71:
739:
89:
679:
643:
829:, enslaved as a young man and shipped to Virginia. He was purchased by George Washington in 1763; he escaped about 1776 in Virginia to British lines, eventually making his way to New York. He was among free blacks evacuated to Nova Scotia by the British following the war. He later took the opportunity to migrate to Freetown in Africa. There by 1800 he became the leader of a rebellion against colonial rule and faced a military tribunal. His descendants are part of the Creole population, who make up 5.8% of the total.
492:, better known as the "Black Pioneers" and later merged into the Guides and Pioneers. In the military terminology of the day, a "pioneer" was a soldier who built roads, dug trenches, and did other manual labor. These soldiers were typically divided into smaller corps and attached to larger armies. The Black Pioneers worked to build fortifications and other necessities, and they could be called upon to work under fire. They served under General Clinton in a support capacity in North Carolina, New York,
40:
541:, a primary issue of debate was the fate of Black British soldiers. Loyalists who remained in the United States wanted Black soldiers returned so their chances of receiving reparations for damaged property would be increased, but British military leaders fully intended to keep the promise of freedom made to Black soldiers despite the anger of the Americans.
316:
And I do hereby further declare all indented
Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His MAJESTY'S Troops as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this Colony to a proper Sense of their Duty, to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Dignity.
472:; Dunmore was overconfident and misinformed about the Patriot numbers, however, and the Patriots overwhelmed the British troops. After the battle, Dunmore loaded his Black troops onto ships of the British fleet, hoping to take the opportunity to train them better. The cramped conditions led to the spread of
387:, expanding Dunmore's Proclamation and promising freedom to any escaped slave of a Patriot. However, Clinton often ordered the returned escaped slaves to Loyalist masters, though he requested the owner to refrain from punishment. In 1778 the Patriots promised freedom to escaped slaves of Loyalists. But as
719:
in 1997. A seasonal museum commemorating the Black
Loyalists was opened in that year by the Black Loyalist Heritage Society. A memorial has been established at the Black Loyalist Burying Ground. Built around the historic Birchtown school and church, the museum was badly damaged by an arson attack in
519:
who had escaped to
British lines early in the war. The title of colonel was not an official military designation, as he was not formally commissioned as an officer, but such titles were permitted anyway in an unofficial capacity. Tye and the Black Brigade were the most feared Loyalists in New Jersey,
347:
He is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has deprived them, by murdering the people on whom he has obtruded them: thus paying off former crimes committed again the
Liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against
315:
I do require every Person capable of bearing Arms, to resort to His MAJESTY'S STANDARD, or be looked upon as
Traitors to His MAJESTY'S Crown and Government, and thereby become liable to the Penalty the Law inflicts upon such Offences; such as forfeiture of Life, confiscation of Lands, &c. &c.
702:
native and descendant of a Black
Loyalist through her father. In the closing days of the Revolution, along with British troops and other Black Loyalists, her paternal four-times-great-grandfather and grandmother left the colonies. They were resettled in Shelburne with their first child, who had been
560:
intended to honor the promise of freedom, the
British proposed a compromise that would compensate slave owners and provide certificates of freedom and the right to be evacuated to one of the British colonies to any Black person who could prove his service or status. The British transported more than
266:
Lower courts often interpreted the ruling as determining that the status of slavery did not exist in
England and Wales, but Mansfield ruled more narrowly. The decision did not apply to the North American and Caribbean colonies, where local legislatures had passed laws to institutionalize slavery. A
573:, the first recorded race riots in Canadian history. Crown officials granted land to the Black Loyalists of lesser quality and that were more rocky and less fertile than that given to White Loyalists. In 1792, the British government offered Black Loyalists the chance to resettle in a new colony in
342:
refers obliquely to the
Proclamation by citing it as one of its grievances, that King George III had "excited domestic Insurrections among us". An earlier version of the Declaration was more explicit, stating the following of King George III, but these controversial details were dropped during the
544:
In the chaos as the
British evacuated Loyalist refugees, particularly from New York and Charleston, many American slave owners attempted to recapture their former slaves. Some would capture any Black, including those born free before the war, and sell them into slavery. The U.S. Congress ordered
524:
to defending the British in occupied New York in the winter of 1779. Beginning in June 1780, Tye led several actions against Patriots in Monmouth County, and he was wounded in the wrist during a raid on a Patriot militia leader in September. Within weeks, he died from gangrene, and Black Pioneer
197:
as the British gave them certificates of freedom and arranged for their transportation. The Crown gave them land grants and supplies to help them resettle in Nova Scotia. Some of the European Loyalists who emigrated to Nova Scotia brought their enslaved servants with them, making for an uneasy
446:. Other regiments included the Jersey Shore Volunteers, the Jamaica Rangers, the Mosquito Shore Volunteers, and the Black Dragoons of the South Carolina Royalists. It was also common for Black Loyalists to serve the military in non-combat positions, such as the Black Company of Pioneers.
