Blackface - Knowledge

3316:, with a white actor in black makeup. The 2012 production of the play at the Berlin Schlosspark-Theater was the subject of protest. The director, Thomas Schendel, in his response to critics, argued that the classical and common plays would not offer enough roles that would justify a repertoire position for a black actor in a German theatre company. The protest grew considerably and was followed by media reports. While advocates of the theatre indicated that in principle it should be possible for any actor to play any character and that the play itself has an anti-racist message, the critics noted that the letter unwittingly disclosed the general, unexpressed policy of German theatres, i.e., that white actors are accounted to be qualified for all roles, even black ones, while black actors are suitable only for black roles. Other authors said that this problem in Germany generally exists for citizens with an immigrant background. The debate also received foreign media attention. The Schlosspark-Theater announced plans to continue the performances, and the German publishing company of 3299:, although in this play about two black African immigrants, the use of black-face is not part of the stage directions or instructions. The staging of the play "Unschuld" (Innocence) at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin was also subject of protest. The activist group "Bühnenwatch" (stage watch) performed a stunt in one of the stagings: 42 activists, posing as spectators, left the audience without a word and later distributed leaflets to the audience. Fundamental of the criticism was that the use of black-face solidifies stereotypes regardless of any good intentions and supports racist structures. The critics were invited to a discussion with the director, actors, theatre manager and other artists of the Deutsches Theater. As a result of the discussion, Deutsches Theater changed the design of actor make-up. Ulrich Khuon, the theatre manager, later admitted to being surprised by the protest and is now in a process of reflection. 178: 578: 3486:, an emancipatory symbol. Black men paint their faces with charcoal which represents three things. Firstly, the blackface is used as a tool to remember their African ancestors. Secondly, the black face is representative of the disguise or concealment on the run which slaves would have used to evade the Spanish colonizers. Lastly, the practice of blackface is used as a way to signify the code or "secret language" which slaves would have used during the time of the Spanish occupation. During the celebration, for example, good morning will mean good night, and wearing black, or in this case wearing blackface, which normally denotes a time of mourning, is instead used as a way to represent a time of celebration. 2771: 2696:(the main role in the series) stated it is thanks to Matthysen that in Belgium the Sinterklaas event has not been subject of a racism discussion as it has been in the Netherlands, because the series explains the figure of Zwarte Piet has nothing to do with slavery. However, the original and archetypal Zwarte Piet is believed to be a continuation of a much older custom in which people with blackface appeared in Winter Solstice rituals. In other parts of Western Europe and in Central Europe, black-faced and masked people also perform the role of companions of Saint Nicholas, who is known as Nikolo in Austria, Nikolaus in Germany and Samichlaus in Switzerland. Also on 2009:. Some jubilee troupes pitched themselves as quasi-minstrels and even incorporated minstrel songs; meanwhile, blackface troupes began to adopt first jubilee material and then a broader range of southern black religious material. Within a few years, the word "jubilee", originally used by the Fisk Jubilee Singers to set themselves apart from blackface minstrels and to emphasize the religious character of their music, became little more than a synonym for "plantation" material. Where the jubilee singers tried to "clean up" Southern black religion for white consumption, blackface performers exaggerated its more exotic aspects. 276: 7279:

of the professor's intentions," said Chambers. "We need to acknowledge that as a community."... It is a violation of the university's cherished principles of academic freedom to punish Sheng for the choices he makes in the classroom. Screening a racially problematic film in an educational setting is neither a racist act nor an endorsement of racism. At this point, it is Sheng who is owed an apology from the broader university community for falsely maligning him. Imagine surviving the Cultural Revolution in communist China, only to reencounter it on an American university campus in 2021.

3180: 2551: 1318:. Mariane is of multiracial descent, born from an Afro-Chinese-Cuban mother and a Dutch Jewish father. She personally cast Jolie to play herself, defending the choice to have Jolie "sporting a spray tan and a corkscrew wig". Criticism of the film came in large part for the choice to have Jolie portraying Mariane Pearl in this manner. Defense of the casting choice was in large part due to Pearl's mixed racial heritage, critics claiming it would have been impossible to find an Afro-Latina actress with the same crowd-drawing caliber of Jolie. Director 2330: 7824: 1886:

whether showing the blackface performance constituted racism. Evan Chambers, a professor of composition (as is Sheng), said "To show the film now, especially without substantial framing, content advisory and a focus on its inherent racism is in itself a racist act, regardless of the professor's intentions", while David Gier, dean of the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, said: "Professor Sheng's actions do not align with our School's commitment to anti-racist action, diversity, equity and inclusion" But Robert Soave, a senior editor at

40: 102:; a performance art that originated in the United States in the early 19th century and which contained its own performance practices unique to the American stage. Scholars making this claim see blackface as arising not from a European stage tradition but from the context of class warfare from within the United States, with the American white working poor inventing blackface as a means of expressing their anger over being disenfranchised economically, politically, and socially from middle and upper class White America. 702:(1915) used white people in blackface to represent all of its major black characters, but reaction against the film's racism largely put an end to this practice in dramatic film roles. Thereafter, white people in blackface would appear almost exclusively in broad comedies or "ventriloquizing" blackness in the context of a vaudeville or minstrel performance within a film. This stands in contrast to made-up white people routinely playing Native Americans, Asians, Arabs, and so forth, for several more decades. 2024: – a middle-class African American who had contempt for their "disgusting caricaturing" but admired their "highly musical culture" – wrote in 1882 that "few ... who condemned black minstrels for giving 'aid and comfort to the enemy'" had ever seen them perform. Unlike white audiences, black audiences presumably always recognized blackface performance as caricature, but took pleasure in seeing their own culture observed and reflected, much as they would half a century later in the performances of 7375:

black, as an African, Olivier was rebuffing various commentators appalled at the thought of the white maiden Desdemona falling head over heels in love with a black man. As Elise Marks commented in a 2001 essay, "Olivier was one of the first light-skinned actors to play Othello in black makeup since 1814. ... In his autobiography, Olivier boasts that his black Othello was more genuine, more daring, more forceful than the 'pale'—he might almost have said 'diluted'—Othellos of his immediate predecessors."

