123:
189:/lb (24,400 kJ/kg) of energy on combustion (on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis), with a fixed carbon content less than 86% (on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis.) Coal with a higher fixed carbon content is classified as anthracite, while agglomerating coal yielding less than 10,500 Btu/lb (24,400 kJ/kg) or nonagglomerating coal yielding less than 11,500 Btu/lb (26,700 kJ/kg) is classified as sub-bituminous coal. In the international market, bituminous coal is defined as coal with a vitrinite reflectance between 0.5 and 1.9. Vitrinite reflectance is also routinely measured for U.S. coal as a check on its rank classification
753:
380:
475:
446:
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196:. It is commonly composed of thin bands of alternating bright and dull material. Though bituminous coal varies in its chemical composition, a typical composition is about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. Its bank density (the density of a coal seam prior to breaking up during mining) is about 1346 kg/m (84 lb/ft) while the
20:
532:). By the time the coal reaches bituminous rank, most dehydration and decarboxylation has already taken place, and maturation of bituminous coal is characterized by demethanation. During coalification at bituminous rank, coal approaches its maximum heating value and begins to lose most of its volatile content.
508:
that originally made up the woody tissue of the plants. Lignin has a weight composition of about 54% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 30% oxygen, while cellulose has a weight composition of about 44% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 49% oxygen. Bituminous coal has a composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen,
779:
Bituminous coal was once extensively used for home heating in the US. However, bituminous coal is a relatively dirty fuel. The reduction in the use of bituminous coal between 1945 and 1960 is estimated to have saved at least 1,923 lives of all ages and 310 infant lives per winter month. Bituminous
642:
The belt of
Carboniferous coal fields extends into central Europe, and much of this is bituminous coal. Bituminous coal fields are found in Poland and the Czech Republic, and the Polish deposits are one of the most important of that nation's natural resources. The Czech deposits have been exploited
562:
During coalification, the pressure of burial reduces the volume of the original peat by a factor of 30 as it is converted to coal. However, the increase in rank of maturing coal mostly reflects the maximum temperature the coal reaches. Neither the maximum pressure, nor the nature of the original
638:
is done via both surface and underground mines. Historically, the many seams scattered over rugged terrain in the
Appalachians have been conducive to mining by small companies, while the great extent and gentle dip of beds further west favors very large-scale operations. The Appalachian coal is
567:
is formed in petroleum source rocks. Bituminization is accompanied by peak methane generation in medium to low volatile bituminous coal. This makes these bituminous coals "gassy" and precautions must be taken against methane explosions. If the coal reaches temperatures above about 235 °C
405:, and ash. The best unblended coking coal is high quality medium-volatile bituminous coal. However, since single coals with all the necessary properties are scarce, coking coal is usually a blend of high-volatile bituminous coal with lesser amounts of medium- and low-volatile bituminous coal.
647:
of
Britain, which account for most of Britain's coal production and which are mostly bituminous coal. The Westfield coal basin is the largest in Britain. Other significant bituminous coal deposits are found through much of Europe, including France, Germany, and northern Italy.
200:
of extracted coal is up to 833 kg/m (52 lb/ft). Bituminous coal characteristically burns with a smoky flame and softens and swells during combustion. It gets its name from this tendency to form a softened, sticky mass when heated, which reflects the presence of
563:
plant material, nor the length of burial is nearly as important. The temperature range for maturation of bituminous coal is from 85 to 235 °C (185 to 455 °F). The bitumen that characterizes bituminous coal forms under approximately the same conditions at which
743:
U.S. production of bituminous coal was 238 million short tons in 2020 and represented 44% of all U.S. coal production. Bituminous coal is mined in 18 states, but the five states of West
Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana produce 74%of U.S. coal.
1991:
Sivek, Martin; Jirásek, Jakub; Kavina, Pavel; Vojnarová, Markéta; Kurková, Tereza; Bašová, Andrea (July 2020). "Divorce after hundreds of years of marriage: Prospects for coal mining in the Czech
Republic with regard to the European Union".
159:
refers to the percentage of the coal that is neither moisture, nor ash, nor volatile matter. When evaluated on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, the fixed carbon content is the fraction of the coal that is not volatile organic matter. An
453:
Bituminous coal which lacks the qualities required for use as metallurgical coal is graded as thermal coal. This is used primarily for electrical power generation. The ideal thermal coal is easily ignited but has a high heat content.
