29:
470:
399:. It was based on representations of such vessels in West Highland sculpture. Despite the good seagoing performance of the vessel, its design has been described as misleading because of an over-reliance in the plan on cramped sculptural images. The vessel was designed with a high, almost vertical, stern and stem. It proved difficult to fit in more than one rower per oar and the thwarts were too close together. Less constricted images from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries show vessels which are longer and larger.
368:
201:, and in the fourteenth century there was constant trade between the Isles, Ireland and England under the patronage of local lords. It is possible that the resources of the Highlands and Islands were not sufficient to support both naval and trading types of ship, leaving the galley with both roles. The derivation of the word birlinn from the name of a Nordic cargo vessel is suggestive of that situation. Otherwise the chief uses of the birlinn would have been troop-carrying, fishing and cattle transport.
234:
486:
of
Cantyre" with vessels one-masted as before but with a square sail mounted on a sloping yard arm and a small cabin at the stern projecting backwards. Two Clanranald seals attached to documents dated 1572 show a birlinn with raised decks at stem and stern, a motif repeated in later heraldic devices.
241:
The hull bore a general resemblance to the Norse pattern, but stem and stern may have been more steeply pitched (though allowance must be paid for distortion in representation). Surviving images show a rudder. Nineteenth-century boat-building practices in the
Highlands are likely to have applied also
91:
and could be sailed or rowed. It had a single mast with a square sail. Smaller vessels of this type might have had as few as twelve oars, with the larger West
Highland galley having as many as forty. For over four hundred years, down to the seventeenth century, the birlinn was the dominant vessel in
460:
The birlinn, when rowed, was distinguished by its speed, and could often evade pursuers as a result. No cannon were mounted even in the later period: the birlinn was too lightly built and its freeboard was too low. It was highly suitable for raiding, however, and with experienced marksmen on board,
130:
In terms of design and function, there was considerable similarity between the local birlinn and the ships used by Norse incomers to the Isles. In an island environment ships were essential for the warfare which was endemic in the area, and local lords used the birlinn extensively from at least the
103:
a reddendo or charter making him Lord of the Isle of Man in exchange for six birlinns of 26 oars. A 1615 report to the
Scottish Privy Council made a distinction between galleys, having between 18 and 20 oars, and birlinns, with between 12 and 18 oars. There was no suggestion of structural
481:
There is some evidence that by the end of the sixteenth century new influences were affecting birlinn design. A carving made at
Arasaig in 1641 shows a vessel with a lowered stem and stern. An English map of north-east Ireland made no later than 1603 shows "fleetes of the
161:
In 1433, Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles brought his fleet of war galleys to Ulster to aid his cousin Donald
Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, and the O'Neills of Tirowen (Tyrone) in defeating the O'Donnells, who were allied with King James of Scotland.
310:
The influence of Norse shipbuilding techniques, though plausible, is conjectural, since to date no substantial remnants of a birlinn have been found. Traditional boat-building techniques and terms, however, may furnish a guide as to the vessel's construction.
487:
If such changes occurred, they would reflect influences from the south-east and ultimately from the
Mediterranean. The supporting evidence has been criticised for being slight and unconvincing, but there is pictorial evidence for similar developments in the
229:
was stepped amidships or nearly so, and oars, including a steering oar, were also used. The stem and stern post sometimes had carefully carved notches for plank ends, with knees securing the thwarts to the strakes and beams joining the heads of the frames.
256:
was the wood favoured both in
Western Scotland and in Scandinavia, being tough and resistant to decay. Other types of timber were less often used. It is likely that the Outer Isles of Western Scotland had always been short of timber, but
184:
Though the surviving evidence has mostly to do with the birlinn in a naval context, there is independent evidence of mercantile activity for which such shipping would have been essential. There is some evidence for mercantile centres in
80:(first century BC), equipped with oars and a square sail, without the need to assume a specific Viking design influence. It is uncertain, however, whether the Broighter model represents a wooden vessel or a skin-covered boat of the
356:, with ropes being made of moss-fir or heather. Medieval sails, in the Highlands as elsewhere, are shown as being sewn out of many small squares, and there is possible evidence of reef points.