359: 2054: 3135: 2286: 1108: 12855: 2237: 2294: 641: 3932:, traditionally associated with midwinter festivals, often use blacked faces as a disguise. The Molly dancers wished to avoid being identified by the landlords and petty nobles, who were also usually the local magistrates, when they played tricks on those who failed to be generous enough in their gifts to the dancers. The Guise dancers (disguised dancers) also wished to avoid any punishment for their mocking songs embarrassing the local gentry. 12754: 1632: 2618: 1785:, has become a new medium for 21st century minstrelsy. Parham argues that "unlike Facebook and Twitter, where instances of digital blackface are either text-based or image-based, TikTok is a video-first platform" where "creators embody Blackness with an auteur-driven virtuosity—taking on Black rhythms, gestures, affect, slang". Examples of these controversial trends and challenges have included "the Hot Cheeto Girl", which is said to mimic 3106:, which draws an audience of up to 800 million, showed a Chinese actress in blackface makeup with a giant fake bottom playing an African mother, while a performer only exposing black arms playing a monkey accompanied her. At the end of the skit, the actress shouted, "I love Chinese people! I love China!" After being broadcast, the scene was widely criticized as being "disgusting", "awkward" and "completely racist" on Twitter and 2274:, who modeled her rag doll character after a minstrel doll from her American childhood. "Golly", as he later affectionately came to be called, had a jet-black face, wild, woolly hair, bright, red lips, and sported formal minstrel attire. The generic British golliwog later made its way back across the Atlantic as dolls, toy tea sets, ladies' perfume, and in a myriad of other forms. The word "golliwog" may have given rise to the 3738:... the commercial is offensive as it portrays a stereotype that black politicians are liars. This technique is known as blackface, and is an inherently racist form of acting. The black character is depicted with derogatory intention, speaks with a thick accent, and recalls a stereotypical black dictator. To achieve the desired result of showing a corrupt official, there was no need for the man to be made out to be black. 1037:, the film was met with heavy criticism of a white man donning blackface to humanize white ignorance at the expense of African American viewers. Despite a large box office intake, it has scored low on every film critic platform. "A white man donning blackface is taboo," said Howell; "Conversation over – you can't win. But our intentions were pure: We wanted to make a funny movie that had a message about racism." 3660:, asks the actress: "Do you consider this book your achievement?", to which the actress in blackface replies: "Of course." Keosayan then asks: "Because none of your relatives have written books?", after which the actress answers: "Because none of my relatives that came before me could write." Keosayan then states "you should have become a rap musician, not the president". The segment was widely deemed racist. 653: 1955:

authenticity could be a bit of a trap, with white audiences seeing them more like "animals in a zoo" than skilled performers. Despite often smaller budgets and smaller venues, their public appeal sometimes rivaled that of white minstrel troupes. In March 1866, Booker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels may have been the country's most popular troupe, and were certainly among the most critically acclaimed.

2606: 514: 3378: 2217: 3607:, created in 1932, managed to avoid the blackface style, confronting "precisely that paternalistic model of the ever-passive black subject awaiting enlightenment from the Comintern". The cartoon integrated "an avant-garde-influenced visual aesthetic with images derived from the many newspaper illustrations, cartoons, and posters of American racism that appeared in Soviet Russia at this time". 1909: 3546:

the modern-day western standards, such as bright red lips and other exaggerated features, similar to the portrayal of blacks in American minstrel shows. Soviet artists "did not quite understand the harm of representing black people in this way, and continued to employ this method, even in creative productions aimed specifically at critiquing American race relations".

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Blackness". "To this day," he writes, "Whites admire, envy and seek to emulate such supposed innate qualities of Blackness as inherent musicality, natural athleticism, the composure known as 'cool' and superior sexual endowment", a phenomenon he views as part of the history of blackface. For more than a century, when white performers have wanted to appear sexy (like

3450:. A picture was published online by one of the Rats & Star members after the segment was recorded, which led to a campaign against broadcasting of the segment. The program that aired on March 7 was edited by the network to remove the segment "after considering the overall circumstances", but the announcement did not acknowledge the campaign against the segment. 1085:. Growing dissent from civil rights groups and the offense of the black community led to a 1964 city policy, ruling out blackface. Despite the ban on blackface, brownface was still used in the parade in 2016 to depict Mexicans, causing outrage once again among civil rights groups. Also in 1964, bowing to pressure from the interracial group Concern, teenagers in 3434:

fans to change their appearance with blackface in attempt to embrace the culture. In some instances it could be seen as a racist act, but for many of the young Japanese fans it was seen as an appropriate way of immersing in the hip hop culture. The use of blackface is seen by some as a way to rebel against the culture of surface images in Japan.

3118:, who also watched the skit, said that China had consistently opposed any form of racism, and added, "I want to say that if there are people who want to seize on an incident to exaggerate matters, and sow discord in China's relations with African countries, this is a doomed futile effort" at a daily news briefing on February 22, 2018. 3226:, a musical play known as Tiernapojat, has become established as a cherished Christmas tradition nationwide. The Tiernapojat show is a staple of Christmas festivities in schools, kindergartens, and elsewhere, and it is broadcast every Christmas on radio and television. The Finnish version contains non-biblical elements such as 8550:

or that he was a representation of the devil, who Saint Nicholas was able to conquer and force into his service. In annual observances over the years, Zwarte Piet was portrayed by a person in black face, and today some cultural commentators have criticized the legends and representations of Black Peter for racial stereotyping.

883:(1928–1960) constituted a type of "oral blackface", in that the black characters were portrayed by white people and conformed to stage blackface stereotypes. The conventions of blackface also lived on unmodified at least into the 1950s in animated theatrical cartoons. Strausbaugh estimates that roughly one-third of late 1940s 12002:, p. 40: "To this day, Whites admire, envy and seek to emulate such supposed innate qualities of Blackness as inherent musicality, natural athleticism, the composure known at 'cool' and superior sexual endowment." Conversely, up to and including the Civil Rights era, "aspirational" black performers imitated white style: 313:

red to the audience. Comedians leave a wide white space all around the lips. It makes the mouth appear larger and will look red as the lips do. If you wish to represent an old darkey, use white drop chalk, outlining the eyebrows, chin, whisk- ers or a gray beard." Later, black artists also performed in blackface. The famous

