123:. Taking on an evolutionary perspective people are drawn towards life and nature can be explained in part due to our evolutionary history of residing in natural environments, only recently in our history have we shifted towards an urbanized lifestyle. These connections to nature can still be seen in people today as people gravitate towards, identify with, and desire to connect with nature. These connections are not limited to any one component part of nature, in general people show connections to a wide range of natural things including plants, animals, and environmental landscapes. One possible explanation is that our ancestors who had stronger connections to nature would hold an evolutionary advantage over less connected people as they would have better knowledge and therefore access to food, water, and shelter. In a broader and more general sense research has suggested that our modern urban environments are not suited for minds that evolved in natural environments.
263:
for a lack of connection with the rest of nature outside of us, is that a stronger disregard for other plants, animals and less appealing wild areas could lead to further ecosystem degradation and species loss. Therefore, reestablishing a connection with nature has become more important in the field of conservation. Examples would be more available green spaces in and around cities, more classes that revolve around nature and implementing smart design for greener cities that integrate ecosystems into them such as biophilic cities. These cities can also become part of wildlife corridors to help with migrational and territorial needs of other animals.
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These spaces can have positive health effects on people including reducing mental health issues in stressful spaces such as prisons, reducing chronic pain, improving memory, and lowering blood pressure. Examples of this being studied in medical settings include having a window looking out to see living plants is also shown to help speed up the healing process of patients in hospitals. Similarly, having plants in the same room as patients in hospitals also speeds up their healing process.
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American philosopher
Francis Sanzaro has put forth the claim that because of advances in technological connectivity, especially the internet of things (IOT), our world is becoming increasingly driven by the biophilia hypothesis, namely, the desire to connect to forms of life. Sanzaro applies Wilson's
207:
At the heart of many
Indigenous belief systems is the concept of kinship. This concept extends beyond human relationships and includes elements of the natural world. This perspective recognizes that nature is sacredness. It also recognises that humans, plants, animals, and the land all depend on each
203:
For many
Indigenous cultures, the relationship between humans and nature is inseparable. Notably, these cultures view humans as an integral part of the natural world rather than separate to it. Their practices, and ways of life reflect respect for the symbiotic relationship between all living beings
134:
across species. The large eyes and small features of any young mammal face are far more appealing than those of the mature adults. Similarly, the hypothesis helps explain why ordinary people care for and sometimes risk their lives to save domestic and wild animals, and keep plants and flowers in and
104:
of being attracted to all that is alive and vital. Wilson uses the term in a related sense when he suggests that biophilia describes "the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life." He proposed the possibility that the deep affiliations humans have with other life forms
262:
Because of our technological advancements and more time spent inside buildings and cars disconnects us from nature, biophilic activities and time spent in nature may be strengthening our connections as humans to nature, so people continue to have strong urges to reconnect with nature. The concern
253:
Caperna and
Serafini define biophilic design as that kind of architecture, which is able to supply our inborn need of connection to life and to the vital processes. Biophilic space has been defined as the environment that strengthens life and supports the sociological and psychological components.
223:
Despite diversity, many
Indigenous cultures view humans as integral to nature rather than dominating over it. This challenges Western views prioritizing exploitation. Incorporating these perspectives reflects different understandings of the human-nature relationship. They also show that Indigenous
139:
edited by Peter Kahn and
Stephen Kellert, the importance of animals, especially those with which a child can develop a nurturing relationship, is emphasized particularly for early and middle childhood. Chapter 7 of the same book reports on the help that animals can provide to children with
219:
Notably, Indigenous cultures have always emphasized reciprocity and balance. This involves not only taking from but also giving back through sustainable practices, rituals, and ceremonies. For instance, the
Anishinaabe have always made offerings before harvesting manoomin (wild rice).
