Black Catholicism - Knowledge

2583: 941: 51: 2716:. This resulted in mass exposure of traditionally-Protestant African-Americans to Catholic religion in places like Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. As black families moved in, white families often moved out, leaving entire parishes—and, more importantly, parochial schools—open to the new black residents. This, combined with a missionary impulse on the part of local white clerics and nuns, led to mass recruitment of black Protestants to these schools, and eventually the parishes as well. African-Americans converted in droves. 2293: 920: 14515: 26: 15861: 12482: 900: 12471: 5207: 5193: 1155: 960: 3751:. These usually include a palpable belief in the omnipresence and omnipotence of God in daily life struggles, a commitment to the justice of God in various social and political contexts, a strong sense of hope in the face of struggle, a spiritualization of various aspects of everyday experiences, the elevation of Christian faith as a bedrock of the community, and the conviction that worship unlocks the blessings of God. 930: 15871: 910: 2508:, and would go on to address a variety of Black Catholic concerns, including the restrictive Josephite policies concerning black applicants. The federation did not see much success on this front, however, despite friends in high places (such as the Vatican), and would undergo a split in the 1930s after the two of the most powerful leaders in the group (white Jesuits 3996:), messages given at black parishes tend to be lengthier and even more emotive—not unlike their black Protestant equivalents, which are known to be the lengthiest among American Christian groups. This is often seen with Black Catholic ministers who were themselves raised in the black Christian tradition (be it Catholic or Protestant) or otherwise disposed to 3778:

Due to this kind of interplay, Black Catholic theology takes many cues from liberation theology and from the (predominantly Protestant) black (liberation) theology movement, especially the latter's emphasis on the African-American struggle and how it relates to the story and liberating message of the

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organizations began to dedicate themselves to the task of converting and ministering to black Americans, who were then for the most part held in slavery. Upon their gaining freedom, they became even more of a target, as a group now more freely able to choose their religious persuasion and activities.

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Also somewhat unique within American Catholicism is the emphasis on prayer among Black Catholics. While this often involves more traditional rote prayers such as the Rosary or other Catholic devotions, the Black Catholic Movement brought about the more common use of relatively lengthy extemporaneous

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Racism within and outside of the society would sour the priestly experience for Fr Uncles, and he considered himself no longer a member of the order by the time of his death in 1933. For this and various other reasons, Fr Slattery would eventually resign from his post, the priesthood, and eventually

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In the late 19th century, Black Catholics in New Orleans began to join with Whites and other activists to oppose segregation, with the Crescent City being one of the few American locales to have previously experienced a much more interracial climate (this being while under French and Spanish rule).

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Members of the mutual aid society Maistre helped found would thereafter petition the archbishop for a Black Catholic parish named after "St. Abraham Lincoln". This request naturally went unfulfilled, and white-friendly Unionist agendas eventually led to the military-led reacquisition of St Rose by

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The Josephites—having then for nearly 120 years been ministering specifically to African Americans—would make history in 2011, at long last appointing an African American, Fr Norvel, as their first black superior general. Norvel was instrumental in shifting the order's vocational focus to Africa.

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There are about 1.76 million US- or Caribbean-born Black Catholics in America. They are largely centered in the major metro areas of the country. New York—the most populous US city—also has the most Black Catholics, followed (in no particular order) by Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Houston,

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The unrest extended into seminaries as well—including the Josephites', where tensions between the more race-conscious black students/members and their white peers as well as teachers/elders (black and white) boiled over into open hostility, leading to an emptying of much of the seminary and the

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Native African priests have come to outnumber African-American priests in the United States, with the former often pastoring black parishes. The Josephites, the one clerical order ministering specifically to African-Americans, receives almost all of their seminarians, brothers and priests from

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Developments in the expression of Catholicism among Black Catholics (especially within their own Catholic institutions) eventually led to a more independent identity within the Church, such that terms like "Black Catholicism" and "the Black Catholic Church" became more and more commonplace.

3408:", a book that covered the history of Black Catholics from Esteban's expedition in the 16th century all the way to the period of the late 80s. It remains the primary text for the general history of Black Catholics. That same year in July, he and his fellow Clergy Caucus members established 5004:

There is a longstanding tradition of cooperation and coordination between Black Catholic and other black Christian traditions, at a variety of levels—especially during and since the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, which brought Black Catholic figures of note in direct contact and

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Womanism, the theological movement led by and focusing on the perspectives of black women, is also an important aspect of Black Catholic theology, as many or most of the formal Black Catholic theologians have been women associated with that movement and its theories, including Drs.

