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920:– any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine,
1250:
73:
1057:– Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.
1225:; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems,
431:. Life sciences discoveries are helpful in improving the quality and standard of life and have applications in health, agriculture, medicine, and the pharmaceutical and food science industries. For example, it has provided information on certain diseases which has overall aided in the understanding of human health.
1374:
concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any human-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that
1235:– A medical device is an instrument, apparatus, implant, in vitro reagent, or similar or related article that is used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or other conditions, and does not achieve its purposes through chemical action within or on the body (which would make it a drug). Whereas
3132:
Marc R. Wilkins; Christian
Pasquali; Ron D. Appel; Keli Ou; Olivier Golaz; Jean-Charles Sanchez; Jun X. Yan; Andrew. A. Gooley; Graham Hughes; Ian Humphery-Smith; Keith L. Williams; Denis F. Hochstrasser (1996). "From Proteins to Proteomes: Large Scale Protein Identification by Two-Dimensional
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and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes does not fall into the definition of genomics unless the aim of this genetic, pathway, and functional information analysis is to elucidate its effect on, place in, and response to the entire genome's
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of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as
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1314:—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using
1213:– Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. Applications of kinesiology to human health include:
1099:– applied science devoted to the study of food. Activities of food scientists include the development of new food products, design of processes to produce and conserve these foods, choice of packaging materials,
1018:
units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed:
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1252:
1443:
is the entire set of proteins, produced or modified by an organism or system. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes.
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1180:– are those sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. These two subject matters relate to multiple academic disciplines, both
2314:
2170:
1562:
Freeman, Scott; Quillin, Kim; Allison, Lizabeth; Black, Michael; Podgorski, Greg; Taylor, Emily; Carmichael, Jeff (2017). "Biology and the three of life".
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713:– the design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic circuits and cells, or the redesign of existing biological systems
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involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The development of biological computing has been made possible by the expanding new science of
503:– developing of methods or software tools for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data to generate useful biological knowledge
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Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Reece, Jane (2017). "Evolution, the themes of biology, and scientific inquiry".
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of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.
2296:
Kumar, A., et al., "Smart
Polymers: Physical Forms & Bioengineering Applications", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 32, p.1205 (2007)
719:– the study of the integration and dependencies of various components within a biological system, with particular focus upon the role of
2141:
745:– the study of viruses like submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents
3884:
3687:
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884:– the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
617:– the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry, genetics, and microbiology
2345:
1330:, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors like Clomeleon, Mermaid, and SuperClomeleon.
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902:(IEP) and so on. Micro- and nano-electronic components and devices have increasingly been combined with biological systems like
1745:
1389:– Population dynamics is the study of short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the
1344:) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. It deals with the influence of
783:
533:– study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods that have been traditionally used in the physical sciences
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545:(cytology) – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
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890:– the electrical state of biological matter significantly affects its structure and function, compare for instance the
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occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have
557:– study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
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Hillis, David M.; Heller, H. Craig; Hacker, Sally D.; Laskowski, Marta J.; Sadava, David E. (2020). "Studying life".
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within the genome. In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of
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497:– study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
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Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1998). "Proteome and proteomics: new technologies, new concepts, and new words".
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Chandra, R., and Rustgi, R., "Biodegradable
Polymers", Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 23, p. 1273 (1998)
440:
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processes influencing those changes. Population dynamics deals with the way populations are affected by
611:– the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living organisms
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is the study of plants. Other life sciences focus on aspects common to all or many life forms, such as
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Blackstock WP, Weir MP (1999). "Proteomics: quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins".
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1431:. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological
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set of DNA within a single cell of an organism). The field includes efforts to determine the entire
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Sun, Changming; Bednarz, Tomasz; Pham, Tuan D.; Vallotton, Pascal; Wang, Dadong (7 November 2014).
