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of this frustration: "The
Council are...compelled to acknowledge that the Reformed Parliament has disappointed the expectation of the people...The Reform Bill has had its trial, but what has been the fruit which it has produced?". The Union demands would soon thereafter be picked up in the six points of the
120:
After the successful passage of the Reform Act, the
Birmingham Political Union disbanded. The Union’s working class supporters "felt betrayed and frustrated by the Reform Act's failure to give them the vote". The proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the Union in September 1833 show clear signs
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Other manufacturing towns in
Britain began to follow Birmingham's example and over 100 Political Unions were formed.The Birmingham Political Union was looked upon as a model ‘due to its size, its good organisation, its unified class structure and Attwood’s articulate and sincere leadership’. The
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Unlike some other radical political organisations of the period, the
Birmingham Political Union used mainly law-abiding, non-violent methods. However, the organisation had a large membership, and the government of the time feared the consequences if it took up arms; during the
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The Union was founded at the end of 1829; its first public meeting was on 25 January 1830 and was attended by a large number of people, variously estimated as anywhere between 10,000 and 15,000 people. Its stated aim was to campaign for reform of the
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44:, a banker interested in monetary reform. Its platform called for extending and redistributing suffrage rights to the working class, of the kind set out in the Reform Bill of March 1831 which when passed became the
61:, politically combining "the efforts of the two "industrious classes" of the nation, that is, the middle and lower… who had been deceived into attacking and blaming each other for their sufferings".
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The abolition of property qualifications for MPs and the introduction of payment of MPs – since the system in place at the time meant that only rich people could afford to become MPs.
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in 1832, when 200,000 people attended a meeting of the Union, rumours that the Union would take up arms contributed to the pressure on the House of Lords to pass the
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Report of the proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the
Birmingham Political Union, held at Mr Beardsworth's repository on Monday, September 16 1833
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Although there were attempts to get it going again in relation to various campaigns, in April 1839 the Union's council was suspended indefinitely.
233:"Thomas Attwood and political and economic reform today. The first Attwood memorial lecture: Birmingham and Midland Institute, 11th November 2002"
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Shorter term
Parliaments – with the aim of increasing MPs' accountability to their constituents;
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The meeting of the
Birmingham Political Union on 16 May 1832, attended by 200,000, painted by
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Briggs, Asa. "Thomas
Attwood and the Economic Background of the Birmingham Political Union."
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The
Birmingham Political Union and the movements for reform in Britain, 1830-1839
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Ferguson, Henry. "The
Birmingham Political Union and the Government 1831-32."
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Lummis, Nancy LoPatin. "Birmingham Political Union (act. 1829–1839)",
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36:(General Political Union) was a grass roots pressure group in
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Widening the right to vote to include all men who paid taxes;
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16:Birmingham grass-roots democracy pressure group
289:Britain 1783-1851; From Disaster To Triumph?
99:A flyer used to organise Chartist meetings.
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173:. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books. pp.
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296:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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312:Political parties established in 1830
256:. Birmingham: Joseph Webb. p. 5.
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322:Defunct political parties in England
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272:Cambridge Historical Journal
207:"Birmingham Political Union"
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231:Robertson, James (2002).
138:National Political Union
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167:Flick, Carlos (1978).
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287:Evers and Welbourne,
281:3.3 (1960): 261-276.
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216:19 November
143:Peel's Bill
106:Days of May
52:Early years
306:Categories
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149:References
317:Chartism
132:See also
193:4135511
91:Methods
291:(2003)
283:online
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236:(PDF)
116:Later
218:2017
189:OCLC
179:ISBN
32:The
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