344:
ISO classification of bituminous coal is based on vitrinite reflectance. This classification divides medium rank coal (approximately equivalent to bituminous coal) into four subranks. In order of increasing rank, these are:
114:, a dangerous mixture of gases that can cause underground explosions. Extraction of bituminous coal demands the highest safety procedures involving attentive gas monitoring, good ventilation and vigilant site management.
1511:
Ulbrich, Markus; PreĂźl, Dieter; Fendt, Sebastian; Gaderer, Matthias; Spliethoff, Hartmut (December 2017). "Impact of HTC reaction conditions on the hydrochar properties and CO2 gasification properties of spent grains".
767:
Maturation of bituminous coal at medium and low volatile subrank is accompanied by peak methane generation. This makes these bituminous coals "gassy" and precautions must be taken against methane explosions.
509:
6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. This implies that chemical processes during coalification remove most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen, leaving carbon, a process called
740:
As of 2018, total world production of bituminous coal (coking coal plus other bituminous coal) was 6.220 Gt. The leading producer is China, with India and the United States a distant second and third.
516:
During coalification, the maturing coal increases in carbon content, decreases in hydrogen and volatiles, increases in its heating value, and becomes darker and more lustrous. Chemical changes include
2695:
1649:
Barker, Charles E.; Goldstein, Robert H. (1 October 1990). "Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer".
433:
for bituminous coal generally. The cost of coking coal is about 3.5 times as high as the cost of coal used for electrical power (which includes lower ranks of coal, such sub-bituminous coal and
2401:
341:
Thus bituminous coal is divided into high-, medium-, and low-volatile categories based on fixed carbon content, and high-volatile bituminous coal is further subdivided by energy content.
489:, where falling plant debris is submerged in standing water. The stagnant water excludes oxygen, creates an acidic environment, and slows decay. The dead plant material is converted to
466:. The coal is first coked, removing volatiles, then steam treated to activate it. Chemical processes for activating coke produced from bituminous coal have also been investigated.
694:, though most of this is lower rank coal rather than bituminous. In the United States, Cretaceous bituminous coals occur in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. In Canada, the
737:; India, 99.7 Gt; China, 78.4 Gt; Australia, 51.3 Gt; South Africa, 38.7 Gt; the UK, 26.8 Gt; Germany, 25.2 Gt; Colombia, 7.8 Gt; Indonesia, 5.6 Gt; and France, 4.4 Gt
485:
Like other ranks of coal, bituminous coal forms from thick accumulations of dead plant material that are buried faster than they can decay. This usually takes place in
2145:
Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J. J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between
Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants".
1325:"Coking Coal of the United States—Modern and Historical Coking Coal Mining Locations and Chemical, Rheological, Petrographic, and Other Data from Modern Samples"
122:
224:(composed of decayed woody tissue of plants). Cannel coal is composed mostly of plant spores, while boghead coal is composed mostly of nonspore algal remains.
2514:
Xiao, Yang; LĂĽ, Hui-Fei; Yi, Xin; Deng, Jun; Shu, Chi-Min (March 2019). "Treating bituminous coal with ionic liquids to inhibit coal spontaneous combustion".
3112:
2463:
2117:"European Coal resources: a geographical database and map of EU coal basins including potential sources of coal bed methane based on a harmonised typology"
626:
Most bituminous coal in the United States is between 100 and 300 million years old. Vast deposits of bituminous coal of
Pennsylvanian age is found in the
3102:
3070:
1472:
2405:
208:
Though almost all agglomerating coal is of bituminous rank, some bituminous coal is not agglomerating. Non-agglomerating bituminous coal includes
2209:
Brownfield, M. E.; Steinshouer, D.W.; Povarennykh, M.Y.; Eriomin, I.; Shpirt, M.; Meitov, Y.; Sharova, I.; Goriunova, N.; Zyrianov, M.V. (2001).
1441:
Hsu, Li-Yeh; Teng, Hsisheng (May 2000). "Influence of different chemical reagents on the preparation of activated carbons from bituminous coal".
2375:
1795:
Cleal, C. J.; Thomas, B. A. (2005). "Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?".
1602:
Ibarra, JoséV.; Muñoz, Edgar; Moliner, Rafael (June 1996). "FTIR study of the evolution of coal structure during the coalification process".
