3226:, brothers who had been peddling dope, brothers who ain't gonna take no shit, brothers who had been fighting the pigs". Also, they did not realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about "female leadership". Regina Jennings recalls that many male leaders had an "unchecked" sexism problem, and her task was to "lift the bedroom out of their minds." She remembers overhearing members: "Some concluded that the FBI sent me, but the captain assured them with salty good humor that, 'She's too stupid to be from the FBI.' He thought my cover and my comments too honest, too loud, and too ridiculous to be serious." She recalls her days in Oakland, California as a teenager looking for something to do to add purpose to her life and her community. She grew up around police brutality, so it was nothing new. Her goal in joining was "smashing racism" because she viewed herself as Black before she was a woman. In her community, that identity is what she felt held her back the most.
1680:
1316:
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1178:, and demanding full citizenship rights for black people. However, not much changed in the cities of the North and West. As the wartime and post-war jobs which drew much of the black migration "fled to the suburbs along with white residents", the black population was concentrated in poor "urban ghettos" with high unemployment and substandard housing and was mostly excluded from political representation, top universities, and the middle class. Northern and Western police departments were almost all white. In 1966, only 16 of Oakland's 661 police officers were African American (less than 2.5%).
3432:, the Panthers became national heroes in black communities by infusing abstract nationalism with street toughnessâby joining the rhythms of black working-class youth culture to the interracial Ă©lan and effervescence of Bay Area New Left politics ... In 1966, the Panthers defined Oakland's ghetto as a territory, the police as interlopers, and the Panther mission as the defense of community. The Panthers' famous "policing the police" drew attention to the spatial remove that White Americans enjoyed from the police brutality that had come to characterize life in black urban communities.
2570:, enrolled twenty-eight students in its first year, with the majority being the children of Black Panther parents. This number grew to fifty by the 1973â1974 school year. To provide full support for Black Panther parents whose time was spent organizing, some of the students and faculty members lived together year around. The school itself was dissimilar to traditional schools in a variety of ways including the fact that students were separated by academic performance rather than age, and students were often provided one-on-one support as the faculty to student ratio was 1:10.
3078:
1383:
permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one. Generally this was done while monitoring and observing police behavior in their neighborhoods, with the
Panthers arguing that this emphasis on active militancy and openly carrying their weapons was necessary to protect individuals from police violence. For example, chants like "The Revolution has come, it's time to pick up the gun. Off the pigs!", helped create the Panthers' reputation as a violent organization.
60:
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1166:, altering the once white-dominated demographics. A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents, and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them. Black Panther Party membership "consisted of recent migrants whose families traveled north and west to escape the southern racial regime, only to be confronted with new forms of segregation and repression". In the early 1960s, the
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3349:". In this branch, unlike the average BPP divisions, the "brothers" never turned violent or physical: "That kind of thing didn't take place in Detroit." She left the organization in 1973, keeping a link through her husband, their circulation manager. Summing up the legacy of the Detroit branch, she says, "It's crucial that people realize that the strength of the organization was rooted in discipline, deep commitment, and a genuine love for the people."
1193:, went into decline. By 1966 a "Black Power ferment" emerged, consisting largely of young urban black people, posing a question the Civil Rights Movement could not answer: "How would black people in America win not only formal citizenship rights, but actual economic and political power?" Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed study groups and political organizations, and from this ferment the Black Panther Party emerged.
3484:
1437:, put together a plan to send a group of 26 armed Panthers led by Seale from Oakland to Sacramento to protest the bill. The group entered the assembly carrying their weapons, an incident which was widely publicized, and which prompted police to arrest Seale and five others. The group pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of disrupting a legislative session. At the time of the protest, the Party had fewer than 100 members in total.
1639:
War on
Poverty". According to Bloom & Martin, the FBI denounced the Party's efforts as a means of indoctrination because the Party taught and provided for children more effectively than the government. "Police and Federal Agents regularly harassed and intimidated program participants, supporters, and Party workers and sought to scare away donors and organizations that housed the programs like churches and community centers".
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Struggle by arguing that the United States government was only using them for its own purposes. Instead of risking their lives on the battlefield for a country that continued to oppress them, Cleaver believed that the black GIs should risk their lives in support of their own liberation. After leaving
Vietnam, Cleaver met with the Chinese ambassador to Algeria to express their mutual animosity towards the American government.
3413:
1047:
2947:
Preston
Callins. Although Newton confided to friends that Kathleen Smith was his "first nonpolitical murder", he was ultimately acquitted, after one witness's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had been smoking marijuana on the night of the murder, and another prostitute witness recanted her testimony. Newton was also acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges.
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summer programs. While these campuses were the first to open, the first full-time and longest-running
Liberation School was opened in January 1971 in Oakland in response to the inequitable conditions in the Oakland Unified School District which was ranked one of the lowest-scoring districts in California. Named the Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI), this school, under the directorship of Brenda Bay, and later
3293:, the previous chair, while Newton and other leaders dealt with their legal issues. From the beginning of her tenure as chair, she faced opposition and feared a coup. She appointed many female officials and faced backlash for her policies for equality within the organization. When Huey Newton returned from exile and approved of the beating of a female Panther schoolteacher, Brown left the organization.
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nor Brown were elected, and many Party members resigned after the losses, although a few
Panthers won seats on local government commissions. Following the electoral defeat, Newton embarked on a major purge of the party in early 1974, expelling Bobby and John Seale, David and June Hilliard, Robert Bay, and numerous other top party leaders. Dozens of other Panthers loyal to Seale resigned or deserted.
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3503:. On June 29, 2009, Herman Bell pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in the death of Sgt. Young. In July 2009, charges were dropped against four of the accused: Ray Boudreaux, Henry W. Jones, Richard Brown and Harold Taylor. Also, that month Jalil Muntaquim pleaded no contest to conspiracy to commit voluntary manslaughter, becoming the second person convicted in this case.
1631:, a Chicago street gang. The FBI sent an anonymous letter to the Rangers' gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life, a letter whose intent was to provoke "preemptive" violence against Panther leadership. In Southern California, the FBI made similar efforts to exacerbate a "gang war" between the Black Panther Party and a black nationalist group called the
280:
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liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history." Through this program, the Party was able to influence young minds, and strengthen their ties to communities as well as gain widespread support for their ideologies. The breakfast program became so popular that the
Panthers Party claimed to have fed twenty thousand children in the 1968â69 school year.
2620:. A federal investigation reported that only one shot was fired by the Panthers, and police fired at least 80 shots. The only shot fired by the Panthers was from Mark Clark, who appeared to fire a single round determined to be the result of a reflexive death convulsion after he was immediately struck in the chest by shots from the police at the start of the raid.
2876:, which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the Party. The split turned violent, as the Newton and Cleaver factions carried out retaliatory assassinations of each other's members, resulting in the deaths of four people. From mid-to-late 1971, hundreds of members throughout the country quit the Black Panther Party.
1649:, implacable to the ultimate degree, held out to the Black masses ... liberation from the chains of the oppressor and the treacherous embrace of the endorsed spokesmen. Only with the gun were the black masses denied this victory. But they learned from Malcolm that with the gun, they can recapture their dreams and bring them into reality.
1304:(LCFO) in Alabama and their use of the Black Panther symbol. Newton and Seale decided to adopt the Black Panther logo and form their own organization called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Newton and Seale decided on a uniform of blue shirts, black pants, black leather jackets, black berets, the latter adopted as an homage to
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international anti-imperialist movements. This was a significant time, which led to the formation of the
International Section of the Party. It is at this festival that Cleaver met with the ambassador of North Korea, who later invited him to an International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists in Pyongyang. Eldridge also met with
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ranging between 50 and 150 between 1974 and 1977, the original core values of individualized instruction remained. In
September 1977, the school received a special award from Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and the California Legislature for "having set the standard for the highest level of elementary education in the state.
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officer that violated their constitutional rights. Between the end of 1966 to the start of 1967, the Black
Panther Party for Self-Defense's armed police patrols in Oakland black communities attracted a small handful of members. Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967, when the party provided an
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in 2012, a large contingent of local officials and community leaders came together to install a historic marker of the local BPP headquarters; State Representative Earline Parmone declared " dared to stand up and say, 'We're fed up and we're not taking it anymore'. ... Because they had courage, today
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Nevertheless, women were present in the party from the early days and expanded their roles throughout its life. Women often joined to fight against unequal gender norms. By 1969, the Party newspaper officially instructed male Panthers to treat female Party members as equals, a drastic change from the
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In October 1977, Flores Forbes, the party's assistant chief of staff, led a botched attempt to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial, who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. When three Panthers attacked the wrong house by mistake, the occupant
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was the director of the school and Regina Davis was an administrator. The school was unique in that it did not have grade levels but instead had different skill levels so an 11-year-old could be in second-level English and fifth-level science. Elaine Brown taught reading and writing to a group of 10-
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in the United States. After leaving North Korea, the group traveled to North Vietnam with the same agenda in mind: finding ways to put an end to American imperialism. Eldridge Cleaver was invited to speak to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government. He encouraged them to join the Black Liberation
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As Newton awaited trial, the "Free Huey" campaign developed alliances with numerous students and anti-war activists, "advancing an anti-imperialist political ideology that linked the oppression of antiwar protestors to the oppression of blacks and Vietnamese". The "Free Huey" campaign attracted black
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Police killed or incarcerated many male leaders, but female Panthers were less targeted for much of the 1960s and 1970s. By 1968, women made up two-thirds of the party, while many male members were out of duty. In the absence of much of the original male leadership, women moved into all parts of the
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was a mix of black nationalism and the vindication of women, putting race and community struggle before the gender issue. Womanism posited that traditional feminism failed to include race and class struggle in its denunciation of male sexism and was therefore part of white hegemony. In opposition to
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created the Buddha Samurai, the party's underground security cadre in Oakland. Newton expelled Hewitt from the party later in 1972, but the security cadre remained in operation under the leadership of Flores Forbes. One of the cadre's main functions was to extort and rob drug dealers and after-hours
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Activists from many countries around the globe supported the Panthers and their cause. In Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Finland, for example, left-wing activists organized a tour for Bobby Seale and Masai Hewitt in 1969. At each destination along the tour, the Panthers talked about their
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that night and would have been unable to have been awoken by the sounds of the police raid. His body was then dragged into the hallway. He was 21 years old and unarmed at the time of his death. Seven other Panthers sleeping at the house at the time of the raid were then beaten and seriously wounded,
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In 1968, the group shortened its name to the Black Panther Party and sought to focus directly on political action. Members were encouraged to carry guns and to defend themselves against violence. An influx of college students joined the group, which had consisted chiefly of "brothers off the block".
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was shot dead by police in North Richmond. Dowell's family contacted the Black Panther Party for assistance after county officials refused to investigate the case. The Party held rallies in North Richmond that educated the community on armed self-defense and the Denzil Dowell incident. Police seldom
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The Black Panther Party's focus on militancy was often construed as open hostility, feeding a reputation of violence even though early efforts by the Panthers focused primarily on promoting social issues and the exercise of their legal right to carry arms. The Panthers employed a California law that
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and appeal to the "brothers on the block", Huey and Bobby took matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, an unarmed young black man in San Francisco, Newton observed the violent insurrection that followed. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party
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associated with the Black Panther Party. Huggins is noted as saying, "I think that the school's principles came from the socialist principles we tried to live in the Black Panther Party. One of them being critical thinkingâthat children should learn not what to think but how to think ... the school
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The first Liberation School was opened by the Richmond Black Panthers in July 1969 with brunch served and snacks provided to students. Another school was opened in Mt. Vernon New York on July 17 of the subsequent year. These schools were informal in nature and more closely resembled after-school or
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to protect Party members when policing the police. This act was done to record incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods. When confronted by a police officer, Party members cited laws proving they had done nothing wrong and threatened to take to court any
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The party developed a five-year plan to take over the city of Oakland politically and focused nearly all of its resources on winning political power in the Oakland city government. Bobby Seale ran for mayor, Elaine Brown ran for city council, and other Panthers ran for minor offices. Neither Seale
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In early 1972, the party began closing down dozens of chapters and branches all over the country and bringing members and operations to Oakland. The political arm of the Southern California chapter was shut down and its members moved to Oakland, although the underground military arm remained for a
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and other BPP members in a car. The group confronted Oakland Police officers, then fled to an apartment building where they engaged in a 90-minute gun battle with the police. The standoff ended with Cleaver wounded and Hutton voluntarily surrendering. According to Cleaver, although Hutton had
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COINTELPRO also aimed to dismantle the Black Panther Party by targeting their social/community programs, including its Free Breakfast for Children program, whose success had served to "shed light on the government's failure to address child poverty and hungerâpointing to the limits of the nation's
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during the Vietnam War. Party membership peaked in 1970 and gradually declined over the next decade, due to vilification by the mainstream press and infighting largely fomented by COINTELPRO. Support further declined over reports of the party's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and
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newspaper proclaimed the all-male organization as "the cream of Black Manhood ... there for the protection and defense of our Black community". Scholars consider the Party's stance of armed resistance highly masculine, with guns and violence proving manhood. In 1968, several articles urged female
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in Cuba, and received complaints from male members about the excessive power of women in the organization, who now outnumbered men. According to Elaine Brown, Newton authorized the physical punishment of school administrator Regina Davis for scolding a male coworker. Davis was hospitalized with a
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There was insufficient evidence for police to charge anyone with van Patter's murder, but the Black Panther Party leadership was "almost universally believed to be responsible". Huey Newton later allegedly confessed to a friend that he had ordered Van Patter's murder, and that Van Patter had been
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Significant disagreements among the Party's leaders over how to confront ideological differences led to a split within the party. Certain members felt that the Black Panthers should participate in local government and social services, while others encouraged constant conflict with the police. For
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At the time, Newton claimed that he had been falsely accused, leading to the Party's "Free Huey!" campaign. The police killing gained the party even wider recognition by the radical American left and it stimulated the growth of the Party nationwide. Newton was released after three years, when his
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in Detroit. "There were some students who would use the N-word freely" and "a P.E. instructor accused of stealing her keys." She was "shoved" into the pool when she refused to swim for fear of wetting her hair, while a White teacher who taught Afro-American history would kick people out "if you
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Although many scholars and activists date the Party's downfall to the period before Brown's leadership, a shrinking cadre of Panthers struggled through the 1970s. By 1980, Panther membership had dwindled to 27, and the Panther-sponsored Oakland Community School closed in 1982 amid a scandal over
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In 1974, Huey Newton and eight other Panthers were arrested and charged with assault on police officers. In August 1974, Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute. Newton was also indicted for pistol-whipping his tailor,
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Number 5 of the "What We Want Now!" section of the Ten-Point Program reads: "We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society." To ensure that this occurred, the
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The Black Panther Party was involved in many community projects as part of their organization. These projects included community outreach, like the breakfast program, education, and health programs. In many cases women were the ones primarily involved with administering these types of programs.
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from the waist down, Malloy escaped and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events "might have been the result of overzealous party members". Newton was ultimately acquitted of the
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In 1974, due to increased interest in enrolling in the school, school officials decided to move to a larger facility and subsequently changed the school's name to Oakland Community School. During this year, the school graduated its first class. Although the student population continued to grow
1942:
dropped its wholesale attacks against whites and began to emphasize more of a class analysis of society. Its emphasis on MarxistâLeninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist
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The Free Breakfast For Children program was especially significant because it served as a space for educating youth about the current condition of the Black community, and the actions that the Party was taking to address that condition. "While the children ate their meal, members taught them
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Other survival programs were free services such as clothing distribution, classes on politics and economics, free medical clinics, lessons on self-defense and first aid, transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates, an emergency-response ambulance program, drug and alcohol
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Although at the time the BPP claimed that the police had ambushed them, several party members later admitted that Cleaver had led the Panther group on a deliberate ambush of the police officers, provoking the shoot-out. Seven other Panthers, including Chief of Staff David Hilliard, were also
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When Algeria held its first Pan-African Cultural Festival, they invited many important figures from the United States. Among the important figures invited to the festival were Bobby Seale and Cleaver. The cultural festival allowed Black Panthers to network with representatives of various
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was an expression of the collective wisdom of the people who envisioned it. And it was ... a living thing changed every year. Joan Kelley oversaw funding for the Intercommunal Youth Institute which was provided through a combination of Black Panther fundraising and community support.
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The Party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression, particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender conflict were common. When Oakland Panthers arrived to bolster the New York City Panther chapter after
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By the end of the year, party membership peaked at around 2,000. Party members engaged in criminal activities such as extortion, stealing, violent discipline of BPP members, and robberies. The BPP leadership took one-third of the proceeds from robberies committed by BPP members.
3702:. The Huey Newton Foundation, former chairman and co-founder Bobby Seale, and members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that this New Black Panther Party is illegitimate and they have strongly objected to it, stating that there "is no new Black Panther Party".
1273:, he decided to organize patrols to follow the police around to monitor for incidents of brutality. But with a crucial difference: his patrols would carry loaded guns. Huey and Bobby raised enough money to buy two shotguns by buying bulk quantities of the recently publicized
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were incarcerated, they displayed such chauvinistic attitudes towards New York Panther women that they had to be fended off at gunpoint. Some Party leaders thought the fight for gender equality was a threat to men and a distraction from the struggle for racial equality.
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to be able to fully participate in the organization. The Party responded by establishing on-site child development centers in multiple US chapters. "Childcare became largely a group activity", with children raised collectively, in accord with the Panther's commitment to
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and displaying signs that said, "We support the Black Panther Party, down with US imperialism" or, "We support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown." During the trip, the Chinese delegate arranged for him to meet and have dinner with a
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wanted protection against police brutality. With only three main streets for entering and exiting the neighborhood, it was easy for police to control, contain, and suppress the population. On April 1, 1967, a black unarmed twenty-two-year-old construction worker named
3050:, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. Fearing that Malloy would discover the truth behind the botched assassination attempt, Newton allegedly ordered a "house cleaning", and Malloy was shot and buried alive in the desert. Although permanently
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assimilationist curriculum with little to no attention to black history and culture. While students were provided with traditional courses such as English, Math, and Science, they were also exposed to activities focused on class structure and the prevalence of
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3404:, Newton acknowledged women and homosexuals as oppressed groups and urged the Black Panthers to "unite with them in a revolutionary fashion". The Black Panther Party and the Gay Liberation Movement shared common ground in their fight against police brutality.
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broken jaw. Brown said, "The beating of Regina would be taken as a clear signal that the words 'Panther' and 'comrade' had taken a gender-on-gender connotation, denoting an inferiority in the female half of us." Brown resigned from the party and fled to LA.
3110:
some feminist viewpoints, womanism promoted a vision of gender roles: that men are not above women, but hold a different position in the home and community, so men and women must work together for the preservation of African-American culture and community.
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stripped down to his underwear and had his hands raised in the air to prove that he was unarmed, Oakland Police shot Hutton more than 12 times, killing him. Two police officers were also shot. He became the first member of the party to be killed by police.
