Biodiversity offsetting

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the ecological value of a site in 'biodiversity units'. The metric uses habitat as a proxy for biodiversity by combining factors like area, habitat condition, distinctiveness, and multiple parameters (like risk, the time required for habitat development, and the ecological significance of the site on a landscape scale) for each habitat section within the development area. Using the metric, an overall biodiversity score, measured in biodiversity units, is generated. Baseline biodiversity units within the development area and associated compensation areas owned or managed by developers are compared with anticipated biodiversity units following development. For example, if a develop damages a habitat of “high distinctiveness”, they will be required to compensate with habitat of the same type, instead of trading for a less ecologically-valuable habitat.

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bank. If no compensation sites are available within the local planning authority where the development is planned, compensation is permitted in other local authorities, triggering an increase in compensatory units required due to a spatial multiplier within the Metric. As a final option, developers can purchase 'statutory biodiversity credits' from the national government. Offsetting therefore represents a small proportion of biodiversity enhancements delivered through the policy; the majority of biodiversity enhancements come through habitat management activities implemented within the boundaries of new developments themselves.

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Metric 4.0 was launched by Defra and Natural England in March 2023 to measure Biodiversity Net Gain. A Statutory Biodiversity Metric was later introduced as part of the Environment Act as the legally mandated metric for use under the biodiversity net gain policy. This metric uses habitat as a proxy for biodiversity by combining factors like area, habitat condition, distinctiveness, and multiple parameters (like risk, the time required for habitat development, and the ecological significance of the site on a landscape scale) for each habitat section within the development area.

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also aimed to test a biodiversity offsetting metric developed by Defra. This scheme included 6 pilot areas: Doncaster, Devon, Essex, Greater Norwich, Nottinghamshire, and Warwickshire. In March 2014, the pilot scheme ended and was reviewed by Collingwood Environmental Planning Limited in partnership with the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP). However, the scheme also drew criticism from Friends of the Earth who described it as a “licence to destroy” and the possibility of like-for-like compensation of biodiversity loss has been questioned.

20: 148:, biodiversity offsets are described as "compensation" because there is no corresponding term for offsetting. The term compensation is generally used more broadly in English to describe measures to counterbalance damages to biodiversity caused by development projects. Compensation does not necessarily require the aim of a no net loss goal, equivalence in biodiversity loss and gain, or measurable outcomes for conservation. Biodiversity offsets may therefore be seen as a more specific and outcome-oriented type of compensation measure. 934:

where a development of great public interest would have a significant impact on the European Union’s Natura 2000 network or any site inhabited by a European protected species. The Review recommended the establishment of pilot schemes to test potential biodiversity offsetting systems in the country. A 2011 white paper ‘The natural choice: securing the value of nature’ responded to the Lawton review and announced plans to introduce voluntary biodiversity offsetting through pilot schemes.

957:. Initially, BNG was planned to come into force by November 2023, but delays meant that it was not implemented until February 12 2024. This delay was criticised by environmentalists, including The Wildlife Trusts, who called it “another hammer blow for nature.” In response to these criticisms, a government spokesman reaffirmed the government’s commitment to BNG, saying that “we are fully committed to biodiversity net gain which will have benefits for people and nature.” 767:, selection of sites, and planning. The principles of the guideline acknowledge offsetting as the last step of the mitigation hierarchy, a preference for ecological equivalence of offsets, and the need for offsets to be additional to conservation measures that are already legally required. It does not mention "no net loss" or "net positive impact" as goals for biodiversity, instead discussing the need to "counterbalance a residual impact". 619:(EPBC Act). At federal and state/territory levels, policies have been established to regulate biodiversity offsetting; potential biodiversity offsets may need approval both under the EPBC Act and under the policies of the state/territory where the development is occurring. As well, much of the scientific research into biodiversity offsetting outside of the US has been conducted by Australia, especially organisations such as CEED and CSIRO. 1091:

areas to determine losses and gains may be regarded as either difficult or impossible. Further concerns have been expressed over substitution of biodiversity in a specific place for efforts to conserve biodiversity elsewhere, given that biodiversity can have a place-based cultural and spiritual value for humans but also because of a view of biodiversity as having an intrinsic value outside of benefits to humans.

1087:(NNL), commonly used as an objective for biodiversity offsets, is one reason for debate. A no net loss goal requires that biodiversity loss in one area is counterbalanced by potential but uncertain gains in another area. A review of research conducted to determine the success of no net loss policies found that around one-third of NNL policies and individual biodiversity offsets reported achieving no net loss. 1068:, which look at how proposed projects would impact the environment (including biodiversity) at the development site in conjunction with social and economic issues. EIAs have become widespread within the work of government planning authorities. In some jurisdictions, they are legally required and these requirements often motivate the use of biodiversity offsetting. 839:

and adhere to the "like-for-like or better" principle. According to the "like-for-like or better principle" offsets must provide outcomes for biodiversity that are either equivalent to or better the biodiversity lost. Developers are also required to monitor projects to ensure that mitigation measures are effective and that offsets achieve NNL, as part of the Act.

156:. The mitigation hierarchy describes a series of measures that should be applied in sequence to reduce impacts on biodiversity to the point where no adverse effects remain, often including the steps avoid, reduce, restore/rehabilitate, and offset. Offsetting is often regarded as the "final resort" in the mitigation hierarchy. 537:) was the earliest ecological compensation mechanism developed in China and widely regarded as China's principal "no net loss" (NNL) instrument because it incorporates a legal commitment to no net loss of forest cover. This means that developments (such as mining operations) occupying forest land with approval from the 506:, and compensation for illegal use of natural resources. In the context of biodiversity offsetting, compensation involves mitigation of negative impacts on biodiversity arising from development projects by enhancing biodiversity elsewhere, typically aiming for "no net loss" or "net positive" biodiversity outcomes. 1071:

The approval of a project proposal may depend upon the use of measures to mitigate its potential impacts. A package of measures, including biodiversity offsetting, could be recommended as part of the EIA process. The mitigation hierarchy is commonly applied to EIAs to guide the mitigation of negative

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In April 2012, the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Defra) launched a voluntary biodiversity offsetting pilot scheme. Developers in pilot areas were required to provide compensation for biodiversity loss under planning policy and were able to choose offsetting to do so. The scheme

200:

Any activities that do not result in a positive and measurable gain for biodiversity would not generally be counted as part of a biodiversity offset. For instance, if a developer funds ecological conservation research in a region that they are impacting through a project, would not count as an offset

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In 2012, a standard metric for biodiversity was piloted by Defra for use in the biodiversity offsetting pilot scheme. Consultation from environment, planning, land management, academic, and development sectors led to numerous updated biodiversity metrics over a period of several years. Biodiversity

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The Lawton Review in 2010 proposed that biodiversity offsets established through planning processes could be used to enhance ecological networks, but warned that biodiversity offsetting must not become ‘a licence to destroy’. At the time the report was written, offsetting was mandatory only in areas