2304:
46:
or asphalt. Its coloration can be black or sometimes dark brown; often there are well-defined bands of bright and dull material within the
1838:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered
Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica".
903:
74:
age. Bituminous coal is formed from sub-bituminous coal that is buried deeply enough to be heated to 85 °C (185 °F) or higher.
2087:"Westfield pit lake, Fife (Scotland): the evolution and current hydrogeological dynamics of Europe's largest bituminous coal pit lake"
2329:
355:
Medium B : Vitrinite reflectance of 1.0 to 1.4. Corresponds approximately to ASTM high volatile A to medium volatile bituminous.
2376:"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 33: Coal Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
1554:
1414:
349:
Medium D: Vitrinite reflectance of 0.5 to 0.6. Corresponds approximately to ASTM high volatile C bituminous or sub-bituminous A.
1386:
Arigoni, Ashley; Newman, Alexandra; Turner, Cameron; Kaptur, Casey (October 2017). "Optimizing global thermal coal shipments".
352:
Medium C: Vitrinite reflectance of 0.6 to 1.0. Corresponds approximately to ASTM high volatile C to high volatile B bituminous.
2709:
2674:
733:
As of 2009, the countries with the greatest estimated ultimately recoverable resources of bituminous coal were the US, 161.6
422:
Coking coal commands a higher price than coal used for energy production. As of 2020, coking coal in the U.S. sold for about
232:
In the United States, bituminous coal is further divided into subranks based on its heating value and fixed carbon content.
899:
2268:
Guocai, Xia; Bingchi, Wang; Yinghua, Han (August 1990). "Coal
Resources and Development of the Coal Industry in China".
827:
103:. It commands a higher price than other grades of bituminous coal (thermal coal) used for heating and power generation.
3097:
2116:
695:
401:. A good coking coal must have excellent agglomeration properties, a high carbon content, and a low content of sulfur,
671:. Extensive bituminous coal deposits of Permian age are found in Siberia, east Asia, and Australia. These include the
639:
notably low in sulfur and is often of metallurgical grade, while the
Interior Province coal is much higher in sulfur.
3195:
1779:
1727:
1495:
1222:
1050:
664:
1164:
Reid, William (1973). "Chapter 9: Heat Generation, Transport, and Storage". In Robert Perry; Cecil Chilton (eds.).
772:-based ionic liquid solvents can reduce spontaneous combustion, which accounts for 2 to 3 percent of global annual
730:. The Intermontane and Insular Coalfields of British Columbia also contain deposits of Cretaceous bituminous coal.
2925:
2166:
1670:
2778:
2748:
1272:
1145:
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941:
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Veenstra, Theodore A., and Wilbert G. Fritz. "Major Economic Tendencies in the Bituminous Coal Industry,"
787:
The bioconversion of bituminous coal to methane is being actively researched as a clean coal technology.
358:
Medium A: Vitrinite reflectance of 1.4 to 2.0. Corresponds approximately to ASTM low volatile bituminous.
78:
55:
1468:
3185:
3117:
2360:
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is bituminous coal of the highest quality, as free of ash and sulfur as possible, used to manufacture
2915:
2742:
2379:
2657:
The economic development of the British coal industry: from Industrial Revolution to the present day
2586:
Ozbayoglu, G; Mamurekli, M (July 1994). "Super-clean coal production from Turkish bituminous coal".
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Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
2987:
2900:
2895:
2210:
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present in the coal and the amount of energy it can produce when burned. It is higher in rank than
1360:
3147:
2308:
719:
707:
612:
2086:
547:(carbon compounds characterized by rings of carbon atoms) and aromatic rings begin to fuse into
185:
In the United States, bituminous coal is defined as agglomerating coal yielding at least 10,500
70:. It is the most abundant rank of coal, with deposits found around the world, often in rocks of
3122:
2930:
1885:
891:
706:
hosts major deposits of bituminous coal that formed in swamps along the western margin of the
2977:
2875:
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367:
Bituminous coal is used primarily for electrical power generation and in the manufacture of
2982:
2957:
2154:
1962:
1915:
1847:
1804:
1658:
1611:
822:
599:, which represent just 2% of the Earth's geologic history. Vast deposits of coal formed in
588:
deposits just a few million years old. However, 90% of all coal beds were deposited in the
517:
2704:
Energy in the American Economy, 1850–1975: An Economic Study of Its History and Prospects.