2077:, eventually being established in 13 places across the country. These clinics were involved in community-based health care that had roots connected to the Civil Rights Movement, which made it possible to establish the Medical Committee for Human Rights.
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founded the Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense). In formulating a new politics, they drew on their work with a variety of Black Power organizations. Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at
1028:
The party's history is controversial. Scholars have characterized the Black Panther Party as the most influential black power organization of the late 1960s, and "the strongest link between the domestic Black Liberation Struggle and global opponents of
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Newton focused the BPP on the Party's Oakland school and various other social service programs. In early 1971, the BPP founded the "Intercommunal Youth Institute" in January 1971, with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated.
1084:
1588:" COINTELPRO actions. The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant black nationalist groups and to weaken their leadership, as well as to discredit them to reduce their support and growth. The initial targets included the
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and a major fundraiser and board member for the Panther school. Later that year, after a dispute with Brown over financial irregularities, Van Patter went missing on December 13, 1974. Some weeks later, her severely beaten corpse was found on a
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The Panther's goal in opening Liberation Schools, and specifically the Intercommunal Youth Institute, was to provide students with an education that was not being provided in the "white" schools, as the public schools in the district employed a
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some of the Party's supporters, the separations among political action, criminal activity, social services, access to power, and grass-roots identity became confusing and contradictory as the Panthers' political momentum was bogged down in the
3647:, the longest of which was the 25-day occupation of the San Francisco Federal Building by over 120 people with disabilities. Panthers provided daily home-cooked meals in support of the protest's eventual success, which eventually led to the
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was regulated throughout the United States in the early 1960s, the role of women as birth givers preserving the livelihood of future generations became stressed on African American women. The introduction of the pill acted as an opening for
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which set forth the ideals and goals of the party, they demanded an equitable education for all black people. Study and reading was important for all would-be candidates of the Party, which included studying the Ten-Point Program, reading
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at three times the price. According to Bobby Seale, they would "sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, and go on the streets with the guns. We'll protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops."
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murder of Kathleen Smith, after Crystal Gray's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had smoked marijuana on the night of the murder, and he was acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges.
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to 11-year-olds deemed "uneducable" by the system. The school children were given free busing; breakfast, lunch, and dinner; books and school supplies; children were taken to have medical checkups; many children were given free clothes.
1234:. Their paid jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service, later a key element in the Black Panther Party's "
3301:
In an interview with Judson Jeffries, Gwen Robinson reflects on her time in the Black Panther Party Detroit Division. She explains that she joined in October 1969 despite doubts from her mother, who had participated in a march with
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as the first Chairwoman of the Party. Under Brown's leadership, the Party became involved in organizing for more radical electoral campaigns, including Brown's 1975 unsuccessful run for Oakland City Council. The Party supported
3345:" where all work was shared, and she enjoyed working all day selling newspapers. She climbed the ranks and became the branch's Communications Secretary in January 1971, after her predecessor left due to "some issues related to
1461:. Still, they scared a lot of important people that day. At the time, the Panthers had almost no following. Now, (a year later) however, their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather, and many whites wear
2242:, and attending a series of political education classes as well as weapons training. A 1968 "Panther Party Book List" was circulated in the party newspaper, recommending Panthers read the following titles (listed in order):
3494:
In January 2007, a joint California state and Federal task force charged eight men with the August 29, 1971, murder of California police officer Sgt. John Young. The defendants have been identified as former members of the
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organization. Roles included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and uplifting the black community. Women in the group called attention to sexism within the Party and worked to make changes from within.
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While the exact size of the party is difficult to determine,the best estimates are that at its peak in 1969, the Black Panthers had as many as 5,000 members and between thirty-four and forty local chapters in the United
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described the Black Panthers as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country". By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized
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during a traffic stop in which Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also sustained gunshot wounds. Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter at trial, but the conviction was later overturned. In his book
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described their alliances with Los Siete as particularly important, they saw that both Black and Brown activist groups had been dealing with similar issues regarding oppression and violence in the United States.
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in his successful election as the first black mayor of Oakland, in exchange for Wilson's assistance in having criminal charges dropped against Party member Flores Forbes, leader of the Buddha Samurai cadre.
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organizations. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a social force and believed that if he could stand up to the police, he could organize that force into political power. Inspired by
1126:, and black people to be exempt from the military. Black Panther Party members are shown as they marched in uniform. Students at the rally marched, sang, clapped hands, and carried protest signs. Police in
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COINTELPRO attempted to create rivalries between black nationalist factions and to exploit existing ones. One such attempt was to "intensify the degree of animosity" between the Black Panthers and the
1975:. Fonda and other Hollywood celebrities became involved in the Panthers' leftist programs. The Panthers attracted a wide variety of left-wing revolutionaries and political activists, including writer
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interfered at these rallies because every Panther was armed and no laws were broken. The Party's ideals resonated with several community members, who then brought their own guns to the next rallies.
2583:. The overall goal of the school was to instill a sense of revolutionary consciousness in the students. With a strong belief in experiential learning, students had the opportunity to participate in
3157:. The Black Panther Party newspaper often showed women as active participants in the armed self-defense movement, picturing them with children and guns as protectors of home, family and community.
2786:. The group's first stop was in North Korea, where the Panthers met with local officials to discuss ways in which they could help each other fight against American imperialism. Cleaver traveled to
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for its permanent collection. In 2021, they were featured in a show and series of events highlighting the importance of the paper's artwork, with a selection to be placed on permanent display.
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Paramount to their beliefs regarding the need for individual agency to catalyze community change, the Black Panther Party (BPP) strongly supported the education of the masses. As part of their
1333:. The newspaper would be in continuous circulation, though varying in length, format, title, and frequency until the party dissolved. At its height, it sold one hundred thousand copies a week.
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was born April 21, 1950, in Jefferson County, Arkansas. At the age of three, he and his family moved to Oakland, California after being harassed by racist vigilante groups associated with the
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3168:, its final editor. In 1970, approximately 40% to 70% of Party members were women, and several chapters, like the Des Moines, Iowa, and New Haven, Connecticut, chapters were headed by women.
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November 6, 1968: Lauren Watson, head of the Denver chapter, is arrested by Denver Police for fleeing a police officer and resisting arrest. His trial will be filmed and televised in 1970 as
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3456:, called the organization a "serious political and cultural force" and "a movement of intelligent, explosive dreamers". The Black Panther Party is featured in exhibits and curriculum of the
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We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.
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Hampton was sleeping next to his pregnant fiancée and was subsequently shot twice in the head at point-blank range while unconscious. Coroner reports show that Hampton was drugged with a
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We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society.
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7456:"Whose Revolution is This â Gender's Divisive Role in the Black Panther Party Ninth Symposium Issue of Gender and Sexuality Law: Note 9 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 2008"
2209:, a black nationalist group, resulted in shootings and beatings and led to the murders of at least four Black Panther Party members. On January 17, 1969, Los Angeles Panther Captain
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In late September 1971, Huey P. Newton led a delegation to China and stayed for 10 days. At every airport in China, Huey was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the
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This created some tension in the group. Some members were more interested in supporting the Panthers' social programs, while others wanted to maintain their "street mentality".
7463:
11876:
6206:
4789:
4280:
Meghelli, Samir (2009), "From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962â1978", in Marable, Manning (ed.),
1724:. The Black Panther Party provided needed legitimacy to the Peace and Freedom Party's racial politics and in return received invaluable support for the "Free Huey" campaign.
915:. The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major American cities, including San Francisco, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles,
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announced to the media later that the Panthers were first to shoot in the interaction and that they showed a "refusal to cease firing... when urged to do so several times."
4050:""Concrete Analysis of Concrete Conditions": A Study of the Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism"
1931:
for black men, among other demands. With the Ten-Point program, "What We Want, What We Believe," the Black Panther Party expressed its economic and political grievances.
1624:, the Bureau "did not differentiate" between Soviet spies and suspected Communists in black nationalist movements when deploying surveillance and neutralization tactics.
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movement, which flourished in London in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was not affiliated with the American organization although it fought for many of the same rights.
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Government persecution initially contributed to the party's growth among African Americans and the political left, who both valued the party as a powerful force against
8126:
7647:
1717:
8178:
4053:
2860:, embraced a more confrontational strategy. In February 1971, Eldridge Cleaver deepened the schism in the party when he publicly criticized the Party for adopting a "
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The school eventually closed in 1982 due to governmental pressure on party leadership, which caused insufficient membership and funds to continue running the school.
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The Black Panther Party first publicized its original "What We Want Now!" Ten-Point program on May 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, in the second issue of
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2004:
left the country days before Cleaver was to turn himself in to serve the remainder of a thirteen-year sentence for a 1958 rape conviction. They settled in Algeria.
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1971:
publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers during the early 1970s. She actually ended up informally adopting the daughter of two Black Panther members,
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in the early part of the decade. She chose the Black Panther Party (BPP) because " felt a closeness and a bond with them" more than other organizations like the "
2639:
reporting would later demonstrate that this was not in fact the case and found a great deal of fake evidence being used by Chicago Police to assert their claims.
2221:
campus, in a gun battle with members of the US Organization. Another shootout between the two groups on March 17 led to further injuries. Two more Panthers died.
14346:
14301:
2038:, Newton called on the Panthers to "serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. The most famous of their programs was the
923:. They were also active in many prisons and had international chapters in the United Kingdom and Algeria. Upon its inception, the party's core practice was its
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Spencer, Robyn Ceanne (2008). "Engendering the Black Freedom Struggle: Revolutionary Black Womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area, California".
9243:
Benjamin R. Young, "'Our Common Struggle against Our Common Enemy': North Korea and the American Radical Left", NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14, Woodrow Wilson Center.
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movement. Every Party member had to study Mao Tse-tung's "Little Red Book" to advance his or her knowledge of peoples' struggle and the revolutionary process.
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10990:
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There is considerable debate about the impact of the Black Panther Party on the wider society or even their local environments. Author Jama Lazerow writes:
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titled "A Letter from Huey to the Revolutionary Brothers and Sisters About the Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements". Written one year after the
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The Black Panther Party's free breakfast program is "the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for."
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and the African American extended-family tradition. Childcare allowed women Panthers to embrace motherhood while fully participating in Party activism.
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2908:. Huey was under the impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong, but instead had two meetings with the first Premier of the People's Republic of China
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In the beginning, recruiting women was a low priority for Newton and Seale. Seale stated in an interview that Newton targeted "brothers who had been
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In response, the Chicago and New York chapters, among others, established equal gender rights as a priority and tried to eradicate sexist attitudes.
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5236:
961:(FBI), described the party as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." The FBI sabotaged the party with an illegal and covert
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12183:
7938:"'All of Us Are Unapprehended Felons': Gay Liberation, the Black Panther Party, and Intercommunal Efforts Against Police Brutality in the Bay Area"
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and autonomy for women to take control of their intimate relationships. However, members of the Black Panthers saw this as a possible hindrance to
2646:
asserts that the Bureau was guilty of a "plot to murder" the Panthers. Hampton had been slipped the barbiturates which had left him unconscious by
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then arrested under charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers involved in the raid. These charges would later be dropped.
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3987:
The Black Panthers were part of the larger Black Power movement, which emphasized black pride, community control and unification for civil rights.
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over the raid, but the charges were later dismissed. In 1979 civil action, Hampton's family won $ 1.85 million from the city of Chicago in a
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Poster showing four women demonstrating for release of six members of the Black Panther Party from the Niantic State Women's Farm in Connecticut
2977:, Brown also increased the influence of women Panthers by placing them in more visible roles within the previously male-dominated organization.
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buttons, supporting the fight to free Newton, who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 (1967) on the charge that he killed a policeman ...
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12785:
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11712:
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9297:
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Williams, Jakobi (2012). "'Don't no woman have to do nothing she don't want to do': Gender, Activism, and the Illinois Black Panther Party".
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1671:, writer Hugh Pearson alleges that Newton was intoxicated in the hours before the incident, and claimed to have willfully killed John Frey.
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14159:
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12501:
12337:
12046:
12036:
11694:
11684:
9253:
7193:
3575:, a far-left, anti-racist, white American political party of the 1970s, as well as the White Panthers UK, an unaffiliated group started by
9208:âContains FBI Files on BPP members, information on destroyed BPP FBI files, and inventories of BPP FBI files held by the National Archives
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returned fire and killed one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, while the other two assailants escaped. One of them, Flores Forbes, fled to
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5902:
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3776:, is a fictionalized account of the founding of the Black Panther Party and the first feature-length film to take the BPP as its topic.
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and educational measures taken by the party. Despite the fact that men were out distributing the newspaper, women like Elaine Brown and
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that was distributed by the party, and the public commentary shared by the Panthers. The newspaper was one of the primary and original
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From its beginnings, the Black Panther Party championed black masculinity and traditional gender roles. A notice in the first issue of
1812:
Late September 1968: Days before he is due to return to prison to serve out a rape conviction, Cleaver flees to Cuba and later Algeria.
243:
38:
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4379:
3499:, with two linked to the Black Panthers. In 1975, a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence using
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Many former members of the Black Panther Party have gone on to write books and memoirs about their experiences in the party, such as
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goals and the "Free Huey!" campaign. Seale and Hewitt made a stop in Germany as well, gaining support for the "Free Huey!" campaign.
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1001:(Minister of Information) led an ambush in 1968 of Oakland police officers, in which two officers were wounded and Panther treasurer
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3471:(US House of Representatives). Most of them praise the BPP's contribution to black liberation and American democracy. In 1990, the
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1840:
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360:
7103:"Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target; Murder, Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation"
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1934:
Curtis Austin states that by late 1968, Black Panther ideology had evolved from black nationalism to become more a "revolutionary
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From the beginning of the Black Panther Party, education was a fundamental goal of the organization. This was highlighted in the
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From 1968 to the end of its publication in 1982, the head editors of the Black Panther Party newspaper were all women, including
2230:
1924:
1759:
1701:
1494:
1119:
1033:". Other scholars have described the party as more criminal than political, characterized by "defiant posturing over substance".
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time. The underground remnants of the LA chapter, which had emerged from the Slausons street gang, eventually re-emerged as the
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and two accomplices in a van marked "Black Panther Black Community News Service" allegedly rob a gas station in San Francisco's
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2000:. By the end of 1968, the BPP had established 38 chapters and branches, claiming more than five thousand members. Eldridge and
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twice in 1969 and 1970 and following these trips he made an effort to publicize the writings and works of North Korean leader
2616:. The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. Hampton was shot and killed, as was Panther guard
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12523:
11071:
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2670:, a 19-year-old member of the New York chapter, because they suspected him of being a police informant. Three party officersâ
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ideology responding to the unique experiences of African-American women, emphasizing racism as more oppressive than sexism.
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9190:
9019:
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4049:
8001:
2650:, who had been working as an FBI informant. Hanrahan, his assistant, and eight Chicago police officers were indicted by a
1755:. In December 1966, he became the first treasurer and recruit of the Black Panther Party at the age of just 16 years old.
1327:
By January 1967, the BPP opened its first official headquarters in an Oakland storefront and published the first issue of
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Henceforth, the Party newspaper portrayed women as intelligent political revolutionaries, exemplified by members such as
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for her support for the Black Panther Party, by attempting to publicly "cause her embarrassment" and "tarnish her image".
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508:
423:
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4477:
From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago
4458:
4178:
4159:
3940:
3138:, a political-social activist, critiques the pill as a benefactor in limiting African American fertility and a form of
1927:, a document that called for "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace", as well as exemption from
1281:
9166:
official site of the association of Black Panther alumni, with copies of historical documents, histories and timeline.
1181:
Civil rights tactics proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had "led much of the
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867:
722:
548:
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2612:
In Chicago, on December 4, 1969, two Panthers were killed when the Chicago Police raided the home of Panther leader
1803:
Mid-July 1968: Huey Newton's murder trial commences. Panthers hold daily "Free Huey" rallies outside the courthouse.
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13345:
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13083:
12988:
12901:
12894:
12741:
12706:
12691:
12449:
12051:
11295:
11265:
11081:
10810:
10439:
10419:
10399:
10233:
9845:
7853:
1960:
1721:
780:
518:
463:
327:
323:
3525:, an all-black activist group in Chicago, was founded in 2015 by Page May; the group is named after Black Panther
3463:
Numerous former Panthers have held elected office in the United States, some into the 21st century; these include
1122:
they wanted from the administration which was to include full employment, decent housing and education, an end to
13715:
13677:
12748:
12671:
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12310:
12041:
11906:
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10340:
10062:
9994:
9984:
9781:
8123:
7721:
6920:
2472:
2344:
1964:
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April 17, 1968: Funeral for Bobby James Hutton in Berkeley, followed by a rally at the Alameda County Courthouse.
1572:
1367:
958:
924:
528:
513:
473:
8309:
1579:" to "neutralize ... black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups. In September 1968, FBI Director
1046:
14154:
14002:
13933:
13784:
13667:
13330:
13245:
12953:
12518:
12412:
12327:
11931:
10253:
9943:
9573:
9245:
An essay and selection of primary sources on the Black Panther Party's ties with North Korea in the late 1960s.
8935:
7571:
Alameen-Shavers, Antwanisha (Fall 2016). "The Woman Question: Gender Dynamics within the Black Panther Party".
5494:
5456:
3453:
3389:
2929:, a street gang who at first advocated social reform before devolving into racketeering. Minister of Education
2695:
2247:
2120:
2073:. The free medical clinics were very significant because they modeled an idea of how the world might work with
1628:
770:
31:
17:
3210:
By the time the Black Panther Party disbanded, official policy was to reprimand men who violated the rules of
2196:, as BPP head, advocates violent revolution. Panther membership is down significantly from the late 1968 peak.
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13762:
13750:
13725:
13575:
13305:
13300:
13003:
12555:
12488:
12471:
12417:
12366:
12305:
12210:
12171:
12111:
11911:
11300:
11280:
11087:
11066:
10544:
10004:
9979:
9837:
9720:
8209:
6837:
5753:
5602:
4509:
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities
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3537:
3476:
3397:
3327:
3263:
3127:
3065:
2647:
2235:
1916:
1501:
1329:
1320:
1231:
543:
468:
138:
8081:
7485:
5262:
2146:
May 1969: Two more southern California Panthers are killed in violent disputes with US Organization members.
14356:
14251:
14229:
14179:
13779:
13602:
13420:
13093:
12378:
12354:
12349:
12332:
12300:
12243:
11356:
11305:
11138:
10549:
10478:
9850:
9283:
8639:
Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement
8157:
7517:"No Revolution Without Us: Feminists of the Black Panther Party, with Lynn C. French and Salamishah Tillet"
3457:
2830:
2157:
2126:
January 14, 1969: The Los Angeles chapter was involved in a shootout with members of the black nationalist
1421:
Awareness of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense grew rapidly after their May 2, 1967, protest at the
860:
775:
157:
9178:
tracks the geography of the BPP, including offices, facilities, and locations of key events in six cities.
