53:
2225:
2249:
2261:
2237:
350:
are substances that can accelerate chemical reactions. However, the usage of enzymes in real applications has a lot of limitations, including, but not limited to stability, compatibility, and cost. By using the concept of biophysical chemistry, it is possible to improve those limitations, as well as
168:, the German Nobel Laureate developed it further. In 1971, he improved the research focus by merging two institutes, physical chemistry, and spectroscopy. Nowadays, the research in biophysical chemistry in Göttingen aims to discover life processes using the combined knowledge of science.
362:(DNA) is the molecule that is the basis of all living things. Moreover, it is a main target of anticancer drugs. Studying the interaction between drugs and DNA allows the researcher to develop drugs that could efficiently treat cancer.
335:, or commonly, vitamin B2, has the ability to become a reactive species that can undergo various reactions under the existence of light and oxygen. The significant reaction involved the synthesis of a hydrogel.
258:, also exhibit machine-like dynamics as they act on their substrates. Similarly, the structure and function of the biomembranes may be understood through the study of model supramolecular structures as
128:. The most common feature of the research in this subject is to seek an explanation of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the
316:
of protein reactions in biological systems. Moreover, it is possible to adjust and engineer biological reactions by applying laser radiation to them. For instance, we can induce the process of
230:. An example of research in biophysical chemistry includes the work for which the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded. The prize was based on X-ray crystallographic studies of the
339:
is a porous material that can hold a large amount of water while maintaining its shape. The application of hydrogel includes drug delivery, artificial muscles, tissue engineering, etc.
20:
932:
218:
Biophysical chemists employ various techniques used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These techniques include spectroscopic methods such as
186:
focused on using NMR to monitor water and protein in biological systems. The study expands the structural understanding of water bonding which explains a lot of phenomena.
156:, a physical chemist who wanted to approach biological and physiological problems with knowledge of physics and chemistry. One example of his work is studying the effect of
1102:
591:
1058:
404:
1270:
1320:
296:. The study applied the fluorescence spectroscopy technique to identify that even if there is only a single phospholipid bilayer constructs the
428:
371:
1421:
1426:
132:
structure of these systems. Apart from the biological applications, recent research showed progress in the medical field as well.
1404:
394:
292:. With the current knowledge and advancement of the instrument, it is possible to study the properties of lipid bilayers such as
1448:
886:"Novel physical chemistry approaches in biophysical researches with advanced application of lasers: Detection and manipulation"
277:
There are several biological and medical applications that apply the knowledge of biophysical chemistry to benefit humankind.
635:
1289:
1124:
1080:
954:
865:
613:
515:
1460:
1399:
1313:
1279:
1033:
254:
molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. The structures of many large protein assemblies, such as
96:
74:
67:
2265:
1257:
Introduction to
Biophysical Chemistry. Journal of Medical Education: September 1964 - Volume 39 - Issue 9 - p 867
459:
250:
action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the
2144:
1306:
1245:
1219:
1193:
1587:
1341:
410:
234:
that helped to unravel the physical basis of its biological function as a molecular machine that translates
1864:
1351:
834:
2241:
1790:
1761:
1741:
1694:
446:
219:
885:
1379:
153:
2134:
2050:
1689:
251:
227:
129:
61:
811:
2072:
1983:
1946:
1830:
1756:
1577:
1560:
1503:
317:
183:
1990:
1978:
1869:
1734:
1508:
1374:
533:"Isothermal Microcalorimetry to Investigate Non Specific Interactions in Biophysical Chemistry"
471:
78:
1212:
Biophysical
Chemistry - Part II: Techniques for the Study of Biological Structure and Function
2139:
2036:
2021:
1951:
1706:
1656:
1565:
1490:
1389:
40:
505:
2129:
2084:
1859:
1679:
1609:
1366:
1346:
767:
309:
8:
2292:
2152:
2106:
2031:
2004:
1902:
1884:
1837:
1775:
1671:
1651:
1520:
1515:
1416:
1028:. John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer, Lubert Stryer (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
441:
388:
199:
771:
164:
excitations. After the establishment of fundamental biophysical chemistry in Göttingen,
2287:
2229:
2195:
2057:
2026:
1907:
1849:
1547:
1530:
1525:
1480:
1443:
1433:
1394:
1264:
1182:
668:
567:
532:
194:
Current approaches to biophysical research include but are not limited to the study of
121:
28:
1101:
Hmoud
Alotaibi, Saad; Abdalla Momen, Awad (2020-02-19), A. A. Khalid, Mohammed (ed.),
590:
Hmoud
Alotaibi, Saad; Abdalla Momen, Awad (2020-02-19), A. A. Khalid, Mohammed (ed.),
2248:
2210:
2175:
2158:
2096:
2014:
2009:
1937:
1922:
1892:
1813:
1780:
1751:
1746:
1721:
1711:
1631:
1619:
1498:
1411:
1285:
1241:
1215:
1189:
1120:
1076:
1039:
1029:
1004:
996:
950:
913:
905:
861:
793:
736:
673:
655:
609:
572:
554:
511:
424:
An
International Journal devoted to the Physics and Chemistry of Biological Phenomena
313:
266:
239:
223:
2253:
2170:
1825:
1684:
1661:
1614:
1555:
1110:
1066:
988:
940:
897:
853:
783:
775:
728:
663:
647:
599:
562:
544:
415:
238:
into polypeptides. Other areas in which biophysical chemists engage themselves are
179:
157:
113:
36:
32:
2111:
2067:
2062:
1956:
1932:
1766:
1729:
1582:
1572:
1455:
901:
691:
125:
1995:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1918:
1914:
1897:
1854:
1785:
1646:
1641:
1626:
1438:
1356:
1229:
1203:
1173:
732:
399:
300:, we can still detect a different level of viscosity existing in the membrane.
243:
2281:
2200:
2089:
2045:
1770:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1470:
1233:
1207:
1184:
Biophysical
Chemistry - Part I: The Conformation of Biological Macromolecules
1177:
1115:
1071:
1000:
945:
909:
857:
797:
740:
716:
659:
604:
558:
321:
289:
285:
165:
1057:
Osbon, Yauheniya; Kumar, Manish (2020-02-19), A. A. Khalid, Mohammed (ed.),
1043:
2077:
1927:
1842:
1818:
1808:
1800:
1701:
1636:
1535:
1384:
1238:
Biophysical
Chemistry - Part III: The Behavior of Biological Macromolecules
1145:
1008:
931:
Ionita, Gabriela; Matei, Iulia (2020-02-19), A. A. Khalid, Mohammed (ed.),
917:
677:
576:
481:
455:
263:
255:
933:"Application of Riboflavin Photochemical Properties in Hydrogel Synthesis"
375:
152:
The oldest concept of biophysical chemistry started from the curiosity of
1475:
1023:
892:. Biophysical Exploration of Dynamical Ordering of Biomolecular Systems.
549:
207:
195:
172:
1298:
847:
651:
2101:
992:
976:
788:
755:
476:
332:
779:
19:
2163:
1465:
1330:
293:
259:
203:
507:
Modern
Biophysical Chemistry: Detection and Analysis of Biomolecules
2185:
884:
Iwata, Koichi; Terazima, Masahide; Masuhara, Hiroshi (2018-02-01).
846:
Khalid, Mohammed A. A. (2020-02-19). a. a. Khalid, Mohammed (ed.).
636:"ACTIVATION OF PASSIVE IRON AS A MODEL FOR THE EXCITATION OF NERVE"
336:
297:
231:
24:
2205:
146:
117:
347:
247:
370:
The oldest reputed institute for biophysical chemistry is the
161:
1103:"Anticancer Drugs' Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Interactions"
592:"Anticancer Drugs' Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Interactions"
2180:
1100:
589:
235:
2190:
359:
756:"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Collagen Hydration"
890:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
717:"Biophysical Chemistry in Groningen – A Personal Note"
883:
1059:"Biocatalysis and Strategies for Enzyme Improvement"
531:Ball, Vincent; Maechling, Clarisse (28 July 2009).
