German).
11019:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10987:(3): 244–52.
10986:
10982:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10950:(2): 468–75.
10949:
10945:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10855:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10812:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10768:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10727:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10634:
10626:
10622:
10618:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10590:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10547:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10493:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10458:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10415:
10413:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10376:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10341:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10308:(4): 437–43.
10307:
10303:
10299:
10292:
10290:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10258:(2): 213–20.
10257:
10253:
10246:
10238:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10195:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10152:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10064:ASAIO Journal
10061:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10021:(5): 623–31.
10020:
10016:
10012:
10005:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9964:Critical Care
9961:
9954:
9952:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9915:
9913:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9876:
9874:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9850:(4): 276–84.
9849:
9845:
9837:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9793:
9785:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9752:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9715:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9671:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9628:
9619:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9560:
9552:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9502:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9478:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9451:
9443:
9436:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9393:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9356:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9319:
9311:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9276:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9188:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9152:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9123:Life Sciences
9117:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9082:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9049:(5): 1094–9.
9048:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9008:
9003:
9000:(2): 187–93.
8999:
8995:
8994:ASAIO Journal
8991:
8984:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8910:ASAIO Journal
8907:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8843:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8800:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8756:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8733:(1): 111–23.
8732:
8728:
8721:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8690:(6): 338–48.
8689:
8685:
8678:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8633:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8609:(5): 376–83.
8608:
8604:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8583:Sem Hôp Paris
8577:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8528:
8520:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8503:(3): 277–86.
8502:
8498:
8494:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8460:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8344:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8246:Critical Care
8243:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8213:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8136:Critical Care
8133:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8016:(6): 549–55.
8015:
8011:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7908:
7906:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7866:(2): 207–18.
7865:
7861:
7853:
7851:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7751:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7719:(7): 434–42.
7718:
7714:
7706:
7704:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7435:
7432:(3): 276–90.
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7346:(3): 169–76.
7345:
7341:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7262:(7): 1332–6.
7261:
7257:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7224:(8): 709–12.
7223:
7219:
7215:
7208:
7206:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7135:ASAIO Journal
7132:
7125:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7026:(4): 463–75.
7025:
7021:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6949:(2): 415–30.
6948:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6906:(3): 256–63.
6905:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6830:(4): 319–30.
6829:
6825:
6817:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6785:
6779:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6756:(6): 984–90.
6755:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6629:(2): 216–30.
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6491:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6452:
6451:FierceBiotech
6448:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5930:on 2006-09-02
5929:
5925:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5770:
5755:on 2007-04-07
5754:
5750:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:(3): 447–55.
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5609:
5601:. 2001-11-19.
5600:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:(2): 208–15.
5444:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5275:(10): 950–9.
5274:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:(9): 809–13.
4931:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4840:(3): 447–55.
4839:
4835:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:(2): 179–88.
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:Liver Transpl
4622:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4576:Organogenesis
4573:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3719:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3349:
3346:Survival (%)
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3314:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:Type of Study
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:Valproic acid
2768:
2766:Glibenclamide
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2748:Carbamazepine
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:Beta Blockers
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:Nortriptyline
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:Amitriptyline
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:Flunitrazepam
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:Chlorambucil
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Ciprofloxacin
2274:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:Hours/patient
1081:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:water-soluble
996:
992:
987:
983:
974:
965:
962:
958:
956:
946:
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
899:
896:
891:
888:
884:
879:
869:
867:
863:
853:
850:
840:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:liver failure
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
693:
690:
686:
683:
678:
676:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
642:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
601:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
568:
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
527:is possible.
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
476:
470:
464:Early history
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
430:
420:
414:
410:
408:
404:
399:
386:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
332:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:Hepat-Assist
311:
309:
306:
303:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
214:Liver failure
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
188:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:is a type of
133:
129:
118:
112:
108:
106:
102:
97:
88:
85:
77:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
11021:
11017:
10984:
10980:
10947:
10943:
10916:
10912:
10865:
10861:
10854:
10821:
10817:
10811:
10781:(4): 340–3.
10778:
10774:
10767:
10740:
10736:
10726:
10691:
10687:
10677:
10644:
10640:
10633:
10600:
10596:
10589:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10467:
10463:
10457:
10427:(3): 232–6.
10424:
10420:
10389:(1): 24–31.
10386:
10382:
10375:
10353:(1): 142–8.
10350:
10346:
10340:
10305:
10301:
10255:
10251:
10245:
10208:
10204:
10194:
10164:(1): 201–6.
10161:
10157:
10151:
10116:
10112:
10102:
10067:
10063:
10053:
10018:
10014:
10004:
9967:
9963:
9928:(3): 451–7.
9925:
9921:
9886:
9882:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9803:
9799:
9792:
9765:
9761:
9751:
9726:
9722:
9680:
9676:
9670:
9637:
9633:
9627:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9524:
9520:
9510:
9491:
9487:
9477:
9460:
9459:. Suppl. 2.
9456:
9450:
9444:(Abstracts).
9441:
9435:
9402:
9398:
9392:
9367:
9363:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9294:(9): 997–8.
9291:
9287:
9241:
9237:
9230:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9165:(1): 170–8.
9162:
9158:
9151:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9091:
9087:
9081:
9046:
9042:
9032:
8997:
8993:
8983:
8966:
8962:
8916:(4): 332–7.
8913:
8909:
8856:(3): 381–6.
8853:
8849:
8842:
8815:
8811:
8768:(1): 43–51.
8765:
8761:
8755:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8647:(5): 585–8.
8644:
8640:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8589:: 3598–3602.
8586:
8582:
8576:
8544:(3): 287–9.
8541:
8537:
8527:
8500:
8496:
8430:
8426:
8394:
8388:
8355:
8351:
8318:(3): 290–7.
8315:
8311:
8249:
8245:
8193:
8189:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8013:
8009:
7962:
7958:
7918:
7914:
7863:
7859:
7832:10807/141915
7817:(1): 253–8.
7814:
7810:
7803:
7766:
7762:
7716:
7712:
7675:
7671:
7621:
7617:
7571:
7567:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7389:(1): 222–9.
