60:
728:
78:
668:
632:
818:, enslaved as a young man and shipped to Virginia. He was purchased by George Washington in 1763; he escaped about 1776 in Virginia to British lines, eventually making his way to New York. He was among free blacks evacuated to Nova Scotia by the British following the war. He later took the opportunity to migrate to Freetown in Africa. There by 1800 he became the leader of a rebellion against colonial rule and faced a military tribunal. His descendants are part of the Creole population, who make up 5.8% of the total.
481:, better known as the "Black Pioneers" and later merged into the Guides and Pioneers. In the military terminology of the day, a "pioneer" was a soldier who built roads, dug trenches, and did other manual labor. These soldiers were typically divided into smaller corps and attached to larger armies. The Black Pioneers worked to build fortifications and other necessities, and they could be called upon to work under fire. They served under General Clinton in a support capacity in North Carolina, New York,
29:
530:, a primary issue of debate was the fate of Black British soldiers. Loyalists who remained in the United States wanted Black soldiers returned so their chances of receiving reparations for damaged property would be increased, but British military leaders fully intended to keep the promise of freedom made to Black soldiers despite the anger of the Americans.
305:
And I do hereby further declare all indented
Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His MAJESTY'S Troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Dignity.
461:; Dunmore was overconfident and misinformed about the Patriot numbers, however, and the Patriots overwhelmed the British troops. After the battle, Dunmore loaded his Black troops onto ships of the British fleet, hoping to take the opportunity to train them better. The cramped conditions led to the spread of
376:, expanding Dunmore's Proclamation and promising freedom to any escaped slave of a Patriot. However, Clinton often ordered the returned escaped slaves to Loyalist masters, though he requested the owner to refrain from punishment. In 1778 the Patriots promised freedom to escaped slaves of Loyalists. But as
708:
in 1997. A seasonal museum commemorating the Black
Loyalists was opened in that year by the Black Loyalist Heritage Society. A memorial has been established at the Black Loyalist Burying Ground. Built around the historic Birchtown school and church, the museum was badly damaged by an arson attack in
508:
who had escaped to
British lines early in the war. The title of colonel was not an official military designation, as he was not formally commissioned as an officer, but such titles were permitted anyway in an unofficial capacity. Tye and the Black Brigade were the most feared Loyalists in New Jersey,
336:
He is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has deprived them, by murdering the people on whom he has obtruded them: thus paying off former crimes committed again the
Liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against
304:
I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to resort to His MAJESTY'S STANDARD, or be looked upon as
Traitors to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Government, and thereby become liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offences; such as forfeiture of Life, confiscation of Lands, &c. &c.
691:
native and descendant of a Black
Loyalist through her father. In the closing days of the Revolution, along with British troops and other Black Loyalists, her paternal four-times-great-grandfather and grandmother left the colonies. They were resettled in Shelburne with their first child, who had been
549:
intended to honor the promise of freedom, the
British proposed a compromise that would compensate slave owners and provide certificates of freedom and the right to be evacuated to one of the British colonies to any Black person who could prove his service or status. The British transported more than
255:
Lower courts often interpreted the ruling as determining that the status of slavery did not exist in
England and Wales, but Mansfield ruled more narrowly. The decision did not apply to the North American and Caribbean colonies, where local legislatures had passed laws to institutionalize slavery. A
562:, the first recorded race riots in Canadian history. Crown officials granted land to the Black Loyalists of lesser quality and that were more rocky and less fertile than that given to White Loyalists. In 1792, the British government offered Black Loyalists the chance to resettle in a new colony in
331:
refers obliquely to the
Proclamation by citing it as one of its grievances, that King George III had "excited domestic Insurrections among us". An earlier version of the Declaration was more explicit, stating the following of King George III, but these controversial details were dropped during the
533:
In the chaos as the
British evacuated Loyalist refugees, particularly from New York and Charleston, many American slave owners attempted to recapture their former slaves. Some would capture any Black, including those born free before the war, and sell them into slavery. The U.S. Congress ordered
513:
to defending the British in occupied New York in the winter of 1779. Beginning in June 1780, Tye led several actions against Patriots in Monmouth County, and he was wounded in the wrist during a raid on a Patriot militia leader in September. Within weeks, he died from gangrene, and Black Pioneer
186:
as the British gave them certificates of freedom and arranged for their transportation. The Crown gave them land grants and supplies to help them resettle in Nova Scotia. Some of the European Loyalists who emigrated to Nova Scotia brought their enslaved servants with them, making for an uneasy
435:. Other regiments included the Jersey Shore Volunteers, the Jamaica Rangers, the Mosquito Shore Volunteers, and the Black Dragoons of the South Carolina Royalists. It was also common for Black Loyalists to serve the military in non-combat positions, such as the Black Company of Pioneers.