215:
In addition, the human-nature connection can be found in many
Indigenous spiritual beliefs and practices. These beliefs generally viewing nature as sacred, with specific sites, species, or phenomena holding deep significance. In Hawaii, aloha 'aina guides responsible resource use.
211:
Indigenous cultures possess
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) about the relationships between living beings and environments. This enables them to sustainablly use their resource. For example, Aboriginal Australians' fire practices have shaped biodiversity for millennia.
105:
and nature as a whole are rooted in our biology. Both positive and negative (including phobic) affiliations toward natural objects (species, phenomenon) as compared to artificial objects are evidence for biophilia.
130:, while refined through experience and culture, are hypothetically the product of biological evolution. For example, adult mammals (especially humans) are generally attracted to baby mammal faces and find them
1076:
1563:
1540:
1083:. In Architecture & Sustainability: Critical Perspectives. "Generating sustainability concepts from an architectural perspective", KU Leuven - Faculty of Engineering, Belgium).
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theories to trends in artificial intelligence and psychoanalysis and argues that technology is not an antithesis to nature, but simply another form of seeking intimacy with nature.
116:, or friendship, Aristotle evokes the idea of reciprocity and how friendships are beneficial to both parties in more than just one way, but especially in the way of happiness.
208:
other for their survival. For example, the
Haudenosaunee people express this through the Thanksgiving Address. In this ceremony, they honor all aspects of Creation.
1073:
1216:"Healthy Dwelling: Design of Biophilic Interior Environments Fostering Self-Care Practices for People Living with Migraines, Chronic Pain, and Depression"
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1491:
2241:
497:"Human–nature connectedness and other relational values are negatively affected by landscape simplification: insights from Lower Saxony, Germany"
477:
1322:
2397:
1535:
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Park, SH; Mattson, RH (2009). "Ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms enhanced health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery".
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250:, which decreases the environmental impact of the built world but does not address human reconnection with the natural world.
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1613:, Journal of Biourbanism Volume VI (1&2/2017) by Antonio Caperna Editor in Chief, International Society of Biourbanism
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strategy that incorporates reconnecting people with the natural environment. It may be seen as a necessary complement to
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Milstein, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity. London, UK: Routledge.
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1564:"Biophilic Design Patterns: Emerging Nature-Based Parameters for Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment"
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by Catherine O. Ryan, William D Browning, Joseph O Clancy, Scott L Andrews, Namita B Kallianpurkar (ArchNet-
427:
Santas, Aristotelis. "Aristotelian Ethics And Biophilia." Ethics & The Environment 19.1 (2014): 95-121.
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2006:
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was one of many to put forward a concept that could be summarized as "love of life". Diving into the term
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Iroquois corn in a culture-based curriculum: a framework for respectfully teaching about cultures
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Although named by Fromm, the concept of biophilia has been proposed and defined many times over.
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952:"The Duty to Aloha ʻĀina: Indigenous Values as a Legal Foundation for Hawaiʻi's Public Trust"
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841:. SUNY series, The Social Context of Education. Albany, N.Y: State Univ. of New York Press.
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1122:"Architectural Lessons from Environmental Psychology: The Case of Biophilic Architecture"
1592:"Biourbanism for a healthy city: biophilia and sustainable urban theories and practices"
1290:
1110:. Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (BIT), Sathyamangalam, India, 3–5 September 2012
786:
Braiding sweetgrass: indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge and the teachings of plants
512:
96:"Biophilia" is an innate affinity of life or living systems. The term was first used by
2684:
2615:
2550:
1938:
1579:
1519:
See Sanzaro's extended treatment of how algorithms are helping fuel techno-biophilia, "
1408:
1273:
Yin, Jie; Zhu, Shihao; MacNaughton, Piers; Allen, Joseph G.; Spengler, John D. (2018).
1250:
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17:
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Biourbanism for a Healthy City. Biophilia and sustainable urban theories and practices
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1963:
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1275:"Physiological and cognitive performance of exposure to biophilic indoor environment"
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Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations
641:
Children and nature: psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations
137:
Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations
88:(1984). He defines biophilia as "the urge to affiliate with other forms of life".