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due to the ongoing prohibition of black seminarians and priests in the United States. Near the end of his studies (and after a series of discouraging indications and comments from his superiors), he dropped out of seminary in 1862, claiming that he longer felt he had a priestly

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in droves, and between 1970 and 1975, hundreds of Black Catholic seminarians, dozens (~13%) of Black Catholic priests, and 125 black nuns (~14%) left their posts, including NBCS foundress Sr Martin de Porres Grey in 1974. Up to 20% of Black Catholics stopped practicing.

2613:. Black men were otherwise barred from all but one US Catholic seminary, and Lissner envisioned St. Anthony's as a solution. Racism from the US bishops thwarted his goal, however, and only a few men are known to have been ordained from St. Anthony's. It closed in 1926. 1471:

for assistance in stemming the tide of citizens being taken captive from his land. Many of these victims would eventually be brought to the Americas, and some scholars have suggested their common cultural heritage and shared faith led them to instigate at least

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first arrived stateside to promote SMA activities and fundraising. The diocese then encompassed the whole of the state of Georgia, and as such Lissner and other SMA priests were responsible for founding some of the oldest Black parishes there (including

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The movement was headed off by the statement that came out of the inaugural NBCCC meeting in Detroit, in which the caucus members declared in the opening line that "the Catholic Church in the United States is primarily a white, racist institution."

3302:, a Black Catholic priest known for his fiery activism and no-holds-barred demands of the Church. He was a vocal leader in pressing for a Black Catholic rite (complete with bishops and the associated episcopal structure) during the 70s and 80s. 2644:. Partially due to the drought of black Josephite priests, the Divine Word missionaries opted to open a seminary in Mississippi specifically for African-Americans in 1920, so as to more fully open the door for them to holy orders. This venture, 3974:, an unchoreographed form liturgical dance done in conjunction with fast-paced (and often improvised) instrumental gospel music; Historic St. Francis Xavier Church in Baltimore claims to be the first to have integrated this form of worship. 1517:, an African Catholic enslaved by Spaniards, was among the first European groups to enter the region in 1528, via what would become Florida. He would go on to serve on various other North American expeditions. The Afro-Spanish conquistador 1993:—the "first Catholic church in the United States for the use of an all-colored congregation". (Other Catholic churches also lay claim to being the first Black parish in America, including the interracial but mostly Black congregations of 1882:

congregation. She had been the first US-born Black Catholic religious sister when she helped found the Oblates. Notably, due to racism her name and history was scrubbed from the IHM sisters' records for 160 years, until the early 1990s.

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collaboration with the non-Catholic black leaders of said movements. Black Catholics of all stripes have, as members of the larger black community, participated in unifying moments of solidarity for the sake of black social uplift.

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in 1988, following an open demand made to the USCCB in 1985. Marino would resign from his archbishopric two years after his appointment, following a sex scandal involving his secret marriage (and impregnation) of a Church employee.

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A large exodus of African-American Catholics (alongside other Catholics in America) during the 1970s was followed by a continually shrinking population of African Americans within the Catholic Church in the 21st century. A 2021

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The late 80s brought the release of "Lead Me, Guide Me", the first and only Black Catholic hymnal, including numerous songs from the black Christian tradition as well as some Catholic hymns. The second edition was published by

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One of the first parishes to establish a gospel choir was St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church in New Orleans, in 1969 (now known as St. Katharine Drexel Catholic Church). One of the first musicians to experiment similarly was

3217: 2848:, in Africa); before departing for the motherland, he would ordain two black Divine Word seminarians—a black-on-black first. At that time, there were just over a hundred Black Catholic priests—compared to about 50,000 white. 668: 3476:—the annual meeting of the NBCCC, NBSC, NBCSA and NABCD (including the deacons' wives)—a survey was taken of Black Catholics in the early 1990s to gauge the need for and interest in an independent rite; the NBCCC formed an 10403: 10373: 7066: 4119: 3224:

of the diocesan Black Catholic offices/ministries from around the country. Eventually this organization effectively replaced the NOBC, after a major conflict between the Office and the NBSC involving leadership disputes.