2209:, when many blacks became blackface performers. They drew on much material of undoubted slave origins, but they also drew on a professional performer's instincts, while working within an established genre, and with the same motivation as white performers to make exaggerated claims of the authenticity of their own material. 2040:, humor, and dance first reached mainstream, white audiences in the U.S. and abroad. It was through blackface minstrelsy that African American performers first entered the mainstream of American show business. Black performers used blackface performance to satirize white behavior. It was also a forum for the sexual 3462:). Though there is backlash from international communities, Mexican society has not protested to have these images changed to racially sensitive images. On the contrary, in the controversial Memín Pinguín cartoon there has been support publicly and politically, such as from the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs 2621: 2620: 1515:(who is white and gay) has used drag, blackface, and broad racial caricature to portray a character named "Shirley Q. Liquor" in his cabaret act, generally performed for all-white audiences. Knipp's outrageously stereotypical character has drawn criticism and prompted demonstrations from Black, Gay and 2626: 2624: 2619: 4032:

was a British light entertainment show that ran for twenty years on BBC prime-time television. Beginning in 1958, it was a variety show which presented traditional American minstrel and country songs, as well as show tunes and music hall numbers, lavishly costumed. It was also a successful stage show

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celebrations are still held; these used to be sometimes known as "Darkie Day" (a corruption of the original "Darking Day", referring to the darkening or painting of the faces) and involved local residents dancing through the streets in blackface to musical accompaniment. As late as 2014, at least one

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Soviet theater and movie directors rarely had access to black actors, and so resorted to using black makeup when dictated by the character's descent. Soviet actors portrayed black people mostly by darkening the skin and occasionally adjusting the hair style, without accentuating or exaggerating their

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Soviet Russian writers and illustrators sometimes inadvertently perpetuated stereotypes about other nations that are now viewed as harmful. For example, a Soviet children's book or cartoon might innocently contain a representation of black people that would be perceived as unquestionably offensive by

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style, and are referred to as blackfacers. The appearance of these blackfacers is evidence of the popularity of the hip-hop movement in Japan despite what is described as racist tendencies in the culture. It was reported in 2006 that some Japanese hip-hop fans found it embarrassing and ridiculous for

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by putting up a post on her Facebook page which read "Vive la diversité" (Hurray for diversity) and was accompanied by a picture of herself surrounded by eight ethnic variations, including one in a wig and makeup that showed what she'd look like if she were black. She immediately received a flurry of

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was a black child with large red lips and a grass skirt. There were boy and girl dolls, with the girls being distinguished by a bow. The black skin of the dolls was said to have been significant and in-line with the rising popularity of jazz. Novelist Tensei Kawano went as far as to state, "We of the

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Author Strausbaugh summed up as follows: "Some minstrel songs started as Negro folk songs, were adapted by White minstrels, became widely popular, and were readopted by Blacks." "The question of whether minstrelsy was white or black music was moot. It was a mix, a mutt – that is, it was American

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Despite reinforcing racist stereotypes, blackface minstrelsy was a practical and often relatively lucrative livelihood when compared to the menial labor to which most black people were relegated. Owing to the discrimination of the day, "corking (or blacking) up" provided an often singular opportunity

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by controlling Black avatars in sports games. Phillips and Reed argue that this type of blackface "is not only about whites assuming Black roles, nor about exaggerated performances of blackness for the benefit of a racist audience. Rather, it is about performing a version of blackness that constrains

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defended his casting choice in an interview, "To try and find a French actress who's half-Cuban, quarter-Chinese, half-Dutch who speaks great English and could do that part better – I mean, if there had been some more choices, I might have thought, 'Why don't we use that person?'...I don't think

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only available to African American students. He expects to be treated as a fellow student and instead learns the isolation of 'being black' on campus. He later befriends and falls in love with the original candidate of the scholarship, a single mother who works as a waitress to support her education.

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With Arab influence remaining among the Spanish population, Sinter Klaas had a Moorish assistant named Zwarte Piet, or Black Peter, an orphan who was pictured at times wearing a turban and a golden earring. Alternative explanations for his dark skin were that it was soot, from sliding down chimneys,

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One of Sheng's colleagues, Evan Chambers, another professor of composition, sided with the students and accused Sheng of committing a "racist act". "To show the film now, especially without substantial framing, content advisory and a focus on its inherent racism is in itself a racist act, regardless

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While blackface in the literal sense has played only a minor role in entertainment in recent decades, various writers see it as epitomizing an appropriation and imitation of black culture that continues today. As noted above, Strausbaugh sees blackface as central to a longer tradition of "displaying

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South Africa has also been accused of using non-African actors in blackface in its advertising as opposed to simply using African actors. Some have denounced blackface as an artefact of apartheid, accusing broadcasters of lampooning Black people. Others continue to see it as "harmless fun". In 2014,

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In 2021 CCTV's New Year's Gala show once again featured performers in blackface wearing approximations of African clothing. Like in 2018 it received criticism both within China and internationally. The Chinese foreign ministry responded to criticism by saying that it was not an issue and that anyone

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obtained and published a video from the early 1990s showing Trudeau in blackface. The video showed Trudeau covered in dark makeup and raising his hands in the air while laughing, sticking his tongue out and making faces. The video showed his arms and legs covered in makeup as well as a banana in his

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and Johnny Hudgins could make a very good living, and even for lesser players, TOBA provided fairly steady, more desirable work than generally was available elsewhere. Blackface served as a springboard for hundreds of artists and entertainers – black and white – many of whom later would go

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in blackface, which caused controversy even at the time. Sheng allegedly failed to give students any warning that the movie contained blackface, and his two subsequent apologies failed to satisfy his critics, with the wording of the second one causing further controversy. There was disagreement over

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White men are the main source of stunt doubles in American TV and film productions. The practice of a male performer portraying standing-in for a female actor is known as "wigging". When the stunt performer is made up to look like another race, the practice is called a "paint down". Stunt performers

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Blackface performances are not unusual within the Latino community of Miami. As Spanish-speakers from different countries, ethnic, racial, class, and educational backgrounds settle in the United States, they have to grapple with being re-classified vis-a-vis other American-born and immigrant groups.