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by Antonio Caperna and Eleni Tracada, University of Derby (UK) - UDORA Repository
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Biourbanism as new epistemological perspective between Science, Design and Nature
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1580:"Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being?"
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Society Elsewhere: Why the Gravest Threat to Humanity Will Come From Within
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Deloria, Vine; Deloria, Barbara; Foehner, Kristen; Scinta, Samuel (1999).
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76:(also called BET) suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek
30:
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Söderlund, Jana; Newman, Peter; Söderlund, Jana; Newman, Peter (2015).
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109:
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https://www.academia.edu/13211214/Aristotelian_Ethics_and_Biophilia
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knowledge have been an invaluable contributions to sustainability.
131:
788:(First paperback ed.). Minneapolis, Minn: Milkweed Editions.
1739:
1220:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
671:"Animals in Therapeutic Education: Guides into the Liminal State"
22:
Idea that humans innately seek connections with the natural world
996:"Biophilic architecture: a review of the rationale and outcomes"
448:. Stephen R. Kellert, Edward O. Wilson. Washington, D.C. 1993.
127:
119:
The hypothesis has since been developed as part of theories of
993:
495:
Riechers, Maraja; MartĂn-LĂłpez, Berta; Fischer, Joern (2022).
1466:
1169:"Improving Mental Health in Prisons Through Biophilic Design"
1373:"Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience"
811:
742:"Settler Colonialism, Ecology, and Environmental Injustice"
554:"Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment"
494:
899:
The biggest estate on earth: how Aborigines made Australia
1607:
by Antonio Caperna, International Society of Biourbanism
1588:
by Antonio Caperna, International Society of Biourbanism
927:
Recovering the sacred: the power of naming and claiming
714:(1st ed.). Santa Fe, N.M: Clear Light Publishers.
84:
introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book,
1272:
283:. In the novel, Perdita (meaning "the lost one") is a
148:
Indigenous Perspectives on the Human-Nature Connection
91:
1214:
Huntsman, Dorothy Day; Bulaj, Grzegorz (2022-02-16).
950:
Sproat, D. Kapua'ala; Palau-McDonald, M. J. (2022).
949:
814:Spirit & reason: the Vine Deloria, Jr., reader
406:
360:
279:'s concept of biophilia for her ecogothic novel,
173:, as it is incorrect and (could-be-perceived-as)
2696:
929:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
673:. In Kahn, Peter H.; Kellert, Stephen R (eds.).
2242:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
1582:- National Center for Biotechnology Information
1568:International Journal of Architectural Research
1166:
901:(Nachdr. ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
711:Native science: natural laws of interdependence
2543:
1632:
1586:"Biophilic Architecture and Biophilic Design"
1541:Biophilia, biomimicry, and sustainable design
1213:
631:
257:
1605:"Introduction to Biophilic Biophilic Design"
1044:"Biophilic Design: The Architecture of Life"
1036:
1335:
637:
290:
1639:
1625:
476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1313:"How Hospital Gardens Help Patients Heal"
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1231:
1019:
836:
520:
783:
2646:Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour
1536:Edward O. Wilson's Biophilia Hypothesis
1167:Söderlund, Jana; Newman, Peter (2017).
896:
668:
558:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
551:
266:
2697:
1370:
924:
861:
707:
638:Kahn, Peter; Kellert, Stephen (2002).
358:
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1455:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840
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868:(3 ed.). New York: Routledge.
227:
126:Human preferences toward things in
92:Natural affinity for living systems
13:
1425:
1371:Miller, James R. (1 August 2005).
915:
802:
772:
728:
698:
395:Kellert & Wilson 1995, p. 416.
287:who brings biophilia to humanity.
