832:(IUCN) they then produced the Global Tree Assessment which concluded that more than 17,500 tree species (c.30%) are threatened with extinction. Finally, BGCI's Global Tree Conservation Program is the only global programme dedicated to saving the world's threatened tree species. Even before BICs were are launched, over 400 rare and threatened tree species had already been conserved in over 50 countries.
787:(GBF). BICs are designed to address Target 4 of this framework ("to halt extinction of known threatened species ... and significantly reduce extinction risk" and Target 15: " to ensure that large transnational companies and financial institutions transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts on biodiversity ... in order to progressively reduce negative impacts."
846:
conservation projects by BGCI member organisations. The BIC system has been designed for easy adoption and scalability. This is crucial for engaging financial institutions and other large corporations that require streamlined, global, comparable, and straightforward metrics to set their sustainability goals. BGCI unveiled their Global
Biodiversity Standard at the
56:, is given by a simple formula that quantifies the positive and negative effects that interventions in nature have on the mean long-term survival probability of species. In particular, an organisation's global footprint in terms of BICs can be computed from PDF-based biodiversity footprints. The metric is broadly applicable across
748:
Specifically, it is constructed such that, according to a simple model, BIC > 0 implies that the underlying intervention or combination of interventions leads to a reduction of mean long-term global species extinction risk for the taxonomic or functional group considered. According to the same model, a
734:
For use over large areas, approximations expressing BICs in terms of Range Size Rarity, Potentially
Disappearing Fraction (PDF) of species, or combinations thereof are available. In particular, an organisation's global footprint in terms of BICs can be computed from PDF-based biodiversity footprints.
743:
As a simple interpretation, the BIC metric measures the equivalent number of endangered species whose populations have been restored or (for negative BIC) the number of species that should be restored to achieve net zero biodiversity impact. This follows from above approximation that BIC = 1 for the
884:
Since
February 2024, a Biodiversity Net Gain policy has been in place in England. Under this policy, developers must buy biodiversity credits from the government as a last resort if they cannot achieve net gain in biodiversity in other ways. It is not yet known how successful these requirements for
778:
Traditional biodiversity conservation efforts can lack scalability and are hard to measure: Improving one area of land or river has a different impact on local biodiversity from improving another, so their impacts are difficult to compare. BICs were developed with the aim to simplify assessments of
845:
academics. These organisations provide the practical know-how and decades of experience in species conservation, focusing particularly on native trees which play a pivotal role in local ecosystems. BGCI is now mediating issuance of transferable BIC certificates to organisations who sponsor tree
747:
However, the BIC metric goes beyond simply counting the number of threatened species that have been restored. It takes into account that decline or recovery of a species can be the result of many small impacts by different actors and attributes both positive and negative credits accordingly.
790:
The Task Force on Nature-related
Financial Disclosures via their LEAP methodology recommends use of BICs to quantify impacts on species extinction risk in version 1.1 of their disclosure recommendations. The BIC methodology was one of four recognised metrics for assessing extinction risk.
760:
The BIC metric aligns with other globally-recognised biodiversity measures such as the Range Size Rarity, the
Species Threat Abatement and Recovery Metric (START) by IUCN/TNFD, and the Ecosystem Damage Metric underlying the Biodiversity Footprint for Financial Institutions (BFFI).
1380:
Zuazo, Vı́ctor Hugo Durán; Pleguezuelo, Carmen Rocı́o Rodríguez (2009). "Soil-Erosion and Runoff
Prevention by Plant Covers: A Review". In Eric Lichtfouse; Mireille Navarrete; Philippe Debaeke; Souchere Véronique; Caroline Alberola (eds.).
311:
534:
92:
Users of BICs distinguish between the metric's scientific definition and how metric values are estimated through methodologies and approximations suitable for particular contexts. This mirrors the situation with
840:
One of the critical components of the BIC system is that it is being driven by conservation organisations like BGCI and their international network of members, and backed by theoretical analyses by several
611:
994:
1786:
97:, which are designed to quantify avoidance or reductions of atmospheric carbon dioxide load but in practice are estimated using a broad variety of context-specific methodologies.
730:
167:
th species. This can be measured, e.g., by the number of mature individuals or population biomass, in some cases even by the number of colonies, whichever approximates total
702:
199:
645:
435:
403:
343:
224:
672:
462:
145:
1145:
Engen, Steinar; Lande, Russell; Saether, Bernt-Erik; Dobson, F. Stephen (2009). "Reproductive value and the stochastic demography of age-structured populations".