654:
Between 1776 and 1785, around 3,500 Blacks were transported to Nova Scotia from the United States, part of a larger migration of about 34,000 Loyalist refugees. This massive influx of people increased the population by almost 60%, and led to the establishment of
568:
Black Loyalists found the northern climate and frontier conditions in Nova Scotia difficult and were subject to discrimination by other Loyalist settlers, many of them slaveholders. In July 1784, Black Loyalists in Shelburne were targeted in the
500:. They did not sustain any casualties because they were never used in combat. In Philadelphia, their general orders to "attend the scavengers, assist in cleaning the streets & removing all newsiances being thrown into the streets".
263:, ruled that slavery had no standing under common law and slave owners, therefore, were not permitted to transport slaves outside England and Wales against their will. Many observers took it to mean that slavery was ended in England.
399:
When the British evacuated their troops from Charleston and New York after the war, they made good on their promises and took thousands of freed slaves with them. They resettled the freedmen in colonies in the Caribbean, such as
311:'s royal governor, he called on all able-bodied men to assist him in the defence of the colony, including slaves belonging to the Patriots. He promised such slave recruits freedom in exchange for service in the British Army:
330:
to enlist. Outraged Virginia slave owners decreed that runaway slaves would be executed, and they also counteracted the promises of Lord Dunmore by claiming that slaves who escaped to Lord Dunmore would be sold to
382:
banned the formation of new Black regiments and disbanded his own. But freeing slaves of rebels still held value as economic warfare against the American so-called Patriots. In 1779, Sir Henry Clinton issued the
249:, a form of semi-serfdom, was legally recognized but long obsolete. In 1772, a slave threatened with being taken out of England and returned to the Caribbean challenged the authority of his master in the case of
605:
Approximately 300 free Black people in Savannah refused to evacuate at the end of the war, fearing they would be re-enslaved once they arrived in the West Indies. They established an independent colony in
614:, though by 1786 most of them were discovered and returned to slavery, as Southern planters ignored the fact that they had been freed by the British during the war. When the British ceded the colonies of
408:. The Canadian climate and other factors made Nova Scotia difficult. In addition, the Poor Blacks of London, many former slaves, had trouble getting work. British abolitionists ultimately founded
267:
number of cases were presented to the English courts for the emancipation of slaves residing in England, and numerous American runaways hoped to reach England where they expected to gain freedom.
783:. In addition, Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia were offered the opportunity to relocate, and about half chose to move to the new colony. Today the descendants of these pioneers are known as the
2102:
622:
back to Spain per the terms of the Treaty of Paris, hundreds of free Black people which had been transported there from the South were left behind as British forces pulled out of the region.
581:
was established to manage its development. Half of the Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, nearly 1200, departed the country and moved permanently to Sierra Leone. They set up the community of "
2083:
771:
Some Black Loyalists were transported to London, where they struggled to create new lives. Sympathy for the black veterans who had fought for the British stimulated support for the
1709:
210:
198:
society. One historian has argued that those slaves should not be regarded as Loyalists, as they had no choice in their fates. Other Black Loyalists were evacuated to
1902:
1849:
1325:
1455:
1134:
720:
2008 but rebuilt. The Society began plans for a major expansion of the museum to tell the story of the Black Loyalists in America, Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone.