8234:
6015:
981:, all designed to undermine and criminalize the party. The FBI was involved in the 1969 assassinations of
14316:
14083:
14017:
14012:
13891:
13881:
13794:
13520:
13500:
13480:
13160:
12927:
12912:
12643:
12635:
12578:
12493:
11981:
11886:
11742:
11724:
11626:
11285:
11255:
10980:
10900:
10879:
10750:
10449:
10148:
9832:
9205:
8843:
Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California
8183:
6136:
Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California
3830:
3692:
3250:
with the title "10,000 Free Bags of Groceries" for the Black Community Survival Conference in March 1972.
3239:
2039:
1997:
1935:
1433:," which would make the public carrying of loaded firearms illegal. Newton, with Minister of Information
1235:
1230:
perspective working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the
1190:
936:
3037:
Newton embezzling funds for his drug addiction, which marked the formal end of the Black Panther Party.
14195:
13470:
13440:
13175:
13038:
12661:
12598:
12588:
12138:
11896:
11856:
11213:
10907:
10434:
10333:
10248:
10076:
3809:
3797:, who was persecuted under COINTELPRO for her public and financial support of the Black Panther Party.
3015:
FBI files investigating Van Patter were destroyed in 2009 for reasons the FBI has declined to provide.
2986:
2966:
2420:
2166:
Late July 1969: The BPP ideology undergoes a shift, with a turn toward self-discipline and anti-racism.
1709:
1300:
to keynote a Black Power conference. At the time, he was promoting the armed organizing efforts of the
1099:
558:
248:
4508:
3970:
1762:, and with riots raging across cities in the United States, the 17-year-old Hutton was traveling with
1341:
14034:
13990:
13938:
13896:
13839:
13692:
13535:
13485:
13360:
13230:
13170:
13013:
12963:
12570:
12383:
12215:
11776:
11275:
11113:
10920:
10454:
10268:
9487:
8516:
2262:
1659:
1454:
1426:
1215:
990:
932:
671:
238:
7787:. American Crossroads Volume 19 (Ebook ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
7782:
7140:
4942:
3234:
14099:
14089:
13916:
13911:
13866:
13525:
12260:
11824:
11737:
11381:
11170:
10985:
10925:
10915:
10841:
10682:
10509:
10263:
9873:
9664:
9638:
9131:
9127:
9111:
8493:
6405:
6261:
John Kifner, "State's Attorney in Chicago Makes Photographs of Black Panther Apartment Available,"
3737:
3637:
3596:
3440:
called the Panthers "the most effective black revolutionary organization in the 20th century". The
3223:
3131:
2743:
2683:
2554:
2509:
1989:(who later became a major critic of what he describes as Panther criminality) and left-wing lawyer
1972:
1679:
1422:
1414:
1226:
and others. Eventually dissatisfied with Warden's accommodationism, they developed a revolutionary
375:
12836:
5324:
5216:
2837:
who, since 1970, had been in jail facing a pending murder charge. Newton also expelled two of the
2690:
to carry out the execution. Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an
939:
Programs, education programs, and community health clinics. The Black Panther Party advocated for
13834:
13455:
12998:
12968:
12593:
12143:
11797:
11766:
11546:
11486:
11351:
11094:
10493:
10409:
10110:
9999:
9989:
9893:
9568:
6813:
6707:
5935:
5690:
4075:
3669:
3663:
3631:
3588:
3561:
3551:
3393:
2545:
Black Panther Party took the education of their youth into their own hands by first establishing
2538:
2355:
2172:
October 18, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police outside a Los Angeles restaurant.
2160:
conference in Oakland, which was attended by around 5,000 people representing a number of groups.
2086:
1819:
1713:
1642:
Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. Newton declared:
1635:, allegedly sending a provocative letter to the US Organization to increase existing antagonism.
1315:
651:
533:
498:
8714:
This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party
7630:
Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A new look at the Panthers and their legacy
6402:
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
6204:
http://scalar.usc.edu/works/pictures-and-progress-the-black-panther-1966-2016/liberation-schools
4559:
The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States
3480:
I stand as ... the first African American ever to represent Forsyth County in the state Senate".
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13270:
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12958:
12508:
12238:
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9908:
9898:
9878:
9266:
7031:"Women of the revolution: More than 50% of the Black Panther Party were women and carried guns"
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August 5, 1968: Three Panthers killed in a gun battle with police at a Los Angeles gas station.
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1266:
1163:
1151:
1139:
734:
538:
493:
478:
458:
433:
309:
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Swirski, Peter (2010). "Chapter One: 1960s: The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's
8802:
8796:
8777:
8694:
The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther
6950:"As Shelters Against the Cold": Women Poets of the Black Arts and Chicano Movements, 1965â1978
6948:
6116:
Wahad, D. B., Abu-Jamal, M., Shakur, A., Fletcher, J., Jones, T., & Lotringer, S. (1993).
5898:
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The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther
4495:
4475:
4151:
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Panthers to "stand behind black men" and be supportive. The first woman to join the party was
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Early 1969: In late 1968 and January 1969, the BPP began to purge members due to fears about
2074:
1880:
1167:
1159:
986:
825:
741:
448:
443:
428:
8406:"There Is No New Black Panther Party: An Open Letter From the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation"
6485:
https://books.google.com/books?id=OEJaCwAAQBAJ&q=barbara+easley+cox+algiers&pg=PA183
5720:
4372:
2698:
of 1970. Kimbro, Sams and McLucas were convicted of the murder, but the trials of Seale and
2682:âlater admitted taking part. Sams, who gave the order to shoot Rackley at the murder scene,
1530:
We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.
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11996:
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11155:
11020:
10874:
10444:
10389:
10288:
10215:
9452:
9235:
8585:
7609:
Jennings, Regina (2001). "Africana Womanism in The Black Panther Party: A Personal Story".
6283:
5305:"History of the Black Panther Party, Part Two" Civilrightsteaching.org/Teaching for Change.
5193:
3883:
3510:
has offered tours in Oakland of sites historically significant to the Black Panther Party.
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1948:
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Committee on Criminal Procedure was scheduled to convene to discuss what was known as the "
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July 17, 1969: Two policemen are shot, and a Panther is killed in a gun battle in Chicago.
8:
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7652:
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2090:
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In 1968, BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for presidential office on the
2070:
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1981:
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1147:
1103:
912:
568:
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294:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181939/https://vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party
9020:"The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution | Documentary about Black Panther Party"
8104:
8024:
6350:
2916:. Huey described China as "a free and liberated territory with a socialist government."
2742:
Spring 1970: The Oakland BPP engages in another ambush of police officers with guns and
13355:
13210:
12681:
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12361:
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10757:
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9618:
9558:
9447:
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8637:
8286:"Power struggle: A new exhibition looks back at the rise of the British Black Panthers"
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1289:
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1182:
1102:. The footage also shows a student protest demonstration at Alameda County Courthouse,
810:
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681:
661:
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299:
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and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation.
2169:
August 1969: Bobby Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the Rackley murder.
2143:, are indicted and jailed for a bombing conspiracy. All would eventually be acquitted.
1818:
November 1968: The BPP finds numerous supporters, establishing relationships with the
14351:
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13954:
13871:
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13789:
13697:
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13053:
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12128:
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3333:
In 12th grade, she decided to work full-time with the Party, dropping out of chaotic
3289:
fled abroad. In 1974, she became chair for the Oakland chapter. She was appointed by
3135:
3119:
3071:
3005:
2869:
2726:
2691:
2584:
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2518:
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April 6, 1968: Death of Bobby James Hutton, killed in a gunfight with Oakland police.
1585:
1261:
1219:
978:
805:
696:
621:
380:
350:
345:
165:
8259:
7545:
Regina Jennings, "Africana Womanism in the Black Panthers Party: a Personal story",
13995:
13964:
13505:
13435:
13430:
13405:
13165:
13028:
12284:
12255:
12250:
12148:
12116:
12089:
11814:
11431:
11401:
11391:
11386:
10953:
10677:
10636:
10631:
10524:
10243:
10207:
10132:
9888:
9786:
9353:
9348:
9024:
8765:
8548:
Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party
8382:
8346:
7978:
7949:
7788:
7752:
7705:
7580:
7353:
7237:
7202:
6755:
6601:
5986:
5970:
4324:
Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination
3903:
3786:
3747:
3696:
3475:
passed a resolution declaring "Fred Hampton Day" in honor of the slain leader. In
3286:
3271:
3146:
3123:
3047:
2974:
2857:
2833:. These (and other) disagreements led to a split. In January 1971, Newton expelled
2771:
2675:
2553:
in a variety of locations throughout the country which focused their curriculum on
2527:
2349:
2294:
2133:
January 1969: The Oakland BPP begins the first free breakfast program for children.
2001:
1920:
1763:
1621:
1445:
1434:
1227:
1158:. The sweeping migration transformed the Bay Area as well as cities throughout the
1155:
1111:
1095:
1005:
was killed. The party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting in the murder of
998:
715:
606:
438:
400:
390:
201:
196:
8823:
In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement
8425:
In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement
6118:
Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War Against Black Revolutionaries
2856:, favored a focus on community service coupled with self-defense; others, such as
1481:. The bill was crafted in response to members of the Black Panther Party who were
993:. Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police.
13969:
13959:
13927:
13844:
13682:
13639:
13580:
13445:
13370:
13365:
13285:
13275:
13205:
12279:
12106:
12016:
12011:
11942:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
11792:
11747:
11601:
11591:
11571:
11556:
11456:
11331:
11321:
10960:
10790:
10776:
10621:
10616:
10591:
10424:
10356:
9933:
9756:
9548:
9533:
8821:
8712:
8664:
Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America
8644:
8316:
8292:
8216:
8164:
8130:
8111:
8088:
8068:
8050:
8031:
8008:
7985:
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6820:
6357:
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4516:
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2206:
2127:
2061:
1892:
1632:
1613:
1597:
1580:
1458:
1211:
954:
830:
656:
596:
563:
523:
395:
365:
9187:
9176:
Mapping American Social Movements: Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities
9163:
9065:
Saying It Loud: 1966 â The Year Black Power Challenged the Civil Rights Movement
8577:
I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence
8158:
Suspects arrested in police officer's 1971 shooting had settled into quiet lives
4433:
4410:
3916:
Abolition for the People: The Movement For a Future without Policing and Prisons
3564:, a protest movement that advocates social justice and fights for the rights of
3547:
3513:
2224:
14029:
14007:
13921:
13510:
12716:
12121:
12084:
12074:
11834:
11829:
11771:
11606:
11536:
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10889:
10743:
10707:
10101:
9903:
9684:
9593:
9563:
9543:
9538:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9497:
9477:
9462:
9442:
9407:
9368:
9322:
9249:
8860:
7206:
7187:
Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the
5530:
4319:
3867:
3835:
3769:
3722:
3518:
Various groups and movements have picked names inspired by the Black Panthers:
3507:
3464:
3417:
3358:
3290:
3247:
3154:
2996:
2930:
2853:
2849:
2834:
2816:
2778:
traveled to Asia and they were welcomed as guests of the governments of China,
2699:
2679:
2567:
2434:
2285:
2193:
1986:
1684:
1663:
1509:
We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.
1485:. The bill repealed a law that allowed the public carrying of loaded firearms.
1464:
1350:
1202:
1107:
1057:
994:
940:
908:
631:
405:
370:
80:
59:
9923:
9082:
8886:
The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America
7896:
7357:
6605:
4251:"Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians"
2989:
in 1974 as a bookkeeper. Van Patter had previously served as a bookkeeper for
2973:
In addition to changing the Party's direction towards more involvement in the
2749:
May 1970: Huey Newton's conviction is overturned, but he remains incarcerated.
1815:
October 5, 1968: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Los Angeles.
1409:
14245:
14210:
13672:
11674:
11656:
11646:
11616:
11561:
11516:
11501:
11446:
11436:
11421:
11371:
11366:
11336:
11133:
11061:
10884:
10712:
10697:
10282:
10156:
9913:
9796:
9730:
9643:
9628:
9603:
9588:
9467:
9437:
9422:
9358:
9169:
8772:
Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America
8757:
8484:
8334:
7661:
7486:"Say It Loud: 9 Black Women in the Black Power Movement Everyone Should Know"
7365:
7313:
Seize the time : the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton
6613:
5982:
5974:
5872:
5652:
5563:
4190:
3911:
3858:
3814:
3742:
3533:
3526:
3420:
is one of the numerous former Panthers to have held elected office in the US.
2919:
2901:
2865:
2800:
2779:
2702:
ended with a hung jury, and the prosecution chose not to seek another trial.
2671:
2500:
Africaâs Gift to America, Worldâs Great Men of Color: 3,000 B.C. to 1946 A.D.
2443:
2408:
2324:
2276:
2210:
1990:
1733:
1478:
1397:
1376:
1171:
1053:
646:
591:
9212:
UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party
8409:
8351:
8235:"Tour of Black Panther Sites: Former member shows how party grew in Oakland"
7810:
7756:
7709:
7584:
7330:
4146:
New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965â1975
3491:
In October 2006, the Black Panther Party held a 40-year reunion in Oakland.
3428:
As inheritors of the discipline, pride, and calm self-assurance preached by
2182:
November 13, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Chicago.
1440:
1379:, Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker for a conference held in his honor.
14164:
13450:
13200:
11986:
11754:
11679:
11651:
11636:
11621:
11576:
11551:
11531:
11441:
11411:
11406:
11376:
11326:
11178:
10864:
10770:
10662:
10606:
10596:
10534:
9791:
9699:
9694:
9674:
9659:
9623:
9613:
9608:
9578:
9482:
9472:
9457:
9427:
9402:
9363:
9343:
9270:
7876:
7648:"'I have all the guns and money': When a woman led the Black Panther Party"
7241:
6881:
6000:
5237:"UC Berkeley Library acquires FBI records of surveillance of Black leaders"
4598:
3839:
3800:
3761:
3628:, which fought for Latino self-determination and Puerto-Rican independence.
3610:
3565:
3362:
3282:
3243:
3150:
3139:
3087:
3040:
2961:
2775:
2667:
2613:
2575:
2477:
2454:
2449:
2267:
2214:
2150:
1952:
1912:
1896:
1752:
1748:
1609:
1556:
1354:
1309:
1256:
1241:
Dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge
1135:
1127:
1071:
1067:
1006:
1002:
982:
966:
920:
835:
820:
616:
601:
586:
355:
75:
8984:
7792:
3532:
Gray Panthers often used to refer to advocates for the rights of seniors (
3086:
idea of the female Panther as subordinate. The same year, Deputy chairman
2868:" agenda and called for Hilliard's removal. Cleaver was expelled from the
2666:
In May 1969, three members of the New Haven chapter tortured and murdered
12885:
12006:
11991:
11839:
11802:
11641:
11596:
11581:
11346:
11341:
11188:
10722:
10717:
10667:
10626:
10611:
10601:
10559:
9953:
9776:
9689:
9432:
9327:
8952:
8587:
Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party
8002:
Hector Tobar "'Black Against Empire' tells the history of Black Panthers"
7953:
6823:
3818:
3794:
3732:
3625:
3576:
3555:
3467:(New York City Council), Nelson Malloy (Winston-Salem City Council), and
3376:
3322:, Shrines of Madonna, Eastside Voice of Independent Detroit (ESVID), the
2897:
2791:
2783:
2687:
2624:
1956:
1888:
1771:
arrested. Hutton's death became a rallying issue for Panther supporters.
1705:
1564:
1474:
1430:
1346:
1305:
1293:
1270:
1247:
1206:
1115:
1061:
947:
944:
904:
636:
626:
385:
319:
271:
171:
9002:
Out of Oakland: Black Panther Party Internationalism during the Cold War
7881:. Hilliard, David,, Weise, Donald,, Brown, Elaine, 1943â. New York, NY.
7849:
6158:
Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle
2960:
In 1974, as Huey Newton prepared to go into exile in Cuba, he appointed
1996:
The BPP adopted a "Serve the People" program, which at first involved a
1527:
We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.
1515:
We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community.
14205:
14054:
13876:
11541:
11526:
11496:
11491:
11240:
11208:
11047:
11015:
10692:
10672:
10646:
10539:
10258:
10238:
9918:
9735:
9725:
9669:
9583:
9502:
9417:
8928:
Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton
7833:
7344:
Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (June 1, 1999). "Women, power, and revolution".
4863:
Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton
3863:
3699:
3644:
3618:
3468:
3342:
3200:
3187:
2913:
2909:
2838:
2533:
2256:
2176:
2140:
2029:
1976:
1968:
1900:
1576:
1560:
1551:
1274:
962:
795:
686:
676:
186:
13594:
11877:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
9275:
8951:
A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to
8907:
Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon
7693:
6926:
3179:, including abortion. That same year, the Party condemned and opposed
3126:
and a way of further controlling black bodies, akin to the history of
1826:. Money contributions flow in, and BPP leadership begins embezzlement.
1269:
extensively. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the
13475:
12155:
12001:
11506:
11290:
11228:
11123:
10641:
9806:
8969:. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26â56.
6059:"The Black Panther Party and Black Anti-fascism in the United States"
3614:
3429:
3361:, also frequently collaborated with Latino activist groups, like the
3051:
2880:
2861:
2787:
2730:
2252:
1904:
1868:
1860:
1646:
1536:
We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.
1372:
1223:
1022:
935:. From 1969 onward, the party created social programs, including the
815:
785:
760:
666:
641:
10802:
10325:
9230:
9222:
The Black Panther Party Newspaper, electronic archive, published in
8124:
Ex-militants charged in S.F. police officer's '71 slaying at station
3023:
12866:
12628:
12623:
12133:
10687:
9221:
9130:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
8568:
Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party
5495:"Interview With Eldridge Cleaver; The Two Nations Of Black America"
4790:
Robin D. G. Kelley "Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution"
3529:
and has objectives similar to the Black Panthers' 10-Point Program.
3483:
3172:
3171:
During the 1970s, recognizing the limited access poor women had to
3106:
1915:, and Washington, D.C. Peak membership was near 5,000 by 1969, and
1844:
1740:
gang, and many of the L.A. chapter's early recruits were Slausons.
1697:
1482:
1175:
1091:
970:
800:
790:
217:
191:
11892:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
9200:
6834:
5926:"Reunion of Black Panthers stirs memories of aggression, activism"
5797:"27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers"
11245:
7834:"A Rainbow in Black: The Gay Politics of the Black Panther Party"
4532:
Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960â1972
3853:
is a collection of biographies of fifteen Black Panther leaders.
3804:
3500:
3412:
3352:
1908:
1856:
1855:
By 1968, the Party had expanded into many U.S. cities, including
974:
916:
314:
126:
9196:
Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database
8422:
4673:
4671:
2729:
holds a fundraiser for the BPP, which was notoriously mocked by
2587:
as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to
1477:
was passed by the California legislature and signed by governor
1218:, where they read widely, debated, and organized in an emergent
12079:
8869:. Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition. Penguin Books. p. 349.