426:
record the use of fleets in an Irish context, often with a
Scottish connection. In 1413 Tuathal Ó Máille, returning from Ulster to Connacht with seven ships, encountered a severe storm (
217:) was constructed on the basis of the keel, the planks being edge-joined and clenched with iron nails. Symmetrical ribs or frames were then lashed to the strakes or secured with
300:
and moulding irons, together with other tools typical of the
Northern European carpenter's kit. As in traditional shipbuilding, generally, measurements were largely by eye.
461:
could mount a formidable defence against small craft. Vessels of this type were at their most vulnerable when beached or when cornered by a heavier vessel carrying cannon.
879:
1593 Petition of Gráinne Nà Mháille to Queen Elizabeth, State Papers Relating to Ireland (on microfilm, originals in the Public Record Office, London) SP 63/171/18
430:) which drove them northwards to Scotland: only one of the ships survived. In 1433 Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, arrived in Ulster with a large fleet (
1066:
2369:
437:
In Ireland oared vessels were employed extensively for warfare and piracy by the O'Malleys and the O'Flathertys, western lords whose base was in
76:(ship of boards), a type of cargo vessel. It has been suggested that a local design lineage might also be traceable to vessels similar to the
452:
There was constant maritime traffic between Ireland and Scotland, and Highland mercenaries were commonly transported by birlinn to Ireland.
307:– was probably also employed with the birlinn. There is evidence in fortified sites of constructed harbours, boat-landings and sea-gates.
417:
seems, from contemporary sources, to have resembled its West Highland equivalent, though there is as yet no archaeological confirmation.
2392:
237:
Western Scotland, with the Inner Hebrides shown in dark blue. It was there and on the mainland that timber was most readily obtainable.
1032:
2498:
1059:
166:
209:
In some ways the birlinn paralleled the more robust ocean-going craft of Norse design. Viking ships were double-ended, with a
2493:
948:
2433:
449:
reported in 1591 that she had twenty vessels at her command. She, like her father, was engaged in extensive seaborne trade.
2362:
434:) to assist the O'Neills and his cousin, Donald Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, in a war with the O'Donnells.
2711:
441:. English officials found it necessary to counter them with similar vessels. The most famous of these local rulers was
146:
maintained the largest fleet in the Hebrides. It is likely that vessels of the birlinn type of galley were used in the
100:
3112:
1052:
1014:
981:
963:
994:
734:
Dwelly-d Dwelly air loighne. This gives a comprehensive list of traditional Gaelic words and terms to do with boats.
143:
3097:
3092:
2355:
2249:
32:
A carving of a birlinn from a sixteenth-century tombstone in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, as engraved in 1772.
2661:
2529:
2483:
2265:
548:
154:, the ancestor of the lords, firmly established himself in the Hebrides by confronting his brother-in-law,
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3122:
3107:
28:
2438:
2625:
422:
319:
Carved images of the birlinn from the sixteenth century and earlier show the typical rigging: braces,
2968:
2726:
2458:
2453:
1596:
3036:
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1959:
41:
3102:
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289:
727:
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2508:
1563:
2463:
2158:
331:
and a parrel (a movable loop used to secure a yard or gaff to a mast). There is a rudder with
2912:
2868:
2473:
2378:
1768:
1662:
941:
The World of the Gallowglass: kings, warlords and warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600
2917:
303:
The traditional practice of sheltering boats in bank-cuttings ("nausts") – small artificial
3082:
2943:
2610:
2585:
2503:
2448:
2412:
2315:
939:
Caldwell, David H. (2007), 'Having the right kit: West Highlanders fighting in Ireland' in
170:
2755:
8:
3117:
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1908:
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132:
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1996:
1949:
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1944:
1867:
1038:
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108:
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1964:
1913:
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1822:
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96:
339:. It is possible that use was made of a wooden bowline or reaching spar (called a
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20:
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2017:
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534:(Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, 2003), p. 130,
396:
226:
177:. His orders included the destruction of shipping, named in his commissions as
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69:
57:
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type. The majority of scholars emphasise the Viking influence on the birlinn.