75:(BGCI). The credits are generated by BGCI's international member organisations by rebuilding the populations of tree species at high risk of extinction under the
1601:
554:
363:
219:
165:
118:
373:
Depending on the kind of intervention, the system affected and the available data, a variety of methods is available to estimate BICs. Since typical values of
467:
1734:
818:. Repopulating native tree species improves local biodiversity, helps prevents soil erosion, conserves water and helps cools the planet as well as being a
828:
developed the GlobalTreeSearch database which is the only comprehensive, geo-referenced list of all the world's c.60,000 tree species. Working with the
71:
Use of BICs by businesses has been recommended by the Task Force on Nature-related
Financial Disclosures and the first provider of BICs for sale is
559:
615:
When a species restoration project has increased the population of a species by an amount that is much larger than the original population (and
829:
784:
65:
847:
1301:
780:
72:
1085:"How You Count Carbon Matters: Implications of Differing Cookstove Carbon Credit Methodologies for Climate and Development Cobenefits"
64:. Organisations whose overall biodiversity impact is positive in terms of the BIC metric contribute to achieving the objective of the
1840:
168:
774:
The search for standardised systems to quantify biodiversity impacts has gained momentum in light of the accelerating rates of
647:) and no comparable increases in the population of that species have occurred elsewhere, then the species' current population
1400:
1244:
556:, the term associated with that species will often dominate the sum in the formula above so that it simplifies further to
1478:
1190:"A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds"
707:
1425:"The influence of trees on nutrients, water, light availability and understorey vegetation in an arid environment"
221:
resulting from a specific intervention in nature. The corresponding
Biodiversity Impact Credits are then given by
1662:
49:
1189:
1706:
1575:
1188:
Williams, Paul; Gibbons, David; Margules, Chris; Rebelo, Anthony; Humphries, Chris; Pressey, Robert (1996).
1424:
842:
1685:"Developed biodiversity market schemes have seen $ 8 mln pledged for credits -report « Carbon Pulse"
783:
emphasised the importance of global collaboration to halt biodiversity loss, marking the adoption of the
94:
1327:
996:
Guidance on the identification and assessment of nature- related issues: The LEAP approach version 1.1
859:
850:– a global biodiversity accreditation framework. BICs are due to be formally launched in early 2024.
24:
819:
1759:
1523:
677:
174:
1830:
894:
867:
20:
752:
for BICs would lead to near-optimal allocation of resources to long-term species conservation.
618:
408:
376:
316:
1036:"The contribution of forest carbon credit projects to addressing the climate change challenge"
1825:
943:
1494:
1436:
1339:
1201:
1096:
1047:
899:
650:
440:
123:
944:"A metric for tradable biodiversity credits quantifying impacts on global extinction risk"
8:
1787:"England brings in biodiversity rules to force builders to compensate for loss of nature"
749:
53:
1440:
1343:
1213:
1205:
1100:
1051:
1170:
942:
Rossberg, Axel G.; O'Sullivan, Jacob D.; Malysheva, Svetlana; Shnerb, Nadav M. (2024).
795:
539:
348:
204:
150:
103:
1239:. St. Gallen: Institut für Wirtschaft und Ökologie, Universität St. Gallen (IWÖ-HSG).
1794:
1498:
1452:
1448:
1396:
1355:
1240:
1217:
1162:
1120:
1112:
1065:
965:
775:
1174:
873:
Biodiversity credits have also been criticised as a way for companies to make false
1490:
1444:
1388:
1347:
1209:
1154:
1104:
1055:
955:
1060:
1035:
306:{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=\sum _{i}^{S}{\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i}^{*}+N_{i}}},}
1835:
1392:
1351:
1622:"Conservation charity lines up massive project pipeline for biodiversity market"
365:
at which environmental and demographic stochasticity are of the same magnitude.
1382:
1262:
The Eco-Indicator 99: A Damage
Oriented Method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment
874:
1549:
536:
In projects that aim to rebuild the population of a single endangered species
1819:
1798:
1502:
1456:
1359:
1221:
1116:
1069:
969:
76:
1326:
Manning, Adrian D.; Fischer, Joern; Lindenmayer, David B. (1 October 2006).