7386:
7382:
7376:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7221:
7217:
7179:
7175:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7115:
7112:Am J Physiol
7111:
7105:
7070:
7066:
7056:
7023:
7019:
7012:
6985:
6981:
6971:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6827:
6823:
6816:
6805:. Retrieved
6801:
6792:
6778:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6678:(1): 19–22.
6675:
6671:
6661:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6547:(3): e51–6.
6544:
6540:
6533:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6455:. Retrieved
6450:
6441:
6398:
6394:
6336:
6332:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6236:
6232:
6222:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6164:
6161:Biomaterials
6160:
6150:
6117:
6114:RSC Advances
6113:
6103:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6039:10446/162225
6021:
6017:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5932:. Retrieved
5928:the original
5918:
5888:(1): 59–70.
5885:
5881:
5871:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5785:
5781:
5757:. Retrieved
5753:the original
5743:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5620:
5616:
5598:
5575:. Retrieved
5571:
5562:
5551:. Retrieved
5539:
5530:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5361:(5): 390–6.
5358:
5354:
5348:
5318:(5): 380–9.
5315:
5311:
5305:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5231:(6): 542–8.
5228:
5224:
5217:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5098:(6): 826–9.
5095:
5091:
5081:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5021:(3): 260–6.
5018:
5014:
5004:
4969:
4965:
4960:(May 2004).
4954:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4582:(1): 20–24.
4579:
4575:
4565:
4534:
4515:
4507:
4504:
4496:
4490:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4330:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4257:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4192:
4191:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4100:
4099:
4069:
4068:
4053:
4052:
4025:
4024:
4007:
4006:
3991:
3990:
3975:
3974:
3953:
3952:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3914:Coagulopathy
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3712:
3697:
3664:
3663:El Banayosy
3641:
3633:
3611:
3588:
3565:
3542:
3519:
3511:
3498:
3492:
3475:
3444:
3423:
3402:
3381:
3352:
3324:
3283:
3256:
3226:
3199:
3172:
3145:
3137:
3120:Case-control
3108:
3078:
3077:El Banayosy
3048:
3018:
2988:
2958:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2904:Study Groups
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2752:
2742:
2724:
2695:
2685:
2678:
2640:
2631:Risperidone
2625:
2595:
2586:Fosinopropil
2577:Nitrendipine
2569:
2562:
2535:
2511:
2502:
2475:
2466:Anaesthetics
2464:
2450:Erythromycin
2434:Barbiturates
2433:
2415:
2411:Ketoconazole
2397:Fluvastatine
2394:Itraconazole
2380:
2376:Simvastatine
2367:Indomethacin
2362:Haloperidol
2353:
2349:Cefoperazone
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2281:
2273:Levofloxacin
2265:
2229:
2220:
2194:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2110:
2108:
2063:
2061:
2016:
2015:El Banayosy
2014:
1970:
1968:
1923:
1921:
1895:6-8 h x 10 d
1879:
1877:
1846:
1842:ACLF+HE (OH)
1829:
1827:
1782:
1780:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:Controls (n)
1670:
1665:
1652:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1582:
1561:
1540:
1519:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1454:. and Parés
1451:
1448:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1292:
1265:
1256:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1020:
979:
960:
959:
952:
940:
927:hemodialysis
907:
905:
892:
875:
859:
846:
838:
814:
797:ion exchange
789:
777:
742:
730:hemodialysis
723:
715:hemodialysis
699:
691:
687:
681:
679:
672:
663:
657:
655:
648:
639:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
598:
594:
574:
564:
561:
553:blood plasma
534:
514:
493:
474:
471:
467:
440:
438:
434:
428:
427:
382:
379:
374:
371:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
338:
336:TECLA-HALSS
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
312:
307:
304:
299:
296:
274:
270:
267:
260:
240:coagulopathy
225:
160:
147:
139:
131:
127:
125:
80:
71:
56:by removing
52:Please help
44:
10981:Blood Purif
9970:(6): R169.
9762:Transpl Int
9370:(1): 62–4.
8252:(4): R108.
7880:11585/24619
7141:(1): 47–9.
6167:: 140–153.
5847:(1): 2–10.
5059:(1): 81–6.
4887:(1): 60–5.
4670:Blood Purif
3808:MARS GROUP
3401:Stadlbauer
3307:1, 2, 3, 4
3255:Stadlbauer
3042:1, 2, 3, 5
3012:1, 3, 4, 5
2889:Nº Patients
2795:Paclitaxel
2778:Mefloquine
2706:Ondansetron
2679:Antiemetics
2657:Propafenone
2652:Sertraline
2649:Ciclosporin
2610:Fluoxetine
2580:Desipramine
2498:Misoprostol
2489:Bupivacaine
2471:Teicoplanin
2439:Hydralacine
2429:Clindamycin
2416:Hypotensors
2370:Ceftriaxone
2354:Antifungals
2332:Cephazoline
2301:Antibiotics
2123:IHA/GD/ACLF
1847:4 sessions
1472:MARS System
1428:514 ± 104.7
1425:478.5 ± 105
1389:rPAP (mmHg)
1367:15.7 ± 4.1
1351:20.3 ± 5.5
1319:37.3 ± 5.5
1300:82.7 ± 11.7
1297:77.8 ± 11.7
1075:Age (years)
1070:Nº patients
916:Bad Homburg
769:fatty acids
651:HepatAssist
645:HepatAssist
575:Similar to
541:hepatocytes
537:bioreactors
490:Development
207:Dissolution
175:hepatocytes
74:August 2021
11078:Hepatology
11057:Categories
10521:1866/24039
10158:Hepatology
9605:Hepatology
9488:Hepatology
9457:J. Hepatol
7672:Hepatology
7568:Hepatology
7303:Hepatology
7118:: 459–460.
6807:2019-11-04
6802:yaqrit.com
6750:J. Hepatol
6713:Hepatology
6672:Hepatology
6457:2021-08-24
6024:(111983).