405:
1181:
835:The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 - Press Release
2279:
974:
503:
1228:
1202:
1172:
429:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods
372:Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
1314:
530:
303:
288:is a name to describe the composition of the
1269:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1107:Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications
1063:Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications
937:Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications
849:Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications
596:Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications
499:
497:
1240:(1st ed.). W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd.
1214:(1st ed.). W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd.
1188:(1st ed.). W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd.
1146:"Foundation & History of the Institute"
930:
537:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1321:
1307:
1056:
633:
1328:
1114:
1070:
944:
787:
753:
667:
603:
566:
548:
494:
280:
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
714:
312:allow modern scientists to identify the
60:This article includes a list of general
18:
395:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
386:Biophysical chemistry journals include
2280:
1277:
977:"Hydrogel properties and applications"
975:Fu, Jun; in het Panhuis, Marc (2019).
845:
754:Berendsen, Herman J. C. (1962-06-15).
1302:
879:
877:
351:increase the performance of enzymes.
342:
327:
269:of different compositions and sizes.
2236:
1021:
812:"Former Dept. Biophysical Chemistry"
206:, and the detection and analysis of
140:
46:
2260:
354:
13:
1094:
874:
715:Hemminga, Marcus A. (2023-03-16).
583:
66:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2304:
1254:
189:
182:launched a research group at the
2259:
2247:
2235:
2224:
2223:
981:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
634:Bonhoeffer, K. F. (1948-09-20).
504:Peter Jomo Walla (8 July 2014).
242:and the functional structure of
222:(NMR) and other techniques like
51:
1166:
1138:
1050:
1015:
968:
924:
839:
760:The Journal of Chemical Physics
272:
1284:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
828:
804:
747:
708:
684:
627:
524:
171:
1:
1588:Interface and colloid science
1342:Glossary of chemical formulae
640:Journal of General Physiology
487:
411:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
365:
213:
902:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.003
320:using the technique called "
7:
1865:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1352:List of inorganic compounds
1278:Cooper, Alan (2015-11-09).
465:
460:Société Française de Chimie
381:
10:
2309:
1791:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1762:Enantioselective synthesis
1742:Physical organic chemistry
1695:Organolanthanide chemistry
733:10.1007/s10930-023-10097-6
447:Journal de Chimie Physique
304:Study of Protein Reactions
220:nuclear magnetic resonance
145:
135:
116:that uses the concepts of
2219:
2122:
1883:
1799:
1720:
1670:
1546:
1489:
1380:Electroanalytical methods
1365:
1337:
452:Physico-Chimie Biologique
154:Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer
2135:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2051:Supramolecular chemistry
1690:Organometallic chemistry
1116:10.5772/intechopen.85794
1072:10.5772/intechopen.85018
1022:Berg, Jeremy M. (2002).
946:10.5772/intechopen.88855
858:10.5772/intechopen.73426
605:10.5772/intechopen.85794
228:cryo-electron microscopy
178:The renowned scientist,
2073:Combinatorial chemistry
1984:Food physical chemistry
1947:Environmental chemistry
1831:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1757:Retrosynthetic analysis
1578:Chemical thermodynamics
1561:Spectroelectrochemistry
1504:Computational chemistry
434:Journal of Biochemistry
318:protein crystallization
184:University of Groningen
81:more precise citations.
2145:of element discoveries
1991:Agricultural chemistry
1979:Carbohydrate chemistry
1870:Bioinorganic chemistry
1735:Alkane stereochemistry
1680:Coordination chemistry
1509:Mathematical chemistry
1375:Instrumental chemistry
510:. Wiley. pp. 1–.