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Angerer, Jürgen; Ewers, Ulrich; Wilhelm, Michael (2007). "Human biomonitoring: State of the art".
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technology – study of use of microorganisms for industrial manufacturing of various products like
1947:
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467:– study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
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673:– the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
2851:
Deisseroth, K.; Feng, G.; Majewska, A. K.; Miesenbock, G.; Ting, A.; Schnitzer, M. J. (2006).
1103:
studies, study of the effects of food on the human body, sensory evaluation of products using
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515:– the study of humans, non-human primates, and hominids. Also known as physical anthropology.
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2853:"Next-Generation Optical Technologies for Illuminating Genetically Targeted Brain Circuits"
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551:– the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
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1243:) achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means,
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423:, pharmacy, ecology). Another major branch of life sciences involves understanding the
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Mancuso, J. J.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.; Tsuda, S.; Chow, N. B. H.; Augustine, G. J. (2010).
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2464:"A New Kind of Food Science: How IBM Is Using Big Data to Invent Creative Recipes"
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996:, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine.
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29:"Life Sciences" and "Bioscience" redirect here. For the scientific journals, see
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1284:(or parts and function thereof) for clinical or physiological research purposes
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Ermak G., Modern
Science & Future Medicine (second edition), 164 p., 2013
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521:– the study of life in the oceans and their interaction with the environment.
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2717:"CKA – Canadian Kinesiology Alliance – Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie"
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2097:"Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences"
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581:– the study of the evolution of development including its molecular control
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2071:
Natural
Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control
1107:
or potential consumers, as well as microbiological, physical (texture and
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828:– the science and practice of utilizing plants and animals for resources
384:
that studies life, with the other life sciences as its sub-disciplines.
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2068:
Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (ed.).
1708:"biochemistry | Definition, History, Examples, Importance, & Facts"
1416:
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834:– the application of the basic principles of behavior to human affairs.
790: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri; Drzal, Lawrence T. (8 April 2005).
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Some life sciences focus on a specific type of organism. For example,
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2135:"Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals"
2094:
1145:. The field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as
942:– healthcare science, also known as biomedical science, is a set of
765:
707:
concerned with the molecular structure of biological macro-molecules
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1045:, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures.
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2403:
2311:
Health
Informatics Online Masters | Nursing & Medical Degrees
1420:
1390:
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1311:
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to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of
1011:
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produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric
1003:
921:
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491:– study of combination of both the living organism and technology
473:– the study of the formation and presence of life in the universe
464:
446:
396:
388:
377:
131:
61:
2850:
2781:
Health, Center for
Devices and Radiological (16 December 2019).
1405:, and by immigration and emigration, and studies topics such as
914:
devices etc. causing the emergence of this new scientific field.
3326:
1307:
1299:
1247:
act by other means like physical, mechanical, or thermal means.
1162:
1130:
895:
536:
392:
2745:
Human Motion: Understanding, Modelling, Capture, and
Animation
2455:
2095:
M. Birkholz; A. Mai; C. Wenger; C. Meliani; R. Scholz (2016).
1276:– Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create
3744:
2742:
Rosenhahn, Bodo; Klette, Reinhard; Metaxas, Dimitris (2008).
2423:
1277:
1192:), and are both relevant to current health science knowledge.
90:
Different kinds of living creatures studied in life sciences
2594:
National Human Genome
Research Institute (8 November 2010).
2495:
National Human Genome
Research Institute (8 November 2010).
2307:"Biotechnology: A Life Sciences Online Resource Guide | UIC"
455:– study of the movement and transportation of microorganisms
72:
1536:
871:
424:
2815:
Signal and Image Analysis for Biomedical and Life Sciences
2399:"Nestle teams up with Singapore for food science research"
2144:– National Center for Environmental Health. Archived from
1678:"biotechnology | Definition, Examples, & Applications"
1561:
822:– science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock
655:– the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury
2208:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
1511:
1261:
1027:
1023:
841:
2338:"LibGuides: Life Sciences: Conservation Biology/Ecology"
3185:(Rev. and expanded 3rd ed.). New York: M. Dekker.