5934:2020-12-24
5759:2020-12-24
5652:Hepatology
5577:2020-02-06
5572:PEOPLE.com
5553:2020-02-06
5394:Hepatology
5187:Hepatology
4881:Hepatology
4834:Hepatology
4557:References
4429:Monitoring
4354:Blood Flow
3721:border="0"
3706:border="0"
3587:Hassanein
3497:Mortality
3491:Mortality
3438:6/6 (100)
3367:7/10 (70)
3184:Case serie
3157:Case serie
3144:Evenepoel
3114:ACLF / ALF
3017:Hassanein
2879:MARS Study
2772:Furosemide
2733:Budesonide
2730:Propanolol
2715:Celecoxib
2712:Prednisone
2709:Carvedilol
2666:Tacrolimus
2621:Nitrazepam
2615:Amiodarone
2601:Imipramine
2589:Clozapine
2558:Flurazepam
2552:Nifedipine
2547:Methadone
2531:Nimodipine
2495:Clonazepam
2492:Rifampicin
2484:Tamoxifen
2456:Irbesartan
2453:Thiopental
2442:Melphalan
2421:Etoposide
2391:Cloxacilin
2388:Ketoprofen
2359:Lovastatin
2338:Clofibrate
2335:Omeprazole
2329:Diclofenac
2204:bile ducts
1922:Hassanein
1845:8 h x 7 d
1696:Creatinine
1666:MARS study
1431:622 ± 198
1415:9.4 ± 2.1
1409:11.2 ± 1.6
1399:7.3 ± 7.6
1393:11.2 ± 4.6
1383:9.7 ± 7.0
1380:14.5 ± 2.9
1377:17.2 ± 8.3
1361:23.7 ± 7.3
1348:17.3 ± 9.9
1341:HVPG(mmHg)
1332:16.7 ± 7.5
1329:17.7 ± 7.4
1325:FHVP(mmHg)
1313:40.7 ± 5.6
1309:WHVP(mmHg)
1227:Novelli G
1217:<0.005
1163:<0.003
1065:References
923:adsorption
908:Prometheus
902:Prometheus
887:bile acids
780:hepatology
761:bile acids
753:lipophilic
656:Demetriou
525:transplant
505:stem cells
288:Artificial
109:hepatology
54:improve it
11046:259980836
9677:Liver Int
9427:260343152
9405:: 33–35.
9266:260344650
8142:(1): R8.
7482:260344744
6623:Ann. Surg
6415:1527-6465
6353:0003-4932
6239:: 36–43.
6142:2046-2069
6087:1066-5285
5974:0141-5492
5902:1097-0290
5804:1007-9327
5548:0362-4331
5506:1743-4440
5297:196427668
5168:196422022
4278:Etiology:
4213:Etiology:
4141:Infection
4133:Etiology:
4026:Etiology:
3954:Etiology:
3610:Dethloff
3499:Controls
3493:MARS (%)
3459:5/8 (63)
3443:Dethloff
3417:4/8 (50)
3396:4/9 (44)
3375:2/6 (33)
3343:Follow-up
3337:Pathology
3282:Dethloff
3274:Crossover
3217:Crossover
2884:Pathology
2806:Torsemide
2753:Diuretics
2720:Verapamil
2674:Lidocaine
2669:Zolpidem
2663:Temazepam
2636:Quinidine
2607:Quinapril
2604:Midazolam
2583:Lorazepam
2544:Valsartan
2526:Fentanyl
2517:Rifabutin
2447:Piroxicam
2346:Ibuprofen
2210:coupling
2126:8 h x 3 d
2062:Dethloff
2032:8 h x 3 d
1939:6 h x 5 d
1798:6 h x 3 d
1751:6 h x 3 d
1748:ACLF (OH)
1691:Bilirubin
1681:Pathology
1581:Dethloff
1405:CO(l/min)
1373:PCP(mmHg)
1357:PAP(mmHg)
1335:17 ± 3.6
1303:84.2 ± 8
1293:MAP(mmHg)
1281:BASE LINE
1278:PARAMETER
1190:<0.05
1136:<0.05
1100:Ammonia
1091:Ammonia
1082:Treatment
991:dialysate
912:Fresenius
883:bilirubin
773:cytokines
757:bilirubin
680:Thompson
620:systems.
451:(ALF) or
407:Specialty
196:Diffusion
185:Etymology
144:metabolic
132:diachysis
105:Specialty
11038:15832238
11009:12355239
11001:12784051
10972:20937240
10964:15667509
10935:32918840
10890:22709637
10882:15180733
10846:39425523
10838:12950961
10803:24212977
10795:12234277
10759:15580335
10718:19746467
10710:14531174
10669:39904706
10661:12950957
10625:38538438
10617:15176968
10581:12576160
10573:12969110
10538:30840312
10530:14735236
10484:12220304
10449:45543585
10441:12784049
10403:12480556
10367:15878216
10332:28738261
10324:12682899
10280:21972813
10272:19773666
10237:17022815
10186:21550617
10178:11124837
10143:23585670
10135:12950963
10094:40839375
10086:19730006
10045:23318049
10037:21462172
9996:17156425
9942:16023249
9903:18555140
9864:16643386
9828:24898728
9820:19954480
9784:18510596
9743:15113343
9705:44868151
9697:16162155
9654:16155752
9586:12517233
9551:14974025
9494:: 484A.