1738:
1535:
1204:
2585:
1795:
1551:
1580:
1379:
2575:
1106:
561:
3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia, the greatest number of people of African descent to arrive there at any one time. One of their settlements,
438:
Lord Dunmore's proclamation and others led to the formation of several Black regiments in the British army. The most notable were Dunmore's Royal
2166:
1489:
221:
in Africa in 1787. Five years later, another 1,192 Black Loyalists from Nova Scotia chose to emigrate to Sierra Leone, becoming known as the
2160:
433:
274:
was for them and against their masters as tensions increased before the American Revolution. Colonial slaveholders feared a British-inspired
2125:
1717:
2461:
2237:
1276:
772:
156:
2600:
2212:
765:
672:
468:. The Patriot militia at Kemp's Landing was unprepared for the attack and retreated. Next, Dunmore led the Royal Ethiopians into the
339:
1869:
256:
2115:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2364:
2047:
1659:
1408:
260:
1609:
2175:
283:
226:
1906:
1333:
799:
2137:
205:
Thousands of enslaved people escaped from plantations and fled to British lines, especially after British occupation of
1463:
1380:
https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people
557:
332:
1142:
1746:
1436:
1212:
1182:
716:
2552:
1022:
300:
279:
45:
420:. Nearly 2,000 Black Loyalists left Nova Scotia to help found the new colony in Africa. Their descendants are the
2359:
1803:
379:
378:
With the arrival of 30,000 Hessian mercenary troops, the British did not have as much need of former slaves. Sir
17:
1683:
as a "stout wench, thick lips, pock marked. Formerly slave to General Washington, came away about 4 years ago."
1559:
738:
391:
noted in his memoir, both Patriots and Loyalists who captured escaped slaves often sold them back into slavery.
2580:
2349:
2242:
1588:
165:
2519:
2205:
173:
2097:
2024:
1110:
209:. When the British evacuated, they took many former enslaved people with them. Many ended up among London's
2232:
1679:, a 20-year-old woman who had escaped from George Washington's plantation in 1779. She is described in the
1038:
886:
750:
2546:
2489:
2387:
2149:
1775:
1696:
958:
917:
516:
465:
1825:
464:. They trained in the rudiments of marching and shooting before engaging in their first conflict at the
2481:
2466:
2285:
2073:
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty,
998:
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty,
784:
733:
630:
Many descendants of Black loyalists have been able to track their ancestry by using General Carleton's
230:
206:
169:
129:
1999:"Goodbye, Columbus: When America won its independence, what became of the slaves who fled for theirs?"
2298:
2268:
775:. This organization backed the resettlement of the black poor from London to a new British colony of
489:
443:
304:
2058:
Travels in Madeira, Sierra Leone, Teneriffe, St. Jago, Cape Coast, Fernando Po, Princes island, etc.
1519:
2590:
2338:
2274:
2198:
1497:
384:
94:
2056:
1062:
671:, settled by Whites. There are also a number of Black loyalists buried in unmarked graves in the
565:
was the largest free African community in North America for the first few years of its existence.
1000:(Beacon Press, Boston, 2006); Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, Alan Edward Brown (eds),
930:
1998:
416:
on the coast of West Africa, as a place to resettle Black Loyalists from London and Canada, and
2494:
2392:
2382:
2322:
2247:
1941:
1651:
1400:
1360:
1233:
Kaplan, Sidney (July 1976). "The "Domestic Insurrections" of the Declaration of Independence".
973:
968:
844:
712:
678:
668:
647:
642:
562:
550:
469:
218:
1646:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783â1870
1395:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783â1870
2450:
1937:
1426:
1301:
757:
729:
691:
493:
222:
39:
549:
to retrieve any American property, including slaves, from the British, as stipulated by the
338:
Lord Dunmore's Proclamation was the first mass emancipation of slaves in America. The 1776
2471:
2184:
1174:
578:
477:
214:
2154:
8:
2407:
1881:
963:
754:
742:
421:
1685:
1056:
2303:
1973:
1877:
1644:
1617:
1393:
1258:
1250:
939:
690:, a Black woman living in Nova Scotia who became a police officer and a businesswoman.
521:
461:
455:
439:
308:
251:
49:
1003:
The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution
2430:
2112:
2043:
1977:
1655:
1432:
1404:
1374:
A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people
1262:
1178:
794:
Black Loyalists from the American South brought their languages to Freetown, such as
546:
538:
327:
2143:
1826:"The search:Interest in piecing together family trees grows among African-Americans"
2524:
2040:
Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence
1965:
1242:
1164:
898:
822:
417:
234:
184:
2529:
2499:
2397:
2328:
2252:
2179:
2119:
1621:
1168:
1026:
862:
850:
598:
570:
275:
193:
75:
2172:
955:, an African American who fought for the Patriots during the American Revolution
2435:
2415:
2003:
1767:
1676:
901:, freedman who resettled in Sierra Leone after enslavement to George Washington
838:
611:
526:
1969:
2569:
1854:
1686:"Life Stories: Profiles of Black New Yorkers During Slavery and Emancipation"
1085:
978:
952:
912:
810:
804:
699:
664:
656:
335:. But many slaves were willing to risk their lives for a chance at freedom.