2336:
1684:
1010:
8:
3060:
2920:
2820:
862:
559:. This is accompanied by an increase in vitrinite reflectance, used to assess coal rank.
145:
63:
2243:
2158:
1966:
1919:
1851:
1808:
1662:
1615:
379:
216:. These are nonbanded and nonreflective, and break with a conchoidal fracture. Both are
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2285:
2044:
2009:
1820:
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1719:
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983:
832:
760:
540:
394:
91:
2335:. Colorado Geological Survey, Rock Talk, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1–12. 2005. Archived from
1454:
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methods, which increase the fraction of vitrinite to yield a cleaner-burning product.
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2013:
1927:
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1816:
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179:
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2558:
2523:
2443:
2435:
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Mohr, S.H.; Evans, G.M. (November 2009). "Forecasting coal production until 2100".
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2218:
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2063:
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2001:
1970:
1923:
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1395:
1332:
781:
703:
596:
478:
463:
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2713:
2690:
2664:
2615:"Optimization of methane production from bituminous coal through biogasification"
1953:
Nowak, Grzegorz J. (April 2004). "Facies studies of bituminous coals in Poland".
1525:
1040:
727:
723:
631:
521:
474:
2005:
1399:
986:. agglomerating character; coal analysis: U.S. Energy Information Administration
3007:
2935:
2910:
2439:
2281:
1974:
842:
773:
551:
compounds (linked rings of carbon atoms). The structure increasingly resembles
525:
178:
in the coal is. It is determined by how much of the carbon has condensed to an
82:
2527:
1115:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 231.
445:
3190:
3179:
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2027:
Winston, V.H. (February 1956). "The Polish bituminous coal-mining industry".
817:
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620:
608:
589:
536:
501:
257:
71:
2741:
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172:
is a measure of how reflective a polished surface of an average particle of
3152:
812:
684:
548:
543:(carbon compounds characterized by chains of carbon atoms) are replaced by
213:
197:
1772:
Carboniferous Giants and Mass Extinction: The Late Paleozoic Ice Age World
1184:
580:
Coal deposits are widely distributed worldwide, and range in age from the
126:
Bituminous coal (Pikeville Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian, Kentucky, USA)
110:
industry, this type of coal is known for releasing the largest amounts of
3085:
3080:
3022:
2972:
2947:
769:
680:
604:
412:
388:
209:
165:
107:
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1537:
1535:
607:—that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late
164:
coal is a coal that softens when heated, forming a hard, gray, porous
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3090:
3040:
3030:
2222:
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734:
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47:
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2835:
2563:
2551:"Coal, Smoke, and Death: Bituminous Coal and American Home Heating"
2550:
2488:
1532:
711:
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in Australia, and the extensive bituminous coal reserves of China.
656:
581:
556:
552:
111:
2845:
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19:
2967:
2815:
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Kentucky Geological Survey: Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
1302:
Kentucky Geological Survey: Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
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Kentucky Geological Survey: Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
1015:
Kentucky Geological Survey: Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
962:
Kentucky Geological Survey: Earth Resources -- Our Common Wealth
2952:
2870:
1557:. Eastern Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation
635:
505:
155:
Coal rank is based on several characteristics of the coal. The
141:
96:
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2805:
1323:
Trippi, M.H.; Ruppert, L.F.; Eble, C.F.; Hower, J.C. (2021).
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368:
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2167:
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2
1990:
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10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2
643:
since prehistoric times. The European deposits include the
490:
137:
35:
1136:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
2997:
2378:. Compiled by Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. Archived from
1710:
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1385:
1278:
186:
39:
2652:
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2549:
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2495:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 4 October 2021
1510:
1231:
1005:
1003:
1001:
2756:
2144:
1888:. eia.doe.gov (U.S. Energy Information Administration)
1709:
1412:
1322:
998:
152:. Bituminous coal is the most abundant rank of coal.
3113:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2267:
1934:
1866:
1630:
1541:
1217:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1135:
886:
884:
882:
794:
3103:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2612:
1774:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 98.
958:"Fixed carbon in coal (part of proximate analysis)"
2585:
2202:
1601:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
932:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "bituminous coal".
220:, in contrast with most bituminous coal, which is
192:Bituminous coal is dark brown to black, hard, but
2555:National Burea of Economic Research Working Paper
2469:. International Energy Agency. 2020. pp. 7–8
2374:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994).
1045:. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 21/339.