9442:4th ISAD
9419:16215894
9384:12543292
9346:12699855
9310:12942466
9258:16215886
9214:10685757
9179:11208726
9073:22902185
9016:17413559
8975:19579620
8940:20982595
8932:15307543
8878:13455917
8870:19710033
8834:15349999
8790:23729017
8782:17203088
8747:17223500
8712:12302583
8704:16741553
8669:23033545
8661:15827452
8623:12425489
8568:32465310
8560:10827227
8519:10827226
8459:18395908
8372:12950960
8334:12619027
8278:16859530
8212:11251037
8168:19175915
8109:16941171
8073:12220298
8038:24898728
8030:19954480
7989:19946716
7981:16741899
7935:16182739
7896:22591855
7888:16552668
7841:19249528
7795:16937506
7741:24205200
7733:11510914
7694:17975845
7640:15350001
7590:12297843
7526:25173997
7518:12950955
7474:16215892
7368:24524207
7284:42225349
7276:11445681
7240:11510016
7196:12220303
7097:25292258
7089:12950954
7048:19491464
7040:12602522
6963:11385970
6928:23916381
6920:19379373
6885:12472950
6844:10226696
6798:"Yaqrit"
6770:14642616
6735:15122770
6694:15690476
6653:15273544
6604:31513268
6596:16696802
6561:15754264
6525:12220302
6433:29171941
6371:15082970
6310:11834813
6263:29128539
6183:25736504
6095:95352668
6048:33812611
5990:10046204
5982:25064452
5910:10699872
5863:11150414
5822:31367162
5735:30433745
5727:11834813
5672:11526528
5637:12658402
5522:13059506
5514:26894968
5467:30297978
5459:18388685
5424:22557163
5332:16925661
5289:12456036
5253:38686470
5245:12117294
5209:15122770
5160:11999191
5124:11854910
5037:12096789
4996:15082970
4911:45920140
4854:11526528
4819:20937240
4811:15667509
4768:18388681
4733:18988787
4698:36924439
4690:11867872
4655:33789452
4647:10719014
4606:19279696
4540:See also
4518:LiverNet
4512:LiverNet
3780:Montejo
3773:Mitzner
3759:Laleman
3640:Schmidt
3625:6 months
3579:3 months
3556:6 months
3541:Heemann
3518:Mitzner
3456:6 months
3422:Laleman
3380:Krisper
3372:3 months
3295:RCT (LN)
3286:. (2008)
3277:1, 2, 3
3268:RCT (LN)
3259:. (2006)
3250:2, 3, 4
3238:RCT (LN)
3229:. (2006)
3225:Laleman
3220:1, 2, 3
3211:RCT (LN)
3202:. (2005)
3198:Krisper
3193:1, 2, 5
3175:. (2008)
3166:1, 2, 3
3148:. (2006)
3107:Montejo
3090:RCT (LN)
3072:1, 3, 4
3060:RCT (LN)
3047:Schmidt
3030:RCT (HN)
3000:RCT (LN)
2970:RCT (LN)
2957:Heemann
2952:1, 3, 4
2940:RCT (LN)
2927:Mitzner
2921:Controls
2832:Cochrane
2660:Warfarin
2646:Oxacepam
2523:Prazosin
2520:Diazepam
2481:Losartan
2408:Oxacilin
2405:Naproxen
2216:pruritus
2196:Pruritus
2109:Montejo
2066:. (2008)
2019:. (2004)
1973:. (2003)
1969:Schmidt
1926:. (2007)
1882:. (2006)
1878:Laleman
1781:Heemann
1733:Mitzner
1608:changes.
1560:Laleman
1539:Schmidt
1518:Heemann
1497:Mitzner
1412:10 ± 2.8
1396:10 ± 4.2
1364:22 ± 4.8
1345:23 ± 7.0
1316:34 ± 9.6
1239:and Sen
1195:Sorkyne
1168:Schmidt
1141:Novelli
986:catheter
910:system (
878:in vitro
605:in-vitro
600:Cryogels
581:collagen
531:Function
372:AMC-BAL
291:Hybrids
234:such as
167:glycogen
10228:1601969
9987:1794485
9662:6642381
9542:6991941
9222:1584814
9143:8412484
9108:1333541
9065:9149069
9024:8630554
8450:2701529
8380:2200601
8269:1751025
8159:2688120
8117:8003937
7786:4087413
7426:Surgery
7411:2219787
7403:1693945
7360:2796871
7325:8903385
7157:9952006
7004:8970836
6644:1356396
6424:5873437
6362:1356274
6290:Bibcode
6282:Science
6254:5716876
6122:Bibcode
5813:6658398
5707:Bibcode
5699:Science
5680:6852149
5416:8938179
5375:8037614
5340:7562668
5115:4695603
5073:9950184
4987:1356274
4946:8240075
4903:1618484
4862:6852149
4776:1289311
4597:2649611
3862:Ascites
3766:Kramer
3414:30 days
3393:30 days
3351:Faenza
3171:Faenza
2703:Digoxin
2503:Opioids
2315:Statins
2308:Anti-H2
1721:Ammonia
1701:Albumin
1104:(μg/dL)
1095:(μg/dL)
982:albumin
961:In vivo
937:Dialive
920:albumin
849:albumin
835:Devices
734:albumin
702:albumin
543:(liver
459:History
11044:
11036:
11007:
10999:
10970:
10962:
10933:
10888:
10880:
10844:
10836:
10801:
10793:
10757:
10716:
10708:
10667:
10659:
10623:
10615:
10579:
10571:
10536:
10528:
10482:
10447:
10439:
10401:
10365:
10330:
10322:
10278:
10270:
10235:
10225:
10211:: 16.
10184:
10176:
10141:
10133:
10092:
10084:
10043:
10035:
9994:
9984:
9940:
9901:
9862:
9826:
9818:
9782:
9741:
9703:
9695:
9660:
9652:
9584:
9549:
9539:
9463:: 60.
9425:
9417:
9382:
9344:
9308:
9264:
9256:
9220:
9212:
9177:
9141:
9106:
9071:
9063:
9022:
9014:
8973:
8938:
8930:
8876:
8868:
8832:
8788:
8780:
8745:
8710:
8702:
8667:
8659:
8621:
8566:
8558:
8517:
8457:
8447:
8378:
8370:
8332:
8276:
8266:
8210:
8166:
8156:
8115:
8107:
8071:
8036:
8028:
7987:
7979:
7933:
7894:
7886:
7839:
7793:
7783:
7739:
7731:
7692:
7638:
7588:
7524:
7516:
7480:
7472:
7438:807982
7436:
7409:
7401:
7366:
7358:
7323:
7282:
7274:
7238:
7194:
7155:
7095:
7087:
7046:
7038:
7002:
6961:
6926:
6918:
6883:
6842:
6768:
6733:
6692:
6651:
6641:
6602:
6594:
6559:
6523:
6431:
6421:
6413:
6369:
6359:
6351:
6308:
6261:
6251:
6181:
6140:
6093:
6085:
6046:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5908:
5900:
5861:
5820:
5810:
5802:
5733:
5725:
5678:
5670:
5635:
5546:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5465:
5457:
5422:
5414:
5373:
5338:
5330:
5295:
5287:
5251:
5243:
5207:
5166:
5158:
5122:
5112:
5071:
5035:
4994:
4984:
4944:
4909:
4901:
4860:
4852:
4817:
4809:
4774:
4766:
4731:
4696:
4688:
4653:
4645:
4604:
4594:
3908:10/11
3782:et al.