2811:
1516:(11th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. pp. 2–26.
2783:"How to Determine if Your Product is a Medical Device"
2741:
2635:. Macmillan Science Library. Macmillan Reference USA.
1348:
variation on drug response in patients by correlating
575:– study of the origin and descent of species over time
3698:
2625:
Culver, Kenneth W.; Mark A. Labow (8 November 2002).
1828:"botany | Definition, History, Branches, & Facts"
1566:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. pp. 1–18.
840:– systems of biologically derived molecules, such as
509:– the study of the biology and evolution of language.
1306:
to control and monitor the activities of individual
360:
that involve the scientific study of life – such as
2902:"Optogenetic probing of functional brain circuitry"
2624:
2205:
1588:"Aerobiology | Definition, History, & Research"
1487:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
368:. This science is one of the two major branches of
2899:
2626:
2566:
1030:), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more
756:Applied life science branches and derived concepts
2368:"fermentation | Definition, Process, & Facts"
2248:
3983:
3053:
2396:
485:– the study of the basic principles of behavior.
2844:
2573:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell.
1041:, which are short polymers of amino acids; and
739:– the nature, effects, and detection of poisons
3096:
2252:Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites
1618:"anatomy | Definition, History, & Biology"
679:– the study of groups of conspecific organisms
434:
3878:
3215:
3006:
2461:
1370:– Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and
527:– the study of the mechanics of living beings
441:Outline of biology § Branches of biology
376:, which is concerned with non-living matter.
331:
3090:
2951:
2088:
3133:Electrophoresis and Arnino Acid Analysis".
3125:
3047:
2558:
1555:
1298:that uses a combination of techniques from
3885:
3871:
3222:
3208:
2618:
2142:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2039:"Tiny Biocomputers Move Closer to Reality"
984:– measurement of the body burden of toxic
461:– the study of grass and grasslike species
338:
324:
3688:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
3030:
2983:
2917:
2876:
2748:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2199:
1530:
1419:– Proteomics is the large-scale study of
1063:– multidisciplinary field concerned with
806:Learn how and when to remove this message
2587:
1505:
1248:
3229:
2596:"FAQ About Genetic and Genomic Science"
2564:
2488:
14:
3984:
3178:
2960:"Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach"
2957:
2780:
2569:Bioinformatics and functional genomics
2127:
1948:"Evolution – The science of evolution"
1493:from the original on 24 September 2022
403:. Some focus on the micro-scale (e.g.
3866:
3683:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3203:
3007:Vallance P, Smart TG (January 2006).
2036:
1336:– Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of
3966:
3751:
2667:from the original on 27 October 2014
2525:
2476:from the original on 9 February 2014
2397:Geller, Martinne (22 January 2014).
2018:from the original on 20 October 2020
848:, are used to perform computational
788:adding citations to reliable sources
759:
649:, and the relationship between them.
635:– the study of prehistoric organisms
605:– the study of organisms in the sea.
3892:
2964:Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med
24:
3172:
2832:from the original on 16 April 2021
2762:from the original on 16 April 2021
2697:from the original on 3 August 2020
2546:from the original on 16 April 2021
2462:Bhatia, Atish (16 November 2013).
2335:
2317:from the original on 3 August 2020
2269:from the original on 16 April 2021
2074:. University of California Press.