643:
Between 1776 and 1785, around 3,500 Blacks were transported to Nova Scotia from the United States, part of a larger migration of about 34,000 Loyalist refugees. This massive influx of people increased the population by almost 60%, and led to the establishment of
557:
Black Loyalists found the northern climate and frontier conditions in Nova Scotia difficult and were subject to discrimination by other Loyalist settlers, many of them slaveholders. In July 1784, Black Loyalists in Shelburne were targeted in the
489:. They did not sustain any casualties because they were never used in combat. In Philadelphia, their general orders to "attend the scavengers, assist in cleaning the streets & removing all newsiances being thrown into the streets".
252:, ruled that slavery had no standing under common law and slave owners, therefore, were not permitted to transport slaves outside England and Wales against their will. Many observers took it to mean that slavery was ended in England.
388:
When the British evacuated their troops from Charleston and New York after the war, they made good on their promises and took thousands of freed slaves with them. They resettled the freedmen in colonies in the Caribbean, such as
300:'s royal governor, he called on all able-bodied men to assist him in the defence of the colony, including slaves belonging to the Patriots. He promised such slave recruits freedom in exchange for service in the British Army:
319:
to enlist. Outraged Virginia slave owners decreed that runaway slaves would be executed, and they also counteracted the promises of Lord Dunmore by claiming that slaves who escaped to Lord Dunmore would be sold to
371:
banned the formation of new Black regiments and disbanded his own. But freeing slaves of rebels still held value as economic warfare against the American so-called Patriots. In 1779, Sir Henry Clinton issued the
238:, a form of semi-serfdom, was legally recognized but long obsolete. In 1772, a slave threatened with being taken out of England and returned to the Caribbean challenged the authority of his master in the case of
594:
Approximately 300 free Black people in Savannah refused to evacuate at the end of the war, fearing they would be re-enslaved once they arrived in the West Indies. They established an independent colony in
603:, though by 1786 most of them were discovered and returned to slavery, as Southern planters ignored the fact that they had been freed by the British during the war. When the British ceded the colonies of
397:. The Canadian climate and other factors made Nova Scotia difficult. In addition, the Poor Blacks of London, many former slaves, had trouble getting work. British abolitionists ultimately founded
256:
number of cases were presented to the English courts for the emancipation of slaves residing in England, and numerous American runaways hoped to reach England where they expected to gain freedom.
772:. In addition, Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia were offered the opportunity to relocate, and about half chose to move to the new colony. Today the descendants of these pioneers are known as the
2091:
611:
back to Spain per the terms of the Treaty of Paris, hundreds of free Black people which had been transported there from the South were left behind as British forces pulled out of the region.
570:
was established to manage its development. Half of the Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, nearly 1200, departed the country and moved permanently to Sierra Leone. They set up the community of "
2072:
760:
Some Black Loyalists were transported to London, where they struggled to create new lives. Sympathy for the black veterans who had fought for the British stimulated support for the
1698:
199:
187:
society. One historian has argued that those slaves should not be regarded as Loyalists, as they had no choice in their fates. Other Black Loyalists were evacuated to
1891:
1838:
1314:
1444:
1123:
709:
2008 but rebuilt. The Society began plans for a major expansion of the museum to tell the story of the Black Loyalists in America, Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone.