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1986:
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abounded in the Inner Isles and on the mainland. The abundance of timber at
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include "berlin" and "birling". The Gaelic term may derive from the Norse
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2092:
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1991:
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1827:
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1209:
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352:
Traditional Highland practice was to make sails of tough, thick-threaded
346:
273:" ("Bringing wood to Lochaber") was said of any superfluous undertaking.
65:
2347:
549:
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2011/0528/1224297912869.html
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Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850
131:
thirteenth century. The strongest of the regional naval powers were the
2838:
2183:
2132:
2001:
1928:
1898:
1748:
1687:
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1626:
1591:
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52:
was a wooden vessel propelled by sail and oar, used extensively in the
2052:
918:
From the Dartmouth Collection of the British National Maritime Museum.
779:
3021:
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2788:
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1981:
1971:
1903:
1763:
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1348:
1313:
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477:
of John Moidartach (from 1572). It shows a birlinn with raised decks.
297:
1039:
Image of fifteenth-century engraved Birlinn, in Rodel Chapel, Harris
2828:
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differences. The report stated that there were three men per oar.
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2127:
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1954:
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1204:
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The Early Stewart Kings, the Lordship of the Isles, and Ireland
332:
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to the birlinn: examples are the use of dried moss, steeped in
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214:
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2203:
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221:. Over most of the ribs was laid a slender crossbeam and a
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181:, galleys, and birlinns belonging to rebellious subjects.
1026:
724:
281:
253:
243:
213:
scarfed to stems fore and aft. A shell of thin planking (
719:
See "bìrlinn" in the on-line edition of Edward Dwelly's
629:
571:
Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
782:, Ardchattan Parish Archive.Accessed 26 December 2021.
1074:
1029:– using the Birlinn to rebuild community in Scotland
626:(London, 1877), p. 623 "lumfaddis" and "birlinges".
512:
958:(first ed.), London: Adam and Charles Black,
956:Archaeology of the Boat: A new introductory study
614:, c.1371-c.1433. Northern Studies, 49, pp. 61-78.
3074:
943:. Duffy, Seán (ed.). Dublin: Four Courts Press.
387:A reproduction of a 16-oar Highland galley, the
808:, but this refers only to a commander's vessel.
204:
2363:
1060:
573:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192–3.
464:
543:'Broighter boat, circa 100 BC,' 5 May 2011,
359:
887:
885:
276:The tools used are likely to have included
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1067:
1053:
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345:by the Norse). This was used to push the
250:, and the use of stocks in construction.
882:
468:
376:, a reconstruction of a Highland galley,
366:
232:
68:on. Variants of the name in English and
27:
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2499:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
976:(first ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn,
971:
635:
568:
518:
2351:
1048:
780:Boats: Aileach birlinn reconstruction
721:Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary
989:Watson, J. Carmichael (ed.) (1934).
314:
1007:Birlinn – Longships of the Hebrides
455:
335:on the leading edge, inserted into
13:
999:
559:See, for example, Caldwell, p. 145
156:Godred Olafsson, King of the Isles
101:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
14:
3134:
1020:
800:The Irish equivalent of the name
271:B'e sin fiodh a chur do Loch Abar
2712:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
2626:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
19:For the Scottish publisher, see
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349:of the sail out into the wind.
954:Greenhill, Basil, ed. (1976),
624:HMC 6th Report: Duke of Argyll
604:
595:
586:
577:
569:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S. (1988).
562:
553:
537:
524:
167:Andrew Stewart, Lord Ochiltree
1:
933:
2266:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
993:. Blackie & Son Limited
991:Gaelic Songs of Mary MacLeod
205:Construction and maintenance
7:
2474:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
494:
10:
3139:
3014:Associated clans and septs
465:Possible changes in design
423:Annals of the Four Masters
406:
402:
327:, shrouds (fore and aft),
18:
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2494:Margaret, Queen of Norway
2454:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
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1009:. The White Horse Press.