472:Biophysical techniques
438:Biology and Biophysics
286:Lipid bilayer membrane
281:Study of Cell Membrane
44:
2140:Timeline of chemistry
2037:Post-mortem chemistry
2022:Clandestine chemistry
1952:Atmospheric chemistry
1875:Biophysical chemistry
1707:Solid-state chemistry
1657:Equilibrium chemistry
1566:Photoelectrochemistry
1281:Biophysical Chemistry
420:Biophysical Chemistry
360:Deoxyribonucleic acid
310:spectroscopic methods
110:Biophysical chemistry
22:
2130:History of chemistry
2085:Chemical engineering
1860:Bioorganic chemistry
1610:Structural chemistry
1347:List of biomolecules
550:10.3390/ijms10083283
442:Taylor & Francis
160:on iron to simulate
2153:The central science
2107:Ceramic engineering
2032:Forensic toxicology
2005:Chemistry education
1903:Radiation chemistry
1885:Interdisciplinarity
1838:Medicinal chemistry
1776:Fullerene chemistry
1652:Microwave chemistry
1521:Molecular mechanics
1516:Molecular modelling
772:1962JChPh..36.3297B
721:The Protein Journal
652:10.1085/jgp.32.1.69
389:Biophysical Journal
2196:Chemical substance
2058:Chemical synthesis
2027:Forensic chemistry
1908:Actinide chemistry
1850:Clinical chemistry
1531:Molecular geometry
1526:Molecular dynamics
1481:Elemental analysis
1434:Separation process
1255:Bruce, Martin, R.
1230:Cantor, Charles R.
1204:Cantor, Charles R.
1174:Cantor, Charles R.
993:10.1039/C9TB90023C
816:www.biophys.mpg.de
408:(Academic Press),
343:Enzyme Improvement
328:Hydrogel Synthesis
314:kinetic components
126:biological systems
122:physical chemistry
45:
29:biological machine
2275:
2274:
2211:Quantum mechanics
2176:Chemical compound
2159:Chemical reaction
2097:Materials science
2015:General chemistry
2010:Amateur chemistry
1938:Photogeochemistry
1923:Stellar chemistry
1893:Nuclear chemistry
1814:Molecular biology
1781:Polymer chemistry
1752:Organic synthesis
1747:Organic reactions
1712:Ceramic chemistry
1702:Cluster chemistry
1632:Chemical kinetics
1620:Molecular physics
1499:Quantum chemistry
1412:Mass spectrometry
1291:978-1-78262-510-0
1234:Schimmel, Paul R.
1208:Schimmel, Paul R.
1178:Schimmel, Paul R.
1150:www.mpinat.mpg.de
1126:978-1-78984-047-6
1082:978-1-78984-047-6
987:(10): 1523–1525.
956:978-1-78984-047-6
867:978-1-78984-048-3
780:10.1063/1.1732460
766:(12): 3297–3305.
696:www.mpinat.mpg.de
615:978-1-78984-047-6
517:978-3-527-68354-3
240:protein structure
224:X-ray diffraction
141:Twentieth Century
124:for the study of
107:
106:
99:
43:RNA into proteins
2300:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2171:Chemical element
1826:Chemical biology
1685:Magnetochemistry
1662:Mechanochemistry
1615:Chemical physics
1556:Electrochemistry
1461:Characterization
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1251:
1225:
1199:
1187:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1019:
1013:
1012:
972:
966:
965:
964:
963:
948:
928:
922:
921:
881:
872:
871:
843:
837:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
808:
802:
801:
791:
751:
745:
744:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
688:
682:
681:
671:
631:
625:
624:
623:
622:
607:
587:
581:
580:
570:
552:
543:(8): 3283–3315.