2049:from the original on 13 March 2020
1808:from the original on 22 April 2019
1778:from the original on 3 August 2020
1748:from the original on 14 April 2021
1658:from the original on 16 April 2021
1598:from the original on 10 April 2023
579:Evolutionary developmental biology
25:
4018:
2606:from the original on 28 July 2017
2507:from the original on 28 July 2017
2439:. 9 December 2013. Archived from
2348:from the original on 1 April 2020
1628:from the original on 8 April 2019
1184:disciplines, as well as emerging
629:– the study of the nervous system
587:– the study of genes and heredity
3965:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3845:
3828:
3811:
3794:
3777:
3760:
3732:
3720:
3708:
2793:from the original on 6 June 2020
2378:from the original on 23 May 2020
1988:from the original on 2 June 2020
1958:from the original on 28 May 2020
1928:from the original on 19 May 2020
1898:from the original on 19 May 2020
1868:from the original on 8 June 2020
1838:from the original on 30 May 2020
1718:from the original on 4 June 2020
1541:(12th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
1379:properties, they are considered
764:
599:– the study of the immune system
364:, plants, and animals including
162:
143:
80:
71:
60:
51:
3014:British Journal of Pharmacology
3000:
2942:
2893:
2805:
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2735:
2709:
2679:
2649:
2519:
2431:"Food science to fight obesity"
2360:
2329:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2242:
2163:
2061:
2037:Wayne, Greg (1 December 2011).
2030:
2000:
1970:
1940:
1910:
1880:
1850:
1820:
1790:
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1730:
1688:from the original on 5 May 2020
1354:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
1157:and other interactions between
878:) using other living organisms.
775:needs additional citations for
411:) other on larger scales (e.g.
391:is the study of animals, while
3182:A history of the life sciences
2919:10.1113/expphysiol.2010.055731
2869:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006
1700:
1670:
1640:
1610:
1580:
1483:"Why Study the Life Sciences?"
1475:
13:
1:
3111:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01245-1
2657:"Definition: Immunotherapies"
2631:. In Richard Robinson (ed.).
1469:
1221:; strength and conditioning;
894:, the signal transduction by
3017:. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S304–7.
3009:"The future of pharmacology"
1539:Life: The Science of Biology
1141:of organisms and fine-scale
7:
2497:"A Brief Guide to Genomics"
2228:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.024
1447:
1205:suppression immunotherapies
435:Basic life science branches
10:
4023:
2687:"Immunotherapy | medicine"
2565:Pevsner, Jonathan (2009).
2178:American Chemistry Council
2101:WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech
1738:"Bioinformatics | science"
1065:environmental epidemiology
661:– the study of drug action
449:– scientific study of life
438:
28:
3941:
3913:
3900:
3670:
3237:
2526:Klug, William S. (2012).
1459:Divisions of pharmacology
832:Applied Behavior Analysis
3179:Magner, Lois N. (2002).
2719:. Cka.ca. Archived from
2171:"What is Biomonitoring?"
1768:"Biomechanics | science"
1648:"Astrobiology | science"
727:strategies in physiology
3068:10.1002/elps.1150191103
2906:Experimental Physiology
2857:Journal of Neuroscience
2691:Encyclopedia Britannica
2372:Encyclopedia Britannica
2012:Encyclopedia Britannica
1982:Encyclopedia Britannica
1978:"Immunology | medicine"
1952:Encyclopedia Britannica
1922:Encyclopedia Britannica
1892:Encyclopedia Britannica
1862:Encyclopedia Britannica
1832:Encyclopedia Britannica
1802:Encyclopedia Britannica
1772:Encyclopedia Britannica
1742:Encyclopedia Britannica
1712:Encyclopedia Britannica
1682:Encyclopedia Britannica
1652:Encyclopedia Britannica
1622:Encyclopedia Britannica
1111:) and chemical testing.
519:Biological oceanography
513:Biological anthropology
3997:Life sciences industry
3297:Biological engineering
3023:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454
1798:"Biophysics | science"
1294:technique employed in
1269:
1014:, biopolymers contain
958:. Such disciplines as
751:– the study of animals
689:phenomena in organisms
593:– the study of tissues
4002:Science-related lists
3747:List of life sciences
3382:Developmental biology
3357:Computational biology
3337:Cellular microbiology
2532:. Pearson Education.