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born into slavery and brought to New York shortly after the founding of the United States. Freed by his owner in 1807, he would go on to become a famous hairdresser, as well as a notable philanthropist alongside his wife

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resignation of a number of Josephite priests. By 1971, the seminary had closed for studies. To this day, Josephite seminarians study at nearby universities and their vocations from black Americans has never recovered.

6708:"BOOK REVIEW : Blacks, the Catholic Priesthood : DESEGREGATING THE ALTAR: The Josephites and the Struggle for Black Priests 1871–1960 by Stephen J. Ochs, Louisiana State University Press, $ 39.95, 500 pages" 3706:

as Archbishop of Washington (D.C.), considered by many to be the most important diocese in the country. He is the first African American to hold the post. The appointment was also notable in that archbishops of that

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It could be said the movement/revolution centered in Chicago, where a large number of Black Catholics resided in the late 1960s, forming sizable black parishes—though always under the leadership of white priests. Fr

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in Maryland, a Catholic school established in 1924 for Black Catholics, but clashed with the school's administrators "over many of the same issues with which he disagreed with Turner", and the school closed in 1933.

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streetcar, informing the operator that he was Black, and being arrested. The Committee hoped that, as the resulting court case advanced, segregation laws would be overturned. Instead, the opposite occurred, and the

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introduced since Vatican II—has gained popularity with some black parishes as a supplement to the extant Gospel Mass form (in lieu of an official African-American rite, a topic not broached since the early 90s).

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While in most American parishes, Daily Mass (held on weekdays and before 4 pm on Saturdays) involves no singing, some black parishes use at least some singing (such as the Communion hymn) in such liturgies.

4131: 3416: 2457: 688: 2065:). Other than these three, there are not known to have been any other Black Catholic priests in America between the first African Catholic contact in 1509 (in Puerto Rico) and the ordination of the first openly 10328: 1911: 3495:

in the 1800s, but the desire to do much for Black Catholics was incredibly sparse then and no action was taken. History repeated itself, and the AACRC disbanded after the results of the survey were released.

10378: 8487: 4165: 4185: 1919: 3232:(BCTS), a yearly gathering dedicated to the promotion of Black Catholic theology, emerged in 1978 in Baltimore. From it has emerged some of the leading voices not only in Black Catholic theology, but in 2331:, a religious order dedicated to serving the black and Native American communities, and went on to found and staff countless Black Catholic schools for that purpose. She was canonized in the year 2000. 13887: 13882: 3879:. In some black parishes, the traditional form of a given hymn may be forgone altogether in favor of an equivalent gospel tune (e.g., "Hallelujah, Salvation And Glory" for the Alleluia, a gospel-ized " 3734:

Following the trend of Catholic disaffiliation in the late 20th century, 2021 Pew Research study noted that just over half of Black American adults who were raised Catholic still remain in the Church.

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St. Anthony's Mission House, a racially integrated minor seminary founded by Fr Ignatius Lissner of the Society of African Missions in 1921. Originally located in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey.

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ordained priests prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, though all three passed for white throughout their lives. Their race was known only to select mentors of theirs in the Church. One of them,

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had been experimented with on a basic level. Rivers' music (and musical direction) was used at the first official English-language Mass in the United States in 1964, including his watershed work,

1973:(originally called St. Martin de Porres Catholic Church), the first Black Catholic parish in D.C., which runs D.C.'s oldest black school and is considered the "Mother Church of Black Catholics". 10368: 10021:. Black and Catholic: The Challenge and Gift of Black Folk : Contributions of African American Experience and Thought to Catholic Theology. United States, Marquette University Press, 1997. 3607:, a Black Catholic parish in Chicago, has helped introduce yet more modem black forms of worship to the Mass, including the use of a "praise team" (a smaller vocal ensemble that generally sings 3392:

celebrating Black Catholic liturgy and expression. It would grow into a more general Black Catholic advocacy conference sponsored by the USCCB, and is preceded annually by a pre-conference, the

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The boom in Black Catholics in the North created an immediate opportunity for organizing and activism, which quickly took place—and in a markedly interracial (and even interfaith) fashion. The

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alongside a number of traditional Catholic hymns. The preface was penned by noteworthy Black Catholic liturgists, explaining the history and compatibility of black Christian worship with the

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officials, attend seminary and be ordained in Europe (not unlike the Healy brothers). He went on to minister in Illinois, was declared Venerable in 2019, and could be declared a saint soon.