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in theatrical venues of a higher class. Stereotyped blackface characters developed: buffoonish, lazy, superstitious, cowardly, and lascivious characters, who stole, lied pathologically, and mangled the English language. Early blackface minstrels were all male, so cross-dressing white men also played

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aired this film 2016, some people on the social media disapproved of it and insisted that the film should have been censored, or at least the name changed. A representative from Yle said that an old movie should be evaluated in the context of its own time, and that the idea of the movie is to laugh

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was one of the guest judges and objected to the act, stating that he believed it was offensive to black people, and gave the troupe a score of zero. The show and the group later apologised to Connick, with the troupe leader of Indian descent stating that the skit was not intended to be offensive or

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filter, which allowed users to superimpose dark skin, dreadlocks, and a knitted cap over their own faces. A number of controversies have also emerged about students at American universities sharing images of themselves appearing to wear blackface makeup. In 2020, two high school students in Georgia

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As a result, the genre played an important role in shaping perceptions of and prejudices about black people generally and African Americans in particular. Some social commentators have stated that blackface provided an outlet for white peoples' fear of the unknown and the unfamiliar, and a socially

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In the early years of the nineteenth century, white-to-black and black-to-white musical influences were widespread, a fact documented in numerous contemporary accounts.... t becomes clear that the prevailing musical interaction and influences in nineteenth century America produced a black populace

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began performing in minstrel shows alongside her husband, the acrobat and blackface performer Sam Swain. It is possible that she was the first woman performer to appear in blackface. Theatre scholar Shirley Staples stated, "Carrie Swain may have been the first woman to attempt the acrobatic comedy

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or shoe polish to blacken their skin and exaggerate their lips, often wearing woolly wigs, gloves, tailcoats, or ragged clothes to complete the transformation. According to a 1901 source: "Be careful to get the black even around the eyes and mouth. Leave the lips just as they are, they will appear

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The denunciation of Olivier's performance, which he had previously given on the British stage, is particularly reactionary in that the actor was attempting to take on the timid, semi-racist approaches to the Othello character that had prevailed for a century and a half. In representing Othello as

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Though antebellum (minstrel) troupes were white, the form developed in a form of racial collaboration, illustrating the axiom that defined – and continues to define – American music as it developed over the next century and a half: African-American innovations metamorphose into American

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We too have a problem to deal with issues of racism. We try to work it out by promoting tolerance, but tolerance is not a solution to racism. Why not? Because it does not matter whether our best friends are immigrants if, at the same time, we cannot cast a Black man for the part of Hamlet because

2726:, there has been international condemnation of the practice since the 1960s. Some of the stereotypical elements have been toned down in recent decades as a result of increasing protests within the nation. For example, there has been a transition towards applying only a few smears of 'soot' to the 2124:

The minstrel show was appropriated by the black performer from the original white shows, but only in its general form. Black people took over the form and made it their own. The professionalism of performance came from black theater. Some argue that the black minstrels gave the shows vitality and

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of African-American culture – as well as the inter-ethnic artistic collaborations that stemmed from it – were but a prologue to the lucrative packaging, marketing, and dissemination of African-American cultural expression and its myriad derivative forms in today's world popular culture.

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If the cakewalk is a Negro dance caricaturing certain white customs, what is that dance when, say, a white theater company attempts to satirize it as a Negro dance? I find the idea of white minstrels in blackface satirizing a dance satirizing themselves a remarkable kind of irony – which, I

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generally abhorred blackface and was one of the first people to write against the institution of blackface minstrelsy, condemning it as racist in nature, with inauthentic, northern, white origins. Douglass did, however, maintain: "It is something to be gained when the colored man in any form can

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The degree to which blackface performance drew on authentic black culture and traditions is controversial. Black people, including slaves, were influenced by white culture, including white musical culture. Certainly this was the case with church music from very early times. Complicating matters

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African-American blackface productions also contained buffoonery and comedy, by way of self-parody. In the early days of African-American involvement in theatrical performance, black people could not perform without blackface makeup, regardless of how dark-skinned they were. The 1860s "colored"

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By objectifying formerly enslaved people through demeaning, humor-inducing stock caricatures, "comedic performances of 'blackness' by whites in exaggerated costumes and make-up, be separated fully from the racial derision and stereotyping at its core". This process of "thingification" has been

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Historian Dale Cockrell once noted that poor and working-class whites who felt “squeezed politically, economically, and socially from the top, but also from the bottom, invented minstrelsy” as a way of expressing the oppression that marked being members of the majority, but outside of the white

11953:, p. 218 explicitly analogizes Al Jolson's style of blackface to Jagger and Eminem: "not mockery, but the sincere mimicry of a non-Black artist who loves Black culture (or what he thinks is Black culture) so dearly he can't resist imitating it, even to the ridiculous point of blacking up". 4084:

The immense popularity and profitability of blackface were testaments to the power, appeal, and commercial viability of not only black music and dance, but also of black style. This led to cross-cultural collaborations, as Giddins writes; but the often ruthless exploitation of African-American

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These "colored" troupes – many using the name "Georgia Minstrels" – focused on "plantation" material, rather than the more explicit social commentary (and more nastily racist stereotyping) found in portrayals of northern black people. In the execution of authentic black music and the

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Following these critiques, the term "digital blackface" has since evolved with the rise of other social media and digital media technologies. In 2020, writer Francesa Sobande wrote on the digital representations of Black people, defining digital blackface as "encompassing online depictions and

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Digital media provide opportunities to inhabit and perform Black identity without actually painting one's face, which, in a way, some critics have likened to blackface and minstrelsy. In 1999, Adam Clayton Powell III coined the term "high-tech blackface" to refer to stereotypical portrayals of

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was singing: "An' I caution all white dandies not to come in my way, / For if dey insult me, dey'll in de gutter lay." It also on occasion equated lower-class white and lower-class black audiences; while parodying Shakespeare, Rice sang, "Aldough I'm a black man, de white is call'd my broder."

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mold, or as highly sexually provocative. The 1830s American stage, where blackface first rose to prominence, featured similarly comic stereotypes of the clever Yankee and the larger-than-life Frontiersman; the late 19th- and early 20th-century American and British stage where it last prospered

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Stereotypes embodied in the stock characters of blackface minstrels not only played a significant role in cementing and proliferating racist images, attitudes, and perceptions worldwide, but also in popularizing black culture. In some quarters, the caricatures that were the legacy of blackface

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had become a distinctive American artform, translating formal works such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Although minstrelsy began with white performers, by the 1840s there were also many all-black cast minstrel shows touring the United States in blackface, as well as black

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Comedians in many Asian countries continue to occasionally use minstrel-inspired blackface, with considerable frequency in South Korea. "Acting black" has been a common phenomenon in South Korean media for more than 30 years: in the 80s, comedians used to perform with darkened faces without

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When all-black minstrel shows began to proliferate in the 1860s, they often were billed as "authentic" and "the real thing". These "colored minstrels" always claimed to be recently freed slaves (doubtlessly many were, but most were not) and were widely seen as authentic. This presumption of

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See, for example, p. 197: "e is referred to in a variety of ways. For example: Turkey Champion, Turkish Champion, Grand Turk, Black King of Morocco, Black Morocco King, Saracen Knight, Turkey Snipe (a common corruption of Turkish Knight), Morocco Dog, Prince of Paradine or Black Prince of