3775:et al.
3768:et al.
3761:et al.
3751:et al.
3665:et al.
3642:et al.
3612:et al.
3589:et al.
3566:et al.
3543:et al.
3533:7 days
3520:et al.
3447:(2008)
3445:et al.
3435:7 days
3426:(2006)
3424:et al.
3405:(2006)
3403:et al.
3384:(2005)
3382:et al.
3355:(2008)
3353:et al.
3284:et al.
3257:et al.
3227:et al.
3200:et al.
3173:et al.
3146:et al.
3129:26 SMT
3111:(2009)
3109:et al.
3081:(2004)
3079:et al.
3051:(2003)
3049:et al.
3039:31 SMT
3021:(2007)
3019:et al.
2991:(2004)
2989:et al.
2979:12 SMT
2961:(2002)
2959:et al.
2931:(2000)
2929:et al.
2866:et al.
2862:et al.
2858:et al.
2854:et al.
2850:et al.
2843:et al.
2836:et al.
2825:et al.
2696:Others
2294:NSAIDs
2185:et al.
2181:et al.
2177:et al.
2165:group.
2113:(2009)
2111:et al.
2064:et al.
2017:et al.
1971:et al.
1924:et al.
1880:et al.
1832:(2004)
1830:et al.
1785:(2002)
1783:et al.
1735:et al.
1653:et al.
1641:et al.
1631:et al.
1585:(2008)
1583:et al.
1564:(2006)
1562:et al.
1543:(2003)
1541:et al.
1522:(2002)
1520:et al.
1501:(2000)
1499:et al.
1246:et al.
1241:et al.
1237:et al.
1229:et al.
1199:(2001)
1197:et al.
1172:(2001)
1170:et al.
1145:(2002)
1143:et al.
1118:(1999)
1116:et al.
801:Gambro
682:et al.
658:et al.
565:et al.
380:SEPET
263:sepsis
173:. The
11063:Liver
11042:S2CID
11005:S2CID
10968:S2CID
10886:S2CID
10842:S2CID
10799:S2CID
10714:S2CID
10665:S2CID
10621:S2CID
10577:S2CID
10534:S2CID
10464:Liver
10445:S2CID
10328:S2CID
10276:S2CID
10182:S2CID
10139:S2CID
10090:S2CID
10041:S2CID
9824:S2CID
9701:S2CID
9658:S2CID
9423:S2CID
9262:S2CID
9218:S2CID
9069:S2CID
9020:S2CID
8936:S2CID
8874:S2CID
8786:S2CID
8708:S2CID
8665:S2CID
8564:S2CID
8376:S2CID
8113:S2CID
8053:Liver
8034:S2CID
7985:S2CID
7892:S2CID
7737:S2CID
7522:S2CID
7478:S2CID
7407:S2CID
7364:S2CID
7280:S2CID
7176:Liver
7093:S2CID
7044:S2CID
6924:S2CID
6600:S2CID
6505:Liver
6091:S2CID
5986:S2CID
5731:S2CID
5676:S2CID
5518:S2CID
5463:S2CID
5420:S2CID
5336:S2CID
5293:S2CID
5249:S2CID
5164:S2CID
4907:S2CID
4858:S2CID
4815:S2CID
4772:S2CID
4713:Chest
4694:S2CID
4651:S2CID
3921:3/11
3895:3/11
3882:1/11
3869:1/11
3856:7/11
3843:3/11
3830:6/11
3816:n=11
3810:n=12
3681:0.72
3658:0.94
3628:0.50
3605:0.89
3559:0.75
3536:0.63
3485:Study
3334:Study
3102:1, 3
3099:13 HD
3069:5 SMT
3009:9 SMT
2563:ACE's
1737:(2000
1460:et al
1456:et al
1452:et al
1205:47±16
1151:42±12
1114:Awad
827:(for
749:liver
557:blood
549:liver
545:cells
480:liver
417:[
362:MELS
354:SPAD
320:BLSS
305:MARS
297:ELAD
203:Greek
192:Greek
115:[
11034:PMID
10997:PMID
10960:PMID
10931:PMID
10878:PMID
10834:PMID
10791:PMID
10755:PMID
10706:PMID
10657:PMID
10613:PMID
10569:PMID
10526:PMID
10480:PMID
10437:PMID
10399:PMID
10363:PMID
10320:PMID
10268:PMID
10233:PMID
10174:PMID
10131:PMID
10082:PMID
10033:PMID
9992:PMID
9938:PMID
9899:PMID
9860:PMID
9816:PMID
9780:PMID
9739:PMID
9693:PMID
9650:PMID
9582:PMID
9566:JAMA
9547:PMID
9415:PMID
9380:PMID
9342:PMID
9306:PMID
9254:PMID
9210:PMID
9175:PMID
9139:PMID
9104:PMID
9088:JAMA
9061:PMID
9012:PMID
8971:PMID
8928:PMID
8866:PMID
8830:PMID
8778:PMID
8743:PMID
8700:PMID
8657:PMID
8619:PMID
8556:PMID
8515:PMID
8455:PMID
8368:PMID
8330:PMID
8274:PMID
8208:PMID
8164:PMID
8105:PMID
8069:PMID
8026:PMID
7977:PMID
7931:PMID
7884:PMID
7837:PMID
7791:PMID
7729:PMID
7690:PMID
7636:PMID
7586:PMID
7514:PMID
7470:PMID
7434:PMID
7399:PMID
7356:PMID
7321:PMID
7272:PMID
7236:PMID
7192:PMID
7153:PMID
7085:PMID
7036:PMID
7000:PMID
6959:PMID
6916:PMID
6881:PMID
6840:PMID
6766:PMID
6731:PMID
6690:PMID
6649:PMID
6592:PMID
6557:PMID
6521:PMID
6429:PMID
6411:ISSN
6367:PMID
6349:ISSN
6306:PMID