1711:
1166:
1124:
878:
863:
779:
biodiversity change by focusing on reducing species' extinction risks. The
41:
704:
of the population achieved. In this case, the formula above simplifies to
1328:"Scattered trees are keystone structures – Implications for conservation"
1013:
1034:
van der Gaast, Wytze; Sikkema, Richard; Vohrer, Moriz (2 January 2018).
529:{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=\sum _{i}^{S}{\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i}}}.}
1603:
Securing a Future for the World's
Threatened Trees – A Global Challenge
960:
815:
45:
1735:"COP15 debates whether biodiversity credits can put a value on nature"
1108:
1237:
Land use - the main threat to species: how to include land use in LCA
941:
61:
1084:
405:
lie in the range of 1 to 100 adult individuals, the contribution of
48:
risk. The underlying BIC metric, developed by academics working at
1684:
1621:
1275:
1158:
1002:. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures. p. 221.
862:
is wrong or regard it as impossible because of the complexity of
798:. Countless species rely on native trees for survival, including
858:
Biodiversity credits have been criticised by some who say that
807:
803:
799:
437:
in the definition above is often negligibly small compared to
1187:
57:
1606:. Richmond, UK: Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
825:
811:
606:{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}={\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i}}}.}
19:"Biodiversity credits" redirects here. For other uses, see
1033:
764:
147:
be a measure of the current global population size of the
1325:
1302:"Ecological implications of oak decline in Great Britain"
1083:
Freeman, Olivia E.; Zerriffi, Hisham (16 December 2014).
1705:
Chandrasekhar, Aruna; Goodman, Joe (27 September 2023).
1144:
1648:
Proposed Technical Scope—Recommendations for the TNFD
1387:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 785–811.
755:
710:
680:
653:
621:
562:
542:
470:
443:
411:
379:
351:
319:
227:
207:
177:
153:
126:
106:
1707:"In-depth Q&A: What are 'biodiversity offsets'?"
1704:
1650:. Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures.
16:
A metric of biodiversity designed for commercial use
1264:. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: PRé Consultants B.V.
724:
696:
666:
639:
605:
548:
528:
456:
429:
397:
357:
337:
305:
213:
193:
159:
139:
112:
1259:
1817:
1733:Spring, Jake; Jessop, Simon (13 December 2022).
1379:
885:builders to compensate for nature loss will be.
1260:Goedkoop, Mark; Spriensma, R. (17 April 2000).
1082:
1014:"Biodiversity Credits – Tree Conservation Fund"
201:the change in the global population of species
1663:"Introducing the Global Biodiversity Standard"
1477:Sedjo, Roger; Sohngen, Brent (1 August 2012).
1422:
830:International Union for Conservation of Nature
785:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
1660:
848:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
100:For a given taxonomic or functional group of
1732:
1476:
866:. Others say that they are always bought to
744:restoration of a single threatened species.
1479:"Carbon Sequestration in Forests and Soils"
1234:
781:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference
68:to "significantly reduce extinction risk".
1580:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
1554:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
1528:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
73:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
1615:
1613:
1059:
959:
44:credit designed to reduce global species
1661:Sharrock, Suzanne; Smith, Paul (2022).
1599:
765:Biodiversity Impact Credits in practice
345:denotes the population size of species
1818:
1784:
1619:
1610:
1495:10.1146/annurev-resource-083110-115941
1089:Environmental Science & Technology
988:
986:
937:
935:
1760:"Understanding biodiversity net gain"
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
1645:
1576:"BGCI's Tree Conservation Programme"
1276:"2030 Targets (with Guidance Notes)"
992:
674:is nearly identical to the increase
1785:Weston, Phoebe (12 February 2024).
1483:Annual Review of Resource Economics
1214:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010155.x
983:
13:
1280:Convention on Biological Diversity
912:
860:putting a monetary value on nature
756:Compatibility with other standards
681:
574:
497:
254:
178:
14:
1852:
1423:Abdallah, F.; Chaieb, M. (2012).
835:
738:
464:. The formula then simplifies to
1573:
1547:
1449:10.1111/j.1654-109X.2012.01201.x
1841:Queen Mary University of London
1778:
1752:
1726:
1698:
1677:
1654:
1639:
1593:
1567:
1541:
1516:
1470:
1416:
1373:
1319:
1294:
1268:
725:{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=1.}
50:Queen Mary University of London
1620:Reklev, Stian (12 June 2023).