8135:
7743:
Jeffries, Judson (Fall 2016). "Conversing with Gwen Robinson".
6795:
6793:
3871:
3781:
3673:
3346:
3091:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1653:
181:
5385:(Lexington, North Carolina) via UPI. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
4917:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
3676:, Texas. Ten years later, the NBPP became home to many former
3285:
rose to power within the BPP as Minister of Information after
2900:
ambassador, a Tanzanian ambassador, and delegations from both
2306:
A Documentary History of the Negro People of the United States
2149:
May 1969: Members of the New Haven chapter torture and murder
11891:
10429:
5679:
William Lee Brent â former Black Panther hijacked jet to Cuba
4700:
4698:
4668:
3592:
3514:
Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers
3383:
3311:
3029:
2926:
2225:
Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools
1712:. For example, the Black Panther Party collaborated with the
39:
Black panther (disambiguation) § Political organisations
6790:
5457:"Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops"
4428:. Afro â American Company of Baltimore City. July 26, 1969.
4102:"Intercommunalism: The Late Theorizations of Huey P. Newton"
1993:, who acted as counsel in the Panthers' many legal battles.
1831:"Trial: The City and County of Denver vs. Lauren R. Watson."
1174:
system of racial subordination in the South with tactics of
11936:
9046:
The Black Panthers: Portraits from an Unfinished Revolution
7125:
7084:"Gunmen Try To Kill Witness Against Black Panther Leader".
6801:
Autobiography As Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties
6351:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?"
6038:
5641:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?"
5526:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?"
4405:. WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post. July 16, 1969.
2205:
Violent conflict between the Panther chapter in LA and the
1720:
and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment
1662:
officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with
9172:
The largest collection of materials on any single chapter.
8454:"Can a Comic Book Contain the Drama and Heat of Activism?"
5855:
Power to the people : the world of the Black Panthers
4695:
2920:
Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland
2686:
and testified that he had received orders personally from
2139:
April 1969: Members of the New York chapter, known as the
13561:
State and local political parties (without national body)
9029:
8674:
Will You Die with Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party
8403:
7490:
For Harriet | Celebrating the Fullness of Black Womanhood
6473:
Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line
6090:"The Black Panther Party's 1968 Recommended Reading List"
5498:
5323:
Newton, Huey. "In Defense of Self Defense July 3, 1967".
5143:
4556:
3591:, an Indian social reform movement, which fights against
2995:
magazine and was introduced to the Panther leadership by
2883:
of ordering the Rackley murder, and returned to Oakland.
2607:
2094:
1524:
We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.
7979:"The strange history of the Black Panthers in the Triad"
3041:
Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton
2912:. One of these meetings also included Mao Zedong's wife
2806:
In fall 1971, a larger group of Panthers visited China.
1518:
We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.
8179:"8 arrested in 1971 cop-killing tied to Black Panthers"
6803:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 5.
5959:"Beyond Berets: The Black Panthers as Health Activists"
4796:, Vol. 1, No. 4, Fall 1999 (Columbia University Press).
4214:
4212:
3369:. Newton himself even attended some court sessions for
3090:
of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning
1809:
Early September 1968: Newton convicted of manslaughter.
1732:
In 1968 the southern California chapter was founded by
1050:
Original six members of the Black Panther Party (1966):
279:
9170:
Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project
7065:
6708:"The Gangs of Los Angeles: Roots, Branches and Bloods"
6156:
Woodard, K., Theoharis, J., & Gore, D. F. (2009).
4179:"October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded"
6867:
Frank Browning. The Strange Journey of David Horowitz
6198:
6196:
3452:, an "authoritative" history of the BPP published by
3242:
flier shows images of Black Panther female activists
2941:
2906:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam
2200:
1967:
banned them from all future Olympic Games. Film star
30:"Black panthers" redirects here. For other uses, see
14382:
Political parties of minorities in the United States
8634:
6893:
Christopher Hitchens, "Left-leaving, left-leaning",
6744:
6742:
6276:"Wes Swearigen on FBI Assassination of Fred Hampton"
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6112:
6110:
4209:
1923:, had a circulation of 250,000. The group created a
9217:
Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents
9043:
4915:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
4720:. afroamhistory.about.com. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
4480:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 167.
4002:
On The Ideology of the Black Panther Party (Part 1)
3759:The Black Panther Party briefly appeared in 1994's
3643:In April 1977, Panthers were key supporters of the
3338:challenged his position on certain Black leaders."
2136:
March 1969: There is a second purge of BPP members.
1563:document outlining the FBI's plans to 'neutralize'
1280:and reselling them to leftists and liberals on the
1196:
903:political organization founded by college students
14267:African and Black nationalism in the United States
8904:
8769:
8636:
7627:
6223:"Black Panther Raid and the Death of Fred Hampton"
6193:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6016:"Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at 62"
5899:"Black Panther Party Community Programs 1966â1982"
5562:
5381:December 15, 1971. "Case Against Newton Dropped".
5263:"Black Panther Party Pieces of History: 1966â1969"
4529:
4353:
4143:
2955:
2369:Black Mother: The Years of the African Slave Trade
2018:No kid should be running around hungry in school.
1386:
1366:The initial tactic of the party used contemporary
927:patrols ("copwatching") designed to challenge the
9254:"Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos"
9114:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
8210:"2nd guilty plea in 1971 killing of S.F. officer"
6739:
6141:
6123:
6107:
5795:Workneh, Lilly; Taryn, Post (February 18, 2016).
4173:
4171:
4032:
4030:
3585:, used to refer to two LGBT rights organizations.
3024:Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party
2661:
14243:
11927:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
10294:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention
8232:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7182:
7180:
7178:
5714:
5712:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5444:Fire this Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
4401:"Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security".
3910:newspaper illustrator and "Minister of Culture"
3634:, named after the Black Panther Party's founder.
3274:were behind the scenes working on those papers.
2560:
1727:
997:allegedly killed officer John Frey in 1967, and
14287:Anti-fascist organizations in the United States
14272:African-American history in Oakland, California
11972:Black players in professional American football
11922:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
9184:according to the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation.
8819:
8590:. University of California Press. p. 315.
8537:
7570:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
6518:
6516:
6471:Marable, Manning; Agard-Jones, Vanessa (2008).
6163:
5848:
5846:
5782:
4220:"Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities"
4008:. Black Panther Party Ministry of Information.
3506:Since the 1990s, former Panther chief of staff
2736:Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers
2105:), which also promulgated a ten-point program.
1947:Panther slogans and iconography spread. At the
1457:, guns in hand, in what appears to have been a
1413:Black Panther Party armed demonstration at the
1330:The Black Panther: Black Community News Service
14347:Left-wing militant groups in the United States
14302:Anti-racist organizations in the United States
12878:List of political parties in the United States
10141:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution
9226:, Alexander Street Press, Alexandria, VA 2005.
8945:Shames, Stephen (2006). "The Black Panthers".
8820:Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru, eds. (2006).
6690:
6688:
6686:
6331:https://www.pbs.org/pov/disturbingtheuniverse/
4896:
4894:
4168:
4027:
3353:Connections to other political activist groups
2694:employed by the FBI. The case resulted in the
1292:â a leader of SNCC â championed the call for "
13610:
12852:
10818:
10341:
10096:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom
9291:
9233:, a 1978 profile and history of the Party by
8579:. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
8310:"Reliving The British Black Panther Movement"
8044:National Civil Rights Museum Curriculum Guide
7539:
7372:
7256:
7194:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
6975:
5709:
5621:
5065:The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s
3963:
3938:
2338:Black Moses: The Story of Garvey and the UNIA
1736:in Los Angeles. Carter was the leader of the
1138:, tens of thousands of black people left the
868:
14307:Black political parties in the United States
14068:
11685:Historically black colleges and universities
8710:
8584:Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013).
7310:
7155:
6780:
6778:
6673:
6671:
6513:
6395:
6393:
6306:The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement
5843:
5794:
4527:
4453:. Cornell University Press. pp. 60â61.
4446:
3396:in a 1970 letter published in the newspaper
3357:Members of the Black Panther Party, such as
2980:
2761:August 1970: Newton is released from prison.
2414:The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey
1760:assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
1683:A button supporting the campaign to release
1654:Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey
1596:, the Revolutionary Action Movement and the
1404:
1361:
14332:Defunct Maoist parties in the United States
14262:1982 disestablishments in the United States
8583:
8379:"Active U.S. Hate Groups: Black Separatist"
6683:
6583:
6495:
6459:
6431:"North Korea and the American Radical Left"
6372:
6321:"William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe"
6316:
6314:
6202:Liberation Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from
6044:
5885:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5292:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5026:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4891:
4885:
4848:
4805:
4794:Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics
4749:
4704:
4689:
4677:
4614:
4586:
4340:
4306:
3680:members when its chairmanship was taken by
2595:
2153:, who they suspected of being an informant.
1708:of the Community for New Politics, and the
1154:to find work in the war industries such as
27:US Black political organization (1966â1982)
13617:
13603:
12859:
12845:
10825:
10811:
10348:
10334:
9298:
9284:
8635:Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1988).
8625:
8570:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
8152:Black Liberation Army tied to 1971 slaying
8082:"Black Panther Legacy Honored with Marker"
7921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6590:Cox, Donald (1999). "Split in the Party".
4138:
3657:
3571:White Panthers, used to refer to both the
3388:Huey Newton expressed his support for the
3384:Connections to the Gay Liberation Movement
3094:. After 1969, the Party considered sexism
2872:but went on to lead a splinter group, the
1743:
1540:
1336:
875:
861:
11902:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
10380:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
9150:Learn how and when to remove this message
8565:
8482:
8423:Jama Lazerow and Yohuru Williams (2006).
8350:
7641:
7639:
6912:
6775:
6705:
6668:
6558:
6390:
5990:
5917:
5639:Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971).
5524:Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971).
5191:"Black Panthers: A Taut, Violent Drama".
4424:"Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says".
3772:, based on the novel of the same name by
3341:In the BPP, she "was living as part of a
2557:, writing skills, and political science.
2455:LeRoi Jones (later known as Amiri Baraka)
2189:are killed by law enforcement in Chicago.
2089:ticket. They were a big influence on the
1963:during the American national anthem. The
1594:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
14362:Political parties disestablished in 1982
10030:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America
9062:
8574:
8397:
7935:
7742:
7691:
7608:
7403:
7391:
7269:
6706:Heffernan, Virginia (February 6, 2007).
6475:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 183.
6311:
6250:Encyclopedia of African-American History
6160:. New York University Press. pp. 168â181
6050:
5923:
5167:
5062:
4473:
4279:
3482:
3411:
3233:
3076:
3012:tortured and raped before being killed.
2765:
1800:April to mid-June 1968: Cleaver in jail.
1700:, and other activist groups such as the
1678:
1600:, as well as leaders including the Rev.
1590:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1555:
1439:
1408:
1340:
1314:
1077:
1045:
963:counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO)
13624:
9305:
8960:
8883:
8628:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
8608:A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story
8335:"Lomax's Matrix The Black Power of 504"
8332:
8176:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7628:Cleaver, Kathleen; Katsiaficas (2001).
7604:
7602:
7343:
7315:. Baltimore, Md.: Black Classic Press.
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7227:
7186:
7071:
7041:from the original on September 16, 2016
7028:
6906:
6769:
6733:
6384:
6056:
5956:
5837:
5825:
5703:
5665:
5638:
5589:
5538:from the original on September 28, 2007
5523:
5369:
5357:
5161:
5050:
4900:
4865:. Black Classic Press. pp. 79â83.
4839:, Wayne State University Press website.
4626:
4294:
4288:
4150:. University of Chicago Press. p.
3998:
3407:
2770:In 1970, a group of Panthers including
2080:
1512:We want full employment for our people.
1495:Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)
37:For similarly named organisations, see
14:
14372:Politics and race in the United States
14337:Far-left politics in the United States
14277:African-American-related controversies
14244:
13009:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
12869:political parties in the United States
12801:Topics related to the African diaspora
11907:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
9248:
8999:
8944:
8902:
8859:
8764:
8670:
8661:
8544:
8514:
8464:from the original on December 16, 2023
8359:from the original on November 21, 2016
7903:from the original on February 15, 2021
7874:
7831:
7780:
7776:
7774:
7636:
7558:
7508:
7100:
6957:from the original on December 23, 2016
6824:http://www.salon.com/1999/12/13/betty/
6748:
6694:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6399:
6087:
6057:Spencer, Robyn C. (January 26, 2017).
6013:
5852:
5751:
5718:
5603:"Bobby Hutton (1950â1968) âą BlackPast"
5472:
5038:
4745:
4348:
4336:
4318:
4197:from the original on December 21, 2015
4126:
4056:from the original on February 22, 2021
4036:
4015:from the original on December 16, 2020
2886:
2758:that "we've never advocated violence".
2608:Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark
1785:Early Spring 1968: Eldridge Cleaver's
1674:
1453:In May 1967, the Panthers invaded the
14367:Political parties established in 1966
13598:
12840:
12781:Landmark African-American legislation
10832:
10806:
10355:
10329:
9279:
9044:Shih, Bryan; Yohuru Williams (2016).
8925:
8840:
8794:
8731:
8711:Hilliard, David; Cole, Lewis (1993).
8604:
8483:Tommasino, Akili (October 12, 2021).
8233:DelVecchio, Rick (October 25, 1997).
7646:Brown, DeNeen L. (January 10, 2018).
7645:
7514:
7466:from the original on October 18, 2016
7288:
7101:Turner, Wallace (December 14, 1977).
7059:
7016:
6946:
6940:
6854:
6784:
6677:
6546:
6534:
6522:
6507:
6428:
6422:
6026:from the original on October 21, 2015
5807:from the original on February 5, 2017
5557:
5555:
5553:
5446:, University of Virginia Press, 1995.
5288:
5286:
5284:
5226:, Public Broadcasting System website.
5178:
5018:
5016:
4971:
4912:
4860:
4817:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4382:from the original on January 26, 2013
4344:
4284:, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 99â119
4248:
3058:
2705:
2093:, tied to the Detroit/Ann Arbor band
1758:On April 6, 1968, two days after the
1687:, founder of the Black Panther Party.
1353:standing in the street, armed with a
504:League of Revolutionary Black Workers
14327:Defunct American political movements
14045:Oakland â Jack London Square station
11912:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
9094:
8735:The Black Panther Party Reconsidered
8691:
8451:
8262:. Zed Collective. October 19, 2016.
8177:Wohlsen, Marcus (January 23, 2007).
7967:Lazerow & Williams (2006). p. 37
7680:
7611:The Western Journal of Black Studies
7599:
7527:from the original on August 11, 2016
7415:
7293:
6982:Notable Black American Women, Book 2
6918:
6812:Horowitz, David (December 13, 1999)
6429:Young, Benjamin (February 6, 2013).
4571:
4359:
4261:from the original on January 3, 2017
4230:from the original on January 1, 2017
3947:from the original on October 2, 2018
3914:to create the cover art of his book
3186:Many women Panthers began to demand
2217:were killed in Campbell Hall on the
2011:
1919:, under the editorial leadership of
1488:
1455:State Assembly Chamber in Sacramento
893:Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
14322:Crime in the San Francisco Bay Area
12994:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
12266:African-American Vernacular English
9802:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
8062:"Black Power-Questions to Consider"
7771:
7139:. November 13, 1978. Archived from
7029:Keating, Fiona (October 24, 2015).
6589:
5905:from the original on April 25, 2016
5505:from the original on March 12, 2011
5484:David Hilliard, This Side of Glory
5339:from the original on March 14, 2020
5326:Essays from the Minister of Defense
5217:"COINTELPRO" A Huey P. Newton Story
4953:from the original on March 15, 2008
4906:
3977:from the original on April 11, 2020
3705:
3595:in Indian society. This became the
2185:December 4, 1969: Fred Hampton and
2040:Free Breakfast for Children Program
1998:free breakfast program for children
1959:, two American medalists, gave the
1716:, which sought to promote a strong
1692:conviction was reversed on appeal.
1302:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1060:(Defense Minister), Sherwin Forte,
989:, who were killed in a raid by the
826:United States civil rights movement
509:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
24:
13566:Presidential nominating convention
12184:U.S. cities with large populations
11887:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
9067:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
8993:
8266:from the original on March 7, 2017
8187:. Associated Press. Archived from
7724:from the original on June 20, 2018
7668:from the original on June 20, 2018
7547:The Western Journal of Black Study
7496:from the original on June 20, 2018
7272:Black Women, Gender & Families
7113:from the original on July 23, 2018
6998:from the original on July 27, 2020
6947:Ryder, Ulli Kira (December 2008).
6749:Kelley, Ken (September 15, 1989).
6571:from the original on April 8, 2007
6069:from the original on July 28, 2018
5764:from the original on June 26, 2006
5550:
5322:
5281:
5269:from the original on June 10, 2010
5013:
4608:
4557:Churchill and Vander Wall (2002).
3939:Delli Carpini, Michael X. (2000).
3609:The French Black Dragons, a Black
3217:
2985:Panther leader Elaine Brown hired
2942:Newton indicted for violent crimes
2201:Shoot-out with the US Organization
1098:speaks at Hutton Memorial Park in
25:
14393:
14282:Anti-capitalist political parties
14257:1966 establishments in California
11057:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
11053:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
10860:African American founding fathers
10466:Students for a Democratic Society
10275:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song
10010:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
9090:
8826:. Durham: Duke University Press.
8105:Photos of the Black Panther Party
7856:from the original on June 4, 2020
7692:Jeffries, Judson L. (Fall 2016).
7515:Bauer, Kari (February 22, 2016).
6980:. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
6441:from the original on May 11, 2015
5963:American Journal of Public Health
5752:Newton, Huey (October 15, 1966).
5609:from the original on June 2, 2019
5564:"1500 at Rites of Panther Member"
4249:Brown, Mark (December 27, 2013).
4224:Mapping American Social Movements
4108:from the original on June 8, 2020
4082:from the original on June 8, 2020
3874:in 1974, to avoid legal charges.
3695:list the New Black Panthers as a
3638:Memphis Black Autonomy Federation
3599:, now a political party in India.
3175:, the Party officially supported
1375:at the San Francisco airport for
723:Black Power and the American Myth
549:Revolutionary Black Panther Party
14297:Anti-racism in the United States
14224:
14223:
13986:San FranciscoâOakland Bay Bridge
13556:
13555:
12819:
11937:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
11082:Nadir of American race relations
10440:Up Against the Wall Motherfucker
10400:Maoist Internationalist Movement
10307:
10306:
10234:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
9099:
8845:. University of North Carolina.
8551:. University of Arkansas Press.