2008:"Phycology | biology"
1423:, particularly their
1316:optogenetic actuators
1257:
1188:disciplines (such as
978:are medical sciences.
968:clinical epidemiology
946:applying portions of
549:Developmental biology
354:list of life sciences
93:top: microorganisms (
3602:Reproductive biology
3487:Mathematical biology
3412:Evolutionary biology
3362:Conservation biology
3135:Nature Biotechnology
2529:Concepts of Genetics
2313:. 19 December 2014.
1918:"Ethology | biology"
1858:"Cytology | biology"
1290:– Optogenetics is a
1190:social care research
1061:Environmental health
1055:Conservation biology
972:genetic epidemiology
960:medical microbiology
870:(including insects,
784:improve this article
667:– the study of algae
623:– the study of fungi
573:Evolutionary biology
3387:Ecological genetics
3231:Branches of biology
2411:on 22 December 2015
2220:2007IJHEH.210..201A
2187:on 23 November 2008
2043:Scientific American
1387:Population dynamics
731:Theoretical biology
569:– study of behavior
479:– study of bacteria
358:branches of science
3678:History of biology
3612:Structural biology
3597:Relational biology
3422:Generative biology
3417:Freshwater biology
3147:10.1038/nbt0196-61
1564:Biological Science
1454:Outline of biology
1433:metabolic pathways
1411:population decline
1407:ageing populations
1270:
1264:of the head, with
1237:medicinal products
1093:, beer, wine, etc.
986:chemical compounds
940:Biomedical science
930:tissue engineering
892:membrane potential
721:metabolic pathways
693:Structural biology
677:Population biology
563:– study of enzymes
427: –
372:, the other being
169:Science portal
3979:
3978:
3696:
3695:
3617:Synthetic biology
3497:Molecular biology
3352:Cognitive biology
3099:Trends Biotechnol
2825:978-3-319-10984-8
2755:978-1-4020-6692-4
2539:978-0-321-79577-9
2443:on 4 January 2020
2342:libguides.asu.edu
2262:978-0-203-50820-6
2113:10.1002/wnan.1367
1255:
1227:electrophysiology
1167:molecular biology
1010:. Since they are
964:clinical virology
934:materials science
900:isoelectric point
868:controlling pests
854:nanobiotechnology
816:
815:
808:
711:Synthetic biology
697:molecular biology
615:Molecular biology
539:– study of plants
483:Behavior analysis
405:molecular biology
348:
347:
107:bottom: a plant (
100:) and an animal (
16:(Redirected from
4014:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3928:Physical science
3887:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3342:Chemical biology
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3167:
3166:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2955:
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2939:
2921:
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2891:
2890:
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2809:
2803:
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2800:
2798:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2723:on 18 March 2009
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2630:
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2616:
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2613:
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2562:
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2481:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2407:. Archived from
2394:
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2387:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
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2278:
2276:
2274:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2180:. Archived from
2175:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
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2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
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1997:
1995:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
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1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1854:
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1553:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1514:Campbell Biology
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1479:
1334:Pharmacogenomics
1320:channelrhodopsin
1256:
1223:sport psychology
1073:exposure science
944:applied sciences
904:medical implants
811:
804:
800:
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768:
760:
374:physical science
340:
333:
326:
171:
167:
166:
147:
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3937:
3909:
3896:
3894:Natural science
3891:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3823:from Wikisource
3817:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:from Wiktionary
3766:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:sister projects
3749:at Knowledge's
3743:
3733:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3666:
3627:Systems biology
3592:Quantum biology
3233:
3228:
3193:
3175:
3173:Further reading
3170:
3130:
3126:
3095:
3091:
3062:(11): 1853–61.
3056:Electrophoresis
3052:
3048:
3005:
3001:
2976:10.1002/wsbm.42
2958:Wang L (2010).
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2898:
2894:
2863:(41): 10380–6.