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In the South, the successes of the Divine Word society in ordaining black priests, as well as other propitious factors, led to the integration of other orders (an early example being the

658: 3484:", offering a proposal for a study that would be presented at the next year's Black Catholic Congress. Their plan was much like Stallings'. Black Catholic theologian (and future bishop) 10388: 6004: 3192:

That same year, the NBSC, NOBC, and Black Catholic laypeople spearheaded a national campaign to stop the mass closings of Catholic schools in urban and predominantly-black communities.

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as a threat—even a disqualifying character trait for blacks applying for their order. Many female religious orders did not allow their members, black or white, to march or protest for

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was founded at Xavier University of Louisiana. Every summer since, it has hosted a variety of accredited courses on Black Catholic theology, ministry, ethics, and history, offering a

2755:" strategy to more or less sanctify racial segregation in Chicago, as Black Catholics—despite not technically constituting a nationality—were "consigned" to such a parish themselves. 4154: 3473: 2178:). He would serve there until 1874, when health issues forced a return to New Orleans, where he lived in the archbishop's residence, until his death the next year. He was buried in 6222: 570: 3090:

At least two of the requests made in the statement were answered rather quickly, as—with the help of a white Josephite superior general who advocated for it as early as 1967—the

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After the Emancipation Proclamation, African-American Catholics became a single class of free black people, though the degree to which that freedom could be actualized varied.

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Morrow, Diane Batts. Persons of Color and Religious at the Same Time: The Oblate Sisters of Providence, 1828–1860. United Kingdom, University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

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Alongside this nascent inculturation came a second boom in Black Catholic numbers, as they increased by 220,000 (35%) during the 1960s—over half being converts. In 1966, Fr

3354:(NBCC) emerged as a purported successor to Daniel Rudd's Colored Catholic Congress movement of the late 19th century, this time founded as a nonprofit under the name of Fr 10323: 10318: 4897: 4170: 3577: 3558: 3366: 3287: 2524: 1852: 1467:

The Portuguese appetite for African slaves quickly grew beyond the intentions or capacity of the Kongolese people, leading to one Kongo ruler going so far as to write the

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Another black Protestant tradition now seen in many Black Catholic parishes is that of dance. This includes "praise dancing", an individual or group-based choreographed

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Black Catholic worship consists of the Roman Rite Mass, like most any other Catholic group in America, but tends to use black Gospel hymns and/or style for the propers (

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While there is no official hierarchy specific to Black Catholicism, the various organizations and conferences associated with it are seen as leadership outlets.

3454: 3071: 1966: 1633:(and its influence after the French no longer ruled the area) became notable for its degree of interracialism, in which much of Church life showed little to no 1240:" became the most common descriptor for African-Americans (replacing "negro"), so "Black Catholic" became the most common moniker for their Catholic adherents. 14420: 14415: 13964: 12696: 12553: 10780: 7905: 5315: 5099: 3154: 2598:

to found an order of Black nuns to teach there instead. The Handmaids were founded in 1917 and the group remained there in Georgia before following Lissner to

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Abp Odin scolded Maistre for inciting "the love of liberty and independence" among slaves—eventually suspending him from ministry and placing the parish under

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in places where it had not been dreamed of—but also in places where it had been. As early as the 1950s, under the creative eye of Black Catholics such as Fr

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In 2015, the USCCB issued a series of documents in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Movement, including a "Black Catholic History

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in 1978. He was the first and only African American to be made a bishop of a foreign diocese, and is typically not included in lists of US black bishops.)