1727:
1524:
1193:
2574:
1784:
1540:
1569:
1368:
2564:
1095:
550:
3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia, the greatest number of people of African descent to arrive there at any one time. One of their settlements,
427:
Lord Dunmore's proclamation and others led to the formation of several Black regiments in the British army. The most notable were Dunmore's Royal
2155:
1478:
210:
in Africa in 1787. Five years later, another 1,192 Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia chose to emigrate to Sierra Leone, becoming known as the
2149:
422:
263:
was for them and against their masters as tensions increased before the American Revolution. Colonial slaveholders feared a British-inspired
2114:
1706:
2450:
2226:
1265:
761:
145:
2589:
2201:
754:
661:
457:. The Patriot militia at Kemp's Landing was unprepared for the attack and retreated. Next, Dunmore led the Royal Ethiopians into the
328:
1858:
245:
2104:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2353:
2036:
1648:
1397:
249:
1598:
2164:
272:
215:
1895:
1322:
788:
2126:
194:
Thousands of enslaved people escaped from plantations and fled to British lines, especially after British occupation of
1452:
1369:
https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people
546:
321:
1131:
1735:
1425:
1201:
1171:
705:
2541:
1011:
289:
268:
34:
409:. Nearly 2,000 Black Loyalists left Nova Scotia to help found the new colony in Africa. Their descendants are the
2348:
1792:
368:
367:
With the arrival of 30,000 Hessian mercenary troops, the British did not have as much need of former slaves. Sir
1672:
as a "stout wench, thick lips, pock marked. Formerly slave to General Washington, came away about 4 years ago."
1548:
727:
380:
noted in his memoir, both Patriots and Loyalists who captured escaped slaves often sold them back into slavery.
2569:
2338:
2231:
1577:
154:
2508:
2194:
162:
2086:
2013:
1099:
198:. When the British evacuated, they took many former enslaved people with them. Many ended up among London's
2221:
1668:, a 20-year-old woman who had escaped from George Washington's plantation in 1779. She is described in the
1027:
875:
739:
2535:
2478:
2376:
2138:
1764:
1685:
947:
906:
505:
454:
1814:
453:. They trained in the rudiments of marching and shooting before engaging in their first conflict at the
2470:
2455:
2274:
2062:
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty,
987:
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty,
773:
722:
619:
Many descendants of Black loyalists have been able to track their ancestry by using General Carleton's
219:
195:
158:
118:
1988:"Goodbye, Columbus: When America won its independence, what became of the slaves who fled for theirs?"
2287:
2257:
764:. This organization backed the resettlement of the black poor from London to a new British colony of
478:
432:
293:
2047:
Travels in Madeira, Sierra Leone, Teneriffe, St. Jago, Cape Coast, Fernando Po, Princes island, etc.
1508:
2579:
2327:
2263:
2187:
1486:
373:
83:
2045:
1051:
660:, settled by Whites. There are also a number of Black loyalists buried in unmarked graves in the
554:
was the largest free African community in North America for the first few years of its existence.
989:(Beacon Press, Boston, 2006); Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, Alan Edward Brown (eds),
919:
1987:
405:
on the coast of West Africa, as a place to resettle Black Loyalists from London and Canada, and
2483:
2381:
2371:
2311:
2236:
1930:
1640:
1389:
1349:
1222:
Kaplan, Sidney (July 1976). "The "Domestic Insurrections" of the Declaration of Independence".
962:
957:
833:
701:
667:
657:
636:
631:
551:
539:
458:
207:
1635:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783â1870
1384:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783â1870
2439:
1926:
1415:
1290:
746:
718:
680:
482:
211:
28:
538:
to retrieve any American property, including slaves, from the British, as stipulated by the
327:
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation was the first mass emancipation of slaves in America. The 1776
2460:
2173:
1163:
567:
466:
203:
2143:
8:
2396:
1870:
952:
743:
731:
410:
1674:
1045:
2292:
1962:
1866:
1633:
1606:
1382:
1247:
1239:
928:
679:, a Black woman living in Nova Scotia who became a police officer and a businesswoman.