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2214:(3–4): 201–28.
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2151:on 27 July 2011
2148:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1450:
1381:pharmaceuticals
1350:gene expression
1328:archaerhodopsin
1292:neuromodulation
1274:Medical imaging
1249:
1245:medical devices
1241:pharmaceuticals
1178:Health sciences
1143:genetic mapping
1119:recombinant DNA
1043:polysaccharides
1020:polynucleotides
976:pathophysiology
948:natural science
812:
801:
795:
792:
781:
769:
758:
717:Systems biology
685:– the study of
683:Quantum biology
641:– the study of
443:
437:
382:natural science
380:is the overall
370:natural science
344:
315:
314:
275:
274:
263:
262:
226:
225:
214:
185:Article indexes
161:
160:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
117:
116:
115:
114:
87:
86:
85:
77:
76:
67:
66:
65:
57:
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43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3961:Science Portal
3953:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3842:
3840:from Wikibooks
3825:
3808:
3806:from Wikiquote
3791:
3774:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
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3664:
3659:
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3649:
3644:
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3629:
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3604:
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3579:
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3569:
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3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Marine biology
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
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3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Bioinformatics
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
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3198:
3197:
3191:
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3171:
3169:
3168:
3124:
3089:
3046:
2999:
2950:
2941:
2892:
2843:
2824:
2804:
2773:
2754:
2734:
2708:
2678:
2661:Dictionary.com
2648:
2641:
2617:
2586:
2579:
2557:
2538:
2518:
2487:
2454:
2422:
2389:
2359:
2336:Tanner, Rene.
2328:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2261:
2241:
2198:
2162:
2126:
2107:(3): 355–377.
2087:
2080:
2060:
2029:
1999:
1969:
1939:
1909:
1879:
1849:
1819:
1789:
1759:
1729:
1699:
1669:
1639:
1609:
1579:
1573:978-0321976499
1572:
1554:
1548:978-1319017644
1547:
1529:
1523:978-0134093413
1522:
1504:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:Control theory
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1414:
1384:
1365:
1356:with a drug's
1331:
1285:
1271:
1233:Medical device
1230:
1208:
1193:
1186:patient safety
1175:
1127:bioinformatics
1123:DNA sequencing
1112:
1094:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1046:
997:
979:
952:formal science
937:
915:
888:Bioelectronics
885:
882:Bioengineering
879:
876:plant diseases
857:
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814:
813:
772:
770:
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753:
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725:cell-signaling
714:
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695:– a branch of
690:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
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636:
630:
624:
618:
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606:
603:Marine Biology
600:
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588:
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576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
507:Biolinguistics
504:
501:Bioinformatics
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
439:Main article:
436:
433:
362:microorganisms
356:comprises the
346:
345:
343:
342:
335:
328:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
270:
269:
268:
265:
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261:
260:
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220:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
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192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
157:
154:
153:
142:
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140:
139:
138:
135:
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128:
127:
113:
112:
105:
102:Goliath beetle
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50:
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48:
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3:
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4008:
4007:Biotechnology
4005:
4003:
4000:
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3993:
3992:Life sciences
3990:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3933:Space science
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Life sciences
3921:
3919:
3918:Earth science
3916:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3857:from Wikidata
3856:
3855:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3792:
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3787:
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3771:
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3588:
3585:
3583:
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3575:
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3570:
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3565:
3563:
3562:Phylogenetics
3560:
3558:
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3548:
3545:
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3540:
3538:
3535:
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3483:
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3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Human biology
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
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3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
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3360:
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3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Chronobiology
3345:
3343:
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3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
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3325:
3323:
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3789:from Commons
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3607:Sociobiology
3587:Protistology
3552:Photobiology
3547:Pharmacology
3537:Parasitology
3532:Paleontology
3512:Neuroscience
3492:Microbiology
3402:Epidemiology
3372:Cytogenetics
3332:Cell biology
3312:Biosemiotics
3302:Biomechanics
3282:Biogeography
3277:Biochemistry
3272:Bacteriology
3267:Astrobiology
3181:
3141:(1): 61–65.