8508:
8476:
8445:
8416:
8371:
8326:
8302:
8278:
8252:
8226:
8203:
8170:
8142:
8117:
8098:
8074:
8055:
8037:
8018:
7995:
7971:
7960:
7929:
7868:
7825:
7745:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men
7736:
7698:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men
7621:
7573:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men
7564:
7552:
7478:
7448:
7409:
7397:
7337:
7282:
7221:
7094:
7077:
7053:
7022:
7010:
6969:
6900:
6887:
6860:
6848:
6806:
6763:
6751:"Huey Newton: I'll Never Forget"
6727:
6699:
6656:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6501:
6489:
6465:
6453:
6378:
6366:
6343:
6298:
6268:
6255:
6239:
6215:
6081:
6007:
5950:
5924:Westneat, Danny (May 11, 2005).
5891:
5879:
5831:
5819:
5788:
5776:
4326:. University of Minnesota Press.
3941:"Black Panther Party: 1966â1982"
3751:by Elaine Brown, and many more.
3487:Black Panther 40th Reunion, 2006
3296:
2156:July 1969 the BPP organized the
2123:and various petty disagreements.
2069:rehabilitation, and testing for
2032:'s advice to revolutionaries in
1620:later testified in front of the
1197:Founding the Black Panther Party
464:Black Revolutionary Assault Team
424:African People's Socialist Party
278:
58:
14377:Politics of Oakland, California
14079:12th Street Oakland City Center
10943:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
10933:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
10063:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther
9995:New Afrikan Black Panther Party
9782:Deacons for Defense and Justice
9498:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom)
9267:The Black Panther Party Archive
8404:Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation.
8381:. Splcenter.org. Archived from
8071:, National Civil Rights Museum.
7694:"Conversing with Gwen Robinson"
6976:McClendon III, John H. (1996).
6014:Warren, Jenifer (May 2, 1998).
5745:
5697:
5671:
5659:
5595:
5583:
5517:
5487:
5478:
5466:
5449:
5436:
5424:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5316:
5298:
5255:
5229:
5210:
5201:
5184:
5155:
5131:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4935:
4879:
4854:
4842:
4830:"Negroes With Guns-Description"
4823:
4811:
4799:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4735:
4723:
4710:
4683:
4656:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4592:
4580:
4565:
4550:
4521:
4502:
4467:
4440:
4417:
4394:
4365:
4330:
4312:
4300:
4273:
4242:
3650:Americans with Disabilities Act
3277:
3229:
2956:The Panthers under Elaine Brown
2719:
2473:The Colonizer and the Colonized
2345:Black Reconstruction in America
2113:
1965:International Olympic Committee
1573:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1387:Rallies in Richmond, California
959:Federal Bureau of Investigation
529:National Joint Action Committee
514:May 19th Communist Organization
14342:History of Oakland, California
14292:Anti-imperialist organizations
14003:Posey and Webster Street Tubes
13934:2012 Oikos University shooting
13785:The College Preparatory School
13668:California College of the Arts
11932:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
10938:Civil right movement 1896â1954
10254:New Haven Black Panther trials
10090:In the Event Anyone Disappears
9944:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
8801:. Simon and Schuster. p.
8093:The Chronicle of Winston-Salem
8025:"What Do We Want? Black Power"
7784:Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left
7420:. New York. pp. 155â156.
6814:"Who killed Betty Van Patter?"
6088:Turner, Page (June 10, 2022).
5727:. Sage Publications. pp.
4496:10.5149/9781469608167_williams
4132:
4120:
4094:
4068:
4042:
3992:
3932:
3454:University of California Press
3028:In 1977, Newton returned from
2848:Some Panther leaders, such as
2696:New Haven Black Panther trials
2662:Torture-murder of Alex Rackley
2524:The Strange Career of Jim Crow
2440:MUNTU: The New African Culture
2375:Studies in a Dying Colonialism
2248:The Autobiography of Malcolm X
2130:, and two Panthers are killed.
1575:(FBI) instructed its program "
1214:. They joined Donald Warden's
1176:non-violent civil disobedience
1106:. Black Panther Party leaders
929:excessive force and misconduct
32:Black panther (disambiguation)
13:
1:
14050:Oakland International Airport
13763:American Indian Model Schools
13726:Coliseum College Prep Academy
13576:Politics of the United States
12112:Cherokee freedmen controversy
11088:The Negro Motorist Green Book
10545:Revolutionary Action Movement
10005:New Panther Vanguard Movement
9980:Black Riders Liberation Party
8575:Blackmon, Janiece L. (2008).
8452:Park, Ed (February 2, 2021).
8034:National Civil Rights Museum.
7878:The New Huey P. Newton Reader
7418:The Black Woman: An Anthology
6953:(Dissertation). p. 124.
5723:Encyclopedia of Black Studies
3921:
3436:Professor Judson Jeffries of
3328:Revolutionary Action Movement
3101:The Black Panthers adopted a
2999:, who had been the editor of
2879:In May 1971, Bobby Seale was
2631:Cook County State's Attorney
2561:Intercommunal Youth Institute
1779:
1728:Founding of the L. A. Chapter
1545:
1345:Black Panther Party founders
1321:Black Panther Party newspaper
1232:Revolutionary Action Movement
1183:nonviolent civil disobedience
544:Revolutionary Action Movement
469:Black Riders Liberation Party
149:
13907:Shootings of police officers
13266:Democratic-Republican (1844)
13094:South Carolina Workers Party
10550:Sojourner Truth Organization
10479:Revolutionary Youth Movement
9985:Black Women's Defense League
9851:United Front Against Fascism
9736:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson)
9004:. Cornell University Press.
8626:Carmichael, Stokely (1967).
8538:General and cited references
8339:Disability Studies Quarterly
7133:"The Odyssey of Huey Newton"
7035:International Business Times
6759:. Vol. 11, no. 49.
3926:
3613:group closely linked to the
3458:National Civil Rights Museum
3018:
2950:
2809:
2300:American Negro Slave Revolts
2158:United Front Against Fascism
2121:law enforcement infiltration
1774:
1616:. As assistant FBI Director
943:, claiming to represent the
776:Black Power in the Caribbean
474:Black Women's Defense League
7:
13892:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
13795:Oakland School for the Arts
11982:Black players in ice hockey
11917:National Urban League (NUL)
11743:American Society of Muslims
10981:Selma to Montgomery marches
10901:Brown v. Board of Education
10450:Young Patriots Organization
10149:Judas and the Black Messiah
9833:Free Breakfast for Children
9201:Young Lords in Lincoln Park
8911:. New York: The New Press.
8485:"Black Power in Print: The
8291:September 27, 2017, at the
8184:The San Diego Union-Tribune
5783:Lazerow & Williams 2006
5579:– via Newspapers.com.
5571:. April 13, 1968. p. 4
4450:Ethics Along the Color Line
4447:Stubblefield, Anna (2018).
3831:Judas and the Black Messiah
3693:Southern Poverty Law Center
3390:Women's liberation movement
3177:women's reproductive rights
2746:. Two officers are wounded.
2291:The Nat Turner Slave Revolt
1236:community survival programs
937:Free Breakfast for Children
110:; 42 years ago
92:; 58 years ago
10:
14398:
13024:National Progressive Party
12949:African People's Socialist
12139:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
11897:Nashville Student Movement
10908:Children of the plantation
10435:Symbionese Liberation Army
10249:Murder of Betty Van Patter
10077:The Murder of Fred Hampton
10056:Interview with Bobby Seale
8967:Ars Americana Ars Politica
8732:Jones, Charles E. (1998).
8671:Forbes, Flores A. (2006).
8545:Austin, Curtis J. (2006).
8517:"Abolition for the People"
8260:"We're Assata's Daughters"
8163:December 23, 2015, at the
8087:September 8, 2014, at the
8007:September 8, 2014, at the
7984:September 9, 2014, at the
7832:Porter, Ronald K. (2012).
7230:Journal of Women's History
7207:10.1177/107769900908600411
6984:. VNR AG. pp. 66â67.
6840:November 13, 1999, at the
6829:December 22, 2015, at the
6819:December 19, 2005, at the
6326:November 17, 2015, at the
6228:September 4, 2014, at the
5719:Asante, Molefi K. (2005).
5684:November 24, 2018, at the
4528:O'Reilly, Kenneth (1989).
4515:February 12, 2015, at the
3999:Cleaver, Eldridge (1967).
3886:acquired 30 issues of the
3810:The Trial of the Chicago 7
3661:
2585:community service projects
2421:The Myth of the Negro Past
2042:, initially run out of an
1734:Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter
1549:
1492:
1444:Black Panther convention,
1255:' armed resistance to the
1100:Alameda County, California
1041:
1036:
559:Symbionese Liberation Army
36:
29:
14219:
14188:
14127:
13978:
13947:
13939:Ghost Ship warehouse fire
13853:
13812:
13800:St. Elizabeth High School
13780:Bishop O'Dowd High School
13706:
13693:Samuel Merritt University
13660:
13653:
13632:
13548:
13476:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
13193:
13153:
13146:
12941:
12920:
12911:
12884:
12875:
12809:
12776:Index of related articles
12654:
12569:
12293:
12226:
12164:
12064:
12025:
11957:
11950:
11865:
11785:
11777:Doctrine of Father Divine
11723:
11665:
11314:
11169:
11161:Women's suffrage movement
11114:Reconstruction Amendments
10921:Voting Rights Act of 1965
10840:
10735:
10655:
10579:
10572:
10502:
10464:
10455:Youth International Party
10372:
10363:
10302:
10226:
10167:
10022:
9962:
9866:
9859:
9820:
9769:
9744:
9708:
9652:
9526:
9390:
9377:
9336:
9315:
9224:Black Thought and Culture
8110:January 17, 2007, at the
8067:October 29, 2014, at the
8049:October 29, 2014, at the
8030:October 12, 2014, at the
7942:Journal of Social History
7358:10.1080/07393149908429865
6872:January 28, 2016, at the
6606:10.1080/07393149908429861
6437:. Woodrow Wilson Center.
6209:February 2, 2018, at the
6120:. Semiotexte. pp. 221â242
5957:Bassett, Mary T. (2016).
5310:October 31, 2014, at the
4474:Williams, Jakobi (2013).
4076:"Intercommunalism (1974)"
3842:and his Chicago chapter.
3416:New York City Councilman
2981:Death of Betty van Patter
2656:wrongful death settlement
2431:A History of Negro Revolt
2282:The Lost Cities of Africa
2263:The Wretched of the Earth
1936:internationalist movement
1427:California State Assembly
1405:Protest at the Statehouse
1362:Oakland patrols of police
1312:was their first recruit.
1259:(KKK) and Williams' book
1216:Afro-American Association
991:Chicago Police Department
933:Oakland Police Department
239:Politics of United States
234:
223:
211:
156:
145:
133:
122:
104:
86:
74:
66:
57:
48:
13917:Your Black Muslim Bakery
13867:Oakland Railroad Company
13069:Socialism and Liberation
12826:United States portal
12261:African-American English
11690:Inventors and scientists
11382:George Washington Carver
10986:Chicago Freedom Movement
10510:American Indian Movement
10503:Racial justice movements
10036:Black Panthers: A Report
9874:American Indian Movement
9639:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor
9000:Malloy, Sean L. (2017).
8955:'s intervention in 1970.
8717:. Little, Brown and Co.
8696:. Chicago Review Press.
8566:Alkebulan, Paul (2007).
8494:The Museum of Modern Art
7936:Leighton, Jared (2019).
7875:Newton, Huey P. (2002).
6736:, pp. 265, 286, 328
6406:Cornell University Press
6400:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
5975:10.2105/ajph.2016.303412
5853:Shames, Stephen (2016).
5758:War Against the Panthers
4835:October 6, 2014, at the
4603:The Black Panthers Speak
4511:, United States Senate.
3738:Assata: An Autobiography
3710:
3597:Liberation Panther Party
3546:, an advocacy group for
3538:The Grays, Gray Panthers
2845:, who fled the country.
2823:
2752:July 1970: Newton tells
2596:Oakland Community School
2510:The Negro in Our History
2460:Black Muslims in America
1843:of $ 80, resulting in a
1423:California State Capitol
1415:California State Capitol
1150:and other cities in the
262:This article is part of
14086:(Uptown Transit Center)
14060:Eastmont Transit Center
14040:International Boulevard
13346:National States' Rights
13201:American (Know Nothing)
13049:Progressive Labor Party
12749:African-American firsts
11798:Back-to-Africa movement
11767:Black Hebrew Israelites
11547:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
11095:Partus sequitur ventrem
10494:Worker Student Alliance
10415:Progressive Labor Party
10410:Peace and Freedom Party
10111:All Power to the People
10000:New Black Panther Party
9990:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
9894:Black Panthers (Israel)
9574:Marshall "Eddie" Conway
9468:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
9063:Whitaker, Mark (2023).
8352:10.18061/dsq.v31i1.1371
8333:Schweik, Susan (2011).
8315:April 11, 2015, at the
8239:San Francisco Chronicle
7757:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07
7710:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07
7585:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.03
6922:Betty Louise Van Patter
6496:Bloom & Martin 2013
6460:Bloom & Martin 2013
6373:Bloom & Martin 2013
6336:August 5, 2017, at the
6045:Bloom & Martin 2013
5886:Bloom & Martin 2013
5840:, pp. 186â187, 191
5754:"The Ten-Point Program"
5691:San Francisco Chronicle
5431:Bloom & Martin 2013
5419:Bloom & Martin 2013
5407:Bloom & Martin 2013
5395:Bloom & Martin 2013
5293:Bloom & Martin 2013
5265:. Itsabouttimebpp.com.
5150:Bloom & Martin 2013
5138:Bloom & Martin 2013
5126:Bloom & Martin 2013
5114:Bloom & Martin 2013
5102:Bloom & Martin 2013
5090:Bloom & Martin 2013
5078:Bloom & Martin 2013
5027:Bloom & Martin 2013
5023:Black Panther Newspaper
5008:Bloom & Martin 2013
4996:Bloom & Martin 2013
4984:Bloom & Martin 2013
4947:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4913:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
4886:Bloom & Martin 2013
4849:Bloom & Martin 2013
4806:Bloom & Martin 2013
4756:, part II and chapter 5
4750:Bloom & Martin 2013
4705:Bloom & Martin 2013
4690:Bloom & Martin 2013
4678:Bloom & Martin 2013
4615:Bloom & Martin 2013
4587:Bloom & Martin 2013
4576:. Chicago Review Press.
4373:"Hoover and the F.B.I."
4341:Bloom & Martin 2013
4307:Bloom & Martin 2013
3906:worked with the former
3847:The Black Panther Party
3845:The 2021 graphic novel
3754:
3721:, the autobiography of
3670:New Black Panther Party
3664:New Black Panther Party
3658:New Black Panther Party
3632:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
3589:Dalit Panthers of India
3394:Gay liberation movement
3373:'s trial in June 1970.
2841:and his own secretary,
2831:criminal justice system
2714:
2684:turned state's evidence
2381:From Slavery to Freedom
2356:The Souls of Black Folk
2108:
2087:Peace and Freedom Party
1820:Peace and Freedom Party
1744:Killing of Bobby Hutton
1714:Peace and Freedom Party
1702:Progressive Labor Party
1612:, Maxwell Stanford and
1541:Late 1967 to early 1968
1391:The black community of
1337:Late 1966 to early 1967
1054:Elbert "Big Man" Howard
781:Black Power in Montreal
652:Martin Luther King, Jr.
534:New Black Panther Party
499:Huey P. Newton Gun Club
213:Political position
14201:San Francisco Bay Area
14160:Mountain View Cemetery
14023:Cypress Street Viaduct
13751:Oakland Technical High
13074:Serve America Movement
13064:Renew America Movement
12717:Spingarn Medal winners
12206:States and territories
11977:Black NFL quarterbacks
11477:Martin Luther King Jr.
11009:Dred Scott v. Sandford
10948:Montgomery bus boycott
10405:New Communist movement
10395:George Jackson Brigade
10125:A Huey P. Newton Story
9909:George Jackson Brigade
9899:British Black Panthers
9879:Black Guerrilla Family
9463:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt
8884:Pearson, Hugh (1994).
8776:. Henry Holt. p.
8692:Haas, Jeffrey (2009).
8662:Dooley, Brian (1998).
8605:Brown, Elaine (1993).
8215:June 29, 2011, at the
8129:June 29, 2011, at the
7781:Pulido, Laura (2019).
7632:. New York: Routledge.
7242:10.1353/jowh.2008.0006
6880:, May 1987, p. 34 (on
6435:NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14
6356:July 10, 2013, at the
5025:, May 15, 1967, p. 3;
4605:, Da Capo Press, 2002.
4572:Haas, Jeffrey (2010).
4140:Van Deburg, William L.
3877:
3821:, who is portrayed by
3689:Anti-Defamation League
3654:thirteen years later.
3536:in the United States,
3488:
3446:, in a 2013 review of
3434:
3421:
3324:Republic of New Africa
3304:Martin Luther King Jr.
3251:
3082:
2426:Melville J. Herskovits
2405:Garvey & Garveyism
2057:
2020:
1945:
1688:
1651:
1602:Martin Luther King Jr.
1568:
1471:
1449:
1425:. On May 2, 1967, the
1418:
1358:
1324:
1267:gun laws in California
1246:from the multitude of
1222:tradition inspired by
1201:In late October 1966,
1144:Second Great Migration
1131:
1075:
957:, the Director of the
735:The Diary of Malcolm X
539:Republic of New Afrika
494:George Jackson Brigade
479:British Black Panthers
459:Black Radical Congress
434:Black Guerrilla Family
310:Black Power Revolution
13481:Traditionalist Worker
13161:Democratic-Republican
13099:Social Democrats, USA
13089:Socialist Alternative
12027:Athletic associations
11962:Negro league baseball
11733:African-American Jews
11452:Ketanji Brown Jackson
11417:Henry Highland Garnet
11276:Negro National Anthem
11026:George Floyd protests
10991:Postâcivil rights era
10520:Black Liberation Army
10515:Antonio Maceo Brigade
10474:New American Movement
10200:Revolutionary Suicide
9975:Black Panther Militia
9884:Black Liberation Army
9821:Programs and projects
9665:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin
9634:Russell Maroon Shoatz
9252:(September 8, 2016).
8926:Seale, Bobby (1970).
8903:Rhodes, Jane (2007).
8866:Revolutionary Suicide
8841:Murch, Donna (2010).
8798:Walking with the Wind
8429:Duke University Press
8013:The Los Angeles Times
7793:10.1525/9780520938892
7346:New Political Science
7311:Seale, Bobby (1991).
6593:New Political Science
6561:"Black Panther Party"
6246:"BPP, Chicago Branch"
6134:Murch, D. J. (2010).
6063:Duke University Press
5222:May 15, 2011, at the
4943:"Black Panther Party"
4861:Seale, Bobby (1991).