879:
3177:
2464:"Statistics report: Coal information - overview"
528:), and demethanation (which removes hydrogen as
2548:
2330:"Colorado Coal: Energy security for the future"
1788:
1648:
1066:
747:
1367:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2012
1316:
690:A second peak in coal deposition began in the
520:(which removes oxygen and hydrogen as water),
462:Bituminous coal is used for the production of
85:. Bituminous coal suitable for smelting iron (
2772:
2138:
1878:
1555:"Coal Types, Formation and Methods of Mining"
1422:. International Energy Agency. pp. 62–63
828:Greenhouse gas emissions#Carbon dioxide (CO2)
397:or "met coal") is used in the manufacture of
2513:
1488:Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils
1113:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1034:
1032:
950:
575:
2516:Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
2399:
2108:
1905:
1899:
1794:
1213:Allaby, Michael (2013). "bituminous coal".
182:from the heat and pressure of deep burial.
2779:
2765:
1215:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1106:
1104:
763:depicts the aftermath of a mining disaster
140:, as determined by the amount and type of
2630:
2562:
2447:
2425:
1485:
1336:
1039:Mobley, R. Keith (2001). "Coal and ash".
1029:
927:
925:
923:
921:
437:, as well as noncoking bituminous coal.)
2685:The History of the British Coal Industry
2367:
2061:
2029:American Slavic and East European Review
1986:
1984:
1416:Coal 2019: Analysis and forecast to 2024
1353:
1159:
1157:
751:
650:
619:times. Bituminous coal is predominantly
584:(about 360 to 420 million years ago) to
473:
444:
378:
121:
18:
2702:Netschert, Bruce C. and Sam H. Schurr,
2215:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
2178:
2176:
2114:
2084:
2026:
1440:
1329:U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report
1284:
1101:
931:
663:Coal deposition was interrupted by the
16:Collective term for higher-quality coal
3178:
2662:
1940:
1769:
1714:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–30.
1212:
1206:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1038:
918:
572:) and the coal matures to anthracite.
77:Bituminous coal is used primarily for
3071:mining disasters in the United States
2760:
2270:Energy Exploration & Exploitation
1981:
1955:International Journal of Coal Geology
1952:
1908:International Journal of Coal Geology
1872:
1742:
1636:
1475:from the original on 18 January 2017.
1237:
1154:
1110:
2322:
2173:
1163:
906:from the original on 8 December 2017
900:US Energy Information Administration
568:(455 °F), bitumen breaks down (
236:ASTM Bituminous Coal Classification
2296:
2244:"Australian in situ coal resources"
2126:. ENER/C2/2011/202 – SI2.613270: 54
1172:
457:
13:
3098:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2643:
2393:
1720:10.1016/B978-0-08-102201-6.00001-7
1542:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1331:. Open-File Report. 2020–1113: 2.
14:
3207:
2729:
2303:Wyoming State Geological Survey.
665:Permian-Triassic extinction event
2844:
2182:
1817:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2005.00043.x
867:education.nationalgeographic.org
797:
710:. They range in age from latest
696:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
130:Bituminous coal is a particular
2606:
2579:
2542:
2507:
2481:
2456:
2419:
2261:
2236:
2078:
2055:
2020:
1946:
1763:
1736:
1703:
1685:"Burial temperatures from coal"
1677:
1642:
1595:
1569:
1547:
1504:
1479:
1461:
1434:
1406:
1379:
1290:
1257:
1243:
1129:
440:
2749:New International Encyclopedia
2720:Quarterly Journal of Economics
2632:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.153
976:
855:
780:coal quality is improved with
374:
1:
2722:51#1 (1936) pp. 106–130
2249:. Geosciences Australia. 2012
1743:White, David (1925). "Coal".
1712:New Trends in Coal Conversion
1455:10.1016/S0378-3820(00)00071-0
1298:"Coal to make coke and steel"
848:
481:, a modern peat-forming swamp
117:
2600:10.1016/0016-2361(94)90263-1
2217:. Open-File Report. 01–104.
1928:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90072-3
1624:10.1016/0146-6380(96)00063-0
1526:10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.08.010
1166:Chemical Engineers' Handbook
1011:"Vitrinite reflectance (Ro)"
748:Hazards and their mitigation
634:Provinces of North America.