528:
522:
521:
501:
416:Elsevier Science
355:Anticancer Drugs
180:Herman Berendsen
158:electric current
114:physical science
102:
95:
91:
88:
82:
77:this article by
68:inline citations
55:
54:
47:
33:protein dynamics
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2215:
2118:
2112:Polymer science
2068:Click chemistry
2063:Green chemistry
1957:Ocean chemistry
1933:Biogeochemistry
1879:
1795:
1767:Total synthesis
1730:Stereochemistry
1716:
1666:
1583:Surface science
1573:Thermochemistry
1542:
1485:
1456:Crystallography
1361:
1333:
1327:
1292:
1262:
1261:
1248:
1222:
1196:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1055:
1051:
1036:
1020:
1016:
973:
969:
961:
959:
957:
929:
925:
882:
875:
868:
844:
840:
833:
829:
820:
818:
810:
809:
805:
752:
748:
713:
709:
700:
698:
692:"Manfred Eigen"
690:
689:
685:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
588:
584:
529:
525:
518:
502:
495:
490:
468:
384:
368:
357:
345:
330:
306:
283:
275:
246:. For example,
216:
192:
176:
150:
143:
138:
130:supra-molecular
103:
92:
86:
83:
73:Please help to
72:
56:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:Soil chemistry
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1974:Food chemistry
1971:
1969:Carbochemistry
1966:
1964:Clay chemistry
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1919:Astrochemistry
1915:Cosmochemistry
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Radiochemistry
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Neurochemistry
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1786:Petrochemistry
1783:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:Spin chemistry
1644:
1642:Photochemistry
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Femtochemistry
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1439:Chromatography
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1357:Periodic table
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1252:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1137:
1125:
1109:, IntechOpen,
1093:
1081:
1065:, IntechOpen,
1049:
1034:
1014:
967:
955:
939:, IntechOpen,
923:
896:(2): 335–357.
873:
866:
838:
827:
803:
746:
727:(3): 162–164.
707:
683:
626:
614:
598:, IntechOpen,
582:
523:
516:
492:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
467:
464:
400:Academic Press
398:(published by
383:
380:
367:
364:
356:
353:
344:
341:
329:
326:
322:laser trapping
305:
302:
282:
279:
274:
271:
244:cell membranes
215:
212:
191:
190:Modern history
188:
175:
170:
149:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
105:
104:
59:
57:
50:
31:that utilizes
16:Field of Study
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2305:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Chemical bond
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:Stoichiometry
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:Nanochemistry
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Semisynthesis
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Sonochemistry
1603:
1601:
1600:Cryochemistry
1598:
1594:
1593:Micromeritics
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Wet chemistry
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:0-7167-3051-0
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
958:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
869:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
842:
836:
831:
817:
813:
807:
799:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
697:
693:
687:
679:
675:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
617:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
586:
578:
574:
569:
564:
560:
556:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
519:
513:
509:
508:
500:
498:
493:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:
379:
377:
373:
363:
361:
352:
349:
340:
338:
334:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:cell membrane
287:
278:
270:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
185:
181:
174:
169:
167:
166:Manfred Eigen
163:
159:
155:
148:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
98:
90:
80:
76:
70:
69:
63:
58:
49:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2078:Biosynthesis
1928:Geochemistry
1874:
1843:Pharmacology
1819:Cell biology
1809:Biochemistry
1637:Spectroscopy
1536:VSEPR theory
1385:Spectroscopy
1329:Branches of
1280:
1256:
1237:
1211:
1183:
1167:Bibliography
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1130:, retrieved
1106:
1096:
1086:, retrieved
1062:
1052:
1025:Biochemistry
1024:
1017:
984:
980:
970:
960:, retrieved
936:
926:
893:
889:
848:
841:
830:
819:. Retrieved
815:
806:
763:
759:
749:
724:
720:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
646:(1): 69–91.