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3102:
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2912:(1): 26–33.
2909:
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2834:. Retrieved
2818:. Springer.
2814:
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2795:. Retrieved
2786:
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2744:
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2721:the original
2711:
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2599:
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2528:
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2402:
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2380:. Retrieved
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2341:
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2251:
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2182:the original
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2042:
2032:
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2011:
2002:
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1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
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1930:. Retrieved
1921:
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1900:. Retrieved
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1513:
1507:
1497:24 September
1495:. Retrieved
1486:
1477:
1368:Pharmacology
1338:pharmacology
1296:neuroscience
1288:Optogenetics
1259:Parasagittal
1244:
1240:
1236:
1215:biomechanics
1139:DNA sequence
1134:
1097:Food science
1079:Fermentation
1039:polypeptides
1008:biomolecules
918:Biomaterials
874:, weeds and
850:calculations
838:Biocomputers
802:
793:
782:Please help
777:verification
774:
701:biochemistry
659:Pharmacology
639:Parasitology
633:Paleontology
627:Neuroscience
609:Microbiology
543:Cell biology
525:Biomechanics
495:Biochemistry
477:Bacteriology
471:Astrobiology
429:neuroscience
409:biochemistry
386:
366:human beings
353:
351:
349:
245:
111:) and humans
95:
44:
38:
31:
26:
3769:Definitions
3657:Xenobiology
3652:Virophysics
3622:Systematics
3577:Primatology
3522:Ornithology
3462:Ichthyology
3447:Herpetology
3442:Gerontology
3407:Epigenetics
3367:Cryobiology
3257:Agrostology
3247:Aerobiology
3242:Abiogenesis
2970:(1): 3–22.
2836:15 November
2766:15 November
2550:15 November
2273:15 November
2022:1 September
1403:death rates
1219:orthopedics
1211:Kinesiology
1091:antibiotics
1087:amino acids
994:metabolites
992:, or their
866:-method of
864:bioeffector
820:Agriculture
459:Agrostology
453:Aerobiology
18:Biosciences
3986:Categories
3803:Quotations
3642:Toxicology
3637:Teratology
3582:Proteomics
3567:Physiology
3507:Neontology
3472:Lipidology
3467:Immunology
3437:Geobiology
3397:Embryology
3377:Dendrology
3307:Biophysics
3287:Biogeology
3192:0824708245
2642:0028656067
2628:"Genomics"
2610:3 December
2600:Genome.gov
2511:3 December
2501:Genome.gov
2480:9 February
2447:9 February
2415:9 February
2191:11 January
1470:References
1425:structures
1417:Proteomics
1391:biological
1282:human body
1198:– is the "
1155:pleiotropy
1117:– applies
1101:shelf-life
1069:toxicology
1032:nucleotide
1000:Biopolymer
908:biosensors
860:Biocontrol
737:Toxicology
705:biophysics
671:Physiology
597:Immunology
561:Enzymology
531:Biophysics
417:immunology
272:In society
210:Philosophy
200:Literature
190:Glossaries
39:BioScience
3837:Textbooks
3557:Phycology
3542:Pathology
3527:Osteology
3517:Nutrition
3477:Mammalogy
3452:Histology
2936:206367530
1888:"Ecology"
1429:functions
1377:medicinal
1268:artifacts
1200:treatment
1174:networks.