2514:
2425:
2420:
2314:
2078:
2052:
1926:
1297:
880:
874:
808:
was a strong influence on the descendants of this community, who developed
776:
761:
687:
619:
615:
574:
497:
413:
359:
1415:, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
2509:
2504:
2374:
1994:
935:
892:
868:
856:
788:
780:
512:
388:
188:
1666:
Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
1254:
1017:
686:
Among, the descendants of the Black Loyalists are noted figures such as
1001:
826:
511:
The "Black Brigade" was a small combat unit of 24 in New Jersey led by
404:, and in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, as well as transporting some to
367:
271:
246:
925:
in the United States). It won the 2008 Commonwealth Award for Fiction.
237:
referred to the Black Loyalists as "the fugitives from these States".
1642:
Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
1162:
818:
can trace their ancestry directly to their Black Loyalist ancestors.
660:
177:
1391:
Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
1246:
460:
Lord Dunmore organized 800 Black Loyalist volunteers into the Royal
2333:
582:
529:
took over the Black Brigade and led it through the end of the war.
473:
409:
286:
in early 1775 of his intention to take advantage of the situation.
172:. In particular, the term refers to men who escaped enslavement by
2190:
2084:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution
682:
The coat of arms of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society in Canada
593:
589:
401:
363:
2131:
2103:"Biographies of the Loyalist Era: Thomas Peters, Black Loyalist"
245:
Slavery in England had never been authorized by legal statutes.
146:
Both White British military officers and Black Loyalist officers
1277:"(1776) The Deleted Passage of the Declaration of Independence"
795:
746:
659:
as its own colony in 1784. Most of the free Blacks settled at
405:
362:
drafted a proposal in 1779 for the enlistment of a regiment of
199:
326:
Within a month, about 800 slaves or former slaves had fled to
1874:
Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia
1614:
Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia
889:, one of the "Founding Fathers" of the nation of Sierra Leone
695:
607:
1361:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116
113:
infantry, dragoons (mounted infantry), irregular, labor duty
1517:
1039:
Barry Cahill, "The Black Loyalist Myth in Atlantic Canada"
44:
Smock similar to those worn by Black Loyalist soldiers in
1378:
Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014
938:
is a Black Loyalist and briefly serves in Lord Dunmore's
588:
In 1793, the British transported another 3,000 Blacks to
596:
as free men and women. Their names were recorded in the
105:
British provincial units, Loyalist militias, associators
1850:"Canada makes amends to descendants of black loyalists"
791:. They live primarily in the Western Area of Freetown.
176:
masters and served on the Loyalist side because of the
480:, only 300 of the original 800 soldiers had survived.
2066:
Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World
841:, commanding officer of the Black Company of Pioneers
1956:
Pybus, Cassandra (2006). "Washington's Revolution".
1716:. Canada's Digital Collections. 1783. Archived from
1356:
A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone
859:, first Methodist missionary to indigenous Africans
814:as a language. Many of the Sierra Leone Creoles or
1643:
1541:, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 420â421, accessed 4 May 2010
1392:
520:and he led them in several raids from 1778 at the
164:were people of African descent who sided with the
1905:. African American Registry. 2005. Archived from
1650:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1399:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
1054:
2567:
2087:(London: BBC Books, 2005) (New York: Ecco, 2006)
427:
233:and the founders of the nation of Sierra Leone.
1518:Nan Cole and Todd Braisted (February 2, 2001).
343:final development of the document in Congress:
183:Some 3,000 Black Loyalists were evacuated from
85:
27:Slaves who sided with the Loyalists for freedom
1802:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1745:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1587:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1558:. Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from
1428:Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History
634:. The number of these descendants is unknown.
394:
2206:
2042:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012.
1496:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1462:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1332:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1211:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1141:. Canada's Digital Collection. Archived from
1109:. Digital History. 2007-10-18. Archived from
928:In the second episode of the 2016 miniseries
434:Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution
321:Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, November 7, 1775
2586:African Americans in the American Revolution
703:born free behind British lines in New York.