4282:Black Routes to Islam
3838:, tells the story of
3823:Yahya Abdul-Mateen II
3718:Revolutionary Suicide
3682:Khalid Abdul Muhammad
3604:British Black Panther
3497:Black Liberation Army
3486:
3426:
3415:
3268:consciousness-raising
3237:
3080:
2874:Black Liberation Army
2766:International travels
2547:after-school programs
2321:American Negro Poetry
2053:
2016:
1940:
1696:power organizations,
1682:
1669:Shadow of the Panther
1658:On October 28, 1967,
1644:
1559:
1550:Further information:
1451:
1443:
1412:
1344:
1318:
1288:On October 29, 1966,
1168:Civil rights movement
1090:
1049:
742:Revolutionary Suicide
449:Black Panther Militia
444:Black Liberation Army
14135:Designated Landmarks
13902:Oscar Grant shooting
13336:National Renaissance
13261:Constitutional Union
12234:Afro-Seminole Creole
11760:Azusa Street Revival
11632:Booker T. Washington
11156:Underground Railroad
11021:Free people of color
10875:Atlantic slave trade
10445:United Freedom Front
10390:Free Speech Movement
10289:Black power movement
10264:RiceâPoindexter case
10216:Black Against Empire
10070:Finally Got the News
10023:Films and television
9120:improve this article
8795:Lewis, John (1998).
6897:, November 16, 2003.
6363:, February 13, 1971.
6349:Edward Jay Epstein,
6286:on September 4, 2015
6265:, December 12, 1969.
5857:. New York: Abrams.
5455:Kate Coleman, 1980,
5194:St. Petersburg Times
3898:NFL quarterback and
3884:Museum of Modern Art
3785:(2019), directed by
3473:Chicago City Council
3449:Black Against Empire
3408:Aftermath and legacy
3371:Los Siete de la Raza
3367:Los Siete de la Raza
3238:Black Panther Party
3132:forced sterilization
3096:counterrevolutionary
2625:powerful barbiturate
2581:institutional racism
2549:and then opening up
2495:William L. Patterson
2363:The World and Africa
2312:Before the Mayflower
2213:and Deputy Minister
2101:(author of the book
2081:Political activities
1949:1968 Summer Olympics
1571:In August 1967, the
1393:Richmond, California
1130:controlled marchers.
1031:American imperialism
1014:de facto segregation
305:Black power movement
14357:Political movements
14252:Black Panther Party
14155:Children's Hospital
14084:19th Street Oakland
13887:Black Panther Party
13626:Oakland, California
13536:Youth International
13486:Unconditional Union
13391:Populist (People's)
13301:Independence (2007)
13296:Independence (1906)
13256:Constitution (1952)
13231:American Vegetarian
13171:National Republican
13014:Legal Marijuana Now
12964:American Solidarity
12629:Trinidad and Tobago
12244:Black American Sign
12071:By African descent
12065:Ethnic subdivisions
12052:Southwestern (SWAC)
11967:Baseball color line
11882:Black Panther Party
11786:Political movements
11703:in computer science
11362:Carol Moseley Braun
11151:Tulsa race massacre
11144:Treatment of slaves
10976:March on Washington
10971:Birmingham movement
10555:White Panther Party
10530:Black Panther Party
10489:Weather Underground
10314:Black Panther Party
9949:White Panther Party
9929:Polynesian Panthers
9680:Robert Hillary King
9599:Denise Oliver-Velez
9308:Black Panther Party
9188:FBI file on the BPP
9132:footnote references
9048:. Bold Type Books.
8740:Black Classic Press
8515:Kaepernick, Colin.
8489:Newspapers at MoMA"
8308:Hazelann Williams,
8299:, October 13, 2013.
8095:, October 18, 2012.
8015:, January 24, 2013.
7653:The Washington Post
7521:Urban Democracy Lab
7416:Cade, Toni (1970).
7143:on November 6, 2012
7090:. October 25, 1977.
6252:(ABC-CLIO), p. 672.
6180:Black Panther Party
5938:on November 6, 2013
5828:, pp. 173, 176
5694:, November 20, 2006
5668:, pp. 185, 191
5592:, pp. 152â158
4919:Bloomsbury Academic
4716:McElrath, Jessica.
4403:The Washington Post
4376:Luna Ray Films, LLC
3573:White Panther Party
3544:Polynesian Panthers
3201:21 New York leaders
2887:Delegation to China
2744:fragmentation bombs
2589:political prisoners
2334:by Arna W. Bontemps
2308:by Herbert Aptheker
2302:by Herbert Aptheker
2179:activity increases.
2091:White Panther Party
2071:sickle-cell disease
2035:The Little Red Book
1973:Mary Luana Williams
1835:November 20, 1968:
1675:Free Huey! campaign
1368:open-carry gun laws
1308:. Sixteen-year-old
1170:had dismantled the
1104:Oakland, California
1094:from 1985 in which
1072:Little Bobby Hutton
1052:Top left to right:
913:Oakland, California
911:in October 1966 in
889:Black Panther Party
569:Weather Underground
489:Five-Percent Nation
484:Conscious Community
454:Black Panther Party
295:Black Arts Movement
51:Black Panther Party
14317:COINTELPRO targets
13882:Naval Supply Depot
13678:Lincoln University
13416:Progressive (1948)
13411:Progressive (1924)
13406:Progressive (1912)
13341:National Socialist
13321:Liberal Republican
13291:Human Rights Party
13251:Communist Workers'
13104:Socialist Equality
12727:US representatives
12722:US cabinet members
12614:Dominican Republic
12201:Metropolitan areas
12042:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
11867:Civic and economic
11845:Self-determination
11666:Education, science
11587:Fred Shuttlesworth
11567:A. Philip Randolph
11472:Coretta Scott King
11397:Frederick Douglass
11224:Harlem Renaissance
11129:Separate but equal
11119:Reconstruction era
11107:Plessy v. Ferguson
10998:Cornerstone Speech
10912:Civil Rights Acts
10895:Black Lives Matter
10870:American Civil War
10758:Liberated Barracks
10484:Venceremos Brigade
10084:Teach Our Children
9970:Assata's Daughters
9812:Robert F. Williams
9752:Stokely Carmichael
9619:George W. Sams Jr.
9559:Veronza Bowers Jr.
9448:Barbara Easley-Cox
9398:JoNina Abron-Ervin
9259:The New York Times
8521:haymarketbooks.org
8323:, January 9, 2012.
8191:on August 27, 2016
7956:– via EBSCO.
7954:10.1093/jsh/shx119
7864:– via JSTOR.
7561:, pp. 300â301
7107:The New York Times
7062:, pp. 444â450
6857:, pp. 363â367
6799:Perkins, Margo V.
6713:The New York Times
6680:, pp. 393â394
6498:, pp. 314â317
6462:, pp. 318â321
6263:The New York Times
5605:. April 24, 2018.
5243:. February 4, 2021
5053:, pp. 108â120
5041:, pp. xâxxiii
4718:The Black Panthers
4561:. South End Press.
3900:Black Lives Matter
3774:Melvin Van Peebles
3523:Assata's Daughters
3489:
3422:
3260:Ten Point Platform
3252:
3115:birth control pill
3083:
3059:Women and womanism
2931:Ray "Masai" Hewitt
2755:The New York Times
2706:International ties
2652:federal grand jury
2551:Liberation Schools
2490:We Charge Genocide
2400:Michael Harrington
2385:John Hope Franklin
2331:Story of the Negro
2316:Lerone Bennett Jr.
2273:I Speak of Freedom
2175:Mid-to-late 1969:
2097:and their manager
1961:black power salute
1749:Bobby James Hutton
1689:
1629:Blackstone Rangers
1606:Stokely Carmichael
1569:
1450:
1419:
1359:
1325:
1290:Stokely Carmichael
1253:Robert F. Williams
1132:
1120:a 10-point program
1076:
811:Red Power movement
766:Black Lives Matter
692:Stokely Carmichael
682:Robert F. Williams
662:Malik Zulu Shabazz
612:Fay Bellamy Powell
429:Assata's Daughters
300:Black is beautiful
14239:
14238:
14150:Tallest buildings
14123:
14122:
13955:Oakland Athletics
13897:Firestorm of 1991
13872:Oakland Army Base
13840:Police Department
13808:
13807:
13790:Head-Royce School
13698:Patten University
13645:List of companies
13592:
13591:
13544:
13543:
13461:Social Democratic
13456:Silver Republican
13426:Radical Democracy
13421:Proletarian Party
13189:
13188:
13142:
13141:
13109:Socialist Workers
12999:Freedom Socialist
12969:Christian Liberty
12834:
12833:
12662:African Americans
12534:DallasâFort Worth
12129:Black Southerners
12060:
12059:
11512:Thurgood Marshall
11482:Bernard Lafayette
11077:Million Man March
10834:African Americans
10800:
10799:
10765:National Guardian
10731:
10730:
10587:Theodor W. Adorno
10568:
10567:
10420:Rainbow Coalition
10364:Organizations and
10357:American New Left
10323:
10322:
10018:
10017:
9939:The Pink Panthers
9846:Rainbow Coalition
9839:The Black Panther
9828:Ten-Point Program
9765:
9764:
9554:Dhoruba bin Wahad
9493:Joan Tarika Lewis
9413:William Lee Brent
9160:
9159:
9152:
8888:. Da Capo Press.
8412:on April 1, 2011.
8385:on March 14, 2008
7992:, April 11, 2006.
7888:978-1-60980-900-3
6929:on March 30, 2018
6919:Leighton, Jared,
6895:Los Angeles Times
6020:Los Angeles Times
5969:(10): 1741â1743.
5931:The Seattle Times
5461:New West Magazine
5360:, pp. 7, 221
4928:978-1-350-23394-2
4104:. June 11, 2018.
4078:. June 11, 2018.
3583:The Pink Panthers
3443:Los Angeles Times
3438:Purdue University
3398:The Black Panther
3335:Denby High School
3240:Free Food Program
3136:Toni Cade Bambara
3120:sexual liberation
3072:Joan Tarika Lewis
3066:The Black Panther
3006:San Francisco Bay
2870:Central Committee
2727:Leonard Bernstein
2692:agent provocateur
2644:Wesley Swearingen
2642:Former FBI agent
2519:Carter G. Woodson
2515:Charles H. Wesley
2396:The Other America
2390:Black Bourgeoisie
2371:by Basil Davidson
2365:by W.E.B. Du Bois
2359:by W.E.B. Du Bois
2231:Ten-Point Program
2075:free medical care
2012:Survival programs
1925:Ten-Point Program
1907:, San Francisco,
1891:, New York City,
1837:William Lee Brent
1586:Black Nationalist
1502:The Black Panther
1489:Ten-point program
1265:, Newton studied
1262:Negroes with Guns
1220:black nationalist
1088:
979:police harassment
885:
884:
806:Political hip hop
729:Ten-Point Program
697:Wadsworth Jarrell
622:Gloria Richardson
381:Black nationalism
351:Africana womanism
346:African socialism
257:
256:
244:Political parties
166:Black nationalism
139:The Black Panther
16:(Redirected from
14389:
14227:
14226:
14066:
14065:
13996:Caldecott Tunnel
13965:Oakland Roots SC
13658:
13657:
13619:
13612:
13605:
13596:
13595:
13559:
13558:
13471:Socialist (1901)
13191:
13190:
13151:
13150:
13129:Working Families
13084:Socialist Action
13079:Socialist (1973)
13029:Progressive Dane
12959:American Freedom
12918:
12917:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12838:
12837:
12824:
12823:
12822:
12786:Lynching victims
12285:Louisiana Creole
12256:American English
12144:Louisiana Creole
12117:Choctaw freedmen
11955:
11954:
11492:Huddie Ledbetter
11432:Fannie Lou Hamer
11402:W. E. B. Du Bois
11392:Claudette Colvin
11387:Shirley Chisholm
11204:Family structure
11072:Military history
10954:Browder v. Gayle
10827:
10820:
10813:
10804:
10803:
10678:Bernardine Dohrn
10637:Erik Olin Wright
10632:Raymond Williams
10577:
10576:
10525:Black Liberators
10370:
10369:
10350:
10343:
10336:
10327:
10326:
10315:
10310:
10309:
10269:Robert Templeton
10244:Intercommunalism
10227:Related articles
10208:A Taste of Power
10133:Night Catches Us
9889:Black Liberators
9864:
9863:
9787:W. E. B. Du Bois
9644:James Dixon York
9527:East Coast based
9391:West Coast based
9388:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9354:Kathleen Cleaver
9349:Eldridge Cleaver
9309:
9300:
9293:
9286:
9277:
9276:
9263:
9231:The Party's Over
9182:Official website
9155:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9135:
9103:
9102:
9095:
9086:
9059:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9025:Independent Lens
9015:
8988:
8957:
8941:
8930:. Random House.
8922:
8910:
8899:
8880:
8856:
8837:
8816:
8791:
8775:
8761:
8728:
8707:
8688:
8667:
8658:
8642:
8631:
8622:
8601:
8580:
8571:
8562:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8408:. Archived from
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8354:
8330:
8324:
8306:
8300:
8284:Holly Williams,
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8230:
8224:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8174:
8168:
8146:
8140:
8121:
8115:
8102:
8096:
8078:
8072:
8059:
8053:
8041:
8035:
8022:
8016:
7999:
7993:
7975:
7969:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7920:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7778:
7769:
7768:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7689:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7643:
7634:
7633:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7606:
7597:
7596:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7439:
7431:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7370:
7369:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7308:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7267:
7254:
7253:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7184:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6925:, archived from
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6885:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6788:
6782:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6756:East Bay Express
6746:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6703:
6697:
6692:
6681:
6675:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6347:
6341:
6318:
6309:
6304:Michael Newton,
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6282:. Archived from
6272:
6266:
6259:
6253:
6243:
6237:
6219:
6213:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6172:
6161:
6154:
6139:
6132:
6121:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5994:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5934:. Archived from
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5850:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5760:. Marxists.org.
5749:
5743:
5742:
5726:
5716:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5677:Fimrite, Peter,
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5636:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5566:
5559:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5453:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5331:
5320:
5314:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5197:. July 21, 1968.
5188:
5182:
5176:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5128:, pp. 54â55
5123:
5117:
5116:, pp. 52â53
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5029:, pp. 71â72
5020:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4889:
4888:, pp. 39â44
4883:
4877:
4876:
4858:
4852:
4851:, pp. 30â39
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4808:, pp. 30â36
4803:
4797:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4693:
4692:, pp. 11â12
4687:
4681:
4675:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4525:
4519:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3971:"Black Panthers"
3967:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3936:
3904:Colin Kaepernick
3787:Benedict Andrews
3748:A Taste of Power
3706:In popular media
3697:black separatist
3672:" was formed in
3593:caste oppression
3287:Eldridge Cleaver
3272:Kathleen Cleaver
3147:Kathleen Cleaver
3124:black liberation
2987:Betty Van Patter
2858:Eldridge Cleaver
2772:Eldridge Cleaver
2676:George Sams, Jr.
2528:C. Vann Woodward
2485:by Kwame Nkrumah
2466:Malcolm X Speaks
2416:by Marcus Garvey
2325:Arna W. Bontemps
2295:Herbert Aptheker
2064:
2024:
2002:Kathleen Cleaver
1991:Charles R. Garry
1985:magazine editor
1921:Eldridge Cleaver
1841:Bayview district
1764:Eldridge Cleaver
1722:Democratic Party
1622:Church Committee
1618:William Sullivan
1446:Lincoln Memorial
1435:Eldridge Cleaver
1319:An issue of the
1243:police brutality
1228:anti-imperialist
1156:Kaiser Shipyards
1124:police brutality
1112:Eldridge Cleaver
1096:Kathleen Cleaver
1089:
999:Eldridge Cleaver
897:MarxistâLeninist
891:(originally the
877:
870:
863:
771:Black Power gang
716:A Taste of Power
607:Eldridge Cleaver
439:Black Liberators
401:Intercommunalism
391:Black separatism
361:Anti-Americanism
282:
259:
258:
229:
202:Intercommunalism
197:Anti-imperialism
177:MarxismâLeninism
151:
118:
116:
111:
100:
98:
93:
62:
46:
45:
21:
14397:
14396:
14392:
14391:
14390:
14388:
14387:
14386:
14242:
14241:
14240:
14235:
14215:
14184:
14119:
14064:
13974:
13970:Oakland Spiders
13960:Oakland Ballers
13943:
13928:Oakland Tribune
13855:
13849:
13845:Port of Oakland
13835:Fire Department
13804:
13736:McClymonds High
13721:Castlemont High
13708:
13702:
13683:Merritt College
13649:
13640:Oakland Seaport
13628:
13623:
13593:
13588:
13585:
13581:Politics portal
13540:
13466:Socialist Labor
13446:Red Guard Party
13396:Personal Choice
13331:National (1917)
13226:American (1969)
13221:American (1924)
13206:Americans Elect
13185:
13147:Defunct parties
13138:
12937:
12907:
12880:
12871:
12865:
12835:
12830:
12820:
12818:
12805:
12771:Historic places
12764:US state firsts
12650:
12565:
12289:
12222:
12194:2010 majorities
12189:2000 majorities
12160:
12107:Black Seminoles
12056:
12047:Southern (SIAC)
12030:
12029:and conferences
12028:
12021:
12017:Serena Williams
12012:Jackie Robinson
11946:
11870:
11868:
11861:
11781:
11748:Nation of Islam
11719:
11667:
11661:
11602:Sojourner Truth
11592:Clarence Thomas
11557:Gabriel Prosser
11457:Michael Jackson
11332:Crispus Attucks
11322:Ralph Abernathy
11310:
11266:Musical theater
11165:
11031:Great Migration
11003:COVID-19 impact
10961:Sit-in movement
10836:
10831:
10801:
10796:
10777:Radical America
10727:
10651:
10622:C. Wright Mills
10617:Herbert Marcuse
10592:Murray Bookchin
10564:
10498:
10460:
10425:Red Guard Party
10365:
10359:
10354:
10324:
10319:
10313:
10298:
10222:
10192:Blood in My Eye
10163:
10014:
9958:
9934:Red Guard Party
9860:Inspired groups
9855:
9816:
9761:
9757:Connie Matthews
9740:
9704:
9648:
9549:Kuwasi Balagoon
9534:Mumia Abu-Jamal
9522:
9380:
9378:
9373:
9332:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9250:Berger, Maurice
9164:It's About Time
9156:
9145:
9139:
9136:
9117:
9108:This section's
9104:
9100:
9093:
9075:
9056:
9034:
9032:
9018:
9012:
8996:
8994:Further reading
8991:
8977:
8938:
8919:
8896:
8877:
8861:Newton, Huey P.
8853:
8834:
8813:
8788:
8750:
8725:
8704:
8685:
8677:. Atria Books.
8655:
8645:South End Press
8630:. Random House.
8619:
8598:
8559:
8540:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8513:
8509:
8499:
8497:
8481:
8477:
8467:
8465:
8450:
8446:
8439:
8431:. p. 324.