643:
639:
629:
619:, retrieved
595:
585:
540:
536:
526:
506:
482:Biochemistry
456:EDP Sciences
451:
445:
437:
433:
432:(Elsevier),
427:
426:(Elsevier),
423:
419:
409:
403:
393:
387:
385:
369:
358:
346:
331:
307:
284:
276:
273:Applications
264:phospholipid
256:ATP synthase
217:
208:biomolecules
196:ion channels
193:
177:
151:
109:
108:
93:
87:January 2017
84:
65:
2266:WikiProject
1491:Theoretical
1476:Calorimetry
789:1721.1/4425
173:Netherlands
79:introducing
2293:Biophysics
2282:Categories
2102:Metallurgy
1801:Biological
1367:Analytical
1247:0716711923
1221:0716711907
1195:0716711885
1155:2023-04-01
1132:2023-04-02
1088:2023-04-02
962:2023-04-02
821:2023-04-15
701:2023-04-02
621:2023-04-02
488:References
477:Biophysics
366:Institutes
333:Riboflavin
214:Techniques
204:stem cells
62:references
37:nanoscales
2288:Chemistry
2164:Catalysis
1672:Inorganic
1466:Titration
1331:chemistry
1265:cite book
1001:2050-750X
910:0304-4165
798:0021-9606
741:1875-8355
660:1540-7748
559:1422-0067
376:Göttingen
294:viscosity
260:liposomes
252:substrate
200:promoters
41:translate
2230:Category
2186:Molecule
2123:See also
1548:Physical
1236:(1980).
1210:(1980).
1180:(1980).
1044:48055706
1009:32254899
918:29108958
678:18885679
577:20111693
466:See also
458:and the
382:Journals
337:Hydrogel
308:Several
298:liposome
267:vesicles
232:ribosome
25:ribosome
2242:Commons
2206:Alchemy
1722:Organic
768:Bibcode
669:2213747
568:2812836
444:), and
348:Enzymes
147:Germany
136:History
118:physics
75:improve
2254:Portal
1400:UV-Vis
1288:
1244:
1218:
1192:
1123:
1079:
1042:
1032:
1007:
999:
953:
916:
908:
864:
796:
739:
676:
666:
658:
612:
575:
565:
557:
514:
248:enzyme
64:, but
1427:MALDI
1395:Raman
162:nerve
112:is a
27:is a
2181:Atom
1449:HPLC
1286:ISBN
1271:link
1242:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1040:OCLC
1030:ISBN
1005:PMID
997:ISSN
951:ISBN
914:PMID
906:ISSN
894:1862
862:ISBN
794:ISSN
737:ISSN
674:PMID
656:ISSN
610:ISBN
573:PMID
555:ISSN
512:ISBN
236:mRNA
226:and
120:and
2191:Ion
1422:ICP
1405:NMR
1111:doi
1067:doi
989:doi
941:doi
898:doi
854:doi
784:hdl
776:doi
729:doi
664:PMC
648:doi
600:doi
563:PMC
545:doi
462:).
418:),
402:),
374:in
324:".
262:or
39:to
35:on
2284::
1921:/
1917:/
1769:/
1444:GC
1417:EI
1390:IR
1267:}}
1263:{{
1232:;
1206:;
1176:;
1148:.
1119:,
1105:,
1075:,
1061:,
1038:.
1003:.
995:.
983:.
979:.
949:,
935:,
912:.
904:.
888:.
876:^
860:.
852:.
814:.
792:.
782:.
774:.
764:36
762:.
758:.
735:.
725:42
723:.
719:.
694:.
672:.
662:.
654:.
644:32
642:.
638:.
608:,
594:,
571:.
561:.
553:.
541:10
539:.
535:.
496:^
450:,
436:,
422:,
392:,
378:.
210:.
202:,
198:,
23:A
2155:"
2151:"
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
1294:.
1273:)
1259:.
1250:.
1224:.
1198:.
1158:.
1113::
1069::
1046:.
1011:.
991::
985:7
943::
920:.
900::
870:.
856::
824:.
800:.
786::
778::
770::
743:.
731::
704:.
680:.
650::
602::
579:.
547::
520:.
454:(
440:(
414:(
100:)
94:(
89:)
85:(
71:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