10237: 3249:(Pekka and Pätkä as Negroes), was made in 1960. In the film a computer tells the title characters that a "negro" would be a suitable profession for them. They blacken their faces and pretend to be American or African entertainers performing in a night club, talking self-invented 3683:

took up the minstrel tradition, holding emancipation celebrations which consisted of music, dancing and parades. Such celebrations eventually became consolidated into an annual, year-end event called the "Coon Carnival" but now known as the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival or the

598:. Minstrel shows dominated popular show business in the U.S. from that time through into the 1890s, also enjoying massive popularity in the UK and in other parts of Europe. As the minstrel show went into decline, blackface returned to its novelty act roots and became part of 3369:, was a comic actor. One of the characters he impersonated in his comic show "Moralejas" was called Black Pitaya which used blackface makeup. Jimmy Morales defended his blackface character saying he is adored by the country's black Garifuna and indigenous Mayan communities. 2092:(TOBA), an all-black vaudeville circuit organized in 1909, blackface acts were a popular staple. Called "Toby" for short, performers also nicknamed it "Tough on Black Actors" (or, variously, "Artists" or "Asses"), because earnings were so meager. Still, TOBA headliners like 3094:

In May 2016, a global controversy broke regarding a television commercial for Qiaobi clothes washing fluid. The commercial showed a pouch of cleaning liquid being forced into a black man's mouth before he is pushed into a washing machine. He emerges later as an Asian man.

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cheeks, rather than apply a full blackface. The public support for changing the character was at 5% (versus 89% opposed to such changes) in 2013, which increased to 26% (versus 68% opposed to such changes) in 2017. However, in 2019, support for changing the character of

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involving non-Black people 'dressing up' and 'performing' as though they are Black". Sobande's argument suggests that this acts as a "digital expression of the oppression that Black people face" outside of the internet, where they can be viewed as an objectified type of

2623: 3573:, which centers around three puppets that come to life, Petrushka, the Ballerina, and the Moor. When the ballet premiered, the part of the Moor, first danced by Alexander Orlov, was performed in full blackface. The Moor puppet is first seen onstage playing with a 4048:

Blackface minstrelsy was the conduit through which African-American and African-American-influenced music, comedy, and dance first reached the white American mainstream. It played a seminal role in the introduction of African-American culture to world audiences.

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player on the other, set the precedent for what would soon become the first act of a standard three-act minstrel show. By 1852, the skits that had been part of blackface performance for decades expanded to one-act farces, often used as the show's third act.

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In the 1830s and early 1840s, blackface performances mixed skits with comic songs and vigorous dances. Initially, Rice and his peers performed only in relatively disreputable venues, but as blackface gained popularity they gained opportunities to perform as

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for African-American musicians, actors, and dancers to practice their crafts. Some minstrel shows, particularly when performing outside the South, also managed subtly to poke fun at the racist attitudes and double standards of white society or champion the

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troupes violated this convention for a time: the comedy-oriented endmen "corked up", but the other performers "astonished" commentators by the diversity of their hues. Still, their performances were largely in accord with established blackface stereotypes.

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and calling themselves "The Tramps". Wanting a flashier look, they renamed themselves "Zulus" and copied their costumes from a blackface vaudeville skit performed at a local black jazz club and cabaret. The result is one of the best known and most striking

4105:), they often have turned to African-American performance styles, stage presence and personas. Pop culture referencing and cultural appropriation of African-American performance and stylistic traditions is a tradition with origins in blackface minstrelsy. 2133:

It is essential to realize that ... the idea of white men imitating, or caricaturing, what they consider certain generic characteristics of the black man's life in America is important if only because of the Negro's reaction to it. (And it is the Negro's

1692:. David Leonard writes, "The desire to 'be Black' because of the stereotypical visions of strength, athleticism, power and sexual potency all play out within the virtual reality of sports games." Leonard's argument suggests that players perform a type of 8385: 2922:

during Frosh Week. The story went national, and was even covered on CNN. The university students were filmed in Jamaican flag colours, chanting "smoke weed" in a chorus. The university later apologized for the lack of consciousness of its student body.

2406:. Both Mr. Popo and Jynx have been censored on American broadcasting. An American licensing company, 4 Licensing Company had Dragon Ball Z on their anime block 4Kids. The character Mr. Popo was turned bright blue and given orange-yellow lips In 2011, a 1558:

Blackface performances have, for instance, tried to work through U.S. racial and ethnic classifications in conflict with national identities. A case in point is the representation of Latino and its popular embodiment as a stereotypical Dominican man.

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and suggestions for change) stated he had changed his mind on the matter and hoped the tradition would die out. Yet, he emphasized not intending to impose an official ban and noted he too retains sympathy towards those who do not want to let go of

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had begun calling attention to such portrayals of African Americans and mounted a campaign to put an end to blackface performances and depictions. For decades, darky images had been seen in the branding of everyday products and commodities such as

3971:, that is considered to be good luck, sometimes has a partially blacked up face to suggest smears of soot. This depends on the performer but it was, and still is, unusual to have a full blackening. Though the complete covered "greyface" is known. 2173:

further, once the blackface era began, some blackface minstrel songs unquestionably written by New York-based professionals (Stephen Foster, for example) made their way to the plantations in the South and merged into the body of black folk music.

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that is supposed to be English. The computer meant "negro" as a now archaic term for a journalist, which originates from journalists' hands becoming tinted black with ink when handling prints. When Finland's national public broadcasting company

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Blackface has also been a contentious issue in the music scene outside of hip hop. One Japanese R&B group, the Gosperats, has been known to wear blackface makeup during performances. In March 2015 a music television program produced by the

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The laughter that cascaded out of the seats was directed parenthetically toward those in America who allowed themselves to imagine that such 'nigger' showtime was in any way respective of the way we live or thought about ourselves in the real

1418:, in which the character Mac appears in blackface. In the season 9 episode "The Gang make Lethal Weapon 6", Mac once again dons black make-up, along with Dee, who plays his character's daughter in the film. Later in the series, the episode " 1382:

rather than black people themselves. Downey was even nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal. According to Downey, "90 per cent of my black friends were like, 'Dude, that was great.' I can't disagree with , but I know where my heart lies."

2198:, largely assumed this as late as 1931. In the Civil Rights era there was a strong reaction against this view, to the point of denying that blackface was anything other than a white racist counterfeit. Starting no later than Robert Toll's 211:

professor Anthony Barthelemy atated, "“In many medieval miracle plays, the souls of the damned were represented by actors painted black or in black costumes.... In , Lucifer and his confederate rebels, after having sinned, turn black.”