510:
450:
444:
428:
297:
240:
38:
992:
The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution
2419:
2101:
2032:
1966:
1644:
1421:
1393:
1363:
A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people
1251:
1167:
783:
Black Loyalists from the American South brought their languages to Freetown, such as
535:
527:
316:
2132:
1815:"The search:Interest in piecing together family trees grows among African-Americans"
2513:
2029:
Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence
1954:
1231:
1153:
887:
811:
406:
223:
173:
2518:
2488:
2386:
2317:
2241:
2168:
2108:
1610:
1157:
1015:
851:
839:
587:
559:
264:
182:
64:
2161:
944:, an African American who fought for the Patriots during the American Revolution
2424:
2404:
1992:
1756:
1665:
890:, freedman who resettled in Sierra Leone after enslavement to George Washington
827:
600:
515:
1958:
2558:
1843:
1675:"Life Stories: Profiles of Black New Yorkers During Slavery and Emancipation"
1074:
967:
941:
901:
799:
793:
688:
653:
645:
324:. But many slaves were willing to risk their lives for a chance at freedom.
2503:
2414:
2409:
2303:
2067:
2041:
1915:
1286:
869:
863:
797:
was a strong influence on the descendants of this community, who developed
765:
750:
676:
608:
604:
563:
486:
402:
348:
1404:, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
2498:
2493:
2363:
1983:
924:
881:
857:
845:
777:
769:
501:
377:
177:
1655:
Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
1243:
1006:
675:
Among, the descendants of the Black Loyalists are noted figures such as
990:
815:
500:
The "Black Brigade" was a small combat unit of 24 in New Jersey led by
393:, and in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, as well as transporting some to
356:
260:
235:
914:
in the United States). It won the 2008 Commonwealth Award for Fiction.
226:
referred to the Black Loyalists as "the fugitives from these States".
1631:
Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
1151:
807:
can trace their ancestry directly to their Black Loyalist ancestors.
649:
166:
1380:
Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
1235:
449:
Lord Dunmore organized 800 Black Loyalist volunteers into the Royal
2322:
571:
518:
took over the Black Brigade and led it through the end of the war.
462:
398:
275:
in early 1775 of his intention to take advantage of the situation.
161:. In particular, the term refers to men who escaped enslavement by
2179:
2073:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution
671:
The coat of arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society in Canada
582:
578:
390:
352:
2120:
2092:"Biographies of the Loyalist Era: Thomas Peters, Black Loyalist"
234:
Slavery in England had never been authorized by legal statutes.
135:
Both White British military officers and Black Loyalist officers
1266:"(1776) The Deleted Passage of the Declaration of Independence"
784:
735:
648:
as its own colony in 1784. Most of the free Blacks settled at
394:
351:
drafted a proposal in 1779 for the enlistment of a regiment of
188:
315:
Within a month, about 800 slaves or former slaves had fled to
1863:
Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia
1603:
Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia
878:, one of the "Founding Fathers" of the nation of Sierra Leone
684:
596:
1350:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116
102:
infantry, dragoons (mounted infantry), irregular, labor duty
1506:
1028:
Barry Cahill, "The Black Loyalist Myth in Atlantic Canada"
33:
Smock similar to those worn by Black Loyalist soldiers in
1367:
Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014
927:
is a Black Loyalist and briefly serves in Lord Dunmore's
577:
In 1793, the British transported another 3,000 Blacks to
585:
as free men and women. Their names were recorded in the
94:
British provincial units, Loyalist militias, associators
1839:"Canada makes amends to descendants of black loyalists"
780:. They live primarily in the Western Area of Freetown.
165:
masters and served on the Loyalist side because of the
469:, only 300 of the original 800 soldiers had survived.