488:The largest Black Loyalist regiment was the
483:
476:. By the time that Dunmore retreated to the
229:. Both waves of settlers became part of the
2157:, Documents and writings on Black Loyalists
1870:"Black Loyalist Communities in Nova Scotia"
1484:
1482:
1480:
1450:
1448:
1269:
449:
373:
270:American slaves began to believe that King
2462:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
2238:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
2213:
2199:
1842:
1320:
1318:
773:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
157:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
38:
2576:Pre-emancipation African-American history
1989:
1987:
1129:
1127:
911:The saga of the Black Loyalists inspired
766:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
673:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
294:
2173:Nova Scotia archives, virtual exhibition
2122:, University of Manitoba, Vol. 17, No. 1
1951:
1949:
1800:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1760:
1743:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1714:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1585:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1556:Black Loyalists: Our People, Our History
1477:
1460:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1445:
1425:Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014).
1330:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1209:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
1139:Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People
737:
677:
641:
537:When peace negotiations began after the
1927:Black Loyalist Heritage Society website
1494:Black Loyalists:Our History, Our People
1315:
1296:
1061:. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p.
353:Draft Declaration of Independence, 1776
191:; they were individually listed in the
14:
2568:
1993:
1984:
1641:
1531:
1529:
1424:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1353:
1347:
1232:
1170:A Companion to the American Revolution
1124:
2194:
2185:Black Loyalists' experience in Canada
1955:
1946:
1156:
905:
883:, American missionary to Sierra Leone
2441:See also Sierra Leone settlers below
1823:
871:, American immigrant to Sierra Leone
532:
2220:
2140:, National Archives, United Kingdom
1903:"Rose Fortune, a special Canadian!"
1526:
800:African American Vernacular English
24:
2032:
1940:Also see Hartshorne's portrait by
821:An example of such an ancestor is
333:sugar plantations in the Caribbean
25:
2622:
2167:Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada
2091:
1824:Sege, Irene (February 21, 2007).
1520:"A History of the Black Pioneers"
1086:"The Revolution's Black Soldiers"
1083:
832:
711:The Black Loyalist settlement of
667:at the time, next to the town of
646:A Black Loyalist wood cutter, at
2601:History of immigration to Canada
1431:. New Africa Press. p. 68.
1302:"Black Loyalists Proposed Corps"
706:
663:, the largest Black township in
506:
289:
87:
69:
2145:Africans in America: Revolution
2132:Black Loyalist Heritage Society
2018:
1931:
1920:
1895:
1862:
1817:
1788:
1772:Africans in America: Revolution
1731:
1669:
1635:
1610:"Who were the Black Loyalists?"
1602:
1573:
1544:
1511:
1290:
1279:. Blackpast.org. 10 August 2009
1226:
749:who was the chief assistant of
723:
1326:"The Philipsburg Proclamation"
1197:
1099:
1077:
1048:
1032:
1011:
990:
637:
625:
227:British colony of Sierra Leone
213:, with 4,000 resettled by the
13:
1:
1372:Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014).
1135:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation"
1107:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation"
1045:, University of New Brunswick
984:
865:, American Methodist preacher
428:Black Loyalist military units
240:
2611:Ethnic groups in Nova Scotia
2606:18th century in Sierra Leone
2596:Slavery in the United States
1354:Thayer, James Steel (1991).
825:, likely born about 1740 in
305:a controversial proclamation
7:
1697:New-York Historical Society
1058:The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia
959:Black refugee (War of 1812)
946:
847:, American Baptist preacher
694:(nÊe Gosman), the Canadian
517:Monmouth County, New Jersey
395:Evacuation and resettlement
340:Declaration of Independence
202:or the Caribbean colonies.
10:
2627:
2393:Port Rosey (now Shelburne)
2286:American Revolutionary War
2187:, Atlantic Canadian Portal
1055:Jefferson, Thomas (1900).
785:Sierra Leone Creole people
734:Sierra Leone Creole people
727:
453:
431:
231:Sierra Leone Creole people
207:Charleston, South Carolina
170:American Revolutionary War
154:
130:American Revolutionary War
2538:
2480:
2449:
2406:
2373:
2348:
2312:
2299:Black Company of Pioneers
2284:
2261:
2228:
2126:Heritage: Black Loyalists
2068:. New York: Garland 1999.