14:
2741:
2272:Environmental resource management
1529:
1377:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1099:Caperna, A., Tracada, E. (2012).
433:
2678:
1325:from the original on 2023-06-21.
1072:Caperna A., Serafini S. (2015).
156:
135:around their homes. In the book
29:
1719:Human impact on the environment
1704:List of environmental conflicts
1574:14 Patterns of Biophilic Design
1513:
1484:
1459:
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1207:
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1113:
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987:
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890:
855:
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662:
2038:List of environmental killings
1433:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1299:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.006
584:
545:
488:
421:
398:
389:
352:
1:
1884:Bright green environmentalism
1012:10.3934/environsci.2015.4.950
862:Berkes, Fikret (2012-03-22).
816:. Golden, Colo: Fulcrum Pub.
784:Kimmerer, Robin Wall (2013).
570:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00317-2
346:
2056:Environmentalism of the poor
1929:Free-market environmentalism
1126:Review of General Psychology
593:"The evolution of happiness"
7:
2267:Natural resource management
2186:Sustainability organization
1662:Outline of environmentalism
299:
169:to comply with Knowledge's
42:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
2746:
2710:Environmental conservation
1546:The Economics of Biophilia
1389:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013
1138:10.1037/1089-2680.11.4.305
1000:AIMS Environmental Science
740:Whyte, Kyle (2018-09-01).
522:10.1007/s11625-021-00928-9
359:Wilson, Edward O. (1984).
258:Biophilia and conservation
231:
15:
2674:
2638:
2517:
2406:
2349:Anti-incinerator movement
2314:
2212:Climate change mitigation
2194:
2121:Cultural environmentalism
2088:
2061:Environmental stewardship
2046:
2020:
1977:
1871:
1858:Resacralization of nature
1820:
1813:
1727:
1671:
1656:
837:Cornelius, Carol (1999).
609:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.15
102:psychological orientation
80:and other forms of life.
2715:Environmental psychology
2431:Conspicuous conservation
2247:Environmentally friendly
2232:Environmental protection
2227:Environmental personhood
2076:Radical environmentalism
2033:Environmental skepticism
1833:Environmental philosophy
1279:Building and Environment
1185:10.1177/0032885517734516
758:10.3167/ares.2018.090109
708:Cajete, Gregory (2000).
552:Frumkin, Howard (2001).
445:The Biophilia hypothesis
373:Harvard University Press
326:Environmental psychology
291:Biophilia and technology
242:, biophilic design is a
186:may contain suggestions.
167:may need to be rewritten
55:may contain suggestions.
40:may need to be rewritten
2720:Evolutionary psychology
2222:Ecological civilization
1576:- Terrapin Bright Green
1548:- Terrapin Bright Green
1338:J Altern Complement Med
1048:www.stephenrkellert.net
925:LaDuke, Winona (2005).
746:Environment and Society
669:Katcher, Aaron (2002).
591:Buss, David M. (2000).
336:Nature deficit disorder
121:evolutionary psychology
78:connections with nature
2685:Environment portal
2666:Tragedy of the commons
2530:Environmental defender
2217:Conservation community
2146:Environmental defender
2096:Anti-fracking movement
2012:Stewardship (theology)
1694:Environmental movement
1689:Environmental conflict
1428:"Biophilia Hypothesis"
1233:10.3390/ijerph19042248
1120:Joye, Yannick (2007).
975:Cite journal requires
897:Gammage, Bill (2012).
501:Sustainability Science
2730:Biological hypotheses
2464:The Lord of the Rings
2284:Short-haul flight ban
2151:Environmental justice
2116:Conservation movement
2101:Anti-nuclear movement
2028:Anti-environmentalism
1714:Environmental studies
1350:10.1089/acm.2009.0075
874:10.4324/9780203123843
597:American Psychologist
480:) CS1 maint: others (
405:Fromm, Erich (1964).
306:Biocultural evolution
204:and the environment.