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or manage habitats have been conducted. These sites, located away from the development site, are known as 'biobanks'. The biodiversity credits generated from biobanks can then be traded within a market framework to deliver biodiversity offsets that aim to mitigate the negative impacts of development

221:

However, characteristics of receptor sites can vary across different jurisdictions. In some countries, for instance, land is primarily state-owned, and so it is the government that owns and manages biodiversity offset projects. For biodiversity offsets in marine environments, receptor sites might be

94:

in that it must show both measurable and long-term biodiversity improvements, that can be demonstrated to counteract losses. However, there is so far mixed evidence that biodiversity offsets successfully counteract the biodiversity losses caused by associated developments, with evidence that offsets

3375:

Lawton, J.H., Brotherton, P.N.M., Brown, V.K., Elphick, C., Fitter, A.H., Forshaw, J., Haddow, R.W., Hilborne, S., Leafe, R.N., Mace, G.M., Southgate, M.P., Sutherland, W.J., Tew, T.E., Varley, J., & Wynne, G.R. (2010) Making Space for Nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological

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Concerns have been raised over the feasibility of achieving NNL because of the complex nature of biodiversity in all of its aspects (such as species diversity, genetic diversity, etc.), meaning that efforts to quantify biodiversity and determine the equivalence between biodiversity in two different

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mechanisms. Individuals or companies who are looking to receive financial payment in return for creating or enhancing particular wildlife habitats on their property can have their land valued in conservation credits by a biodiversity offsetting broker who will then register their credits for sale

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Preliminary scientific evidence on the ecological outcomes of Biodiversity Net Gain suggests the policy facilitates the trade of habitat losses from construction for smaller, but more ecologically valuable habitats to be delivered in the future. There are concerns that the monitoring and evaluation

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Assessments for Biodiversity Net Gain are conventionally integrated into the Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) process. This involves using data gathered from pre-development ecological surveys and processing it through the Statutory Biodiversity Metric (an Excel-based tool), to give a measure of

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The NEA puts forward principles of environmental management that include a requirement to apply the mitigation hierarchy in environmental and social impact assessments (ESIA). The Act requires biodiversity offsets to be designed to address residual impacts, achieve measurable conservation outcomes,

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in January 2023. According to these guidelines, biodiversity offsets are required when it is likely that a proposed activity could have residual negative impacts on biodiversity of "medium or high significance" (where biodiversity may be lost in vulnerable areas, or areas of recognised importance),

209:

Under many offset systems, receptor sites are areas of land put forward by companies or individuals looking to receive payment in return for creating (or restoring) biodiversity habitats on their property. The biodiversity restoration projects are financed by compensation from developers looking to

108:

Biodiversity offsets are defined by the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme as "measurable conservation outcomes of actions designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have

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Developers can also find the business of biodiversity offsetting appealing financially as the compensation payment for their project's residual biodiversity impact is handled in one agreement and the landowner receiving that payment (and therefore the habitat re-creation duties) is responsible for

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Failure to meet this criterion obligates the developer to adjust their project plan, or compensate for the shortfall in biodiversity units through the purchase of biodiversity offsets, which are delivered either through a payment to the council or a third party, such as a broker managing a habitat

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The term "mitigation" is also sometimes used synonymously with offsetting, such as in the United States, where biodiversity offsetting is described by "compensatory mitigation". However, "mitigation" can be used to refer to the sequence of actions described by the mitigation hierarchy, a framework

89:

associated with development, although developers might pay financial compensation in some cases if it can be demonstrated exactly what the physical biodiversity gains achieved by that compensation will be. The type of environmental compensation provided by biodiversity offsetting is different from

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of lost habitat is highly controversial. The schemes proposed for the UK have been regarded as failing to protect biodiversity and indeed leading to further losses in the prioritisation of development over conservation. The basic economics has been described by ecological economist Clive Spash as

929:

Prior to this policy, developers could voluntarily incorporate offsets into project plans after following a mitigation hierarchy to manage risk to biodiversity by taking steps to avoid and minimise ecological harm at the development site, unless legally required for impacts to protected sites and

375:) under Resolution 1517, with an updated manual released in 2018 under Resolution 256. Required principles to guide offset design include a no net loss objective, equivalence between the offset and impacted ecosystem, additionality, and a minimum duration of the length of the development project. 810:

process. However, if a project proposal is deemed to be fatally flawed (it has a major defect that should result in its rejection) through its impact on biodiversity, this means that offsets cannot be applied. Like national guidelines, the Western Cape's guidelines do not use the goal of "no net

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under the National Environment Act (NEA) 2019 with the goal of achieving no net loss, and aspiring to net gain. In addition, Uganda has published a 'National Biodiversity and Social Offset Strategy' and a 'National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan' for 2015-2025 which mentions biodiversity

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should pay fees to restore this vegetation. FVRFs were launched in 1998 as part of China's first Forestry Law, which established "a compensation fund for the benefit of the forest ecology". They are also the most widely used compensation mechanism in China. This is because of a policy focus on

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hierarchy in practice, monitoring and evaluation programmes to track whether offsets are meeting targets, and the metrics used as a proxy for biodiversity losses and gains. There is disagreement when it comes to whether offsets are feasible or acceptable as a tool for conserving biodiversity.

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Biodiversity offsetting is a subject of significant debate. Challenges associated with putting offsets into practice and governing them effectively have been recognised by both supporters and opponents of the concept. For example, some of these challenges include: application of the mitigation

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The use of biodiversity offsetting in South Africa has attracted debate. A range of barriers to effective implementation have been identified by researchers. For example, the lack of common understanding of the theory and practical application of biodiversity offsetting within the country is a

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simplified wetland habitats. For biodiversity offsets to successfully compensate for the loss of biodiversity elsewhere, it is necessary that they demonstrate additionality (i.e. the deliver an improvement in biodiversity that would not otherwise have occurred). While there are individual case

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For the reasons mentioned above and others, critics have argued that offsetting is an ethically misguided process. For example, it has been argued that biodiversity offsetting legitimises ongoing habitat destruction and promotes the "bulldozing of biodiversity". A similar view is taken by the

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The cost of re-creating an area of habitat affected by a development proposal (impact site) can be calculated and represented as a number of conservation credits that a developer could purchase in order to offset their biodiversity impact. Land put forward for investment to re-create impacted

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Eco-compensation in China is criticised for the substantial degree of government participation through use of public funds as finance sources. On the other hand, government participation is also regarded as important in developing countries to ensure that biodiversity offset projects operate

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Biodiversity offset projects can be found on every major continent besides Antarctica. As of 2019, over 100 countries had, or were developing, policies for biodiversity offsetting and more than 37 countries required biodiversity offsets by law. These policies generally implement biodiversity

1789:

Brauneder, Kerstin M.; Montes, Chloe; Blyth, Simon; Bennun, Leon; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Hoffmann, Michael; Burgess, Neil D.; Cuttelod, Annabelle; Jones, Matt I.; Kapos, Val; Pilgrim, John; Tolley, Melissa J.; Underwood, Emma C.; Weatherdon, Lauren V.; Brooks, Sharon E. (2018-03-22).