10245: 2654:(Black Petes). The first is typically an older white man similar to the American Santa, while the latter are usually adolescent boys and girls, and men and women in make-up and attire similar to the American blackface. The task of the 3072:

earlier in the month from Vancouver businessman Michael Adamson, who was part of the West Point Grey Academy community. Adamson said that he first saw the photograph in July and felt it should be made public. On September 19, 2019,

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is performed today, the part of the Moor is still done in full blackface, or occasionally blueface. The blackface has not been publicly criticized in the ballet community. Black and brownface appear in other ballets today, such as

480:

1830s and early 1840s blackface performers performed solo or as duos, with the occasional trio; the traveling troupes that would later characterize blackface minstrelsy arose only with the minstrel show. In New York City in 1843,

3533:, is more frequent than blackface). Use of blackface in humor has been used more rarely than in Portugal, although it also continues into this century (but it creates major uproar among the sizeable and more politically active 6563: 2984:

hate messages and death threats, and two days later, posted another message in which she apologized to whoever had been offended, adding that she had been "naively" trying to "express her support for all these communities".

1896:, that showing the movie was neither a racist act nor approval of racism, and that the university owed Sheng an apology for unfairly maligning him, and he compared it to Sheng's earlier experience of surviving the Chinese 332:

remains in relatively limited use as a theatrical device and is more commonly used today as social commentary or satire. Perhaps the most enduring effect of blackface is the precedent it established in the introduction of

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and Shane O'Neill have elaborated on their work, pointing out that GIFs of women of color, in particular, have been most frequently used to express user's emotions online. Hess and O'Neill also suggest that the emoji app

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Up until the early 2000s, white comedians sometimes used makeup to represent a black person, most often as a parody of an actual person. Many of these segments have been aired during the annual New Year's Eve TV special

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It seems clear, however, that American music by the early 19th century was an interwoven mixture of many influences, and that blacks were quite aware of white musical traditions and incorporated these into their music.

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and other plays of this era did not involve the emulation and caricature of "such supposed innate qualities of Blackness as inherent musicality, natural athleticism", etc. that Strausbaugh sees as crucial to blackface.

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featured skits in which almost all black male performers wore the blackface makeup and huge white painted lips, despite protests that it was degrading from the NAACP. The comics said they felt "naked" without it.

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announced that all three constituent bodies, representing the vast majority of Morris Dancing in the United Kingdom, would be actively moving to eliminate the use of full-face black makeup from their membership.

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attracting criticism. Although criticism has increased, use of blackface in Korean media was still occurring in 2018: a performer used blackface in a TV show, a play called "The Blacks" used blackface. In 2020,

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by the Disney characters. Mickey, of course, was already black, but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey with exaggerated, orange lips; bushy, white sidewhiskers; and his now trademark white gloves.

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In both the United States and Britain, blackface was most commonly used in the minstrel performance tradition, which it both predated and outlasted. Early white performers in blackface used burnt cork and later

2517:, but the debate still continues whether the golliwog should be banished in all forms from further commercial production and display, or preserved as a treasured childhood icon. In France, the chocolate powder 1977:

performers used were their hands and feet, clapping and slapping their bodies and shuffling and stomping their feet, black troupes particularly excelled. One of the most successful black minstrel companies was

4112:, of American and world popular culture began with blackface minstrelsy. It is a continuum of pervasive African-American influence which has many prominent manifestations today, among them the ubiquity of the 9996:

Rastas 2007: Rastas, Anna: "Neutraalisti rasistinen? Erään sanan politiikkaa", Rasismi lasten ja nuorten arjessa: Transnationaalit juuret ja monikulttuuristuva Suomi. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2007.

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wear black faces. Some believe the origin of this dance can be traced back to the influx of Cornish miners to northern England, and the black face relates to the dirty blackened faces associated with mining.

3935:

Some traditional mummers groups perform the English folk play "St George and the Turkish Knight" with the entire cast, including Father Christmas, and all the white, English characters in mummers' blackface.

6466: 2255:, with inky skin, exaggerated white, pink or red lips, and bright, white teeth – became a common motif in entertainment, children's literature, mechanical banks, and other toys and games of all sorts, 3850:

who blackened their faces to prevent identification. Blackening one's face with soot, lampblack, boot polish or coal dust was a traditional form of disguise, or masking, especially at night when poaching.

136:

entertainers performing in shows with predominately white casts in blackface. Some of the most successful and prominent minstrel show performers, composers, and playwrights were themselves black, such as

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radio show lasted into the 1950s. Meanwhile, amateur blackface minstrel shows continued to be common at least into the 1950s. In the UK, one such blackface popular in the 1950s was Ricardo Warley from

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places it as part of a tradition of "displaying Blackness for the enjoyment and edification of white viewers" that dates back at least to 1441, when captive West Africans were displayed in Portugal.

1178:(2000). It tells of a disgruntled black television executive who reintroduces the old blackface style in a series concept in an attempt to get himself fired and is instead horrified by its success. 1074:

and exaggerated makeup, the Zulus of New Orleans are controversial as well as popular. The group has, since the 1960s, argued that the black and white makeup they continue to wear is not blackface.

169:

of the 1950s and 1960s. It was generally considered highly offensive, disrespectful, and racist by the late 20th century, but the practice (or similar-looking ones) was exported to other countries.

11531: 624:: "The black mask offered a way to play with the collective fears of a degraded and threatening – and male – Other while at the same time maintaining some symbolic control over them." 267:, "Césaire revealed over and over again the colonizers’ sense of superiority and their sense of mission as the world’s civilizers, a mission that depended on turning the Other into barbarians". 1125:

Commodities bearing iconic "darky" images, from tableware, soap and toy marbles to home accessories and T-shirts, continue to be manufactured and marketed. Some are reproductions of historical

10299: 2692:(Black Peter) is black (not his original skin colour, but because of sliding through the chimney) and how Sinterklaas acquires the presents (with a special kind of money). Twenty years later, 2494:

When trade and tourism produce a confluence of cultures, bringing differing sensibilities regarding blackface into contact with one another, the results can be jarring. When Japanese toymaker

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was a popular British musical variety show that featured blackface performers, and remained on British television until 1978 and in stage shows until 1989. Many of the songs were from the

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and I's running for the big house." Gilliard, also African-American, defended the image, commenting that the politically conservative Steele has "refused to stand up for his people". (See

12570: 9271: 3567:, would have his face and body painted brown for the performance. This was done to show the audience the slave was of a darker complexion. Later in 1912, Fokine choreographed the ballet 6588: 3001:

broke an ankle and the rest of the summer run was canceled, but later performances were nevertheless scheduled in other venues. The controversy prompted further protests about the play

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There are some occurrences of blacking up (completely covering the entire exposed body) with afro wigs and stereotypical grass skirts and costume at festivals in this African country.