2055:
Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World
830:, commanding officer of the Black Company of Pioneers
1945:
Pybus, Cassandra (2006). "Washington's Revolution".
1705:. Canada's Digital Collections. 1783. Archived from
1345:
A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone
848:, first Methodist missionary to indigenous Africans
803:as a language. Many of the Sierra Leone Creoles or
1632:
1530:, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 420â421, accessed 4 May 2010
1381:
509:and he led them in several raids from 1778 at the
153:were people of African descent who sided with the
1894:. African American Registry. 2005. Archived from
1639:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1388:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1043:
2556:
2076:(London: BBC Books, 2005) (New York: Ecco, 2006)
416:
222:and the founders of the nation of Sierra Leone.
1507:Nan Cole and Todd Braisted (February 2, 2001).
332:final development of the document in Congress:
172:Some 3,000 Black Loyalists were evacuated from
74:
16:Slaves who sided with the Loyalists for freedom
1791:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1734:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1576:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1547:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1417:Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History
623:. The number of these descendants is unknown.
383:
2195:
2031:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012.
1485:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1451:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1360:
1354:
1321:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1200:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1130:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1098:. Digital History. 2007-10-18. Archived from
917:In the second episode of the 2016 miniseries
423:Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution
310:Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, November 7, 1775
2575:African Americans in the American Revolution
692:born free behind British lines in New York.
477:The largest Black Loyalist regiment was the
472:
465:. By the time that Dunmore retreated to the
218:. Both waves of settlers became part of the
2146:, Documents and writings on Black Loyalists
1859:"Black Loyalist Communities in Nova Scotia"
1473:
1471:
1469:
1439:
1437:
1258:
438:
362:
259:American slaves began to believe that King
2451:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
2227:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
2202:
2188:
1831:
1309:
1307:
762:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
146:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
27:
2565:Pre-emancipation African-American history
1978:
1976:
1118:
1116:
900:The saga of the Black Loyalists inspired
755:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
662:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
283:
2162:Nova Scotia archives, virtual exhibition
2111:, University of Manitoba, Vol. 17, No. 1
1940:
1938:
1789:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1749:
1732:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1703:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1574:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1545:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1466:
1449:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1434:
1414:Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014).
1319:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1198:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1128:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
726:
666:
630:
526:When peace negotiations began after the
1916:Black Loyalist Heritage Society website
1483:Black Loyalists:Our History, Our People
1304:
1285:
1050:. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p.
342:Draft Declaration of Independence, 1776
180:; they were individually listed in the
2557:
1982:
1973:
1630:
1520:
1518:
1413:
1407:
1379:
1373:
1342:
1336:
1221:
1159:A Companion to the American Revolution
1113:
2183:
2174:Black Loyalists' experience in Canada
1944:
1935:
1145:
894:
872:, American missionary to Sierra Leone
2430:See also Sierra Leone settlers below
1812:
860:, American immigrant to Sierra Leone
521:
2209:
2129:, National Archives, United Kingdom
1892:"Rose Fortune, a special Canadian!"
1515:
789:African American Vernacular English
13:
2021:
1929:Also see Hartshorne's portrait by
810:An example of such an ancestor is
322:sugar plantations in the Caribbean
14:
2611:
2156:Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada
2080:
1813:Sege, Irene (February 21, 2007).
1509:"A History of the Black Pioneers"
1075:"The Revolution's Black Soldiers"
1072:
821:
700:The Black Loyalist settlement of
656:at the time, next to the town of
635:A Black Loyalist wood cutter, at
2590:History of immigration to Canada
1420:. New Africa Press. p. 68.
1291:"Black Loyalists Proposed Corps"
695:
652:, the largest Black township in
495:
278:
76:
58:
2134:Africans in America: Revolution
2121:Black Loyalist Heritage Society
2007:
1920:
1909:
1884:
1851:
1806:
1777:
1761:Africans in America: Revolution
1720:
1658:
1624:
1599:"Who were the Black Loyalists?"