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became the first openly-Black Catholic bishop of a diocese when he was named Bishop of Biloxi in 1977. Marino would become the first-ever Black Catholic

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There are currently around three million Black Catholics in the United States, making up 6% of the total population of African Americans, who are mostly

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similarly, and celebrated the Mass with a decidedly "black" liturgical flair. One such Mass in 1969 included an 80-voice gospel choir provided by the

2950: 16030: 13383: 12518: 11650: 4175: 3381: 2363: 1879: 1228:) African-descended person, the term in apposition to "Catholicism" is usually used to refer to African-Americans. This became solidified during the 1036: 863: 760: 466: 16010: 16000: 13877: 10436: 5678: 5300: 3944: 3747:

Generally speaking, Black Catholics hold to mainstream Catholic theology, often supplemented and enriched in various ways by beliefs common to the

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The aforementioned St Joseph's Black Catholic Church in Norfolk, having been merged with St Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Towson) in 1961 and

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A number of prominent Black Catholic theologians, including Drs. Hayes, Copeland, Craig A Ford Jr., and Fr Bryan Massingale have been accused of

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to continue associating with Maistre sacramentally). Maistre defied the order(s), officiating—among other services—the funeral of Black Catholic

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zeitgeist of the late 60s and 70s. Some have termed this period the "Black Catholic Revolution" or the "Black Catholic Revolt". As this newfound

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Ochs, Stephen J. Desegregating the Altar: The Josephites and the Struggle for Black Priests, 1871–1960. Louisiana State University Press. 1990.

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from the Church altogether in 1906. Subsequent Josephite superiors would scarcely accept or ordain blacks, and this lasted for several decades.

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form of the Roman Rite) in 1988, various Black Catholic parishes in the U.S. began to implement at least some its rubrics. Two parishes in the

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Even with the decline in vocations and lay practice during the 1970s, various new national Black Catholic organizations emerged. In 1976, the

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Eventually, as the movement entered full-swing, Catholics of all stripes would begin to participate, with white and black laypeople, priests,

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As part of the NBCC Congress XII proceedings in 2017, representatives appointed by bishops from every diocese in the United States issued a "

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Parish Boundaries: The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North. United States, University of Chicago Press, 2016.

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Between 1966 and 1988, the Holy See would name 13 black bishops, and in 1984 these bishops would issue their own pastoral letter entitled "

3174: 2671: 2101:. When parishes in places like New Orleans began to transition from the French tradition of interracialism to the American habit of strict 1403:, all of which were conquered and left little trace of their former glory; scholars have since recovered some of their history. Due to the 517: 2448:

that segregation was in fact legal nationwide. The decision would cast a dark shadow on the Black freedom struggle for the next 60 years.

15895: 14237: 14009: 11702: 11445: 10983: 5220: 3932: 2804: 34: 7372: 1027:. Black Catholics in America are a heavily immigrant population, with only 68% being born in the United States, while 12% were born in 16060: 14552: 14457: 13401: 13396: 12358: 11387: 11290: 5888: 3076: 15905: 15793: 15248: 14116: 13620: 12729: 12323: 12185: 11103: 10218: 9437: 4072: 2898: 2886: 2382: 2345: 2089:, old habits of separation between blacks born free and those born into slavery remained, which functioned partially on the basis of 1788: 1509:

The first African Catholic slaves that arrived in what would eventually become the United States primarily came during the period of

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Collum, Danny Duncan. Black and Catholic in the Jim Crow South: The Stuff that Makes Community. United States, Paulist Press, 2006.

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Hayes, Diana L., and Davis, Cyprian. Taking Down Our Harps: Black Catholics in the United States. United States, Orbis Books, 1998.

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Sr Ebo would go on to become the first African-American woman to administer a hospital in the United States (St. Clare Hospital in

2155:, whose supporters Odin came to despise. Maistre continued to publicly advocate for radical causes, including the commemoration of 1899: 1646: 1028: 137: 10084:

Cressler, Matthew. Authentically Black and Truly Catholic: The Rise of Black Catholicism in the Great Migration. NYU Press. 2017.

9846: 3561:, named after the aforementioned Black Catholic liturgist. In 2012, a second edition of the "Lead Me, Guide" hymnal was released. 1683:

and the exit of France and Spain from most of North America, Black Catholics in America faced an increasingly unique situation as

15915: 15820: 15778: 14430: 14390: 14232: 14136: 14065: 13670: 12270: 11364: 8664: 8513: 5072: 3095: 3043: 2925: 2478: 1868: 1696: 981: 663: 607: 522: 3161:, a Josephite, helped introduce gospel choirs to Black Catholic parishes nationwide (especially in D.C. and Los Angeles). This " 1867:, and especially singing. It was the first Black Catholic lay group in the US. The group would disband after two years when the 16065: 16045: 15910: 15900: 15263: 14489: 14484: 14452: 14222: 14126: 14089: 14036: 13870: 10598: 10593: 10283: 10178: 6806:"Federated Colored Catholics Convention Program 1931 · EDUC 765 Principles of Curriculum · American Catholic History Classroom" 5415: 4944: 4067: 2645: 1814: 1745: 612: 546: 8981: 5811: 1833:

in New Orleans since its founding in 1867. They also founded the first and oldest Catholic nursing home in the United States,

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have collaborated with Chicago's Black Catholics on a number of occasions—quite controversially in the case of Farrakhan.