1970:10.1080/14788810600875414
1739:"Certificates of Freedom"
798:from the Low Country and
698:and concert singer, is a
556:Since Lieutenant General
490:Black Company of Pioneers
484:Black Company of Pioneers
444:Black Company of Pioneers
180:'s guarantee of freedom.
140:
135:
125:
117:
109:
101:
81:
64:
56:
37:
32:
2353:involved in Emancipation
2339:Petition of Free Negroes
2275:Philipsburg Proclamation
1538:African Americans at War
1536:Jonathan D. Sutherland,
1235:Journal of Negro History
1088:. AmericanRevolution.org
466:Battle of Kemp's Landing
450:Royal Ethiopian Regiment
385:Philipsburg Proclamation
374:Philipsburg Proclamation
366:and another regiment of
2025:Black Loyalist website.
1007:(subscription required)
551:Treaty of Paris of 1783
2416:Colonel Stephen Blucke
2269:Dunmore's Proclamation
2248:United Empire Loyalist
2098:Black Loyalist website
2075:New York: Beacon, 2006
1942:Robert Field (painter)
974:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
969:History of Nova Scotia
853:, Nova Scotian settler
768:
717:National Historic Site
713:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
683:
651:
648:Shelburne, Nova Scotia
563:Birchtown, Nova Scotia
470:Battle of Great Bridge
356:
324:
295:Dunmore's Proclamation
2581:American rebel slaves
2453:Sierra Leone Settlers
2161:Anti-Slavery movement
1796:"Returned to Slavery"
1768:"The Book of Negroes"
1552:"The Treaty of Paris"
1522:. Loyalist Institute.
1456:"The Royal Ethiopian"
1205:"Escape from Slavery"
1163:Jack Phillip Greene,
923:Someone Knows My Name
758:Nova Scotian Settlers
741:
730:Nova Scotian Settlers
692:Measha Brueggergosman
681:
645:
494:Newport, Rhode Island
348:the lives of another.
345:
313:
223:Nova Scotian Settlers
2472:Sierra Leone Company
2360:General Samuel Birch
2163:, Collections Canada
2061:(Google eBook), 1840
1858:. 30 September 2017.
1490:"The Black Pioneers"
1304:. Loyalist Institute
1175:Blackwell Publishing
877:, Methodist preacher
579:Sierra Leone Company
478:Province of New York
215:Sierra Leone Company
2547:The Book of Negroes
2482:Sierra Leone people
2408:Black Nova Scotians
2233:Slavery in the U.S.
2064:Pulis, John W. ed.
1699:. 2005. p. 103
1693:Slavery in New York
1581:"Chaos in New York"
1358:. pp. 215â230.
1019:The Book of Negroes
964:Black Nova Scotians
918:The Book of Negroes
743:Lawrence Hartshorne
422:Sierra Leone Creole
358:Jamaica's Governor
121:companies-regiments
2304:Ethiopian Regiment
2178:2013-10-11 at the
2155:Loyalist Institute
2134:, official website
2118:2016-03-04 at the
2071:Pybus, Cassandra.
1938:Canadian Biography
1878:Nova Scotia Museum
1618:Nova Scotia Museum
1029:, Black Loyalists.
1025:2022-07-30 at the
940:Ethiopian Regiment
906:In popular culture
769:
684:
652:
592:, Nova Scotia and
522:Battle of Monmouth
462:Ethiopian Regiment
456:Ethiopian Regiment
440:Ethiopian Regiment
299:In November 1775,
252:Somerset v Stewart
50:Ethiopian Regiment
2563:
2562:
2431:Richard Pierpoint
2426:Rev. John Marrant
2048:978-0-226-10155-2
1710:"Book of Negroes"
1661:978-0-8020-7402-7
1410:978-0-8020-7402-7
1084:Selig, Robert A.
996:Cassandra Pybus,
602:by Sir Carleton.
547:George Washington
539:siege of Yorktown
533:Postwar treatment
328:Norfolk, Virginia
150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
2618:
2525:Harry Washington
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1958:Atlantic Studies
1953:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1880:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1830:The Boston Globe
1821:
1815:
1814:
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1620:. Archived from
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1300:(May 25, 1779).