1591:
1562:
1533:
1500:
1279:
1268:. Blackpast.org. 10 August 2009
1215:
738:who was the chief assistant of
712:
1315:"The Philipsburg Proclamation"
1186:
1088:
1066:
1037:
1021:
1000:
979:
626:
614:
216:British colony of Sierra Leone
202:, with 4,000 resettled by the
1:
1361:Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014).
1124:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation"
1096:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation"
1034:, University of New Brunswick
973:
854:, American Methodist preacher
417:Black Loyalist military units
229:
2600:Ethnic groups in Nova Scotia
2595:18th century in Sierra Leone
2585:Slavery in the United States
1343:Thayer, James Steel (1991).
814:, likely born about 1740 in
294:a controversial proclamation
7:
1686:New-York Historical Society
1047:The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia
948:Black refugee (War of 1812)
935:
836:, American Baptist preacher
683:(nÊe Gosman), the Canadian
506:Monmouth County, New Jersey
384:Evacuation and resettlement
329:Declaration of Independence
191:or the Caribbean colonies.
10:
2616:
2382:Port Rosey (now Shelburne)
2275:American Revolutionary War
2176:, Atlantic Canadian Portal
1044:Jefferson, Thomas (1900).
774:Sierra Leone Creole people
723:Sierra Leone Creole people
716:
442:
420:
220:Sierra Leone Creole people
196:Charleston, South Carolina
159:American Revolutionary War
143:
119:American Revolutionary War
2527:
2469:
2438:
2395:
2362:
2337:
2301:
2288:Black Company of Pioneers
2273:
2250:
2217:
2115:Heritage: Black Loyalists
2057:. New York: Garland 1999.
1959:10.1080/14788810600875414
1728:"Certificates of Freedom"
787:from the Low Country and
687:and concert singer, is a
545:Since Lieutenant General
479:Black Company of Pioneers
473:Black Company of Pioneers
433:Black Company of Pioneers
169:'s guarantee of freedom.
129:
124:
114:
106:
98:
90:
70:
53:
45:
26:
21:
2342:involved in Emancipation
2328:Petition of Free Negroes
2264:Philipsburg Proclamation
1527:African Americans at War
1525:Jonathan D. Sutherland,
1224:Journal of Negro History
1077:. AmericanRevolution.org
455:Battle of Kemp's Landing
439:Royal Ethiopian Regiment
374:Philipsburg Proclamation
363:Philipsburg Proclamation
355:and another regiment of
2014:Black Loyalist website.
996:(subscription required)
540:Treaty of Paris of 1783
2405:Colonel Stephen Blucke
2258:Dunmore's Proclamation
2237:United Empire Loyalist
2087:Black Loyalist website
2064:New York: Beacon, 2006
1931:Robert Field (painter)
963:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
958:History of Nova Scotia
842:, Nova Scotian settler
757:
706:National Historic Site
702:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
672:
640:
637:Shelburne, Nova Scotia
552:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
459:Battle of Great Bridge
345:
313:
284:Dunmore's Proclamation
2570:American rebel slaves
2442:Sierra Leone Settlers
2150:Anti-Slavery movement
1785:"Returned to Slavery"
1757:"The Book of Negroes"
1541:"The Treaty of Paris"
1511:. Loyalist Institute.
1445:"The Royal Ethiopian"
1194:"Escape from Slavery"
1152:Jack Phillip Greene,
912:Someone Knows My Name
747:Nova Scotian Settlers
730:
719:Nova Scotian Settlers
681:Measha Brueggergosman
670:
634:
483:Newport, Rhode Island
337:the lives of another.
334:
302:
212:Nova Scotian Settlers
2461:Sierra Leone Company
2349:General Samuel Birch
2152:, Collections Canada
2050:(Google eBook), 1840
1847:. 30 September 2017.