6259:PMID
6179:PMID
6138:ISSN
6083:ISSN
6044:PMID
5978:PMID
5970:ISSN
5906:PMID
5898:ISSN
5859:PMID
5818:PMID
5800:ISSN
5723:PMID
5668:PMID
5633:PMID
5599:Time
5544:ISSN
5510:PMID
5502:ISSN
5455:PMID
5412:PMID
5371:PMID
5328:PMID
5285:PMID
5241:PMID
5205:PMID
5156:PMID
5120:PMID
5069:PMID
5033:PMID
4992:PMID
4942:PMID
4899:PMID
4850:PMID
4807:PMID
4764:PMID
4729:PMID
4686:PMID
4643:PMID
4602:PMID
4516:The
3918:4/12
3905:4/12
3892:2/12
3879:0/12
3866:0/12
3853:1/12
3840:0/12
3827:1/12
3564:Sen
3503:Time
3450:ESLD
3429:ACLF
3408:ACLF
3387:ACLF
3358:ACLF
3289:ESLD
3262:ACLF
3232:ACLF
3205:ACLF
3187:VIII
3178:ACLF
3160:VIII
3151:ACLF
3024:ACLF
2994:ACLF
2987:Sen
2964:ACLF
2949:5 HD
2934:ACLF
2916:MARS
2275:and
2233:and
2076:ACLF
1828:Sen
1795:ACLF
1706:Urea
1481:SVRI
1208:28.1
1181:10.0
1178:43±5
1154:51.2
1127:73.2
1124:38±5
906:The
860:The
795:and
771:and
673:The
649:The
503:and
475:Time
346:RFB
246:and
230:and
171:bile
11026:doi
10989:doi
10952:doi
10948:100
10921:doi
10870:doi
10826:doi
10783:doi
10745:doi
10696:doi
10692:115
10649:doi
10605:doi
10561:doi
10516:hdl
10508:doi
10472:doi
10429:doi
10391:doi
10355:doi
10310:doi
10260:doi
10223:PMC
10213:doi
10166:doi
10121:doi
10072:doi
10023:doi
9982:PMC
9972:doi
9930:doi
9891:doi
9852:doi
9808:doi
9770:doi
9731:doi
9685:doi
9642:doi
9613:doi
9574:doi
9570:289
9537:PMC
9529:doi
9496:doi
9465:doi
9407:doi
9372:doi
9368:114
9334:doi
9296:doi
9246:doi
9202:doi
9167:doi
9163:120
9131:doi
9096:doi
9092:268
9051:doi
9002:doi
8918:doi
8858:doi
8850:Gut
8820:doi
8770:doi
8735:doi
8692:doi
8649:doi
8611:doi
8546:doi
8505:doi
8445:PMC
8435:doi
8360:doi
8320:doi
8264:PMC
8254:doi
8198:doi
8154:PMC
8144:doi
8097:doi
8061:doi
8018:doi
7967:doi
7923:doi
7876:hdl
7868:doi
7827:hdl
7819:doi
7781:PMC
7771:doi
7721:doi
7680:doi
7626:doi
7576:doi
7506:doi
7462:doi
7391:doi
7348:doi
7311:doi
7264:doi
7226:doi
7184:doi
7143:doi
7075:doi
7028:doi
6990:doi
6951:doi
6908:doi
6871:doi
6832:doi
6758:doi
6721:doi
6680:doi
6639:PMC
6631:doi
6627:240
6584:doi
6549:doi
6513:doi
6419:PMC
6403:doi
6357:PMC
6341:doi
6337:239
6298:doi
6286:295
6249:PMC
6241:doi
6210:doi
6206:211
6169:doi
6130:doi
6075:doi
6034:hdl
6026:doi
6022:123
5962:doi
5890:doi
5849:doi
5808:PMC
5790:doi
5715:doi
5703:295
5660:doi
5625:doi
5494:doi
5447:doi
5402:doi
5363:doi
5320:doi
5277:doi
5233:doi
5195:doi
5148:doi
5110:PMC
5100:doi
5061:doi
5023:doi
4982:PMC
4974:doi
4970:239
4934:doi
4889:doi
4842:doi
4799:doi
4795:100
4756:doi
4721:doi
4717:134
4678:doi
4633:doi
4592:PMC
4584:doi
3530:100
3453:Yes
3432:Yes
3298:III
3271:III
3241:III
3214:III
3093:III
3084:ALF
3063:III
3054:ALF
3003:III
2973:III
2943:III
2279:).
2056:↓S
2029:ALF
1986:6 h
1983:ALF
1963:↓S
1892:SHR
1760:↑NS
1726:BUN
1716:AST
1711:ALT
1588:↑NS
1555:↓S
1504:↑NS
1476:MAP
1211:280
1187:121
1184:150
1160:126
1157:247
1130:130
717:or
511:Use
130:or
11059::
11040:.
11032:.
11022:40
11003:.
10995:.
10985:21
10983:.
10966:.
10958:.
10946:.
10929:.
10917:36
10915:.
10911:.
10884:.
10876:.
10866:99
10864:.
10840:.
10832:.
10822:23
10820:.
10797:.
10789:.
10777:.
10753:.
10741:17
10739:.
10735:.
10712:.
10704:.
10690:.
10686:.
10663:.
10655:.
10645:23
10643:.
10619:.
10611:.
10599:.
10575:.
10567:.
10557:47
10555:.
10532:.
10524:.
10514:.
10504:30
10502:.
10478:.
10468:22
10466:.
10443:.
10435:.
10425:21
10423:.
10411:^
10397:.
10387:38
10385:.
10361:.
10351:43
10349:.
10326:.
10318:.
10304:.
10300:.
10288:^
10274:.
10266:.
10256:22
10254:.
10231:.
10221:.
10207:.
10203:.
10180:.
10172:.
10162:33
10160:.
10137:.
10129:.
10117:23
10115:.