15728: 14949: 14770: 14370: 14207: 14177: 13959: 13538: 12750: 12280: 12110: 11018: 10765: 9921: 3880: 3358:, future bishop of Pensacola-Tallahassee and future Superior General of the Josephites, in collaboration with the NABCA. 2792: 2640:, various clerical orders other than the Josephites would begin to pursue black ministry and vocations, most notably the 2164: 1830: 1630: 1580: 181: 6133:"Whites and Blacks in the Antebellum Catholic Church · African-American Catholics · American Catholic History Classroom" 2462:, operated during this period—though, unlike Rudd's earlier effort, TCH had the official endorsement of the Church (via 2456:

At the same time, Black Catholics began to organize once again on the national level. Another Black Catholic newspaper,

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in 1889 under the leadership of the aforementioned Daniel Rudd. Their inaugural gathering would include the audience of

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of American Catholicism overall (the latter being more or less unrelated to race issues). Catholics of all races began

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to create a desire for more authentic recognition of black freedom and self-oversight within the Church, as racism and

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and merely reflected the surrounding population, while the most recent crop came about due to population displacement (

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neighborhood of San Francisco, made such implementations with the help of Black Catholic professor and music minister

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When the Civil Rights Movement first began, much of the Catholic Church, black and white, was uninterested. Many that

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Society of African Missions, St. Anthony's Mission House, and the Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary

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began ministry in the United States in 1906, being given authority over Black Catholic ministry in the whole of the

2174:, restored Maistre's faculties, closed Holy Name of Jesus, and reassigned him to St. Lawrence (in relatively remote 2045:, would become in 1854 the first known African-American Catholic priest and the first such bishop in 1875. Another, 1184: 798: 15698: 14882: 14603: 14576: 14435: 14400: 14385: 14143: 13745: 12989: 12959: 12775: 12504: 12436: 11984: 11737: 11682: 11547: 11282: 11278: 11023: 10808: 10755: 10383: 10164: 9645: 9541: 4698: 4160: 4082: 4033:

The movement also brought about rote prayers specific to the black experience, including a number of prayer books.

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order in Chicago), Black Catholics inaugurated a number of powerful new organizations in early 1968, including the

2328: 2297: 2160: 1844:, the nation's oldest Black Catholic church, was founded by free blacks in the nation's oldest black neighborhood ( 1675:, and meet the spiritual needs of their slaves, they were not under any local government codes to the same effect ( 1418:, Catholic Christianity in West Africa—the region that would produce virtually all of the individuals ending up in 1141:

study noted that only just over half of Black American adults who were raised Catholic still remain in the Church.

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of the late 60s on through the 1990s. This new discipline coincided (and indeed collaborated) with the genesis of

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in 2001, and received Telly, Crystal Communicator, Proclaim, and US International Film and Video Festival awards.

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A year later, the USCCB issued its first pastoral letter against racism in 39 years, following the first wave of

2594:, in response to a Georgia law banning White teachers from teaching Black students. Lissner enlisted the help of 1986: 1597:. The French involvement would result in various new African Catholic communities, including the most famous, in 1584: 893: 127: 7848: 6758: 3279:

degree—"the only graduate theology program in the western hemisphere taught from a Black Catholic perspective".