555:, the structural element of
496:Peat is mostly a mixture of
7:
2006:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111524
1400:10.1016/j.omega.2016.12.001
1138:Origin of sedimentary rocks
790:
675:coal basin in Siberia, the
667:, but resumed later in the
449:Rajpura Thermal Power Plant
227:
205:(mineral tar) in the coal.
79:electrical power generation
50:. It is typically hard but
10:
3212:
3118:Health effects of coal ash
2926:power in the United States
2440:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.01.032
2402:"Coal in British Columbia"
2282:10.1177/014459879000800401
2124:European Commission Report
2062:Pallardy, Richard (2008).
1975:10.1016/j.coal.2003.08.006
1770:McGhee, George R. (2018).
1514:Fuel Processing Technology
1443:Fuel Processing Technology
386:
3166:
3021:
2853:
2842:
2794:
2528:10.1007/s10973-018-7600-5
2066:. Encyclopedia Britannica
1361:"Coal prices and outlook"
1042:Plant engineer's handbook
576:Occurrence and production
524:(which removes oxygen as
469:
266:
3196:Symbols of West Virginia
2988:Greenhouse gas emissions
2786:
2663:Freese, Barbara (2004).
1691:. University of Kentucky
1583:. University of Kentucky
1304:. University of Kentucky
1089:. University of Kentucky
1017:. University of Kentucky
964:. University of Kentucky
3148:Problems in coal mining
2743:"Bituminous Coal"
2189:Encyclopedia Britannica
2115:Keijers, Stijn (2012).
720:Mist Mountain Formation
708:Western Interior Seaway
362:
168:that resists crushing.
148:but lower in rank than
42:-like substance called
3123:History of coal mining
2683:Hatcher, John, et al.
2359:: CS1 maint: others (
2085:Younger, P.L. (2005).
1745:The Scientific Monthly
764:
660:
482:
450:
384:
252:Volatile Matter %
127:
24:
2978:Fossil fuel phase-out
2876:Black coal equivalent
2666:Coal: A Human History
755:
654:
477:
448:
382:
170:Vitrinite reflectance
125:
22:
2983:Great Smog of London
2916:pollution mitigation
2489:"Annual coal report"
2400:Ryan, Barry (2002).
1604:Organic Geochemistry
1469:"How Coal Is Formed"
823:Georges Creek Valley
262:Moist, mineral free
247:Fixed Carbon %
157:fixed carbon content
2901:fired power station
2896:combustion products
2821:Sub-bituminous coal
2798:(lowest to highest)
2795:Coal types by grade
2159:1996GSAB..108..195R
1967:2004IJCG...58...61N
1920:1987IJCG....8..355J
1852:2010Geo....38.1079S
1809:2005Gbio....3...13C
1663:1990Geo....18.1003B
1616:1996OrGeo..24..725I
1338:10.3133/ofr20201113
1275:, table 2.5 page 47
1263:Dave Osborne (ed),
1240:, pp. 231–232.
1111:Boggs, Sam (2006).
934:Glossary of geology
541:aliphatic compounds
383:Primary coking coal
237:
146:sub-bituminous coal
64:sub-bituminous coal
3036:Black lung disease
3013:Toxic heavy metals
2993:Metallurgical coal
2736:Petroleum and Coal
2712:2010-05-02 at the
1287:, pp. 28, 31.
833:List of rock types
765:
761:Constantin Meunier
661:
655:Fushun coal mine,
545:aromatic compounds
483:
451:
395:metallurgical coal
385:
254:Dry, mineral free
249:Dry, mineral free
235:
128:
92:metallurgical coal
66:, but lesser than
25:
3186:Sedimentary rocks
3173:
3172:
2931:preparation plant
2866:Asian brown cloud
2799:
2676:978-0-465-09618-3
2434:(11): 2059–2067.
1846:(12): 1079–1082.
1657:(10): 1003–1006.
1189:CargoHandbook.com
1083:"Bituminous coal"
902:. 21 April 2017.
431:$ 50.05/short ton
339:
338:
95:) must be low in
54:. Its quality is
3203:
3128:Hydrogen sulfide
2848:
2797:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2680:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2594:(7): 1221–1223.
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2522:(5): 2711–2721.
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2404:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2307:. Archived from
2300:
2294:
2293:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2223:10.3133/ofr01104
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2185:"Origin of coal"
2180:
2171:
2170:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:10.1130/G31182.1
1835:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1610:(6–7): 725–735.
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1449:(1–3): 155–166.