1479:"The Black Pioneers"
1293:. Loyalist Institute
1164:Blackwell Publishing
866:, Methodist preacher
568:Sierra Leone Company
467:Province of New York
204:Sierra Leone Company
2536:The Book of Negroes
2471:Sierra Leone people
2397:Black Nova Scotians
2222:Slavery in the U.S.
2053:Pulis, John W. ed.
1688:. 2005. p. 103
1682:Slavery in New York
1570:"Chaos in New York"
1347:. pp. 215â230.
1008:The Book of Negroes
953:Black Nova Scotians
907:The Book of Negroes
732:Lawrence Hartshorne
411:Sierra Leone Creole
347:Jamaica's Governor
110:companies-regiments
2293:Ethiopian Regiment
2167:2013-10-11 at the
2144:Loyalist Institute
2123:, official website
2107:2016-03-04 at the
2060:Pybus, Cassandra.
1927:Canadian Biography
1867:Nova Scotia Museum
1607:Nova Scotia Museum
1018:, Black Loyalists.
1014:2022-07-30 at the
929:Ethiopian Regiment
895:In popular culture
758:
673:
641:
581:, Nova Scotia and
511:Battle of Monmouth
451:Ethiopian Regiment
445:Ethiopian Regiment
429:Ethiopian Regiment
288:In November 1775,
241:Somerset v Stewart
39:Ethiopian Regiment
2552:
2551:
2420:Richard Pierpoint
2415:Rev. John Marrant
2037:978-0-226-10155-2
1699:"Book of Negroes"
1650:978-0-8020-7402-7
1399:978-0-8020-7402-7
1073:Selig, Robert A.
985:Cassandra Pybus,
591:by Sir Carleton.
536:George Washington
528:siege of Yorktown
522:Postwar treatment
317:Norfolk, Virginia
139:
138:
2607:
2514:Harry Washington
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1947:Atlantic Studies
1942:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1869:. Archived from
1855:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1819:The Boston Globe
1810:
1804:
1803:
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1693:
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1662:
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1619:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
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1566:
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1559:
1557:
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1537:
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1298:
1289:(May 25, 1779).
1283:
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1256:
1255:
1219:
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1154:Jack Richon Pole
1149:
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1041:
1035:
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1019:
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998:
997:
983:
888:Harry Washington
812:Harry Washington
742:in helping the
407:Jamaican Maroons
343:
311:
224:Thomas Jefferson
86:
82:
80:
79:
63:
62:
61:
31:
19:
18:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2580:Black Loyalists
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2523:
2519:Moses Wilkinson
2489:Abraham Hazeley
2465:
2441:
2434:
2391:
2387:Shelburne riots
2358:
2354:Stephen Skinner
2341:
2339:White Loyalists
2333:
2318:Book of Negroes
2312:Treaty of Paris
2297:
2283:Black Loyalists
2269:
2246:
2242:Black Canadians
2213:
2211:Black Loyalists
2208:
2169:Wayback Machine
2109:Wayback Machine
2083:
2027:Gilbert, Alan.
2024:
2022:Further reading
2019:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1943:
1936:
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1670:Book of Negroes
1664:Among them was
1663:
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1166:. p. 241.
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1016:Wayback Machine
1005:
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852:Moses Wilkinson
840:Abraham Hazeley
824:
725:
715:
704:was declared a
698:
629:
621:Book of Negroes
617:
588:Book of Negroes
560:Shelburne Riots
524:
504:, a slave from
498:
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475:
447:
441:
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419:
401:in what became
386:
365:
344:
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312:
309:
286:
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265:slave rebellion
232:
183:Book of Negroes
151:Black Loyalists
148:
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131:
77:
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65:British America
59:
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41:
17:
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5:
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2440:Nova Scotian /
2436:
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2425:Deborah Squash
2422:
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2199:
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2177:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2099:
2098:, Learn Quebec
2089:
2082:
2081:External links
2079:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2006:
1993:The New Yorker
1986:(8 May 2006).
1972:
1953:(2): 183â199.
1934:
1919:
1908:
1883:
1850:
1830:
1805:
1776:
1748:
1719:
1666:Deborah Squash
1657:
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1230:(3): 243â255.