8421:
8417:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8377:
8376:
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8317:Wayback Machine
8307:
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8297:The Independent
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8122:
8118:
8114:, Oakland 2006.
8112:Wayback Machine
8103:
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8089:Wayback Machine
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8060:
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8051:Wayback Machine
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7099:
7095:
7087:The Leader-Post
7083:
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6625:
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6588:
6584:
6574:
6572:
6559:Brian Baggins.
6557:
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6234:Chicago Tribune
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4320:Nelson, Alondra
4317:
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3924:
3880:
3851:David F. Walker
3813:, features the
3793:as the actress
3791:Kristen Stewart
3757:
3713:
3708:
3678:Nation of Islam
3666:
3660:
3516:
3410:
3402:Stonewall riots
3386:
3355:
3320:Nation of Islam
3299:
3280:
3232:
3220:
3218:Gender dynamics
3212:gender equality
3061:
3043:
3026:
3021:
2983:
2975:electoral arena
2958:
2953:
2944:
2922:
2893:Little Red Book
2889:
2864:" rather than "
2843:Connie Matthews
2826:
2812:
2768:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2664:
2633:Edward Hanrahan
2610:
2598:
2563:
2462:by C.E. Lincoln
2392:by E.F. Frazier
2377:by Frantz Fanon
2227:
2207:US Organization
2203:
2128:US Organization
2116:
2111:
2083:
2066:
2062:J. Edgar Hoover
2059:
2026:
2022:
2014:
1917:their newspaper
1883:, Los Angeles,
1782:
1777:
1746:
1730:
1698:New Left groups
1677:
1656:
1633:US Organization
1614:Elijah Muhammad
1598:Nation of Islam
1581:J. Edgar Hoover
1554:
1548:
1543:
1497:
1491:
1459:publicity stunt
1448:, June 19, 1970
1417:on May 2, 1967.
1407:
1389:
1364:
1339:
1323:from July 1970.
1282:Berkeley campus
1278:Little Red Book
1271:Watts Rebellion
1212:Merritt College
1199:
1140:Southern states
1078:
1065:
1051:
1044:
1039:
955:J. Edgar Hoover
881:
841:
840:
756:
748:
747:
710:
702:
701:
657:Maulana Karenga
597:Donald DeFreeze
582:
574:
573:
564:US Organization
524:Nation of Islam
419:
411:
410:
396:Black supremacy
366:Black anarchism
341:
333:
332:
290:
253:
227:
207:
114:
112:
109:
96:
94:
91:
53:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14395:
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14213:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14196:Alameda County
14192:
14190:
14186:
14185:
14183:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14170:Temescal Creek
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14145:Notable people
14142:
14137:
14131:
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14087:
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14073:
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14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14035:Warren Freeway
14032:
14030:Interstate 980
14027:
14026:
14025:
14018:Interstate 880
14015:
14013:Interstate 580
14010:
14008:MacArthur Maze
14005:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13988:
13982:
13980:
13979:Transportation
13976:
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13957:
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13945:
13944:
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13924:
13922:Occupy Oakland
13919:
13914:
13912:Riders scandal
13909:
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13523:
13521:Young Patriots
13518:
13513:
13511:White Panthers
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
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13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13386:People's Party
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13326:Liberty (1840)
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13281:Gold Democrats
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13197:
13195:
13187:
13186:
13184:
13183:
13181:National Union
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13157:
13155:
13148:
13144:
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13140:
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12996:
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12905:
12898:
12890:
12888:
12882:
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12872:
12864:
12863:
12856:
12849:
12841:
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12816:
12810:
12807:
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12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12739:
12737:Visual artists
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12697:Mathematicians
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12658:
12656:
12652:
12651:
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12603:
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12596:
12591:
12586:
12575:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12521:
12516:
12514:South Carolina
12511:
12506:
12505:
12504:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12484:North Carolina
12481:
12480:
12479:
12469:
12464:
12463:
12462:
12452:
12447:
12446:
12445:
12437:
12436:
12435:
12429:Massachusetts
12427:
12426:
12425:
12415:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12398:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12381:
12376:
12375:
12374:
12364:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12347:
12346:
12345:
12340:
12330:
12325:
12324:
12323:
12318:
12308:
12303:
12297:
12295:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12276:
12275:
12274:
12273:
12271:social context
12268:
12258:
12248:
12247:
12246:
12236:
12230:
12228:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12213:
12203:
12198:
12197:
12196:
12191:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12168:
12166:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12158:
12153:
12152:
12151:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12122:Creek Freedmen
12119:
12114:
12109:
12099:
12097:Alabama Creole
12094:
12093:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12068:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12037:Central (CIAA)
12033:
12031:
12026:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11958:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11945:
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11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11873:
11871:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11830:Pan-Africanism
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11811:
11810:
11800:
11795:
11789:
11787:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11772:Black theology
11769:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11752:
11751:
11750:
11745:
11735:
11729:
11727:
11721:
11720:
11718:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11713:in STEM fields
11710:
11705:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11671:
11669:
11668:and technology
11663:
11662:
11660:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11607:Harriet Tubman
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11537:Michelle Obama
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11467:Barbara Jordan
11464:
11462:Harriet Jacobs
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11352:Amelia Boynton
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11318:
11316:
11315:Notable people
11312:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11251:LGBT community
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11175:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11103:
11098:
11091:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11050:
11045:
11044:
11043:
11038:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10966:Freedom Riders
10963:
10958:
10950:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10910:
10905:
10897:
10892:
10890:Black genocide
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10846:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10830:
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10807:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10773:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10744:Berkeley Tribe
10739:
10737:
10733:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10708:Huey P. Newton
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10659:
10657:
10653:
10652:
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10236:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10223:
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10220:
10212:
10204:
10196:
10188:
10184:Seize the Time
10180:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10161:
10153:
10145:
10137:
10129:
10121:
10115:
10107:
10099:
10093:
10087:
10081:
10073:
10067:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10043:Black Panthers
10039:
10033:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
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9904:Dalit Panthers
9901:
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9733:
9728:
9723:
9721:William O'Neal
9718:
9712:
9710:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9702:
9700:Albert Woodfox
9697:
9695:Herman Wallace
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9656:
9654:
9653:Southern based
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9594:Lonnie McLucas
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9569:W. Paul Coates
9566:
9564:Safiya Bukhari
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9544:Ashanti Alston
9541:
9539:Sundiata Acoli
9536:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9518:Michael Zinzun
9515:
9513:Robert Trivers
9510:
9508:Geronimo Pratt
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9488:George Jackson
9485:
9480:
9478:Ericka Huggins
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9443:B. Kwaku Duren
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9408:Charles Barron
9405:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9385:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9369:David Hilliard
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9323:Huey P. Newton
9319:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9295:
9288:
9280:
9274:
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9264:
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9214:
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9203:
9198:
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9185:
9179:
9173:
9167:
9158:
9157:
9112:external links
9107:
9105:
9098:
9092:
9091:External links
9089:
9088:
9087:
9073:
9060:
9055:978-1568585550
9054:
9041:
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9011:978-1501713422
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8976:978-0773537668
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8918:978-1565849617
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8900:
8895:978-0201483413
8894:
8881:
8876:978-0143105329
8875:
8857:
8852:978-0807871133
8851:
8838:
8833:978-0822338901
8832:
8817:
8812:978-0684810652
8811:
8792:
8787:978-0805075397
8786:
8766:Joseph, Peniel
8762:
8749:978-0933121966
8748:
8729:
8724:978-0316364218
8723:
8708:
8703:978-1569763650
8702:
8689:
8684:978-0743482660
8683:
8668:
8666:. Pluto Press.
8659:
8654:978-0896082946
8653:
8632:
8623:
8618:978-0679419440
8617:
8602:
8597:978-0520953543
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8563:
8558:978-1557288271
8557:
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8507:
8475:
8458:New York Times
8444:
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7977:Jordan Green,
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7538:
7507:
7477:
7460:heinonline.org
7447:
7426:
7408:
7396:
7371:
7352:(2): 231â236.
7336:
7321:
7292:
7281:
7255:
7220:
7201:(4): 900â922.
7191:, 1968â1980".
7154:
7124:
7093:
7076:
7064:
7052:
7021:
7009:
6990:
6978:"Elaine Brown"
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6789:
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6619:
6600:(2): 171â176.
6582:
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6488:
6481:978-0230602687
6464:
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6414:
6404:. Ithaca, NY:
6389:
6377:
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6310:
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6080:
6049:
6047:, p. 300.
6037:
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5916:
5890:
5878:
5864:978-1419722400
5863:
5842:
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5818:
5787:
5775:
5744:
5738:978-0761927624
5737:
5708:
5696:
5670:
5658:
5645:The New Yorker
5620:
5594:
5582:
5549:
5531:The New Yorker
5516:
5486:
5477:
5475:, p. 166
5465:
5448:
5442:Gerald Horne,
5435:
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5399:
5387:
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5200:
5183:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5067:. p. 207.
5063:David Farber.
5055:
5043:
5031:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4964:
4934:
4927:
4905:
4890:
4878:
4872:978-0933121300
4871:
4853:
4841:
4822:
4820:, chapters 6â7
4810:
4798:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4734:
4732:, pp. 5â7
4722:
4709:
4694:
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4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4591:
4579:
4564:
4549:
4543:978-0029236819
4542:
4536:. Free Press.
4520:
4501:
4487:978-0807838167
4486:
4466:
4460:978-1501717703
4459:
4439:
4416:
4393:
4364:
4352:
4329:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4272:
4241:
4208:
4167:
4161:978-0226847146
4160:
4131:
4119:
4093:
4067:
4052:. p. 29.
4041:
4026:
3991:
3962:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3879:
3876:
3836:Daniel Kaluuya
3828:The 2021 film
3770:Panther (film)
3768:The 1995 film
3756:
3753:
3728:Seize the Time
3723:Huey P. Newton
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3662:Main article:
3659:
3656:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3607:
3600:
3586:
3580:
3569:
3562:Black Panthers
3559:
3541:
3530:
3515:
3512:
3508:David Hilliard
3465:Charles Barron
3418:Charles Barron
3409:
3406:
3385:
3382:
3359:Huey P. Newton
3354:
3351:
3298:
3295:
3279:
3276:
3248:Ericka Huggins
3231:
3228:
3219:
3216:
3140:racial suicide
3060:
3057:
3042:
3039:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
2997:David Horowitz
2982:
2979:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2921:
2918:
2888:
2885:
2854:David Hilliard
2850:Huey P. Newton
2835:Geronimo Pratt
2825:
2822:
2817:Ericka Huggins
2811:
2808:
2767:
2764:
2763:
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2759:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2725:January 1970:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:Ericka Huggins
2680:Lonnie McLucas
2663:
2660:
2648:William O'Neal
2637:New York Times
2609:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2568:Ericka Huggins
2562:
2559:
2542:
2541:
2539:Richard Wright
2530:
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2350:W.E.B. Du Bois
2341:
2340:by E.D. Cronin
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2286:Basil Davidson
2279:
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2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:David Hilliard
2190:
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2137:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2115:
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2110:
2107:
2082:
2079:
2052:
2015:
2013:
2010:
1987:David Horowitz
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1738:Slauson Street
1729:
1726:
1685:Huey P. Newton
1676:
1673:
1664:Huey P. Newton
1660:Oakland police
1655:
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1493:Main article:
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1351:Huey P. Newton
1338:
1335:
1296:" and came to
1203:Huey P. Newton
1198:
1195:
1108:Huey P. Newton
1058:Huey P. Newton
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1018:military draft
941:class struggle
909:Huey P. Newton
883:
882:
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672:Muhammad Ahmad
669:
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81:Huey P. Newton
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
50:
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26:
18:Black Panthers
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14211:United States
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14140:Neighborhoods
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13688:Mills College
13686:
13684:
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13676:
13674:
13673:Laney College
13671:
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13516:White Patriot
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13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13381:Patriot Party
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13236:Black Panther
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13216:American Nazi
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13198:
13196:
13194:Third parties
13192:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13154:Major parties
13152:
13149:
13145:
13135:
13134:Workers World
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13124:Working Class
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13114:Transhumanist
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13004:Forward Party
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12989:Freedom Party
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12944:
12940:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12913:Third parties
12910:
12904:
12903:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12887:
12886:Major parties
12883:
12879:
12874:
12870:
12862:
12857:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12843:
12842:
12839:
12827:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12796:Neighborhoods
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12759:Sports firsts
12757:
12755:
12752:
12751:
12750:
12747:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12664:
12663:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12645:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12581:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12572:
12568:
12562:
12561:West Virginia
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12503:
12500:
12499:
12498:Pennsylvania
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12478:
12477:New York City
12475:
12474:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12434:
12431:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12335:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12322:
12321:San Francisco
12319:
12317:
12314:
12313:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12298:
12296:
12294:By state/city
12292:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12253:
12252:
12249:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12240:
12239:American Sign
12237:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12225:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12185:
12182:
12178:
12175:
12174:
12173:
12172:Neighborhoods
12170:
12169:
12167:
12163:
12157:
12154:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12103:
12102:Black Indians
12100:
12098:
12095:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12067:
12063:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12024:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11864:
11858:
11855:
11851:
11848:
11847:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11809:
11806:
11805:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11722:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11680:Black schools
11678:
11676:
11675:Black studies
11673:
11672:
11670:
11664:
11658:
11657:Whitney Young
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11647:Oprah Winfrey
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11617:Denmark Vesey
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11562:Joseph Rainey
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11517:Toni Morrison
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11502:Joseph Lowery
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11447:Jesse Jackson
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11437:Kamala Harris
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11422:Marcus Garvey
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11372:Blanche Bruce
11370:
11368:
11367:Edward Brooke
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11357:James Bradley
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11337:James Baldwin
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11281:Neighborhoods
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11134:Silent Parade
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11092:
11090:
11089:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11062:Jim Crow laws
11060:
11058:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10956:
10955:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10885:Black cowboys
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10828:
10823:
10821:
10816:
10814:
10809:
10808:
10805:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10786:
10785:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10713:Terry Robbins
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10698:Abbie Hoffman
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10683:David Gilbert
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10507:
10505:
10501:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10362:
10358:
10351:
10346:
10344:
10339:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10328:
10316:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10284:
10283:Panther Power
10280:
10277:
10276:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10218:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10159:
10158:
10157:The Big Cigar
10154:
10151:
10150:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10119:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10091:
10088:
10085:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9914:Gray Panthers
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9819:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9797:Harry Haywood
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9768:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9743:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9731:Marion Stamps
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9711:
9709:Chicago based
9707:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9629:Assata Shakur
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9604:Larry Pinkney
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9589:Warren Kimbro
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9438:Emory Douglas
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9423:Bunchy Carter
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9376:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9301:
9296:
9294:
9289:
9287:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9154:
9151:
9143:
9133:
9129:
9128:inappropriate
9125:
9121:
9115:
9113:
9106:
9097:
9096:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9074:9781982114121
9070:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9047:
9042:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8901:
8897:
8891:
8887:
8882:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8799:
8793:
8789:
8783:
8779:
8774:
8773:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8738:. Baltimore:
8737:
8736:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8640:
8633:
8629:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8582:
8578:
8573:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8554:
8550:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8488:
8487:Black Panther
8479:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8440:
8438:9780822338901
8434:
8430:
8426:
8419:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8305:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8281:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8206:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8145:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8101:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8080:Layla Garms,
8077:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8040:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8021:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7998:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7963:
7955:
7951:
7948:(3): 860â85.
7947:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7924:
7918:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7871:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7838:Counterpoints
7835:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7802:9780520938892
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7777:
7775:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7642:
7640:
7631:
7624:
7616:
7612:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7555:
7548:
7542:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7511:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7443:
7437:
7429:
7427:9780743476973
7423:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7404:Blackmon 2008
7400:
7393:
7392:Blackmon 2008
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7322:9780933121300
7318:
7314:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7189:Black Panther
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7089:
7088:
7080:
7074:, p. 299
7073:
7068:
7061:
7056:
7045:September 13,
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7019:, p. 444
7018:
7013:
7002:September 13,
6997:
6993:
6991:9780810391772
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6961:September 17,
6956:
6952:
6951:
6943:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6915:
6909:, p. 328
6908:
6903:
6896:
6890:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6863:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6787:, p. 394
6786:
6781:
6779:
6772:, p. 283
6771:
6766:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6745:
6743:
6735:
6730:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6696:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6665:, p. 352
6664:
6659:
6653:, p. 351
6652:
6647:
6641:, p. 349
6640:
6635:
6629:, p. 268
6628:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6549:, p. 393
6548:
6543:
6537:, p. 392
6536:
6531:
6525:, p. 391
6524:
6519:
6517:
6510:, p. 186
6509:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6417:
6415:9781501774157
6411:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6394:
6387:, p. 201
6386:
6381:
6375:, p. 313
6374:
6369:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6301:
6290:September 12,
6285:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6264:
6258:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6221:Ted Gregory,
6218:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6138:. pp. 171â185
6137:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6095:
6094:Radical Reads
6091:
6084:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6041:
6030:September 12,
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5888:, p. 184
5887:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5713:
5706:, p. 175
5705:
5700:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5667:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5537:
5534:. p. 4.
5533:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5445:
5439:
5433:, p. 109
5432:
5427:
5421:, p. 107
5420:
5415:
5409:, p. 104
5408:
5403:
5397:, p. 110
5396:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5335:
5332:. p. 9.
5328:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5295:, p. 186
5294:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5204:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5181:, p. 393
5180:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5164:, p. 129
5163:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4903:, p. 109
4902:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4752:, chapter 1;
4751:
4748:, parts 2â3;
4747:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4629:, p. 340
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:Afro-American
4420:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4362:, p. 41.