2705:Biophilia hypothesis
2237:Environmental policy
2051:Biophilia hypothesis
1954:Green libertarianism
1492:"Arousing Biophilia"
267:Biophilia in fiction
74:biophilia hypothesis
2601:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2176:Product stewardship
2161:Ethical consumerism
2071:Nature conservation
1848:Earth jurisprudence
1496:arts.envirolink.org
1318:Scientific American
1291:2018BuEnv.132..255Y
513:2022SuSc...17..865R
285:mythological figure
275:explicitly adapted
2616:Theodore Roosevelt
2551:Sunderlal Bahuguna
1939:Green conservatism
1611:"Biophilic Design"
1597:2018-05-24 at the
1467:"Biophilic Cities"
1173:The Prison Journal
1106:2018-05-24 at the
1079:2020-03-21 at the
248:green architecture
244:sustainable design
18:Ecological empathy
2692:
2691:
2634:
2633:
2518:Environmentalists
2337:Rio Grande do Sul
2106:Car-free movement
2084:
2083:
1964:Green syndicalism
1828:Political ecology
1684:Ecological crisis
1021:20.500.11937/8179
936:978-0-89608-712-5
908:978-1-74331-132-5
883:978-0-203-12384-3
848:978-0-7914-4028-5
823:978-1-55591-430-1
795:978-1-57131-356-0
721:978-1-57416-035-2
201:
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171:quality standards
142:autistic-spectrum
70:
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44:quality standards
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2571:Jacques Cousteau
2541:
2540:
2525:Environmentalist
2279:Rights of nature
2202:Circular economy
2171:Impact investing
2141:Ecological grief
2111:Climate movement
1949:Green liberalism
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1649:Environmentalism
1641:
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1498:. Archived from
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1471:Biophilic Cities
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409:The Heart of Man
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331:Healthy building
271:Canadian author
234:Biophilic design
228:Biophilic design
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82:Edward O. Wilson
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56:
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2661:Lifeboat ethics
2651:Business ethics
2630:
2596:Wangari Maathai
2556:Murray Bookchin
2539:
2535:Water protector
2513:
2402:
2361:Chipko movement
2310:
2190:
2156:Ethical banking
2080:
2042:
2016:
1973:
1934:Green anarchism
1909:Eco-nationalism
1879:Bioconservatism
1867:
1809:
1723:
1679:Climate justice
1667:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1599:Wayback Machine
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1054:on 6 March 2016
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648:. p. 153.
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2639:Related topics
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2207:Climate action
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1959:Green politics
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1894:Eco-capitalism
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1863:Social ecology
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1530:External links
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1512:
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1458:
1446:
1426:Rogers, Kara.
1418:
1383:(8): 430–434.
1363:
1328:
1321:. March 2012.
1304:
1265:
1206:
1179:(6): 750–772.
1159:
1132:(4): 305–328.
1112:
1092:
1065:
1035:
1006:(4): 950–969.
986:
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865:Sacred Ecology
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752:(1): 125–144.
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2475:Ecomusicology
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2258:
2257:Green economy
2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
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2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
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2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Slow movement
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
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2149:
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2119:
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2109:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
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2026:
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2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1991:
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1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Eco-terrorism
1917:
1915:
1914:Eco-socialism
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Disinvestment
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1821:Philosophical
1819:
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1735:Communication
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1709:Organizations
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1609:
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1600:
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1569:
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1562:
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1554:
1550:
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1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
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1522:
1516:
1502:on 2016-03-04
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1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:(9): 975–80.
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1089:9789462920880
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686:
684:0-262-11267-1
680:
677:. MIT Press.