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1007:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
954:
948:
947:
929:
916:
915:
913:
911:
896:Energy Explained
892:"Coal Explained"
888:
877:
876:
874:
873:
859:
807:
802:
801:
704:British Columbia
570:debituminization
479:Okefenokee Swamp
464:activated carbon
458:Activated carbon
432:
429:, compared with
428:
238:
234:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3017:
2854:Coal combustion
2849:
2840:
2826:Bituminous coal
2796:
2790:
2785:
2740:
2732:
2714:Wayback Machine
2691:Long, Priscilla
2677:
2669:. Basic Books.
2646:
2644:Further reading
2641:
2640:
2611:
2607:
2584:
2580:
2547:
2543:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2174:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2064:"Coal Measures"
2060:
2056:
2041:10.2307/3004277
2025:
2021:
1989:
1982:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1886:"Types of Coal"
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1836:
1832:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1267:Elsevier, 2013
1262:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1185:"Coal and Coke"
1183:
1182:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1008:
999:
989:
987:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
944:
930:
919:
909:
907:
890:
889:
880:
871:
869:
861:
860:
856:
851:
803:
796:
793:
750:
728:Gates Formation
724:Late Cretaceous
578:
522:decarboxylation
472:
460:
443:
430:
423:
391:
377:
365:
326:High Volatile C
312:High Volatile B
298:High Volatile A
284:Medium Volatile
261:
253:
248:
230:
120:
34:, is a type of
28:Bituminous coal
23:Bituminous coal
17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Mining regions
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:homogenization
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:Sulfur dioxide
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:power in China
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2738:
2731:
2730:External links
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2700:
2699:Paragon, 1989.
2688:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2619:Applied Energy
2605:
2578:
2564:10.3386/w19881
2541:
2506:
2480:
2455:
2418:
2392:
2366:
2321:
2305:"Wyoming Coal"
2295:
2276:(4): 263–269.
2260:
2235:
2201:
2183:Kopp, Otto C.
2172:
2153:(2): 195–207.
2137:
2107:
2077:
2054:
2019:
1980:
1961:(1–2): 61–66.
1945:
1933:
1914:(4): 357–361.
1898:
1877:
1875:, p. 232.
1865:
1830:
1787:
1780:
1762:
1751:(2): 177–181.
1735:
1728:
1702:
1676:
1641:
1639:, p. 234.
1629:
1594:
1568:
1546:
1544:, p. 335.
1531:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1460:
1433:
1405:
1378:
1365:Coal explained
1352:
1315:
1289:
1277:
1256:
1242:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1171:
1153:
1146:
1128:
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1100:
1065:
1051:
1028:
997:
975:
949:
942:
917:
878:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
843:Coking factory
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
792:
789:
774:carbon dioxide
749:
746:
577:
574:
526:carbon dioxide
471:
468:
459:
456:
442:
439:
387:Main article:
376:
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364:
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116:
83:steel industry
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
3197:
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3141:
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3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:mining region
3074:
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2708:
2707:(1960) online
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2701:
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2697:
2692:
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2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:Buxton, N.K.
2654:
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2597:
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2521:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:on 2014-02-02
2407:
2403:
2396:
2382:on 2013-09-30
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2342:on 2014-02-01
2338:
2331:
2325:
2311:on 2014-02-03
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
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2239:
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2111:
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2088:
2081:
2065:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:Energy Policy
1987:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1943:, p. 90.
1942:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1869:
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1857:
1853:
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1822:
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1814:
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1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1781:9780231180979
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1729:9780081022016
1725:
1721:
1717:
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3153:Refined coal
3066:liquefaction
2958:Energy value
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2497:. Retrieved
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2406:the original
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2147:GSA Bulletin
2146:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
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2098:. Retrieved
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2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2057:
2035:(1): 38–70.
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1993:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
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1803:(1): 13–31.
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1285:Keijers 2012
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1196:. Retrieved
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966:. Retrieved
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813:The Big Vein
786:
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714:or earliest
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605:coal forests
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441:Thermal coal
421:
408:
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366:
343:
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270:Low Volatile
231:
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214:boghead coal
207:
198:bulk density
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131:
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58:higher than
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3023:Coal mining
2973:Fossil fuel
2499:13 November
2473:13 November
2449:10453/15252
2253:13 November
2228:13 November
2194:13 November
2130:13 November
2100:13 November
2070:13 November
1941:McGhee 2018
1695:28 November
1587:28 November
1577:"Coal rank"
1561:29 November
1520:: 663–669.