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915:
910:(published as
904:'s 2007 novel
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828:Stephen Blucke
823:
822:Notable people
820:
714:
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694:
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625:
616:
613:
601:Savannah River
523:
520:
516:Stephen Blucke
497:
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443:Main article:
440:
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431:and Clinton's
421:Main article:
418:
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273:Lord Dartmouth
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22:Black Loyalist
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2509:Thomas Peters
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2131:
2128:
2127:Black History
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:The Loyalists
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2068:Schama, Simon
2066:
2063:
2059:
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2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:Holman, James
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
1995:
1994:
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1977:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1928:
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1898:on 2007-09-30
1897:
1893:
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1873:on 2007-11-11
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1854:
1846:
1845:
1844:The Economist
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1795:on 2007-11-17
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1580:on 2007-11-17
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1489:on 2007-09-28
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1455:on 2007-11-17
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1427:9789987160389
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1325:on 2007-11-17
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1287:Dalling, John
1282:
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1204:on 2007-11-17
1203:
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1189:
1175:
1173:0-631-21058-X
1169:
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1134:on 2007-11-16
1133:
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968:Billy (slave)
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942:Black Patriot
940:
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909:
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902:Lawrence Hill
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741:
740:John Clarkson
737:
734:, d. 1822, a
733:
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703:
696:Commemoration
693:
690:
689:New Brunswick
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654:North America
651:
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646:New Brunswick
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246:Chief Justice
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141:Military unit
134:
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84:Great Britain
73:
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30:
25:
20:
2534:
2504:Cato Perkins
2484:David George
2479:Davis family
2456:Settler Town
2429:
2410:Rose Fortune
2304:Emancipation
2282:
2210:
2133:
2117:, Saint John
2095:
2071:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2028:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1991:
1984:Lepore, Jill
1950:
1946:
1922:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1862:
1853:
1842:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1788:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1731:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:
1660:
1634:
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1602:
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
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749:emigrate to
713:Sierra Leone
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677:Rose Fortune
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605:East Florida
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2494:John Kizell
2364:Nova Scotia
2102:"Loyalties"
925:Kunta Kinte
882:Colonel Tye
858:John Kizell
846:Boston King
770:West Africa
627:Nova Scotia
615:Descendants
502:Colonel Tye
378:Boston King
214:in the new
178:Nova Scotia
157:during the
115:Engagements
2559:Categories
2542:miniseries
2158:, Archives
1902:2007-10-18
1877:2007-10-18
1824:2007-10-18
1799:2007-10-18
1770:2007-10-19
1742:2007-10-18
1713:2007-10-19
1692:2007-10-19
1617:2007-10-18
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1272:2019-11-24
1208:2007-10-17
1179:2007-10-18
1138:2007-10-17
1106:2007-10-18
1081:2007-10-18
1032:Acadiensis
974:References
816:The Gambia
717:See also:
261:George III
236:Villeinage
230:Background
200:Black Poor
144:See also:
132:commanders
125:Commanders
71:Allegiance
2372:Birchtown
2330:(Niagara)
2302:Post-war
2232:Loyalists
1967:159201709
1252:149796469
1058:August 6,
884:, soldier
658:Shelburne
650:Birchtown
639:, in 1788
353:mulattoes
271:wrote to
155:Loyalists
49:1775â1784
2528:In media
2323:Merikins
2165:Archived
2105:Archived
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1156:(2000).
1012:Archived
936:See also
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514:leader
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413:people.
399:Freetown
340:â
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298:Virginia
208:Freetown
174:New York
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292:issued
163:Patriot
130:Notable
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1963:S2CID
1678:(PDF)
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920:Roots
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776:, or
744:Black
685:opera
599:near
296:. As
167:Crown
2033:ISBN
2001:2015
1645:ISBN
1422:ISBN
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1060:2010
800:Krio
721:and
607:and
107:Size
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2139:PBS
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