2049:, would in 1864 become the first black American to join a clerical religious order and the first black American 1423: 15980: 14545: 14212: 14106: 14021: 13625: 12383: 12095: 11782: 11752: 11732: 11672: 11462: 11178: 10716: 10708: 10620: 10481: 10461: 10363: 10273: 10223: 10183: 6081: 5759: 5627: 5355: 2667: 2657: 2606: 2541: 2002: 1741: 1369: 1180: 888: 617: 597: 9229: 8064:"Perspective | The U.S. Catholic Church's last major effort on racism was in 1979. Charlottesville woke it up" 7561: 5275: 15995: 15439: 15402: 15302: 15233: 15219: 14963: 14897: 14249: 14182: 14165: 14111: 14060: 13999: 13904: 13865: 13805: 13605: 12994: 12974: 12781: 12760: 11757: 11747: 11073: 10944: 10842: 10539: 10203: 7092: 3492: 3299: 3293: 2870:, were met with scorn and derision, especially members of religious orders. The Josephites, for example, saw 2477:(the second Black Catholic priest ordained in the US, and the second such Josephite) and six others from the 1938: 1864: 1803: 1553: 1258: 1048: 838: 828: 803: 741: 167: 9410: 8289: 2427:

against the streetcar companies in the city in an attempt to force the courts to take action. This involved

1787:. Dedicated to providing education to otherwise neglected black youths, the order would found the all-girls 15332: 14072: 14048: 14043: 14026: 13994: 13937: 13050: 12999: 12832: 12338: 12309: 12292: 12200: 11812: 11777: 11767: 11345: 11326: 11188: 10939: 10852: 10343: 10258: 10233: 10141: 10061:

Hogan, Edmund. The Turning of a Tide: Ignace Lissner and the Society of African Missions in the USA. 2016.

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This phenomenon of resignation was felt across Black Catholicism in the 1970s and coincided with a general

3181:(a staunch supporter of Civil Rights) announced his retirement, a delegation of Black Catholics led by the 2902: 2212: 2175: 1757: 1688: 1373: 541: 488: 271: 6029: 15723: 15678: 15606: 15253: 14867: 14337: 14329: 14272: 14187: 13675: 13580: 13436: 13418: 13320: 12979: 12949: 12674: 12594: 12573: 12348: 11098: 10966: 10835: 10243: 10213: 10188: 9767: 6707: 5329: 4893: 4097: 4056: 3419:

began operations, and that same year, Sr Jamie Phelps helped to restart the annual meetings of the BCTS.

2929: 2767:, wherein black intellectuals in NYC fomented an artistic revolution that made waves across the country. 2725: 2551: 2537: 2497: 2171: 1447: 1087: 923: 638: 561: 142: 8367:"'The life we've been living': Historic Black Catholic Church in Norfolk, Virginia, looks to the future" 3771:, such that the former can be considered a subset of the latter. At least one Black Catholic priest, Fr 3557:

A Black Catholic liturgical conference similar to Unity Explosion developed in New Orleans in 2004, the

2728:(CYO) was founded in Chicago in 1930 and quickly became a hotspot for integrated Catholic activity. Dr. 2648:, was largely a success, and within a decade they had ordained a number of well-received black priests. 15970: 15753: 15657: 15617: 15292: 14892: 14877: 14660: 14355: 14292: 14282: 13832: 13590: 13550: 12907: 12601: 12265: 12063: 11717: 11369: 11335: 11294: 10248: 10228: 7931: 7287:"Sister Antona Ebo's lifelong struggle against white supremacy, inside and outside the Catholic Church" 6612:"Josephites mark 125 years of ministry and celebrate a 'resilient faith'. Published 11/27/2018. Nation" 4970: 4683: 4594: 4077: 3971: 3712: 2875: 2641: 2621: 2582: 2389:

and Fr Uncles was among the founding members, another first for a Black Catholic. Slattery founded the

2014: 1942: 1860: 1776: 1680: 1281: 1262: 426: 8125: 6559: 5257:"African immigrants in U.S. more religious than other Black Americans, and more likely to be Catholic" 2844:

became the first openly-Black Catholic bishop consecrated in the United States (though for service in

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and 5% born in other parts of Central or South America. About a quarter of Black Catholics worship in

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and a Mass celebrated by Fr Tolton. This group would meet annually for five years before shuttering.