1394:: 118–127.
1308:28 November
1093:28 November
1058:10 November
1021:28 November
990:10 November
968:28 November
910:13 November
776:emissions.
770:Imidazolium
628:Appalachian
518:dehydration
417:blacksmiths
415:for use by
389:Coke (fuel)
375:Coking coal
210:cannel coal
108:coal mining
106:Within the
87:coking coal
81:and in the
3180:Categories
3046:Coalfields
2831:Anthracite
2557:: w19881.
2412:2014-01-24
2386:2013-08-01
2346:2014-01-24
2315:2014-01-24
2000:: 111524.
1892:2011-01-04
1873:Boggs 2006
1797:Geobiology
1637:Boggs 2006
1426:7 November
1371:9 November
1273:085709730X
1238:Boggs 2006
1198:8 November
1147:0136427103
1122:0131547283
984:"Glossary"
943:0922152349
872:2024-03-21
849:References
782:floatation
759:(1889) by
716:Cretaceous
692:Cretaceous
677:Queensland
673:Minusinsky
539:proceeds,
403:phosphorus
335:26.7–30.2
321:30.2–32.6
267:Bituminous
218:sapropelic
150:anthracite
118:Properties
101:phosphorus
68:anthracite
32:black coal
3158:Whitedamp
3143:Peak coal
3138:Outbursts
3041:Coal dust
3031:Blackdamp
2936:seam fire
2911:phase-out
2625:: 31–42.
2536:105480726
2290:133140773
2096:: 281–287
2014:219047176
1825:129219852
1347:234326219
1193:BMT Group
565:petroleum
498:cellulose
487:peat bogs
426:short ton
307:>32.6
175:vitrinite
3108:Firedamp
2963:Flue gas
2886:Charcoal
2861:Ash pond
2836:Graphite
2724:in JSTOR
2710:Archived
2355:cite web
1473:Archived
904:Archived
791:See also
757:Firedamp
712:Jurassic
657:Liaoning
632:Interior
623:in age.
603:—called
601:wetlands
582:Devonian
557:graphite
553:graphene
228:Subranks
112:firedamp
2968:Fly ash
2816:Lignite
2752:. 1905.
2659:. 1979.
2573:5745376
2155:Bibcode
2049:3004277
1963:Bibcode
1916:Bibcode
1848:Bibcode
1840:Geology
1805:Bibcode
1659:Bibcode
1651:Geology
1612:Bibcode
838:Maceral
726:in the
718:in the
700:Alberta
669:Permian
659:, China
617:Permian
597:periods
594:Permian
586:Neogene
530:methane
435:lignite
293:
279:
203:bitumen
194:friable
60:lignite
52:friable
44:bitumen
3086:slurry
3081:refuse
2953:Coking
2871:Asthma
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863:"Coal"
683:, and
636:Mining
615:) and
506:lignin
504:, and
470:Origin
424:$ 127/
332:
329:
318:
315:
304:>31
301:<69
260:MJ/kg
244:Group
241:Class
142:carbon
97:sulfur
56:ranked
2806:Xylit
2569:S2CID
2532:S2CID
2467:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
2333:(PDF)
2286:S2CID
2247:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
2045:JSTOR
2010:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1753:JSTOR
1420:(PDF)
1388:Omega
1343:S2CID
722:, to
681:Bowen
399:steel
369:steel
290:22–31
287:69–78
276:14–22
273:78–86
222:humic
48:seams
30:, or
3191:Coal
3091:town
3051:Coal
3003:Smog
2948:Coke
2891:Coal
2881:Char
2811:Peat
2788:Coal
2671:ISBN
2588:Fuel
2501:2021
2493:Coal
2475:2021
2428:Fuel
2361:link
2255:2021
2230:2021
2196:2021
2132:2021
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2072:2021
1776:ISBN
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1724:ISBN
1697:2020
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1047:ISBN
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992:2021
970:2020
938:ISBN
912:2017
702:and
630:and
592:and
491:peat
413:coke
363:Uses
212:and
166:coke
138:coal
133:rank
99:and
62:and
36:coal
3056:gas
2998:NOx
2941:tar
2906:gas
2627:doi
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2596:doi
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2444:hdl
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2002:doi
1998:142
1971:doi
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