16:Middle ages Scottish ship
3113:Human-powered watercraft
2489:Margaret, Maid of Norway
2439:BethĂłc, Prioress of Iona
1960:Iron-hulled sailing ship
974:The West Highland Galley
506:
152:Somerled, Lord of Argyll
2565:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
2484:Máel Muire ingen AmlaĂb
1769:Square-rigged caravel (
1035:, from Mallaig Heritage
1005:Macauley, John (1996),
391:, was built in 1991 at
107:The birlinn appears in
2509:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
972:Rixson, Denis (1998),
725:http://www.dwelly.org/
478:
384:
238:
173:to quell feuds in the
125:
45:
33:
3098:Scandinavian Scotland
3093:Transport in Scotland
2913:Scottish island names
2736:Artifacts and culture
2413:Mormaers of Caithness
2379:Scandinavian Scotland
2301:Pinnace (ship's boat)
1663:Chinese treasure ship
665:Greenhill, p. 219-220
472:
370:
236:
31:
2932:Battles and treaties
2586:Kingdom of the Isles
2504:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
2459:Gunnhild GormsdĂłttir
2449:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
2316:Thames sailing barge
2147:Recreational vessels
791:Caldwell, pp. 148–49
674:Rixson, pp. 158, 160
171:James VI of Scotland
50:West Highland galley
2801:St Magnus Cathedral
2677:Cubbie Roo's Castle
2621:Davidian Revolution
2464:Helga ModdansdĂłttir
2434:Aud the Deep-Minded
2337:Nautical operations
2271:Floating restaurant
2159:Ljungström sailboat
1739:Full-rigged pinnace
891:Rixson, pp. 101–102
770:Rixson, pp. 128–130
761:Rixson, pp. 158–159
730:31 May 2013 at the
683:Rixson, pp. 104–109
447:Sir Richard Bingham
133:MacDonalds of Islay
78:Broighter-type boat
3123:14th-century ships
3108:Sailing ship types
2795:Sen dollotar Ulaid
2749:Chronicles of Mann
2469:Ingeborg of Norway
1454:and other vessels
1448:Naval and merchant
710:Rixson pp. 167–168
479:
385:
363:: a reconstruction
239:
140:Lords of the Isles
34:
3070:
3069:
3037:Macaulay of Lewis
2570:Thorstein the Red
2518:Other notable men
2345:
2344:
2174:Sailing hydrofoil
2026:
2025:
1945:Blackwall frigate
1868:Baltimore Clipper
949:978-1-85182-946-0
752:Greenhill, p. 213
701:Greenhill, p. 245
692:Greenhill, p. 247
656:Greenhill, p. 234
432:co c-cobhlach mĂłr
315:Rigging and sails
269:was proverbial: "
109:Scottish heraldry
3130:
2727:St Magnus Church
2722:Scar boat burial
2667:Brough of Birsay
2560:Sweyn Asleifsson
2555:Ragnall ua ĂŤmair
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
1914:Ship of the line
1838:Ship of the line
1460:
1459:
1456:(by origin date)
1235:Full-rigged ship
1136:Fore-and-aft rig
1105:Age of Discovery
1100:Maritime history
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1033:Highland Galleys
986:
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927:Caldwell, p. 146
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583:Caldwell, p. 148
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456:Naval technology
288:and spoon bits,
144:Late Middle Ages
97:Robert the Bruce
87:The birlinn was
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2783:Orkneyinga saga
2777:Manx runestones
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2717:Rubha an DĂąnain
2692:Kirkwall Castle
2662:Bishop's Palace
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2408:Lords of Argyll
2398:Earls of Orkney
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2031:Fishing vessels
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530:Leslie Alcock,
529:
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458:
411:
405:
383:
377:
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317:
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148:1156 sea battle
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117:Scottish Gaelic
42:Scottish Gaelic
24:
21:Birlinn Limited
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3103:Medieval ships
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2598:
2596:Gall-GhĂ idheil
2593:
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2018:Montagu whaler
2014:
2012:
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1161:Ljungström rig
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428:anfadh na mara
407:Main article:
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397:County Donegal
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95:In 1310, King
92:the Hebrides.