2097:

on to find work in other performance traditions. For example, one of the most famous stars of Haverly's European Minstrels was Sam Lucas, who became known as the "Grand Old Man of the

1824:, calling attention to digital blackface led to many critiques and criticisms about whether or not it was appropriate for non-Black people to continue sharing these images of Winfrey. 10828: 1436:

with brown make-up on his face impersonating a stereotypical Indian person generated controversy and was eventually pulled by the company after complaints of racism. In the TV series

10944: 3064:"-themed gala. The photograph showed Trudeau, wearing a turban and robes with his face, neck and hands completely darkened. The photograph appeared in the 2000–2001 yearbook of the 3734:

halted the airing of an ad wherein Schuster portrayed a stereotypically dishonest African politician in blackface. The action was in response to the following submitted complaint:

1279:, white participants wore blackface makeup and black participants wore whiteface makeup in an attempt to be better able to see the world through the perspective of the other race. 2883:

and a sketch about the lines of African-American actors that were mangled in movie translations. Pelletier did another parody of Gregory Charles for the New Year's Eve TV special

69:

of black people on stage or in entertainment. Scholarship on the origins or definition of blackface vary with some taking a global perspective that includes European culture and

8801: 8566: 6363: 3699:-speaking revelers. Often in a pared-down style of blackface which exaggerates only the lips. They parade down the streets of the city in colorful costumes, in a celebration of 9522: 2688:

gave children in Flanders, Belgium since the early 1990s a view on the daily life of the holy man. Also, it explained some of the questions children have around the event: why

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younger generation are outcasts from politics and society. In a way we are like Negroes, who have a long record of oppression and misunderstanding, and we feel akin to them."

1997:

From the mid-1870s, as white blackface minstrelsy became increasingly lavish and moved away from "Negro subjects", black troupes took the opposite tack. The popularity of the

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Trademark for Conguitos, a confection manufactured by the LACASA Group features a tubby, little brown character with full, red lips. It became a topic of controversy after a

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which ran for ten years from 1962 to 1972 at the Victoria Palace Theatre, London. This was followed by tours of UK seaside resorts, together with Australia and New Zealand.

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reported that backlash to pictures posted by students in which they posed in blackface for Halloween was indicative of growing consciousness toward racism in the country.

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fame, brought blackface in this more specific sense to prominence as a theatrical device in the United States when playing the role of "Mungo", an inebriated black man in

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Since the criticisms made by these writers, instances of digital blackface have varied in type across the internet. In 2016, a controversy emerged over social media app

980:(1983) is a film telling the elaborate story of a commodities banker and street hustler crossing paths after being made part of a bet. The film features a scene between 12885: 9775: 6316: 1931: 328:

By the mid-20th century, changing attitudes about race and racism effectively ended the prominence of blackface makeup used in performance in the U.S. and elsewhere.

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when it was disclosed that a white actress would portray the African-American "Francine". A subsequent production using black German actors was successfully staged.

3009: – without resorting to any indigenous actors. The project was briefly put on hold when investors pulled out, but the production eventually resumed as planned. 13152: 5953: 1789:

of Black and Latin women, the "#HowsMyForm" challenge, which plays on racist stereotypes of Black people and other racial groups, and other perceived instances of

8514: 6409: 9714: 9333: 5685: 3918:, have traditionally used blackface; its continuing use by some troupes is controversial. Some interpretations trace the original invention of blackface back to 250: 10129:"Aktuell: Das Deutsche Theater sieht weiß und/oder Schwarz? | Theaterensemble 'Label Noir' | Metropolis, Samstag ab 16.45 Uhr | Kultur entdecken" 9359: 7292: 2879:. RBO also did a parody of a talk show where a stereotypical Haitian man (Pelletier again) was easily offended, as well as a group parody of the Caribbean band 8748: 4551:"Blackface Is Older Than You Might Think: From medieval European theater troupes to American minstrelsy, the harmful tradition has a surprisingly long history" 566:

by modern standards, his later songs were free of the ridicule and blatantly racist caricatures that typified other songs of the genre. Foster's works treated

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pants, eliciting strong negative reactions. Trudeau admitted that he could not recall how many times he wore blackface after additional footage surfaced.

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at the Montreal Jazz Festival, notably because white performers were dressed as slaves as they picked cotton. After two initial performances, lead singer

2160:

During the 20th century, blackface was not an uncommon sight at parades in Puerto Rico. In 2019, when blackface was prominently featured at a carnival in

11893: 6378: 207:. It was common practice in Medieval Europe to use bitumen and soot from coal to darken skin to depict corrupted souls, demons, and devils in blackface. 11673: 8656: 6028: 3892:" (where the English were the slaves captured and taken by force to North Africa). This character is usually played using a black face (or brownface). 3339:

then nobody could truly understand the "real" essence of that part. Issues of racism are primarily issues of representation, especially in the theatre.

2376:

However, blackface-inspired iconography continue in popular media in Asia. In Japan, in the early 1960s, a toy called Dakkochan became hugely popular.

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Blackface makeup was largely eliminated even from live-action film comedy in the U.S. after the end of the 1930s, when public sensibilities regarding

81:

when bitumen and coal were used to darken the skin of white performers portraying demons, devils, and damned souls. Still others date the practice to

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The influence of blackface on branding and advertising, as well as on perceptions and portrayals of black people, generally, can be found worldwide.