334:(IFC) must deliver "no net loss" or "net gain" of biodiversity, required under the IFC's Performance Standard 6 (PS6). PS6 is regarded as influential and an example of best practice. However, as of 2019, only 8 offset projects had been implemented directly because of this requirement. 3905:

Maron, Martine; Ives, Christopher D.; Kujala, Heini; Bull, Joseph W.; Maseyk, Fleur J. F.; Bekessy, Sarah; Gordon, Ascelin; Watson, James E.M.; Lentini, Pia E.; Gibbons, Philip; Possingham, Hugh P.; Hobbs, Richard J.; Keith, David A.; Wintle, Brendan A.; Evans, Megan C. (2016-06-01).

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Additionally, there are concerns that the Biodiversity Metric may not be an effective proxy for biodiversity, and therefore that a net gain in biodiversity demonstrated by the metric may not translate into real-world improvements in biodiversity such as wildlife populations.

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uses voluntary avoided loss offsets to mitigate impacts on biodiversity by compensating for forest clearance at the mine. The project is on track to achieve no net loss, but the permanence of conservation outcomes achieved using its biodiversity offsets is not yet known.

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subject to multiple management organisations and not necessarily owned by anyone. Controversially, some biodiversity offsets use existing protected areas as receptor sites (i.e. improving the effectiveness of areas that are already managed for biodiversity conservation).

201:(unless it could be shown quantitatively how specific fauna and flora would benefit). instead, this would be a more general form of compensation. Note that biodiversity offsets can be considered a very specific, robust and transparent category of ecological compensation. 116:(NNL) is an environmental policy approach, defined as a goal for development projects/activities and policies where impacts on biodiversity are either counterbalanced or outweighed by measures to ensure that biodiversity is at the same level as it was before the project. 337:

Finally, offset projects may arise from voluntary commitments made by corporations or across a sector. Only a small proportion of offsets arise in this way, but the projects generated tend to be larger than those arising from public policy requirements. For example, the

242:

The terms used to describe biodiversity offsetting and the method of implementation differ regionally. The term 'biodiversity offsetting' is generally used across Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. However, different terms are used elsewhere:

132:

of negative impacts of development. Biodiversity banks refer to sites where conservation or restoration activities have been carried out for the benefit of biodiversity. The positive outcomes for biodiversity or a given area of the bank is quantified in the form of a

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Doswald, N*., Barcellos Harris, M*., Jones, M*., Pilla, E‡., and Mulder, I§. (2012) Biodiversity offsets: voluntary and compliance regimes. A review of existing schemes, initiatives and guidance for financial institutions. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. UNEP FI, Geneva,

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impacts on biodiversity. The mitigation hierarchy is a framework of sequential steps (avoid, reduce/minimise, restore/rehabilitate, and offset) and biodiversity offsetting is its final step to counterbalance impacts that cannot be avoided or reduced.

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level and forms the basis of the government's 'Environmental Offsets Policy'. Under the EPBC Act, if a proposed development (such as housing developments, mining projects, or road construction) is likely to have an impact on a protected area, an

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first launched its eco-compensation scheme between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Some of the biodiversity offsetting mechanisms used in China include the forestry vegetation restoration fee (FVRF), grassland vegetation restoration fee (GVRF,

917:

of the biodiversity benefits delivered through the policy is insufficient to ensure these future biodiversity outcomes are effectively secured. Because of this, it is thought that enforcing the policy's use by developers will be a challenge.

592:) through restoration, creation, or enhancement of wetlands at mitigation banks that generate credits. Credits can be purchased by developers to offset/compensate for the debit incurred by unavoidable adverse impacts to wetlands. 3662:"S. Sullivan & M. Hannis, "Nets and Frames, Losses and Gains: Value Struggles in Engagement with Biodiversity Offsetting Policy in England" (The Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, University of Manchester, Manchester, 2014)" 870:

was flooded as a result of the project. This was criticised for its impacts on biodiversity, the tourism industry that relied on recreational activities there, and because Bujagali Falls had spiritual importance for local people. The

3726:

WWF (2020) Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten M. and Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. https://www.wwf.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-09/LPR20_Full_report.pdf

1977: 180:

from occurring where it almost certainly would have happened otherwise. Averted loss offsets might involve the creation of new protected areas (to conserve fauna species that would otherwise have disappeared), the removal of

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zu Ermgassen, Sophus; Devenish, Katie; Alexander Simmons, Blake; Gordon, Ascelin; Jones, Julia; Maron, Martine; Schulte to Buhne, Henrike; Sharma, Roshan; Sonter, Laura; Strange, Niels; Ward, Michelle; Bull, Joseph (2023).

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through modification to the Town and Country Planning Act. BNG is England’s domestic ecological compensation policy, designed to compensate for ecological harms caused by new developments. BNG requires that, to gain

415: 1063:

Putting this into practice often involves formal evaluation of possible impacts on wildlife (and their habitat) at a potential development site before developers can receive approval. This may occur in the form of

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to determine the impact of their project, then choose either to offset the impacts themselves or pay the government to do it on their behalf. A goal similar to "no net loss", referred to as "maintain biodiversity"

739:, which could be implemented using biodiversity offsetting, and requires developers to consider the need to avoid, or to minimise and remedy (where avoidance is not possible), the loss of biodiversity, as part of 560:

Biodiversity offsetting tends to come under the term "compensatory mitigation" in the United States, where biodiversity offsetting and its objective of "no net loss" originated. Compensatory mitigation (in the

3736:

Semenchuk, Philipp; Plutzar, Christoph; Kastner, Thomas; Matej, Sarah; Bidoglio, Giorgio; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Essl, Franz; Haberl, Helmut; Wessely, Johannes; Krausmann, Fridolin; Dullinger, Stefan (2022-02-01).

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GIBOP, (2019-09-05), ‘Global inventory of biodiversity offset policies (GIBOP), International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Biodiversity Consultancy, Durrell Institute of Conservation & Ecology,

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offset their biodiversity impact. The resulting change in biodiversity levels at the new receptor sites should be equal to, or greater than, the losses at the original ‘impact site’; in order to achieve no

1220: 378:

Several different regulations are in place to govern biodiversity offsets, including in relation to the environmental licensing system, forest reserve areas, harvesting of forests, and the exploitation of

1099:, who oppose the use of biodiversity offsets and have expressed concern at the use of measurable units to value nature. Biodiversity offsetting has also been described by critics as a "licence to trash". 2965: 430:, ecological equivalence, and compliance with the mitigation hierarchy. Offsets must last for the duration of the environmental impacts and must be in place when an environmental licence is approved. 1028:

biodiversity (receptor site) is also calculated in conservation credits (to account for the cost of creating or restoring biodiversity at that particular site and to cover the cost of its long-term

62:

hierarchy, whereby predicted biodiversity impacts must first be avoided, minimised and reversed by developers, before any remaining impacts are offset. The mitigation hierarchy serves to meet the

100:

studies of offsets that have successfully delivered additional outcomes, other evaluations of large-scale biodiversity offsetting markets have demonstrated serious additionality shortcomings.