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2393:List of kings
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2179:Sailing yacht
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1015:9781874267300
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985:
983:1-874744-86-6
979:
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965:0-7136-1645-8
961:
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950:
946:
942:
938:
937:
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909:Rixson, p. 50
906:
900:Rixson, p. 49
897:
888:
886:
876:
870:Rixson, p. 44
867:
861:Rixson, p. 42
858:
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601:Rixson, p. 20
598:
592:Rixson, p. 16
589:
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546:
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521:, p. 30.
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2877:Middle Irish
2793:
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2756:Darraðarljóð
2754:
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2742:
2707:Old Scatness
2525:Caittil Find
2479:Isabel Bruce
2286:Norfolk punt
2164:Mast aft rig
2073:Herring buss
1997:West Country
1919:Sloop-of-war
1774:
1770:
1704:Crommesteven
1581:
1197:sailing rigs
1171:Mast aft rig
1119:Sailing rigs
1079:vessels and
1006:
990:
973:
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489:Irish galley
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3083:Norse-Gaels
2994:Vestrajǫrðr
2969:Isle of Man
2645:Archaeology
2545:Olvir Rosta
2281:Mersey flat
2259:Other types
2048:Barca-longa
1950:Down Easter
1587:Bomb vessel
1539:K'un-lun po
1517:Quadriremes
1502:Penteconter
1389:Quadrimaran
1210:Barquentine
1126:Bermuda rig
1095:Age of Sail
1041:, on Flickr
636:Rixson 1998
545:Irish Times
519:Rixson 1998
298:draw knives
66:Middle Ages
3118:Tall ships
3088:Boat types
3077:Categories
3047:MacDougall
3042:Mac Coitir
2944:Brunanburh
2839:Lunnasting
2245:Treenailed
2225:Lashed lug
2220:Inflatable
2199:Windsurfer
2184:Sportsboat
2133:Well smack
2002:Windjammer
1929:Trincadour
1899:Padewakang
1749:Man-of-war
1688:Trabaccolo
1627:Malangbang
1429:Vaka katea
1379:Pentamaran
1220:Brigantine
1181:Square rig
1176:Pinisi rig
1156:Lateen rig
1146:Gunter rig
1110:Navigation
934:References
445:, of whom
415:long fhada
413:The Irish
380:Loch Etive
261:, oak and
120:long fhada
3062:MacDonald
3032:Somhairle
2906:Etymology
2887:Old Norse
2849:Sandsting
2789:Ounceland
2682:Earl's Bu
2672:Camas Uig
2591:Dál Riata
2530:Ingimundr
2240:Tall ship
2068:Gableboat
1982:Leti leti
1972:Janggolan
1904:Post ship
1775:de armada
1764:Speronara
1492:Fire ship
1424:Va'a-tele
1349:Kora kora
1314:Catamaran
1280:Multihull
1186:Tanja rig
1131:Crab claw
1088:Overviews
1075:Types of
841:"M1433.1"
819:"M1413.3"
484:Redshanks
150:in which
64:from the
3057:Macruari
3027:UĂ ĂŤmair
2964:Epiphany
2949:Clontarf
2923:Hebrides
2869:Language
2854:Tingwall
2829:Dingwall
2816:Althings
2806:Udal law
2767:Hogbacks
2702:Maeshowe
2687:Jarlshof
2631:Scotland
2616:Shetland
2601:Lochlann
2535:LjĂłtĂłlfr
2418:UĂ ĂŤmair
2194:Wharrams
2113:Sixareen
2108:Nordland
2103:Patorani
1889:Gundalow
1874:Gallivat
1859:Chialoup
1854:Bilander
1803:Corvette
1719:Galleass
1678:Lancaran
1637:Tongkang
1622:Longship
1572:Balinger
1472:Balangay
1419:Ungalawa
1414:Trimaran
1409:Tongiaki
1404:Tipairua
1255:Schooner
1151:Junk rig
1141:Gaff rig
847:28 April
843:. Ucc.ie
825:28 April
821:. Ucc.ie
728:Archived
495:See also
439:Connacht
337:gudgeons
325:backstay
321:forestay
305:harbours
267:Lochaber
248:caulking
219:trenails
199:Knapdale
179:lymphads
165:In 1608
111:as the "
99:granted
74:byrĂ°ingr
62:Scotland
54:Hebrides
3052:MacLeod
2984:Skyhill
2979:Renfrew
2892:Pictish
2859:Tynwald
2844:Nesting
2824:Delting
2743:Birlinn
2652:Bornish
2579:History
2330:Related
2128:Tartane
2078:Jangada
2058:Felucca
2053:Falkuša
2011:20th c.