10111:.
10088:.
10080:.
10068:55
10066:.
10062:.
10039:.
10031:.
10019:98
10017:.
10013:.
9990:.
9980:.
9968:10
9966:.
9962:.
9950:^
9936:.
9926:43
9924:.
9911:^
9897:.
9887:40
9885:.
9872:^
9858:.
9848:30
9846:.
9822:.
9814:.
9804:13
9802:.
9778:.
9766:21
9764:.
9760:.
9737:.
9727:28
9725:.
9713:^
9699:.
9691:.
9681:25
9679:.
9656:.
9648:.
9638:31
9636:.
9609:48
9607:.
9603:.
9580:.
9568:.
9545:.
9535:.
9523:.
9519:.
9492:32
9490:.
9486:.
9461:32
9421:.
9413:.
9403:39
9401:.
9378:.
9366:.
9354:^
9340:.
9330:25
9328:.
9304:.
9290:.
9286:.
9274:^
9260:.
9252:.
9242:39
9240:.
9216:.
9208:.
9198:95
9196:.
9173:.
9161:.
9137:.
9127:53
9125:.
9102:.
9090:.
9067:.
9059:.
9047:42
9045:.
9041:.
9018:.
9010:.
8998:53
8996:.
8992:.
8967:56
8965:.
8948:^
8934:.
8926:.
8914:50
8912:.
8908:.
8886:^
8872:.
8864:.
8854:59
8852:.
8828:.
8816:10
8814:.
8810:.
8798:^
8784:.
8776:.
8764:.
8741:.
8731:21
8729:.
8706:.
8698:.
8686:.
8663:.
8655:.
8645:17
8643:.
8631:^
8617:.
8607:58
8605:.
8587:38
8585:.
8562:.
8554:.
8540:.
8536:.
8513:.
8499:.
8495:.
8467:^
8453:.
8443:.
8431:14
8429:.
8425:.
8403:^
8374:.
8366:.
8356:23
8354:.
8342:^
8328:.
8314:.
8310:.
8286:^
8272:.
8262:.
8250:10
8248:.
8244:.
8220:^
8206:.
8194:12
8192:.
8188:.
8176:^
8162:.
8152:.
8140:13
8138:.
8134:.
8111:.
8103:.
8093:32
8091:.
8067:.
8057:22
8055:.
8032:.
8024:.
8014:13
8012:.
7997:^
7983:.
7975:.
7963:12
7961:.
7957:.
7943:^
7929:.
7919:37
7917:.
7904:^
7890:.
7882:.
7874:.
7864:29
7862:.
7849:^
7835:.
7825:.
7815:41
7813:.
7789:.
7779:.
7767:12
7765:.
7761:.
7749:^
7735:.
7727:.
7717:24
7715:.
7702:^
7688:.
7676:46
7674:.
7670:.
7648:^
7634:.
7622:10
7620:.
7616:.
7598:^
7584:.
7572:36
7570:.
7566:.
7534:^
7520:.
7512:.
7502:23
7500:.
7476:.
7468:.
7458:39
7456:.
7430:78
7428:.
7405:.
7397:.
7387:55
7385:.
7362:.
7354:.
7342:.
7319:.
7307:24
7305:.
7301:.
7278:.
7270:.
7260:29
7258:.
7234:.
7220:.
7216:.
7204:^
7190:.
7180:22
7178:.
7165:^
7151:.
7139:45
7137:.
7133:.
7116:59
7114:.
7091:.
7083:.
7071:23
7069:.
7065:.
7042:.
7034:.
7024:17
7022:.
6998:.
6986:19
6984:.
6980:.
6957:.
6945:.
6922:.
6914:.
6902:.
6879:.
6867:17
6865:.
6861:.
6838:.
6828:23
6826:.
6800:.
6764:.
6754:39
6752:.
6729:.
6717:39
6715:.
6711:.
6688:.
6676:41
6674:.
6670:.
6647:.
6637:.
6625:.
6621:.
6598:.
6590:.
6580:23
6578:.
6555:.
6545:45
6543:.
6519:.
6509:22
6507:.
6474:.
6449:.
6427:.
6417:.
6409:.
6399:24
6397:.
6393:.
6379:^
6365:.
6355:.
6347:.
6335:.
6331:.
6318:^
6304:.
6296:.
6284:.
6280:.
6257:.
6247:.
6237:65
6235:.
6231:.
6204:.
6200:.
6177:.
6165:50
6163:.
6159:.
6136:.
6128:.
6116:.
6112:.
6089:.
6081:.
6071:57
6069:.
6065:.
6042:.
6032:.
6020:.
6016:.
5998:^
5984:.
5976:.
5968:.
5958:36
5956:.
5952:.
5904:.
5896:.
5886:68
5884:.
5880:.
5857:.
5843:.
5839:.
5816:.
5806:.
5798:.
5786:25
5784:.
5780:.
5768:^
5729:.
5721:.
5713:.
5701:.
5674:.
5666:.
5656:34
5654:.
5631:.
5619:.
5607:^
5597:.
5586:^
5570:.
5538:.
5516:.
5508:.
5500:.
5490:13
5488:.
5484:.
5461:.
5453:.
5443:14
5441:.
5418:.
5410:.
5398:24
5396:.
5392:.
5369:.
5359:18
5357:.
5334:.
5326:.
5316:13
5314:.
5291:.
5283:.
5273:25
5271:.
5247:.
5239:.
5229:25
5227:.
5203:.
5191:39
5189:.
5185:.
5162:.
5154:.
5144:25
5142:.
5118:.
5108:.
5094:.
5090:.
5067:.
5057:23
5055:.
5031:.
5017:.
5013:.
4990:.
4980:.
4968:.
4964:.
4940:.
4930:17
4928:.
4905:.
4897:.
4885:16
4883:.
4879:.
4856:.
4848:.
4838:34
4836:.
4813:.
4805:.
4793:.
4770:.
4762:.
4752:14
4750:.
4727:.
4715:.
4692:.
4684:.
4674:20
4672:.
4649:.
4641:.
4627:.
4623:.
4600:.
4590:.
4578:.
4574:.