3853:

ten Kate, K.., Bishop, J., and Bayon, R. (2004). Biodiversity offsets: Views, experience, and the business case. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and Insight Investment, London, UK,

1040:) metrics should be used to calculate the number of conservation credits that can be applied to each site, in order to maintain accuracy and consistency in the value of a conservation credit. 763:

to guide the implementation of EIAR and NEMA. It provides guidance on the principles of biodiversity offsets, the requirements for biodiversity offsets, biodiversity offsets in the context of

502:, including compensation for ongoing development impacts (equivalent to biodiversity offsetting policies in other countries), compensation for previous development impacts, payments for 1001:

the biodiversity restoration and management thereafter. The cost may represent a small proportion of a developer's budget and is often outweighed by a project's long-term gains. As

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that would require 'developers to ensure habitats for wildlife are enhanced and left in a measurably better state than they were pre-development’. The Bill was later enacted as the

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Biodiversity offsetting has been formally implemented into the planning process in England through the introduction of Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) on February 12 2024 under the

755:

The implementation of a national guideline on biodiversity offsetting was recommended by the National Biodiversity Framework (2019-2024). In response to the recommendation, the

3668: 905:, developers must demonstrate a 10% net gain in biodiversity under the proposed development, relative to the pre-development scenario, using a 'Statutory Biodiversity Metric'. 732:

through the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (EIAR), though the term is not explicitly mentioned in these laws.

2804: 4259: 3868:

Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2009. The Relationship between Biodiversity Offsets and Impact Assessment: A BBOP Resource Paper. BBOP, Washington, D.C.

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Biodiversity offset projects can involve various management activities that can be demonstrated to deliver gains in biodiversity. These activities very often include active

495:) is used in eco-compensation. However, offsets do not have to adhere to a "like for like" principle, where the offset is ecologically equivalent to the development site. 4226: 2659:"Auditor-General Report No.47 2019–20 Referrals, Assessments and Approvals of Controlled Actions under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" 1060:

The need to address this decline acted as a motivation for creating a system within the planning process that tackles unavoidable and residual impacts to biodiversity.

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smoothly. In addition, there is no standardised measurement for compensation programmes and quantitative metrics to determine impact on biodiversity are not mandated.

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prioritising forest protection and afforestation to promote sustainability. By contrast, WRF is in its infancy and GVRF has only been applied to a some regions.

232: 128:. Biodiversity banking refers to a market-based mechanism, whereby offsets become assets in the form of biodiversity credits that can be traded to offset the 58:. In some circumstances, biodiversity offsets are designed to result in an overall biodiversity gain. Offsetting is generally considered the final stage in a 4218: 2390:

Kormos , R., Mead , D., & Vinnedge , B. 2015. Biodiversity offsetting in the United States: Lessons learned on maximizing their ecological contribution.

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must be conducted. Offsetting can be carried out, as part of a mitigation hierarchy, to compensate for adverse impacts that cannot be avoided or minimised.

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are concerned. Offsets are applied to nearly 80% of approved actions in Australia under the legal conditions of the EPBC Act, according to a report by the

81:) where it would be possible to re-create the same amount, type and quality of habitat. The aim of biodiversity offsets is not simply to provide financial 4264: 3422:

Defra & Natural England, (2012), 'Biodiversity Offsetting Pilots Guidance for offset providers', Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs,

2524:

Miller, Katherine L.; Trezise, James A.; Kraus, Stefan; Dripps, Kimberley; Evans, Megan C.; Gibbons, Philip; Possingham, Hugh P.; Maron, Martine (2015).

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leading to the “bulldozing of biodiversity” under an approach that regards optimal species extinction as being necessary to achieve economic efficiency.

760: 748: 3485: 3261:

Marshall, Cicely A. M.; Wade, Kristian; Kendall, Isla S.; Porcher, Hannah; Poffley, Jakob; Bladon, Andrew J.; Dicks, Lynn V.; Treweek, Jo (2024-06-27).

2067:"The place of spatialized ecological information in defining and implementing biodiversity offsets policies. A comparative study of Colombia and France" 2028:"The place of spatialized ecological information in defining and implementing biodiversity offsets policies. A comparative study of Colombia and France" 1005:

is often part of larger companies’ business priorities, being able to demonstrate environmentally responsible practices can be an additional incentive.

756: 744: 214:

loss – and preferably gain – of overall biodiversity. Such systems often rely on the buying (by developers) and selling (by landowners) of

4206: 2594: 1708:

Droste, Nils; Alkan Olsson, Johanna; Hanson, Helena; Knaggård, Åsa; Lima, Guilherme; Lundmark, Linda; Thoni, Terese; Zelli, Fariborz (2022-08-15).

2247:

Maron, Martine; Brownlie, Susie; Bull, Joseph W.; Evans, Megan C.; von Hase, Amrei; Quétier, Fabien; Watson, James E. M.; Gordon, Ascelin (2018).

1571: 3423: 426:) in 2015 require an objective of "no net loss" of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, also requiring offsets to be based on principles of 3180: 1240: 73:

Individuals or companies involved in arranging biodiversity offsets will use quantitative measures to determine the amount, type and quality of

3612: 2782: 538: 235:, a tool to manage biodiversity risk. Where damage to biodiversity cannot be avoided or reduced, biodiversity offsetting may then be used as a 842:

Prior to government policy requirements, biodiversity offset projects had been implemented in Uganda as part of lending requirements from the

588:

and habitat banking. Mitigation banking is a market-based system to compensate for manipulation of wetlands (or other aquatic resources, like

367:). Principles to govern application of offsets have been established and, since 2012, the country has had a 'Biodiversity Offsetting Manual' ( 604: 3637: 330:

Biodiversity offsetting may also be required by lending institutions that co-finance developments. For example, any project financed by the

4211: 239:

tool with the idea that development projects will result in either "no net loss", "net gain", or "net positive impact" of/on biodiversity.

4202:; Joseph Bull, Kenwyn B Suttle, Navinder J Singh, EJ Milner-Gulland – Imperial College London, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 1032:

management). This situation enables the buying (by developers) and selling (by landowners) of conservation credits. Government approved (

3020: 4213:

Exploring the potential demand for and supply of habitat banking in the EU and appropriate design elements for a habitat banking scheme

2475: 3661: 2001: 898: 112:

The definition also states that the goal of biodiversity offsets is to achieve no net loss of biodiversity, or ideally, a net gain.

3878: 1595: 3986:

zu Ermgassen, Sophus O. S. E.; Baker, Julia; Griffiths, Richard A.; Strange, Niels; Struebig, Matthew J.; Bull, Joseph W. (2019).