4361:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 152
4296:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:, p. 219
4128:
4123:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4039:, p. 170
4038:
4033:
4031:
4011:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:Emory Douglas
3909:
3908:Black Panther
3905:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:Black Panther
3885:
3882:In 2019, the
3875:
3873:
3870:'s escape to
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3859:The Big Cigar
3854:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:Chicago Seven
3812:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:Assata Shakur
3740:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:Gray Panthers
3531:
3528:
3527:Assata Shakur
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:Winston-Salem
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3297:Gwen Robinson
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:the newspaper
3261:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:Erika Huggins
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:Lionel Wilson
2963:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:North Vietnam
2899:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:revolutionary
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2821:
2818:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Yasser Arafat
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:North Vietnam
2777:
2773:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:Warren Kimbro
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2555:Black history
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:Janheinz Jahn
2441:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Marcus Garvey
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Kwame Nkrumah
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2238:Black Panther
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Bunchy Carter
2208:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:John Sinclair
2096:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2060:FBI director
2056:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1937:
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1503:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:Ronald Reagan
1476:
1473:In 1967, the
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:"Honkeys for
1460:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1399:
1398:Denzil Dowell
1394:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:Betty Shabazz
1374:
1369:
1357:and a shotgun
1356:
1352:
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743:
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732:
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724:
720:
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712:
706:
705:
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695:
693:
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688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Marcus Garvey
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Assata Shakur
590:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
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530:
527:
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522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
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502:
500:
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495:
492:
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487:
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482:
480:
477:
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472:
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455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:Organizations
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Black leftism
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
329:
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148:
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136:
132:
128:
125:
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107:
103:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
14228:
14175:Sausal Creek
14165:Lake Merritt
14115:West Oakland
14095:Lake Merritt
13926:
13886:
13830:City Council
13775:The Crucible
13756:Skyline High
13746:Oakland High
13741:MetWest High
13731:Fremont High
13501:Union (1936)
13496:Union (1861)
13491:Union (1850)
13356:New Alliance
13316:Labor (1996)
13311:Labor (1919)
13271:FarmerâLabor
13235:
13211:Anti-Masonic
12984:Constitution
12900:
12893:
12712:Sportspeople
12682:Billionaires
12599:Sierra Leone
12502:Philadelphia
12338:Jacksonville
12165:Demographics
11997:Jack Johnson
11987:Muhammad Ali
11881:
11820:Conservatism
11755:Black church
11652:Andrew Young
11637:Ida B. Wells
11627:David Walker
11622:C. T. Vivian
11577:Paul Robeson
11572:Hiram Revels
11552:Colin Powell
11532:Barack Obama
11487:James Lawson
11442:Jimi Hendrix
11412:James Farmer
11407:Medgar Evers
11377:Ralph Bunche
11327:Maya Angelou
11301:Middle class
11179:Afrofuturism
11105:
11093:
11086:
11007:
10952:
10899:
10865:Afrocentrism
10855:Abolitionism
10789:
10782:
10775:
10771:The Newsreel
10763:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10736:Publications
10663:Saul Alinsky
10607:Paul Goodman
10597:Noam Chomsky
10535:Brown Berets
10529:
10273:
10214:
10206:
10198:
10190:
10182:
10174:
10155:
10147:
10139:
10131:
10123:
10118:Public Enemy
10117:
10109:
10102:
10095:
10089:
10083:
10075:
10069:
10061:
10055:
10049:
10041:
10035:
10029:
9867:Contemporary
9838:
9792:Frantz Fanon
9675:James Forman
9660:H. Rap Brown
9624:Afeni Shakur
9614:Nile Rodgers
9609:Alex Rackley
9579:Jamal Joseph
9483:Bobby Hutton
9473:John Huggins
9458:Reggie Forte
9428:Mark Comfort
9403:Richard Aoki
9364:Fred Hampton
9344:Elaine Brown
9306:
9271:marxists.org
9257:
9234:
9223:
9146:
9140:January 2019
9137:
9122:by removing
9109:
9064:
9045:
9033:. Retrieved
9023:
9001:
8966:
8962:
8950:
8946:
8927:
8906:
8885:
8865:
8842:
8822:
8797:
8771:
8734:
8713:
8693:
8673:
8663:
8638:
8627:
8607:
8586:
8576:
8567:
8547:
8524:. Retrieved
8520:
8510:
8498:. Retrieved
8492:
8486:
8478:
8468:December 16,
8466:. Retrieved
8457:
8447:
8424:
8418:
8410:the original
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8383:the original
8373:
8363:November 21,
8361:. Retrieved
8342:
8338:
8328:
8320:
8304:
8296:
8280:
8268:. Retrieved
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8238:
8228:
8220:
8205:
8193:. Retrieved
8189:the original
8182:
8172:
8167:. USA Today.
8154:
8148:
8144:
8134:
8119:
8100:
8092:
8076:
8057:
8039:
8020:
8012:
7997:
7989:
7973:
7962:
7945:
7941:
7931:
7905:. Retrieved
7877:
7870:
7858:. Retrieved
7841:
7837:
7827:
7783:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7726:. Retrieved
7701:
7697:
7672:February 18,
7670:. Retrieved
7651:
7629:
7623:
7614:
7610:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7554:
7549:25/3 (2001).
7546:
7541:
7529:. Retrieved
7520:
7510:
7498:. Retrieved
7489:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7459:
7450:
7417:
7411:
7399:
7394:, p. 28
7349:
7345:
7339:
7312:
7284:
7275:
7271:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7198:
7192:
7188:
7145:. Retrieved
7141:the original
7136:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7106:
7096:
7085:
7079:
7072:Pearson 1994
7067:
7055:
7043:. Retrieved
7034:
7024:
7012:
7000:. Retrieved
6981:
6971:
6959:. Retrieved
6949:
6942:
6931:, retrieved
6927:the original
6921:
6914:
6907:Pearson 1994
6902:
6894:
6889:
6882:Google books
6878:Mother Jones
6877:
6862:
6850:
6833:
6808:
6800:
6770:Pearson 1994
6765:
6754:
6734:Pearson 1994
6729:
6717:. Retrieved
6711:
6701:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6575:December 24,
6573:. Retrieved
6565:marxists.org
6564:
6554:
6542:
6530:
6503:
6491:
6472:
6467:
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6434:
6424:
6401:
6385:Pearson 1994
6380:
6368:
6360:
6345:
6305:
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6284:the original
6280:colorado.edu
6279:
6270:
6262:
6257:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6217:
6185:November 28,
6183:. Retrieved
6179:
6157:
6135:
6117:
6097:. Retrieved
6093:
6083:
6071:. Retrieved
6052:
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6019:
6009:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5940:. Retrieved
5936:the original
5929:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5893:
5881:
5854:
5838:Pearson 1994
5833:
5826:Pearson 1994
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5800:
5790:
5785:, p. 46
5778:
5768:December 24,
5766:. Retrieved
5757:
5747:
5722:
5704:Pearson 1994
5699:
5689:
5673:
5666:Pearson 1994
5661:
5644:
5611:. Retrieved
5597:
5590:Pearson 1994
5585:
5575:February 24,
5573:. Retrieved
5568:
5540:. Retrieved
5529:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5489:
5480:
5468:
5460:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5383:The Dispatch
5382:
5377:
5370:Pearson 1994
5365:
5358:Pearson 1994
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5325:
5318:
5300:
5271:. Retrieved
5257:
5247:February 27,
5245:. Retrieved
5241:Berkeleyside
5240:
5231:
5212:
5203:
5192:
5186:
5162:Pearson 1994
5157:
5152:, p. 57
5145:
5140:, p. 55
5133:
5121:
5109:
5104:, p. 50
5097:
5092:, p. 52
5085:
5080:, p. 51
5073:
5064:
5058:
5051:Pearson 1994
5046:
5034:
5022:
5010:, p. 48
5003:
4998:, p. 46
4991:
4986:, p. 45
4979:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4946:
4937:
4914:
4908:
4901:Pearson 1994
4881:
4862:
4856:
4844:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4773:
4768:, p. 13
4761:
4737:
4725:
4712:
4707:, p. 12
4685:
4680:, p. 11
4658:
4646:
4634:
4627:Pearson 1994
4622:
4610:
4602:
4599:Philip Foner
4594:
4589:, conclusion
4582:
4573:
4567:
4558:
4552:
4531:
4523:
4504:
4476:
4469:
4449:
4442:
4425:
4419:
4402:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4375:
4367:
4355:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4302:
4295:Pearson 1994
4290:
4281:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4255:The Guardian
4254:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4223:
4201:December 15,
4199:. Retrieved
4182:
4145:
4134:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4070:
4060:February 22,
4058:. Retrieved
4044:
4017:. Retrieved
4001:
3994:
3986:
3979:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3949:. Retrieved
3934:
3915:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3881:
3872:Havana, Cuba
3857:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3840:Fred Hampton
3829:
3827:
3808:
3801:Aaron Sorkin
3799:
3780:
3778:
3767:
3762:Forrest Gump
3760:
3758:
3746:
3736:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3686:
3668:In 1989, a "
3667:
3649:
3642:
3566:Mizrahi Jews
3540:in Germany).
3517:
3505:
3493:
3490:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3387:
3375:
3363:Brown Berets
3356:
3340:
3332:
3316:Urban League
3300:
3283:Elaine Brown
3281:
3278:Elaine Brown
3257:
3253:
3244:Angela Davis
3230:Women's role
3221:
3209:
3206:
3197:
3193:collectivism
3185:
3181:prostitution
3170:
3166:JoNina Abron
3163:
3159:
3151:Angela Davis
3144:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3088:Fred Hampton
3084:
3064:
3062:
3044:
3035:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2972:
2962:Elaine Brown
2959:
2945:
2936:
2923:
2890:
2878:
2847:
2827:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2776:Elaine Brown
2769:
2753:
2734:
2709:
2668:Alex Rackley
2665:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2614:Fred Hampton
2611:
2603:
2599:
2572:
2564:
2543:
2532:
2523:
2508:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2478:Albert Memmi
2471:
2468:by Malcolm X
2465:
2459:
2450:Blues People
2448:
2439:
2435:C.L.R. James
2430:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2268:Frantz Fanon
2261:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2215:John Huggins
2204:
2151:Alex Rackley
2102:
2084:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2033:
2028:Inspired by
2027:
2021:
2017:
2006:
1995:
1980:
1953:Tommie Smith
1946:
1941:
1933:
1929:conscription
1897:Philadelphia
1854:
1850:
1847:with police.
1786:
1769:
1757:
1753:Ku Klux Klan
1747:
1731:
1694:
1690:
1668:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1610:H. Rap Brown
1570:
1500:
1498:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1420:
1390:
1381:
1373:armed escort
1365:
1328:
1326:
1310:Bobby Hutton
1287:
1275:Mao Zedong's
1260:
1257:Ku Klux Klan
1240:
1200:
1180:
1146:, moving to
1136:World War II
1133:
1074:(Treasurer).
1068:Reggie Forte
1027:
1011:
1007:Alex Rackley
1003:Bobby Hutton
983:Fred Hampton
971:infiltration
967:surveillance
952:
921:Philadelphia
892:
888:
886:
836:Youth rights
821:The Troubles
740:
733:
721:
714:
617:Fred Hampton
602:Elaine Brown
587:Angela Davis
453:
356:Afrocentrism
152:5,000 (1969)
137:
129:, California
123:Headquarters
67:Abbreviation
43:
14312:Black Power
13768:High School
13716:Oakland USD
13707:Primary and
13531:Young Lords
13351:Natural Law
13054:Prohibition
12933:Libertarian
12732:US senators
12702:Republicans
12687:Journalists
12544:San Antonio
12509:Puerto Rico
12450:Mississippi
12343:Tallahassee
12316:Los Angeles
12007:Jesse Owens
11992:Arthur Ashe
11850:Nationalism
11840:Raised fist
11803:Black power
11708:in medicine
11642:Roy Wilkins
11597:Emmett Till
11582:Al Sharpton
11347:Julian Bond
11342:James Bevel
11306:Upper class
11296:Stereotypes
11189:Black mecca
11101:Plantations
10880:Black Codes
10723:Bobby Seale
10718:Jerry Rubin
10703:John Jacobs
10668:Bob Avakian
10627:Ho Chi Minh
10612:Che Guevara
10602:Erich Fromm
10560:Young Lords
10457:("Yippies")
10176:Soul on Ice
9954:Young Lords
9924:NgÄ Tamatoa
9841:(newspaper)
9777:Black power
9690:Malik Rahim
9685:Pete O'Neal
9433:Aaron Dixon
9328:Bobby Seale
8953:Spiro Agnew
7990:Yes! Weekly
7907:January 27,
7860:January 27,
7844:: 364â375.
7751:: 137â145.
7704:: 137â145.
7559:Austin 2006
7406:, p. 2
6695:Forbes 2006
6663:Newton 2009
6651:Newton 2009
6639:Newton 2009
6627:Joseph 2006
5811:February 7,
5473:Austin 2006
5372:, p. 3
5207:Stohl, 249.
5039:Austin 2006
4780:, chapter 3
4746:Newton 2009
4665:, p. 6
4653:, p. 5
4641:, p. 4
4617:, p. 3
4386:January 24,
4349:Joseph 2006
4337:Austin 2006
4309:, chapter 7
4127:Joseph 2006
4037:Austin 2006
4019:February 2,
3868:Huey Newton
3862:(2024), by
3856:The series
3834:, starring
3819:Bobby Seale
3795:Jean Seberg
3645:504 Sit-ins
3626:Young Lords
3611:antifascist
3577:Mick Farren
3556:New Zealand
3377:Bobby Seale
3291:Huey Newton
3074:, in 1967.
2839:New York 21
2792:Kim Il Sung
2784:North Korea
2688:Bobby Seale
2576:Eurocentric
2504:J.A. Rogers
2192:Late 1969:
2103:Guitar Army
2023:Bobby Seale
1957:John Carlos
1889:New Orleans
1881:Kansas City
1879:, Detroit,
1867:, Chicago,
1788:Soul on Ice
1706:Bob Avakian
1565:Jean Seberg
1505:newspaper.
1483:copwatching
1475:Mulford Act
1431:Mulford Act
1347:Bobby Seale
1306:Che Guevara
1294:Black Power
1248:Black Power
1207:Bobby Seale
1185:", such as
1142:during the
1116:Bobby Seale
1064:(Chairman);
1062:Bobby Seale
1016:and the US
995:Huey Newton
945:proletarian
905:Bobby Seale
901:black power
831:White power
637:John Africa
627:Hakim Jamal
386:Black pride
320:Raised fist
272:Black power
172:Black Power
14246:Categories
14206:California
14055:AC Transit
13877:Key System
13813:Government
13506:U.S. Labor
13441:Red Guards
13436:Readjuster
13431:Raza Unida
13376:Opposition
13241:Boston Tea
13166:Federalist
12902:Republican
12895:Democratic
12677:Astronauts
12467:New Jersey
12311:California
11815:Capitalism
11612:Nat Turner
11542:Rosa Parks
11527:Diane Nash
11497:John Lewis
11286:Newspapers
11256:Literature
11241:Juneteenth
11194:Businesses
11048:Exodusters
11016:Free Negro
10693:Tom Hayden
10673:Bill Ayers
10647:Mao Zedong
10580:Influences
10540:I Wor Kuen
10259:Panther 21
10239:COINTELPRO
9963:Subsequent
9919:I Wor Kuen
9770:Influences
9726:Bobby Rush
9716:Mark Clark
9670:Mark Essex
9584:Chaka Khan
9503:Pat Parker
9418:Ed Bullins
9359:Donald Cox
9337:Leadership
9083:1365769400
9035:October 6,
8985:j.ctt80bj0
8937:093312130X
8611:. Anchor.
8526:August 16,
8500:August 16,
8195:August 14,
7897:1086404074
7617:: 146â152.
7500:October 6,
7470:October 6,
7289:Jones 1998
7060:Brown 1993
7017:Brown 1993
6855:Brown 1993
6785:Jones 1998
6678:Jones 1998
6547:Brown 1993
6535:Brown 1993
6523:Brown 1993
6508:Jones 1998
6361:New Yorker
6176:"Programs"
6099:August 16,
5273:August 27,
5179:Jones 1998
4974:, p.
4972:Jones 1998
4818:Seale 1970
4778:Murch 2010
4766:Seale 1970
4754:Murch 2010
4744:, part I;
4742:Seale 1970
4730:Murch 2010
4663:Murch 2010
4651:Murch 2010
4639:Murch 2010
4345:Murch 2010
4265:January 2,
4234:January 1,
4183:The Nation
3922:References
3866:, follows
3817:trial and
3733:Bobby Seal
3700:hate group
3619:rockabilly
3568:in Israel.
3554:people in
3469:Bobby Rush
3343:collective
3326:, and the
2914:Jiang Qing
2910:Zhou Enlai
2720:Chronology
2618:Mark Clark
2534:Native Son
2257:Alex Haley
2187:Mark Clark
2177:COINTELPRO
2141:Panther 21
2114:Chronology
2030:Mao Zedong
1977:Jean Genet
1969:Jane Fonda
1901:Pittsburgh
1791:published.
1780:Chronology
1577:COINTELPRO
1561:COINTELPRO
1552:COINTELPRO
1546:COINTELPRO
987:Mark Clark
925:open carry
796:Hutu Power
687:Rosa Parks
677:Obi Egbuna
340:Ideologies
322:events of
187:Gun rights
146:Membership
14110:Rockridge
14100:MacArthur
13825:City Hall
13709:secondary
13654:Education
13371:Nullifier
13366:New Union
13361:New Party
13286:Greenback
13276:Free Soil
13034:Marijuana
12979:Communist
12867:National
12791:Monuments
12667:Activists
12519:Tennessee
12439:Michigan
12423:Baltimore
12413:Louisiana
12406:Lexington
12389:Davenport
12328:Cleveland
12227:Languages
12156:Melungeon
12134:Blaxicans
12002:Joe Louis
11857:Socialism
11793:Anarchism
11522:Bob Moses
11507:Malcolm X
11427:Fred Gray
11291:Soul food
11229:New Negro
11214:Folktales
11124:Redlining
10656:Activists
10642:Malcolm X
10366:movements
10312:Category|
9807:Malcolm X
9453:Kent Ford
9239:magazine.
9236:New Times
9124:excessive
8863:(2009) .
8758:941682342
8321:The Voice
8270:March 14,
7917:cite book
7819:242639764
7765:185337572
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7366:0739-3148
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4957:March 27,
4434:532216174
4411:147638465
4360:Haas 2009
4191:0027-8378
3927:Citations
3902:activist
3893:newspaper
3864:Apple TV+
3779:The film
3615:punk rock
3430:Malcolm X
3188:childcare
3052:paralyzed
3048:Las Vegas
3019:1977â1982
2951:1974â1977
2881:acquitted
2862:reformist
2810:1971â1974
2788:Pyongyang
2731:Tom Wolfe
2253:Malcolm X
2240:newspaper
1979:, former
1905:San Diego
1869:Cleveland
1861:Baltimore
1775:Late 1968
1710:Red Guard
1224:Malcolm X
1128:riot gear
1118:spoke on
1023:extortion
953:In 1969,
816:Socialism
786:Communism
761:Anarchism
667:Michael X
642:Malcolm X
249:Elections
134:Newspaper
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14352:New Left
14230:Category
14090:Coliseum
14072:stations
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13401:Populist
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13044:People's
12974:Citizens
12954:Alliance
12814:Category
12605:America
12571:Diaspora
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12418:Maryland
12401:Kentucky
12367:Illinois
12306:Arkansas
12211:Illinois
12149:of color
11835:Populism
11808:Movement
11725:Religion
11067:Lynching
10850:Timeline
10784:Ramparts
10688:Ted Gold
10285:" (2000)
9316:Founders
9206:FBI Docs
8947:Aperture
8768:(2006).
8462:Archived
8389:June 25,
8357:Archived
8313:Archived
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8264:Archived
8244:June 15,
8213:Archived
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4951:Archived
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4322:(2011).
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3803:'s 2020
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12640:Europe
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