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1230:
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1165:Jack Richon Pole
1160:
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1103:
1097:
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1015:
1009:
1008:
994:
899:Harry Washington
823:Harry Washington
753:in helping the
418:Jamaican Maroons
354:
322:
235:Thomas Jefferson
97:
93:
91:
90:
74:
73:
72:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
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2591:Black Loyalists
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2534:
2530:Moses Wilkinson
2500:Abraham Hazeley
2476:
2452:
2445:
2402:
2398:Shelburne riots
2369:
2365:Stephen Skinner
2352:
2350:White Loyalists
2344:
2329:Book of Negroes
2323:Treaty of Paris
2308:
2294:Black Loyalists
2280:
2257:
2253:Black Canadians
2224:
2222:Black Loyalists
2219:
2180:Wayback Machine
2120:Wayback Machine
2094:
2038:Gilbert, Alan.
2035:
2033:Further reading
2030:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1985:
1954:
1947:
1936:
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1688:
1684:
1681:Book of Negroes
1675:Among them was
1674:
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1177:. p. 241.
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1016:
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949:
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863:Moses Wilkinson
851:Abraham Hazeley
835:
736:
726:
715:was declared a
709:
640:
632:Book of Negroes
628:
599:Book of Negroes
571:Shelburne Riots
535:
515:, a slave from
509:
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486:
458:
452:
436:
430:
412:in what became
397:
376:
355:
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323:
320:
297:
292:
276:slave rebellion
243:
194:Book of Negroes
162:Black Loyalists
159:
153:
142:
88:
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76:British America
70:
68:
52:
28:
23:
22:
18:Black Loyalists
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2451:Nova Scotian /
2447:
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2436:Deborah Squash
2433:
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2158:
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2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2109:, Learn Quebec
2100:
2093:
2092:External links
2090:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2050:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2004:The New Yorker
1997:(8 May 2006).
1983:
1964:(2): 183â199.
1945:
1930:
1919:
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1841:
1816:
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1730:
1677:Deborah Squash
1668:
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926:
921:(published as
915:'s 2007 novel
907:
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839:Stephen Blucke
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833:Notable people
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627:
624:
612:Savannah River
534:
531:
527:Stephen Blucke
508:
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454:Main article:
451:
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442:and Clinton's
432:Main article:
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2139:
2138:Black History
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:The Loyalists
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:Schama, Simon
2077:
2074:
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2053:Holman, James
2051:
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1971:
1967:
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1909:on 2007-09-30
1908:
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1884:on 2007-11-11
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1871:
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1856:
1855:The Economist
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1806:on 2007-11-17
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1624:on 2007-10-24
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1591:on 2007-11-17
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1562:on 2007-11-17
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1500:on 2007-09-28
1499:
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1336:on 2007-11-17
1335:
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1298:Dalling, John
1293:
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1184:0-631-21058-X
1180:
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1159:
1145:on 2007-11-16
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979:Billy (slave)
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751:John Clarkson
748:
745:, d. 1822, a
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721:
718:
714:
707:Commemoration
704:
701:
700:New Brunswick
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665:North America
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257:Chief Justice
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152:Military unit
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95:Great Britain
84:
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31:
19:
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2515:Cato Perkins
2495:David George
2490:Davis family
2467:Settler Town
2440:
2421:Rose Fortune
2315:Emancipation
2293:
2221:
2144:
2128:, Saint John
2106:
2082:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2039:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2002:
1995:Lepore, Jill
1961:
1957:
1933:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1873:
1864:
1853:
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1799:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1742:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1692:
1680:
1671:
1645:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
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2113:"Loyalties"
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893:Colonel Tye
869:John Kizell
857:Boston King
781:West Africa
638:Nova Scotia
626:Descendants
513:Colonel Tye
389:Boston King
225:in the new
189:Nova Scotia
168:during the
126:Engagements
2570:Categories
2553:miniseries
2169:, Archives
1913:2007-10-18
1888:2007-10-18
1835:2007-10-18
1810:2007-10-18
1781:2007-10-19
1753:2007-10-18
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1219:2007-10-17
1190:2007-10-18
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1043:Acadiensis
985:References
827:The Gambia
728:See also:
272:George III
247:Villeinage
241:Background
211:Black Poor
155:See also:
143:commanders
136:Commanders
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2341:(Niagara)
2313:Post-war
2243:Loyalists
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1069:August 6,
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661:Birchtown
650:, in 1788
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