3211:"Exploring the ecological outcomes of mandatory biodiversity net gain using evidence from early-adopter jurisdictions in England" 566: 2610:"Backloading to extinction: Coping with values conflict in the administration of Australia's federal biodiversity offset policy" 4029: 2451: 2401: 3828:"Using the Mitigation Hierarchy to manage impacts on biodiversity in Pacific Island Countries and Territories - Guidance note" 2434: 1876: 1495: 1460: 600: 176:

restoration). However, also viable are so-called "averted loss" biodiversity offsets, in which measures are taken to prevent

3570: 3209:

zu Ermgassen, Sophus O. S. E.; Marsh, Sally; Ryland, Kate; Church, Edward; Marsh, Richard; Bull, Joseph W. (November 2021).

4289: 2525: 1237:"The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under “no net loss” policies: A global review" (zu Ermgassen et al. 2019) 1129: 859: 811:

loss" to guide ambitions for offsets because it is considered to be unrealistic as a result of South Africa's status as a

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provinces have also published guidelines for biodiversity offsetting and other provinces are drafting their own policies.

4124: 3802: 3510: 670: 77:

that is likely to be affected by a proposed project. Then, they will establish a new location or locations (often called

2105:"Lineamientos para la Compensación Ambiental en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA)" 231:

offsetting within planning systems to compensate for unavoidable residual damage to biodiversity as the final step of a

876: 4254: 2658: 1978:"Manual de Compensaciones de Compensaciones del Componente Biótico - | Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible" 573:

or other aquatic resources in advance." This is achieved through restoration, creation, enhancement, or preservation.

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is being driven, partially, by land-use changes, including for the purpose of developing infrastructure. Reconciling

331: 4294: 3386: 2939: 1149: 1102:

Some have argued that the debate on biodiversity offsetting also forms part of a wider discussion on the ethics of

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mechanisms are also operated on a regional level within Australia. Biodiversity banking involves the generation of

659: 67: 4269: 3141:

Griffiths, Victoria F.; Sheremet, Oleg; Hanley, Nick; Baker, Julia; Bull, Joseph W.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2019).

1065: 1002: 807: 764: 632: 467: 400: 153: 642:, known as 'protected matters' under the EPBC Act. For example, potential adverse impacts on biodiversity where 3907: 2753: 2567: 1524:

Bull, Joseph W.; Gordon, Ascelin; Watson, James E. M.; Maron, Martine (December 2016). Carvalho, Silvia (ed.).

1365:

Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2018. Glossary. BBOP, Washington, D.C. 3rd updated edition.

815:. Instead, the guideline attaches offset requirements to an acceptable loss of threatened vegetation types and 480: 451: 3638:"Spash, C. L. 2011. Terrible economics, ecosystems and banking. Environmental Values, vol. 20, no. 2, 141–145" 3424:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a78ce95e5274a2acd189f00/pb13742-bio-guide-offset-providers.pdf

1619: 1179:

Bull, Joseph W.; Suttle, K. Blake; Gordon, Ascelin; Singh, Navinder J.; Milner-Gulland, E. J. (July 7, 2013).

391:

In Peru, the equivalent term for biodiversity offsetting literally translates to "biodiversity compensation" (

3591: 3298:"Achieving biodiversity net gain by addressing governance gaps underpinning ecological compensation policies" 530: 519: 499: 472: 466:), or eco-compensation. The system for biodiversity offsetting in China requires that developers complete an 443: 4193: 3945:

Bull, Joseph W.; Suttle, K. Blake; Gordon, Ascelin; Singh, Navinder J.; Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2013-05-14).

2427:

Conservation and biodiversity banking: a guide to setting up and running biodiversity credit trading systems

2210:"Analyzing the outcomes of China's ecological compensation scheme for development‐related biodiversity loss" 2178:"China makes developers pay compensation for their ecological impacts – here's how this unique scheme works" 743:. The EIAR includes implicit legal provisions for the use of offsets. These laws form the foundation of the 399:). The country has explicit legal frameworks requiring biodiversity offsetting for some projects subject to 674: 4198: 3461: 3262: 1765: 1525: 3385:

HM Government, (2011), 'The Natural Choice: securing the value of nature', The Stationery Office Limited,

3059:""Biodiversity Offsetting" in Uganda's Protected Areas: A Pathway to Restoration of Forest Biodiversity?" 1084: 113: 3143:"Local people's preferences for biodiversity offsets to achieve 'no net loss' for economic developments" 615:

In Australia, biodiversity offsetting has been applied since at least 2001, under the conditions of the

411:) is used to describe measures to evaluate or mitigate potential environmental impacts of developments. 95:

are generally more successful in less structurally-complex and more rapidly-recovering habitats such as

2876:"How much of a market is involved in a biodiversity offset? A typology of biodiversity offset policies" 2685: 2208:

Gao, Shuo; Bull, Joseph W.; Baker, Julia; zu Ermgassen, Sophus O. S. E.; Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2023).

1022: 779:

have their own offsetting guidelines. The first to develop a biodiversity offsetting framework was the

134: 4152: 2875: 2066: 2027: 997:

to developers looking to offset any residual impact to biodiversity from their approved developments.

2500: 2134:"Tackling limitations in biodiversity offsetting? A comparison of the Peruvian and French approaches" 1238: 1134: 1103: 776: 359:, the equivalent term for biodiversity offsetting translates literally to biodiversity compensation ( 3616: 2330: 3692:

Spash, Clive L. (2015). "Bulldozing biodiversity: The economics of offsets and trading-in Nature".

1375: 1154: 902: 701:, biodiversity offsetting policy is only applied in specific contexts. 59: 3827: 3296:

Rampling, Emily E.; zu Ermgassen, Sophus O. S. E.; Hawkins, Isobel; Bull, Joseph W. (April 2024).

3263:"England's statutory biodiversity metric enhances plant, but not bird nor butterfly, biodiversity" 2992: 2915: 2176:

Milner-Gulland, Eleanor Jane; Bull, Joseph William; Gao, Shuo; Ermgassen, Sophus zu (2023-09-10).

949:

announced plans to mandate a biodiversity net gain policy in England in March 2019, as part of an

4093: 4054: 3644: 740: 736: 152:

commonly used to guide the application of biodiversity offsetting within planning processes like

43: 3987: 3739:"Relative effects of land conversion and land-use intensity on terrestrial vertebrate diversity" 3297: 3210: 2209: 3988:"The ecological outcomes of biodiversity offsets under "no net loss" policies: A global review" 2565: 716: 673:

within Australia have established their own biodiversity offsetting policies, including in the

177: 2609: 977:(nature providing clean air, food and water, natural flood defences, pollination services and 599:

forms the legal basis of wetland mitigation banking in the United States, administered by the

4284: 1033: 627: 623: 616: 2568:"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environmental Offsets Policy" 4153:"Cutting nature to fit: Urbanization, neoliberalism and biodiversity offsetting in England" 3854: 3750: 3701: 3309: 3222: 3057:

Kigonya, Ritah; Byakagaba, Patrick; Ssenyonjo, Edward; Nakakaawa Jjunju, Charlotte (2024).