3678:NR
3675:69
3672:50
3669:27
3655:NR
3652:40
3649:38
3646:13
3622:50
3619:25
3616:24
3602:NR
3599:55
3596:49
3593:70
3582:1
3576:56
3573:56
3570:18
3553:67
3550:50
3547:24
3527:63
3524:13
3361:No
3292:24
3235:18
3208:10
3181:57
3154:18
3126:19
3117:45
3096:14
3087:27
3057:13
3036:39
3033:II
3027:70
2997:18
2976:12
2967:24
2946:18
2937:13
2812:-
2150:-
2144:↓S
2141:↓S
2138:↓S
2132:↓S
2129:↓S
2120:19
2117:26
2103:-
2085:↓S
2082:↓S
2038:↓S
2035:↓S
2026:14
2023:13
2001:↓S
1998:↓S
1992:↓S
1989:↓S
1960:↓S
1945:↓S
1942:↓S
1933:39
1930:31
1898:↓S
1872:-
1854:↓S
1851:↓S
1822:-
1804:↓S
1801:↓*
1792:12
1789:12
1775:-
1757:↓S
1754:↓S
1597:↔
1576:↔
1570:↑S
1567:↑S
1552:↓S
1549:↑S
1546:↑S
1534:-
1525:↑S
1513:-
1491:BR
1486:CO
1214:65
1148:10
1133:64
1109:p
759:,
713:,
567:.
507:.
439:A
387:-
242:,
238:,
126:A
11048:.
11028::
11011:.
10991::
10974:.
10954::
10937:.
10923::
10892:.
10872::
10848:.
10828::
10805:.
10785::
10779:6
10761:.
10747::
10720:.
10698::
10671:.
10651::
10627:.
10607::
10601:8
10583:.
10563::
10540:.
10518::
10510::
10486:.
10474::
10451:.
10431::
10405:.
10393::
10369:.
10357::
10334:.
10312::
10306:9
10282:.
10262::
10239:.
10215::
10209:4
10188:.
10168::
10145:.
10123::
10096:.
10074::
10047:.
10025::
9998:.
9974::
9944:.
9932::
9905:.
9893::
9866:.
9854::
9830:.
9810::
9786:.
9772::
9745:.
9733::
9707:.
9687::
9664:.
9644::
9621:.
9615::
9588:.
9576::
9553:.
9531::
9525:1
9504:.
9498::
9471:.
9467::
9429:.
9409::
9386:.
9374::
9348:.
9336::
9312:.
9298::
9292:9
9268:.
9248::
9224:.
9204::
9181:.
9169::
9145:.
9133::
9110:.
9098::
9075:.
9053::
9026:.
9004::
8977:.
8942:.
8920::
8880:.
8860::
8836:.
8822::
8792:.
8772::
8766:4
8749:.
8737::
8714:.
8694::
8688:3
8671:.
8651::
8625:.
8613::
8570:.
8548::
8542:6
8521:.
8507::
8501:6
8461:.
8437::
8397:.
8382:.
8362::
8336:.
8322::
8316:9
8280:.
8256::
8214:.
8200::
8170:.
8146::
8119:.
8099::
8075:.
8063::
8040:.
8020::
7991:.
7969::
7937:.
7925::
7898:.
7878::
7870::
7843:.
7829::
7821::
7797:.
7773::
7743:.
7723::
7696:.
7682::
7642:.
7628::
7592:.
7578::
7528:.
7508::
7484:.
7464::
7440:.
7413:.
7393::
7370:.
7350::
7344:4
7327:.
7313::
7286:.
7266::
7242:.
7228::
7222:7
7198:.
7186::
7159:.
7145::
7099:.
7077::
7050:.
7030::
7006:.
6992::
6965:.
6953::
6947:5
6930:.
6910::
6904:7
6887:.
6873::
6846:.
6834::
6810:.
6786:.
6772:.
6760::
6737:.
6723::
6696:.
6682::
6655:.
6633::
6606:.
6586::
6563:.
6551::
6527:.
6515::
6492:.
6478:.
6460:.
6435:.
6405::
6373:.
6343::
6300::
6292::
6265:.
6243::
6216:.
6212::
6185:.
6171::
6144:.
6132::
6124::
6118:6
6097:.
6077::
6036::
6028::
5992:.
5964::
5937:.
5912:.
5892::
5865:.
5851::
5845:7
5824:.
5792::
5762:.
5737:.
5717::
5709::
5687:.
5682:.
5662::
5639:.
5627::
5621:9
5580:.
5556:.
5524:.
5496::
5469:.
5449::
5426:.
5404::
5377:.
5365::
5342:.
5322::
5299:.
5279::
5255:.
5235::
5211:.
5197::
5170:.
5150::
5126:.
5102::
5096:7
5075:.
5063::
5039:.
5025::
5019:2
4998:.
4976::
4948:.
4936::
4913:.
4891::
4864:.
4844::
4821:.
4801::
4778:.
4758::
4735:.
4723::
4700:.
4680::
4657:.
4635::
4629:6
4608:.
4586::
4580:3
3488:N
3304:8
3301:8
3265:8
3247:6
3244:6
3123:-
3066:8
3006:9
2809:-
2803:-
2800:-
2792:-
2786:-
2783:-
2775:-
2758:-
2271:(
2147:-
2135:↔
2100:-
2097:-
2094:-
2091:-
2088:-
2079:-
2073:8
2053:-
2050:↔
2047:↔
2044:-
2041:-
2007:↔
2004:-
1995:↔
1980:8
1977:5
1957:-
1954:-
1951:-
1948:-
1914:↔
1907:↔
1904:↔
1901:↔
1889:6
1886:6
1869:↔
1866:-
1863:-
1860:-
1857:↔
1839:9
1836:9
1819:-
1816:-
1813:-
1810:-
1807:-
1772:-
1769:-
1766:-
1763:-
1745:5
1742:8
1739:)
1594:↔
1591:↔
1573:↔
1531:-
1528:-
1510:-
1507:-
1202:8
1175:8
1121:9
421:]
209:"
198:"
119:]
87:)
81:(
76:)
72:(
68:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.