1965:Warship
1955:Golekan
1938:19th c.
1864:Clipper
1847:18th c.
1833:Polacca
1813:Frigate
1791:17th c.
1759:Patache
1754:Manchua
1729:Flyboat
1714:Galleon
1697:16th c.
1668:Caravel
1658:Carrack
1651:15th c.
1617:Kondura
1582:Birlinn
1512:Trireme
1464:Ancient
1399:Tepukei
1354:Lakatoi
1344:Karakoa
1324:Guilalo
1309:Camakau
1294:Amatasi
1282:vessels
1250:Mistico
1225:Catboat
1166:Lug rig
1077:sailing
1027:GalGael
806:birling
802:bìrlinn
403:Ireland
393:Moville
389:Aileach
382:
374:Aileach
361:Aileach
342:beitass
333:pintles
329:halyard
195:Kintyre
142:of the
113:lymphad
82:currach
46:bìrlinn
38:birlinn
2954:Dollar
2657:Birsay
2636:Norway
2606:Orkney
2444:BjaĂ°Ç«k
2386:Rulers
2321:Wherry
2296:Pausik
2154:Dinghy
2098:Mayang
2093:Masula
2088:Lugger
2083:Jukung
1987:Palari
1909:74-gun
1894:Lanong
1818:Galeas
1744:Lorcha
1709:Galiot
1673:Ghurab
1632:Shitik
1577:Benawa
1527:Dromon
1507:Bireme
1497:Galley
1359:Lanong
1329:Jukung
1299:Baurua
1230:Cutter
1205:Barque
1013:
980:
962:
947:
294:planes
286:augers
246:, for
225:. The
223:thwart
215:strake
2974:Largs
2959:Barry
2939:Bauds
2276:Fusta
2230:Razee
2204:Yacht
2123:Smack
2118:Sgoth
2063:Fifie
2038:Bagan
1992:Tamar
1977:Lambo
1879:Garay
1782:Xebec
1771:round
1734:Fluyt
1724:Ghali
1642:Zabra
1607:Knarr
1549:Mtepe
1477:Boita
1434:Vinta
1394:Takia
1374:Paraw
1339:Kalia
1304:Bigiw
1289:ʻalia
1260:Sloop
1245:Ketch
507:Notes
278:adzes
259:birch
191:Gigha
187:Islay
48:) or
3022:Gunn
2989:Tara
2882:Norn
2311:Scow
2306:Pram
2250:ULDB
2235:Sewn
2138:Yoal
2043:Bago
1924:Toop
1884:Grab
1828:Pink
1823:Koff
1612:Koch
1602:Jong
1597:Hulk
1544:Lepa
1534:Junk
1487:Dhow
1384:Proa
1369:Pahi
1334:Kaep
1319:Drua
1270:Yawl
1265:Snow
1215:Brig
1081:rigs
1011:ISBN
978:ISBN
960:ISBN
945:ISBN
849:2013
827:2013
475:seal
473:The
420:The
372:The
354:wool
347:luff
323:and
290:awls
282:axes
263:pine
227:mast
211:keel
197:and
138:The
56:and
36:The
1773:or
1683:Hoy
1592:Cog
1554:Uru
1195:By
804:is
395:in
378:in
254:Oak
244:tar
126:Use
60:of
3079::
1439:Wa
884:^
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