1908: 1858: 1803: 1721: 1674: 1537: 1269: 1124: 1096: 1053: 1037: 1029: 993: 954: 950: 893: 872: 863: 708: 704: 585: 581: 236: 125: 96: 91: 63: 51: 2805:"South Africa's first National Biodiversity Offset Guideline published for implementation" 403:(EIAs), under laws that govern environmental licensing. The term environmental licensing ( 27:

sites to receive biodiversity offset credits will create the investment needed to improve

8: 2526:"The development of the Australian environmental offsets policy: from theory to practice" 1219:"Biodiversity offsets and the challenge of achieving no net loss" (Gardner et al., 2013) 1049: 643: 514: 510: 165: 3754: 3705: 3538: 3435: 3398: 3313: 3226: 3091: 1912: 1807: 1725: 1678: 1541: 1336: 1299: 1273: 19: 4249: 3779: 3738: 3117: 1944:"Operationalizing transformative change for business in the context of Nature Positive" 1834: 1791: 1202: 1144: 1139: 1057: 974: 875:

later broke the offset agreement in the area when it supported the construction of the

812: 694: 655: 577: 555: 380: 129: 39: 1942:

Booth, Hollie; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; McCormick, Nadine; Starkey, Malcolm (July 2024).

185:

from areas of habitat (which otherwise would have reduced or displaced populations of

4172: 4074: 4007: 3968: 3927: 3784: 3766: 3462:"Defra Biodiversity Metric - Introduction to the Proposed Updated Metric - BD2020-10" 3333: 3325: 3278: 3238: 3162: 3096: 3078: 2897: 2856: 2835:

Lukey, Peter; Cumming, Tracey; Paras, Sukie; Kubiszewski, Ida; Lloyd, Samuel (2017).

2730: 2709:

Lukey, Peter; Cumming, Tracey; Paras, Sukie; Kubiszewski, Ida; Lloyd, Samuel (2017).

2639: 2588: 2545: 2430: 2312: 2268: 2229: 2153: 2086: 2047: 1959: 1924: 1872: 1839: 1821: 1747: 1739: 1690: 1553: 1491: 1456: 1423: 1403: 1341: 1056:

with the need to conserve biodiversity can therefore be a challenge, particularly in

970: 816: 803: 690: 651: 503: 86: 2248: 1663:"The global extent of biodiversity offset implementation under no net loss policies" 1662: 1572:"Biodiversity Offsetting and Compensation in the Marine Environment | Boffa Miskell" 1477: 1442: 193:(e.g. the offer of alternative livelihood creation to prevent activities leading to 4168: 4164: 4105: 4066: 3999: 3958: 3919: 3774: 3758: 3709: 3317: 3270: 3230: 3154: 3086: 3070: 2887: 2848: 2722: 2629: 2621: 2537: 2450:

Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture (2024-07-31).

2304: 2292: 2260: 2221: 2145: 2078: 2039: 1951: 1916: 1864: 1829: 1811: 1729: 1682: 1545: 1483: 1448: 1415: 1331: 1321: 1311: 1277: 1206: 1192: 686: 419: 404: 392: 368: 360: 260:

Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Uzbekistan, Venezuela

182: 145: 141: 2892: 2836: 2710: 2308: 1896: 1734: 1709: 988:

Financial gain from biodiversity offsetting is brought about through the sale of

4109: 3713: 3351: 3158: 2852: 2726: 2634: 2082: 2043: 1955: 1920: 1816: 1244: 1226: 866:

and the World Bank as a condition for financing a dam at Bujagali Falls in 2007.

715:) from assessing the biodiversity value of land where conservation activities to 678: 596: 442:, biodiversity offsetting is referred to using the term ecological compensation ( 211: 3387:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7cb8fce5274a38e57565a4/8082.pdf

4200:

Conservation when nothing stands still: moving targets and biodiversity offsets

3762: 3142: 3074: 2149: 1943: 1282: 1257: 1009: 966: 867: 186: 55: 3963: 2541: 2291:

Shang, Wenxiu; Gong, Yicheng; Wang, Zhongjing; Stewardson, Michael J. (2018).

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Devenish, Katie; Desbureaux, Sebastien; Willcock, Simon; Jones, Julia (2022).

1197: 1180: 576:

The most common mechanism for compensatory mitigation in the United States is

4278: 4244: 4176: 4078: 4011: 3972: 3931: 3908:"Taming a Wicked Problem: Resolving Controversies in Biodiversity Offsetting" 3770: 3329: 3282: 3242: 3166: 3082: 3058: 2901: 2860: 2837:"Making biodiversity offsets work in South Africa – A governance perspective" 2734: 2711:"Making biodiversity offsets work in South Africa – A governance perspective" 2643: 2549: 2316: 2293:"Eco-compensation in China: Theory, practices and suggestions for the future" 2272: 2233: 2157: 2133: 2090: 2051: 1963: 1928: 1825: 1743: 1694: 1557: 1427: 1107: 784: 427: 339: 194: 3923: 3274: 2625: 1549: 3788: 3337: 3100: 2132:

Salès, Katherine; Marty, Pascal; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie (2023-11-01).

2065:

Salès, Katherine; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie; Marty, Pascal (2023-09-01).

2026:

Salès, Katherine; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie; Marty, Pascal (2023-09-01).

1843: 1751: 1345: 1296: 1119: 879:(started in 2013 and now complete) within the Kalagala-Itanda offset area. 851: 799: 795: 780: 712: 190: 82: 47: 28: 3486:"Measuring biodiversity net gain - Publication of Biodiversity Metric 4.0" 3018: 1487: 1452: 4094:"Bulldozing biodiversity: The economics of offsets and trading-in Nature" 3056: 2379:

No Net Loss? The Past, Present, and Future of Wetlands Mitigation Banking

982: 647: 4125:"Nature is not for sale - The dangers of commodifying our natural world" 2566:

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (2012).

1326: 1258:"On track to achieve no net loss of forest at Madagascar's biggest mine" 373:

Manual para la asignación de compensaciones por pérdida de biodiversidad

4003: 3321: 3234: 2225: 1300:"Evaluating the impact of biodiversity offsetting on native vegetation" 978: 855: 843: 682: 418:

published by the SEIA (National Environmental Impact Assessment System,

343: 2449: 1316: 173: 3511:"Government to mandate 'biodiversity net gain' – Defra in the media" 981:

opportunity). Placing financial value on biodiversity has created a

4222:: the final report of the Ecosystem Markets Task Force (March 2013) 4070: 1941: 1620:"A Beginner's Guide to Biodiversity Offsetting | Ecology by Design" 847: 752:

once measures have been taken to avoid or minimise these impacts.

728:

South Africa has a legal framework to govern the implementation of

698: 356: 24: 1895:

Bidaud, Cecile; Hrabanski, Marie; Meral, Philippe (October 2015).