1253:
1228:
1181:
1138:
1076:
1027:
1006:
368:
1:
1061:10.1080/14693062.2016.1242056
948:Journal of Industrial Ecology
905:
794:Trees are at the base of the
87:
66:Global Biodiversity Framework
1393:10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_48
1352:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.023
843:Queen Mary University London
776:biodiversity loss worldwide.
769:
697:{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}}
194:{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}}
7:
1235:Müller-Wenk, Ruedi (1998).
888:
853:
10:
1857:
1429:Applied Vegetation Science
877:claims, a practice called
34:Biodiversity Impact Credit
18:
640:{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}}
430:{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}}
398:{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}}
338:{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}}
82:
25:Economics of biodiversity
1550:"Global Tree Assessment"
1384:Sustainable Agriculture
1332:Biological Conservation
1147:The American Naturalist
895:Biodiversity offsetting
868:offset damage to nature
60:(taxonomic groups) and
21:Biodiversity offsetting
726:
698:
668:
641:
607:
550:
530:
493:
458:
431:
399:
359:
339:
307:
250:
215:
195:
161:
141:
114:
727:
699:
669:
667:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
642:
608:
551:
531:
479:
459:
457:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
432:
400:
360:
340:
308:
236:
216:
196:
162:
142:
140:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
115:
1194:Conservation Biology
900:Biodiversity banking
708:
678:
651:
619:
560:
540:
468:
441:
409:
377:
349:
317:
225:
205:
175:
151:
124:
104:
40:) is a transferable
1441:2012AppVS..15..501A
1344:2006BCons.132..311M
1282:. 21 September 2023
1206:1996ConBi..10..155W
1101:2014EnST...4814112F
1095:(24): 14112–14120.
1052:2018CliPo..18...42V
636:
426:
394:
334:
283:
54:Bar-Ilan University
1766:. 12 February 2024
1600:BGCI; FFI (2021).
1524:"GlobalTreeSearch"
961:10.1111/jiec.13518
796:ecological pyramid
722:
694:
664:
637:
622:
603:
546:
526:
454:
427:
412:
395:
380:
355:
335:
320:
303:
269:
211:
191:
169:reproductive value
157:
137:
110:
1402:978-90-481-2666-8
1246:978-3-906502-66-3
1109:10.1021/es503941u
714:
598:
566:
549:{\displaystyle i}
521:
474:
358:{\displaystyle i}
298:
231:
214:{\displaystyle i}
160:{\displaystyle i}
113:{\displaystyle S}
1848:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1597:
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1588:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1474:
1468:
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1465:
1463:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1323:
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1314:
1312:
1298:
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1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
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1257:
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1250:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
990:
981:
980:
978:
976:
963:
954:(4): 1009–1021.
939:
731:
729:
728:
723:
715:
712:
703:
701:
700:
695:
693:
692:
673:
671:
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646:
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328:
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200:
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171:well. Denote by
166:
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146:
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138:
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135:
119:
117:
116:
111:
1856:
1855:
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1803:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
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1757:
1753:
1743:
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1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1611:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1306:Forest Research
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1186:
1182:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1081:
1077:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
999:
991:
984:
974:
972:
940:
913:
908:
891:
856:
838:
772:
767:
758:
741:
711:
709:
706:
705:
688:
684:
679:
676:
675:
658:
654:
652:
649:
648:
631:
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620:
617:
616:
592:
588:
581:
577:
573:
571:
563:
561:
558:
557:
541:
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537:
515:
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185:
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127:
125:
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105:
102:
101:
90:
85:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Climate change
1828:
1812:
1811:
1777:
1751:
1725:
1697:
1676:
1653:
1638:
1609:
1592:
1566:
1540:
1515:
1469:
1435:(4): 501–512.
1415:
1401:
1372:
1338:(3): 311–321.
1318:
1293:
1267:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1200:(1): 155–174.
1180:
1159:10.1086/647930
1153:(6): 795–804.
1137:
1075:
1040:Climate Policy
1026:
1005:
982:
910:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
897:
890:
887:
875:sustainability
855:
852:
837:
836:Implementation
834:
771:
768:
766:
763:
757:
754:
750:perfect market
740:
739:Interpretation
737:
721:
718:
691:
687:
683:
661:
657:
634:
629:
625:
602:
595:
591:
584:
580:
576:
570:
545:
525:
518:
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332:
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