676:
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655:0-262-11267-1
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382:0-674-07442-4
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369:Cambridge, MA
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321:Ecopsychology
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165:This section
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106:
103:
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75:
64:
54:
50:
45:
41:
38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
19:
2676:
2621:ShĹŤzĹŤ Tanaka
2606:Chico Mendes
2591:Aldo Leopold
2581:Tim Flannery
2561:David Brower
2509:Publications
2463:
2383:South Africa
2304:Tree sitting
2262:Greenwashing
2166:Flight shame
2050:
1990:Christianity
1924:Ecomodernism
1843:Deep ecology
1567:
1557:
1551:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1316:
1307:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1095:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1047:
1038:
1003:
999:
989:
968:cite journal
960:10125/104527
945:
926:
898:
892:
864:
857:
838:
832:
813:
785:
749:
745:
710:
688:. Retrieved
674:
664:
640:
633:
603:(1): 15–23.
600:
596:
586:
561:
557:
547:
504:
500:
490:
444:
423:
408:
400:
391:
362:
354:
341:Ecosexuality
316:Deep ecology
294:
280:
270:
261:
252:
240:architecture
237:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
189:
180:You can help
166:
136:
125:
118:
113:
107:
95:
85:
73:
71:
58:
49:You can help
39:
2388:Switzerland
2378:Philippines
2373:New Zealand
2136:Eco-anxiety
1995:Evangelical
1985:Ecotheology
1969:War on coal
1904:Ecofeminism
1853:Ecocentrism
1838:Biocentrism
1728:Disciplines
1285:: 255–262.
1226:(4): 2248.
1058:29 February
690:January 30,
311:Biomimetics
277:E.O. Wilson
144:disorders.
98:Erich Fromm
2725:Hypotheses
2699:Categories
2656:Land ethic
2576:Ng Cho-nam
2482:Motorsport
2458:Journalism
2424:Ecofiction
2407:In culture
2315:By country
2021:Opposition
1944:Green left
1899:Ecofascism
1785:Psychology
1775:Philosophy
1765:Humanities
1672:Key topics
1506:2015-11-03
347:References
16:See also:
2611:John Muir
2502:Eco hotel
2487:Sculpture
2446:festivals
2327:Australia
2089:Offshoots
1978:Religious
1872:Political
1805:Sociology
1745:Education
1558:Biophilia
1553:Biophilia
1397:0169-5347
1242:1660-4601
1201:149435309
1193:0032-8855
1146:1089-2680
1030:2372-0352
766:2150-6779
646:MIT Press
617:1935-990X
539:233187431
531:1862-4065
472:cite book
363:Biophilia
184:talk page
132:appealing
110:Aristotle
86:Biophilia
53:talk page
2299:Protests
2252:Greening
2126:Degrowth
2066:Hardline
1790:Religion
1780:Politics
1595:Archived
1560:magazine
1413:11639153
1405:16701413
1358:19715461
1323:Archived
1260:35206441
1154:14485090
1104:Archived
1077:Archived
625:11392858
578:11275453
464:28181961
300:See also
192:May 2024
61:May 2024
2586:Al Gore
2497:Tourism
2492:Surfing
2322:Albania
2007:Judaism
1795:Science
1760:History
1740:Ecology
1699:History
1287:Bibcode
1251:8871637
509:Bibcode
281:Perdita
2451:horror
2368:Israel
2332:Brazil
1755:Health
1750:Ethics
1476:10 Mar
1439:10 Feb
1411:
1403:
1395:
1356:
1258:
1248:
1240:
1199:
1191:
1152:
1144:
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792:
764:
718:
681:
652:
623:
615:
576:
537:
529:
462:
452:
379:
182:. The
175:racist
128:nature
114:philia
51:. The
2470:Music
2419:Books
2356:India
2344:China
2195:Goals
2002:Islam
1814:Views
1409:S2CID
1197:S2CID
1150:S2CID
535:S2CID
2441:list
2436:Film
1478:2015
1441:2015
1401:PMID
1393:ISSN
1354:PMID
1256:PMID
1238:ISSN
1189:ISSN
1142:ISSN
1085:ISBN
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