830:

Legal provisions for biodiversity offsets have been introduced in

580:- a concept that has since been expanded to create other forms of 3985: 3587: 2874:

Koh, Niak Sian; Hahn, Thomas; Boonstra, Wiebren J. (2019-02-15).

1526:"Seeking convergence on the key concepts in 'no net loss' policy" 788: 570: 562: 498:

The term 'ecological compensation' takes on multiple meanings in

169: 74: 3352:"Biodiversity Net Gain law could be "challenge", ecologists say" 2656: 1860:

Biodiversity Offsets Between Regulation and Voluntary Commitment

1792:"Global screening for Critical Habitat in the terrestrial realm" 1707: 124:

Biodiversity offsetting may be confused with related terms like

3295: 3028:

National Environment Management Authority, Government of Uganda

2575:

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

2425:

Bayon, Ricardo; Fox, Jessica; Carroll, Nathaniel, eds. (2009).

1476:

Bayon, Ricardo; Carroll, Nathaniel; Fox, Jessica (2012-04-27).

1441:

Bayon, Ricardo; Carroll, Nathaniel; Fox, Jessica (2012-04-27).

1255: 831: 589: 488: 459: 2175: 665: 4207:

Defra Biodiversity Offsetting Pilots: guidance for developers

4030:"Biodiversity offsets may drive growth, but duck the problem" 3208: 624:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

617:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

439: 3825: 3735: 3140: 2834: 2783:"South Africa's National Biodiversity Framework (2019-2024)" 2708: 4151:

Apostolopoulou, Evangelia; Adams, William M. (2019-01-01).

2761:

South African Government, Official Information and Services

2131: 2064: 2025: 783:

with the Provincial Biodiversity Offsetting Guideline. The

3260: 3118:"Isimba Dam series: Is it a dam of fortune or misfortune?" 2249:"The many meanings of no net loss in environmental policy" 1788: 1404:"Biodiversity banking: a strategic conservation mechanism" 249:

Term(s) for biodiversity offsetting (English translation)

3019:

Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation (2019-03-07).

2966:"National Guidelines for Biodiversity and Social Offsets" 2399: 1710:"A global overview of biodiversity offsetting governance" 798:

require developers to compensate for residual impacts on

4255:

UK Biodiversity offsetting brokers: The Environment Bank

3855:

https://www.cbd.int/financial/offsets/g-offsets-iucn.pdf

3803:"Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Development?" 3399:"Biodiversity offsetting plans too simplistic, MPs warn" 3181:"Nearly completed dam on White Nile casts a long shadow" 2523: 2207: 1897:"Voluntary biodiversity offset strategies in Madagascar" 638:

The involvement of the federal government is limited to

350: 2400:

Department of Agriculture, United States (2024-07-30).

2290: 3539:"Government to delay new environmental building rules" 2246: 1661:

Bull, Joseph William; Strange, Niels (December 2018).

3944: 3879:"Biodiversity offsets - The Biodiversity Consultancy" 2940:"Uganda oil, gas and environment, everybody must win" 1596:"Mitigation hierarchy - The Biodiversity Consultancy" 1523: 1401: 1178: 761:

Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries & the Environment

749:

Ministry of Forestry, Fisheries & the Environment

225: 4122: 2476:"Mitigation Trade: Making Up for Environmental Harm" 1894: 626:(EPBC Act) regulates biodiversity offsetting at the 549: 386: 321:

Substitution, ecological/environmental compensation

189:), or positive measures to reduce extensive natural 4150: 3904: 887: 770: 569:as "mitigation that offsets unavoidable impacts to 433: 424:

Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental

159: 4250:Economic and environmental opportunities in Europe 2780: 969:due to growing recognition of the world's finite 924: 513:caused by rapid expansion of infrastructure, the 16:System to mitigation negative development impacts 4276: 529:The forestry vegetation restoration fee (FVRF) ( 2873: 2657:Australian National Audit Office (2020-06-25). 2424: 1475: 1440: 1008:Biodiversity offsetting based upon showing the 4053:Ives, Christopher D; Bekessy, Sarah A (2015). 640:matters of national environmental significance 567:United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 539:National Forestry and Grassland Administration 4265:Biodiversity offsets programme in New Zealand 4194:"Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme" 3947:"Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice" 3564:"Defra; Valuing the benefits of biodiversity" 2002:"Corporación Autónoma Regional del Atlántico" 1181:"Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice" 846:. For example, creation of an offset between 723: 2754:"The National Biodiversity Offset Guideline" 2593:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 965:Biodiversity is increasingly seen as having 4052: 3826:The Biodiversity Consultancy (2021-08-19). 2614:Australian Journal of Public Administration 1660: 666:State and territory offsetting requirements 610: 3962: 3778: 3090: 2973:National Environment Management Authority 2891: 2633: 1833: 1815: 1733: 1335: 1325: 1315: 1281: 1196: 1110:principles to biodiversity conservation. 989: 775:In addition to national guidelines, some 268:Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, UK 215: 70:" of biodiversity alongside development. 4059:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4027: 2501:"Mitigation Banks under CWA Section 404" 1402:Kumaraswamy, S.; Udayakumar, M. (2011). 858:to mitigate the negative impacts of the 757:'National Biodiversity Offset Guideline' 745:'National Biodiversity Offset Guideline' 18: 3436:"Green compensation proposals outlined" 1016: 882: 825: 526:), and wetland restoration fee (WRF). 4277: 4270:Latin American biodiversity offsetting 3900: 3898: 2802: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2561: 2559: 2498: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2127: 2125: 1644:https://portals.iucn.org/offsetpolicy/ 1066:Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) 985:for retaining and restoring habitats. 4123:Friends of the Earth, Europe (2014). 4091: 4023: 4021: 3864: 3862: 3691: 3533: 3531: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3112: 3110: 3014: 3012: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2607: 2381:, 73 Case W. Rsrv. L. 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London Sterling, VA: Earthscan. 2402:"Conservation Compliance Glossary" 2071:Environmental Science & Policy 2032:Environmental Science & Policy 1885: 1647: 1600:www.thebiodiversityconsultancy.com 1504: 1392: 1352: 1167: 226:Requirement to offset biodiversity 78: 38:is a system used predominantly by 14: 4311: 4245:Biodiversity offsetting in the UK 4238: 4055:"The ethics of offsetting nature" 2781:Government Gazette (2022-08-19). 2214:Conservation Science and Practice 1104:economically valuing biodiversity 960: 903:Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) 550:Compensatory mitigation in the US 416:official guidelines on offsetting 387:Biodiversity compensation in Peru 332:International Finance Corporation 204: 2809:Creamer Media's Engineering News 2666:Australian National Audit Office 888:Biodiversity Net Gain in England 771:Provincial offsetting guidelines 765:Environmental Impact Assessments 660:Australian National Audit Office 434:Ecological compensation in China 401:Environmental Impact Assessments 160:Relevant conservation activities 154:Environmental Impact Assessments 119: 4144: 4116: 4085: 4046: 4028:Ferreira, Carlos (2013-10-30). 3979: 3871: 3847: 3835:Pacific Environment Data Portal 3819: 3795: 3729: 3720: 3685: 3674:from the original on 2015-12-30 3654: 3630: 3605: 3594:from the original on 2013-11-05 3580: 3556: 3503: 3478: 3453: 3428: 3416: 3391: 3379: 3369: 3344: 3289: 3173: 3134: 3050: 3040: 2985: 2957: 2932: 2908: 2867: 2796: 2774: 2678: 2650: 2517: 2492: 2468: 2443: 2418: 2393: 2384: 2371: 2347: 2323: 2240: 2097: 1994: 1970: 1935: 1850: 1782: 1758: 1701: 1637: 1612: 1588: 1564: 1469: 1003:corporate social responsibility 808:environmental impact assessment 671:State and territory governments 633:Environmental Impact Assessment 605:Environmental Protection Agency 468:environmental impact assessment 397:compensaciones de biodiversidad 365:compensaciones de biodiversidad 168:or creation projects (e.g. new 4169:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.05.013 2690:www.lawsofsouthafrica.up.ac.za 1434: 1368: 1290: 1249: 1231: 1213: 925:Prior to Biodiversity Net Gain 509:With the aim of reversing the 103: 1: 2893:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.080 2803:Burger, Schalk (2023-06-23). 2377:J.B. 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Report to Defra. 2542:10.1017/S037689291400040X 2499:US EPA, OW (2015-06-16). 2331:"中华人民共和国森林法_中华人民共和国生态环境部" 2265:10.1038/s41893-017-0007-7 1869:10.1007/978-3-030-25594-7 1687:10.1038/s41893-018-0176-z 1482:(0 ed.). Routledge. 1447:(0 ed.). Routledge. 1420:10.1007/s10531-011-0020-5 1198:10.1017/S003060531200172X 1135:Economics of biodiversity 705:Biodiversity banking 675:Federal Capital Territory 4300:Environmental mitigation 4220:Realising nature's value 4092:Spash, Clive L. (2015). 3063:Environmental Management 2608:Evans, Megan C. (2023). 1857:Darbi, Marianne (2020). 1766:"Performance Standard 6" 1155:Environmental mitigation 305:Ecological compensation 289:Compensatory mitigation 265:Biodiversity offsetting 50:impacts associated with 46:to fully compensate for 4295:Environmental economics 4098:Biological Conservation 3694:Biological Conservation 3275:10.1111/1365-2664.14697 3147:Biological Conservation 2626:10.1111/1467-8500.12581 1550:10.1111/1365-2664.12726 1106:and the application of 777:South African provinces 741:sustainable development 737:polluter pays principle 730:biodiversity offsetting 611:Offsetting in Australia 36:Biodiversity offsetting 3588:"The Environment Bank" 3515:deframedia.blog.gov.uk 2944:The Independent Uganda 1576:www.boffamiskell.co.nz 1376:"Biodiversity offsets" 992:by landowners through 822:particular challenge. 464:shēngtài bǔcháng jīzhì 409:certifcación ambiental 281:Compensation measures 178:ecological degradation 32: 3924:10.1093/biosci/biw038 3743:Nature Communications 2686:"Current Legislation" 2635:1959.4/unsworks_83049 2253:Nature Sustainability 1667:Nature Sustainability 1488:10.4324/9781849770842 1453:10.4324/9781849770842 1304:Global Change Biology 1262:Nature Sustainability 1058:developing countries. 862:, agreed between the 796:Western Cape Province 781:Western Cape Province 22: 3992:Conservation Letters 3302:Conservation Biology 3215:Conservation Letters 1125:Biodiversity banking 1097:Friends of the Earth 1054:economic development 1017:Conservation credits 994:biodiversity banking 990:conservation credits 955:Environment Act 2021 894:Environment Act 2021 883:Offsetting in the UK 864:government of Uganda 826:Offsetting in Uganda 759:was released by the 735:NEMA puts forward a 709:biodiversity credits 603:and overseen by the 586:conservation banking 582:biodiversity banking 297:Conservation offset 233:mitigation hierarchy 216:conservation credits 126:biodiversity banking 97:loss of biodiversity 92:biodiversity banking 64:environmental policy 52:economic development 40:planning authorities 3755:2022NatCo..13..615S 3706:2015BCons.192..541S 3314:2024ConBi..38E4198R 3227:2021ConL...14E2820Z 1913:2015EcoSv..15..181B 1808:2018PLoSO..1393102B 1726:2022JEnvM.31615231D 1679:2018NatSu...1..790B 1624:| Ecology by Design 1542:2016JApEc..53.1686B 1274:2022NatSu...5..498D 1050:global biodiversity 899:planning permission 817:ecosystem services. 595:Section 404 of the 511:habitat destruction 481:traditional Chinese 452:traditional Chinese 166:habitat restoration 135:biodiversity credit 87:biodiversity losses 31:across large areas. 4004:10.1111/conl.12664 3460:England, Natural. 3322:10.1111/cobi.14198 3235:10.1111/conl.12820 2841:Ecosystem Services 2790:One Planet Network 2715:Ecosystem Services 2226:10.1111/csp2.13010 2006:www.redjurista.com 1901:Ecosystem Services 1243:2019-11-14 at the 1225:2015-05-27 at the 1145:Mitigation banking 1140:Ecosystem services 975:ecosystem services 813:developing country 804:ecosystem services 794:Guidelines in the 695:Northern Territory 656:threatened species 578:mitigation banking 556:Mitigation banking 531:simplified Chinese 520:simplified Chinese 515:Chinese Government 504:ecosystem services 473:simplified Chinese 444:simplified Chinese 381:endangered species 252:Country/countries 33: 2436:978-1-84407-814-1 1878:978-3-030-25593-0 1497:978-1-136-56918-0 1462:978-1-136-56918-0 1317:10.1111/gcb.16801 1310:(15): 4397–4411. 971:natural resources 806:, as part of the 691:Western Australia 652:Ramsar convention 328: 327: 23:Bringing forward 4307: 4231:Sunday Telegraph 4181: 4180: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4034:The Conversation 4025: 4016: 4015: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3643:. 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Sweden 246: 245: 183:invasive species 146:Mandarin Chinese 56:planning process 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4275: 4274: 4241: 4190: 4188:Further reading 4185: 4184: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4090: 4086: 4065:(10): 568–573. 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4019: 3984: 3980: 3943: 3939: 3903: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3294: 3290: 3259: 3250: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3185:The Irish Times 3179: 3178: 3174: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3116: 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224: 206: 205:Receptor sites 203: 187:native species 161: 158: 121: 118: 109:been taken." 105: 102: 79:receptor sites 66:principle of " 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4312: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4233:, 25 Oct 2013 4232: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3646: 3639: 3633: 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