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In 1858, a group of free Black Catholics in Washington, D.C. opted out of their segregated status at

1618: 843: 633: 117: 9333: 8928: 8614:"Archbishop Lyke Conference celebrates gifts that Black Catholics bring to liturgies and ministries" 8563: 8192: 2370:. He would go on to become, in 1891, the first Black Catholic priest ordained in the United States. 1659:, where Catholicism was less common and social strictures were more pronounced and harsh. There was 15407: 15131: 14842: 14581: 13954: 13518: 13431: 13075: 12864: 12679: 12619: 12609: 12535: 12485: 12421: 12343: 12314: 11934: 11929: 11807: 11707: 11692: 11677: 11519: 11340: 11230: 11148: 10972: 10949: 10900: 10573: 10313: 10238: 8800: 7760:"A Portrait of Black Catholicism: Celebrating 40 years of the Black Catholic Theological Symposium" 6289: 6256:"Three priests reflect on horror of George Floyd's death and meaning of the protests that followed" 5785:"Read the damning letter written by the king of Kongo to the king of Portugal over slavery in 1526" 5356:"There Are More Black Catholics in the U.S. Than Members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church" 4619: 4453: 3997: 3983: 3612: 3260:, FSPA have had an immeasurable impact in advancing the cause of Black Catholic history, theology, 3047: 3017: 3013: 2867: 2737: 2277: 1552:

slaves who reached their territory if they converted to Catholicism. Most such freedmen settled at

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region. Roughly a century before Europe made contact with what would become the United States, the

1317: 1165: 903: 403: 238: 132: 122: 7121: 6585: 6057:"Congratulations Georgetown. Now It's Time to Own Up to the Racist History of the Catholic Church" 5703: 2840:

However, there would come a taste of the future in 1953, when the Dominican Divine Word priest Fr

15840: 15632: 15287: 14958: 14287: 13837: 13491: 13460: 13240: 13180: 13045: 12788: 12406: 12038: 11999: 11966: 11412: 11392: 11260: 11138: 11088: 10867: 10668: 10608: 10208: 9255: 6891: 5225: 4092: 3764: 3657: 3138: 2971: 2796: 2486: 1169: 1091: 579: 190: 89: 9307: 5837:"Forget what you know about 1619, historians say. Slavery began a half-century before Jamestown" 2821:

This growth in Black Catholic laypeople as well as priests would soon coalesce with the growing

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There were multiple early Christian kingdoms in Africa, the most of notable of which emerged in

15758: 15553: 15312: 14788: 14736: 14726: 14714: 14202: 13932: 13170: 12964: 12954: 12892: 12702: 12641: 12475: 12416: 12411: 12045: 11851: 11772: 11697: 11577: 11255: 11143: 11083: 10760: 10648: 9282:"Church Teaching on Sexuality and Gender Must Reflect LGBT People's Realities, Says Theologian" 8314: 6534: 6107: 5212: 5048: 4767: 4542: 3948: 3925: 3864: 3673: 3573: 2990: 2910: 2856: 2595: 2463: 2250: 2054: 1930: 1875: 1768: 1598: 1576: 1564: 1533: 1529: 1067: 1063: 964: 281: 162: 112: 9618: 7964: 6859:

Parish boundaries : the Catholic encounter with race in the twentieth-century urban North

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On October 25, 2020, Pope Francis announced that he would indeed name Gregory a cardinal at a

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in the same year as their founding, the first and oldest continually-operating Black Catholic

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entered the Kongo and began to make converts and engage in trade; there was also some limited

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Bañuelas, Arturo J.; Dávila, M.T.; Díaz, Miguel H.; Nanko-Fernández, Carmen (June 12, 2020).

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The turning of a tide : Ignace Lissner and the Society of African Missions in the U.S.A.

6030:"Mother Mary Elizabeth Lange, founder and first superior of the Oblate Sisters of Providence" 4614: 4609: 4517: 4319: 4294: 4266: 3952: 3840: 3799: 3702:

That same year, the Most Reverend Wilton Gregory—then the Archbishop of Atlanta—was named by

3677: 3306: 2822: 2816: 2771:, a prominent jazz artist in the movement, converted to Catholicism around this time, as did 2062: 2046: 2042: 1829:

women who were never enslaved). They too dedicated themselves to education and have operated

1634: 1400: 1333: 1305: 383: 350: 327: 309: 291: 10123: 10118: 9568:"'We lost what we cherished': Cincinnati parish fights back when a new priest brings change" 9515: 8852: 7493:(Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 447–448. 7317:(Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 416–417. 7222:(Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 422–423. 1528:

African Catholics, slave and free, were also among the Spanish settlers who established the

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