1151:epistasis
1147:heterosis
1016:monomeric
926:chemistry
665:Phycology
653:Pathology
643:parasites
591:Histology
310:Scientist
290:Education
285:Community
109:tree fern
34:(journal)
3951:Category
3671:See also
3647:Virology
3632:Taxonomy
3572:Pomology
3502:Mycology
3432:Genomics
3427:Genetics
3252:Agronomy
3163:25320181
3119:10189717
3084:28933890
3041:16402118
2994:20836007
2928:21056968
2887:17035522
2830:Archived
2791:Archived
2760:Archived
2695:Archived
2665:Archived
2633:Genetics
2604:Archived
2544:Archived
2505:Archived
2474:Archived
2436:Euronews
2376:Archived
2346:Archived
2315:Archived
2267:Archived
2236:17376741
2155:9 August
2121:26391194
2047:Archived
2016:Archived
1986:Archived
1956:Archived
1926:Archived
1896:Archived
1866:Archived
1836:Archived
1806:Archived
1776:Archived
1746:Archived
1716:Archived
1686:Archived
1656:Archived
1626:Archived
1596:Archived
1491:Archived
1448:See also
1441:proteome
1421:proteins
1362:toxicity
1358:efficacy
1342:genomics
1304:genetics
1266:aliasing
1171:genetics
1135:complete
1115:Genomics
1109:rheology
1083:vitamins
1035:monomers
1012:polymers
1004:polymers
990:elements
846:proteins
826:Agronomy
796:May 2020
743:Virology
645:, their
621:Mycology
585:Genetics
567:Ethology
421:ethology
413:cytology
401:genetics
241:Physical
223:Branches
180:Category
124:a series
122:Part of
98:bacteria
3971:Commons
3905:Outline
3727:Biology
3715:Science
3701:Portals
3662:Zoology
3392:Ecology
3262:Anatomy
3155:9636313
3076:9740045
3032:1760753
2985:3894835
2878:2820367
2727:25 July
2404:Reuters
2216:Bibcode
1602:4 March
1372:biology
1346:genetic
1308:neurons
1280:of the
1163:alleles
1131:genomes
922:biology
896:neurons
749:Zoology
687:quantum
555:Ecology
465:Anatomy
447:Biology
397:anatomy
389:zoology
378:Biology
295:Funding
258:Applied
236:Natural
195:History
175:Outline
132:Science
96:E. coli
3327:Botany
3189:
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3117:
3082:
3074:
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3029:
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2671:10 May
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2382:30 May
2352:30 May
2321:30 May
2259:
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1992:30 May
1962:31 May
1932:31 May
1902:30 May
1872:31 May
1842:31 May
1812:30 May
1782:30 May
1752:30 May
1722:30 May
1692:30 May
1662:30 May
1632:30 May
1570:
1545:
1520:
1439:. The
1326:, and
1300:optics
1278:images
1105:panels
1071:, and
898:, the
703:, and
537:Botany
393:botany
300:Policy
253:Social
231:Formal
205:Method
3820:Texts
3786:Media
3739:Lists
3159:S2CID
3080:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2469:Wired
2185:(PDF)
2174:(PDF)
2149:(PDF)
2138:(PDF)
1437:cells
1399:birth
1318:like
1133:(the
872:mites
647:hosts
352:This
3854:Data
3187:ISBN
3151:PMID
3115:PMID
3072:PMID
3037:PMID
2990:PMID
2924:PMID
2883:PMID
2838:2020
2820:ISBN
2799:2020
2768:2020
2750:ISBN
2729:2009
2703:2020
2673:2020
2637:ISBN
2612:2011
2575:ISBN
2552:2020
2534:ISBN
2513:2011
2482:2014
2449:2014
2417:2014
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2354:2020
2323:2020
2275:2020
2257:ISBN
2232:PMID
2193:2009
2157:2009
2117:PMID
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2024:2020
1994:2020
1964:2020
1934:2020
1904:2020
1874:2020
1844:2020
1814:2020
1784:2020
1754:2020
1724:2020
1694:2020
1664:2020
1634:2020
1604:2024
1568:ISBN
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1161:and
1159:loci
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425:mind
399:and
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3143:doi
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2980:PMC
2972:doi
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1352:or
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