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reformation. The paradigm conceptualizes Black and White people as the two predominant racial groups, viewing all racism accordant to anti-blackness, and the Black–White relation as central to racial analysis. According to critical race scholars, the binary acts to govern racial classifications and
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is designed with
African American civil rights in mind, it fails to address the forms of discrimination that non-Black people of color experience. This legal blind spot, they argued, leaves non-Black racial minorities less protected by civil rights laws.
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Queerness is racialized as normatively white through the black-white binary, further marginalizing queer people of color. As the racial binary categorizes subjects as either White or Black, queer identity is often associated with white, Western society.
86:. The measurement of non-Black, non-White racial groups through this binary led to the concept of white adjacency, which refers to racial groups considered adjacent to whiteness. The application of white adjacency to Asian Americans through the
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describe how race is understood and approached politically and socially throughout
American history. The black-white binary is a product of white socialization and reduces race relations to an oppressor/oppressed dichotomy.
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through which racial history is presented as a linear story between White and Black
Americans. This binary has largely defined how civil rights legislation is approached in the United States, as
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further marginalizes Asian
Americans under the black–white binary, measuring them by their perceived proximity to whiteness, and their subsequent positional opposition to blackness.
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While the black–white binary defines how racism has been widely approached in the United States, many scholars of color have scrutinized the concept for contributing to the
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To address the issues that stem from the black-white binary, it is believed to be important for a "coalition of forces" to work towards racial justice.
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333:"Lee, P. (2021). Rejecting Honorary Whiteness: Asian Americans and the Attack on Race-Conscious Admissions. Emory Law Journal, 70(7), 1475-1506"
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and Jean
Stefancic propose a criticism of the black–white binary in an introductory book on critical race theory, arguing that because
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Brooks, Roy L. (1994). "In
Defense of the Black/White Binary: Reclaiming a Tradition of Civil Rights Scholarship".
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led most of the major racial justice movements that informed
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261:Critical Race Theory: An Introduction
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211:10.1023/A:1022870628484
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199:The Journal of Ethics
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