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character has been traced back to the middle of the 19th century when Jan Schenkman, a popular children's book author, added a black servant to the

13132: 12109: 8876: 6282: 12501: 5772: 5091: 13117: 10041: 9488: 6877: 6299: 5465: 4174: 706: 9115: 3563:. In the ballet the leading female character, Zobeide, is seduced by a Golden Slave. The dancer who portrayed the Golden Slave, the first being 13157: 9652: 4820: 4268:

For the "darky"/"coon" distinction see, for example, note 34 on p. 167 of Edward Marx and Laura E. Franey's annotated edition of Yone Noguchi,

3731: 3518:, among others. In 2018, Eduardo Madeira dressed up as Serena Williams, adding an African accent the tennis player does not have in real life. 2939: 2146:

is caricaturing white customs, while white theater companies attempted to satirize the cakewalk as a black dance. Again, as LeRoi Jones notes:

12466: 6596: 5862: 12783: 12490: 11938:, p. 61: not about "sexiness", but makes an explicit analogy between T. D. Rice with "Jump Jim Crow" and Elvis Presley with "Hound Dog". 9802: 9471: 8369: 8076: 3621: 12495: 11647: 10917: 10825: 10629: 6985: 5713: 1450:

attracted controversy in October 2013 when she donned blackface as part of a Halloween costume depicting the character of "Crazy Eyes" from

395:

toured the U.S. in 1822–23, and as a result added a "black" characterization to his repertoire of British regional types for his next show,

11570: 9729: 8618: 6850: 6448: 8468: 8040: 3234:", whose face in the play has traditionally been painted black. The character's color of skin is also a theme in the procession's lyrics. 2289:"Darky" iconography frequently adorned the covers of sheet music from the 1870s through the 1940s, but virtually disappeared by the 1950s. 13147: 12291: 8106: 5755: 3978:

supports the Sweeps' Festival, revived in 1981, now claimed to be "the largest festival of Morris dance in the world". It takes place in

644:

This postcard, published c. 1908, shows a white minstrel team. While both are wearing wigs, the man on the left is in blackface and

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artistic genius, as well – by other, white performers and composers; agents; promoters; publishers; and record company executives.

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was passed at a time of economic downturn that led to heightened social tensions, and in response to a series of raids by two groups of

151:

Early in the 20th century, blackface branched off from the minstrel show and became a form of entertainment in its own right, including

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Early blackface minstrels often said that their material was largely or entirely authentic black culture; John Strausbaugh, author of

13162: 12480: 10531: 9505: 8157: 7168: 3006: 2423:, which was changed from "Darkie" and "Black Man" in Thailand. Vaudeville-inspired blackface remains frequently used in commercials. 1554:

confirmed that the image appeared in its 1984 yearbook. Shortly after the news broke, Northam apologized for appearing in the photo.

3974:

These two traditions, of chimney sweep and folk dancing, coincide in the sometimes lost traditions of (chimney) sweepers festivals.

2946:), a Senegalese-born storyteller. Many Quebec pundits defended the practice and Diouf himself praised Jean for his open-mindedness. 2247:

tabletop cigarette lighter, made in 1936, is an example of an everyday consumer item rendered in classic darky iconographical style.

2142:

The black minstrel performer was not only poking fun at himself but in a more profound way, he was poking fun at the white man. The

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There have been several inflammatory incidents of white college students donning blackface. Such incidents usually escalate around

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White minstrel shows featured white performers pretending to be black people, playing their versions of 'black music' and speaking

165:. In the United States, blackface declined in popularity from the 1940s, with performances dotting the cultural landscape into the 11967: 10583: 6427: 6189: 5979: 2722:

strong aesthetic resemblance to the archetypal US blackface, as well as the dynamics between the blackface servants and the white

2138:

to America, first white and then black and white America, that I consider to have made him such a unique member of this society.)

627:

Blackface, at least initially, could also give voice to an oppositional dynamic that was prohibited by society. As early as 1832,

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in Beijing on February 16, some Chinese people believed this kind of criticism was overblown. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman

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status and performed the first full-blown minstrel show: an evening's entertainment composed entirely of blackface performance. (

438: 12584: 12575: 10128: 6643: 13182: 13127: 12793: 12609: 9539: 9089: 6929: 4037: 3581:. His movements are apelike. The Moor seduces the Ballerina and later savagely cuts off the head of the puppet Petrushka. When 2468: 1569:

in 2020, episodes of popular television programs featuring characters in blackface were pulled from circulation. This includes

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Phillips, Amanda; Reed, Alison (2013). "Additive Race: Colorblind Discourses of Realism in Performance Capture Technologies".

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In Brazil, there has been at least some history of non-comedic use of blackface, using white actors for black characters like

2016:

These black performers became stars within the broad African-American community, but were largely ignored or condemned by the

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surfaced on Facebook. The students were said to face disciplinary action for throwing the institution's name into disrepute.

1484:, "Have fun storming the castle." The skit was remarked as poor taste, considering he was chosen as the "safer" choice after 823: 11330:

The golden peninsula : culture and adaptation in mainland Southeast Asia. Includes bibliographical references and index

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gags that were frowned upon by white moralists. There was often a subtle message behind the outrageous vaudeville routines:

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until 2015, though some have argued that the practice of using dark makeup for the character did not qualify as blackface.

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He later "comes out" as white, leading to the famous defending line: "Can you blame him for the color of his skin?" Unlike

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Hughes, Sherick A. (2003). "The Convenient Scapegoating of Blacks in Postwar Japan: Shaping the Black Experience Abroad".

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From 1723 to 1823, it was a criminal offence to blacken one's face in some circumstances, with a punishment of death. The

13142: 13067: 8427: 3259:

at people being prejudiced. When the film series was aired in 2019, this particular film of the series was left unaired.

1734: 1689: 1240: 54:, shows the transformation from a person of European descent to a caricature of a dark-skinned person of African descent. 6970: 6657: 6107: 4661: 3295:

Examples of theatrical productions include the many productions of the play "Unschuld" (Innocence) by the German writer

12295: 12144: 11600: 11181: 9141: 4169: 2190:, said that such claims were likely to be untrue. Well into the 20th century, scholars took the stories at face value. 2089: 1063: 387:

on May 29, 1769. The play attracted notice, and other performers adopted the style. From at least the 1810s, blackface

12080:"Rap Locally, Rhyme Globally: Hip-Hop Culture Becomes a World-Wide Language for Youth Resistance, According to Course" 10014: 9704: 7115: 4473: 2887:

in 2006 (as an homage to Charles who had had a particularly successful year), along with a parody of Governor General

2502:, had fat, pink lips and rings in its ears) in the 1990s, the ensuing controversy prompted Sanrio to halt production. 2064:

when he joined them in 1910. Shown here in blackface, he was the highest-paid African American entertainer of his day.

1137:

for such items in the U.S., particularly. The value of the original examples of darky iconography (vintage negrobilia

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Lott, Eric. "Blackface and Blackness: The Minstrel Show in American Culture", in Annemarie Bean, James V. Hatch, and

4028: 3907:) in traditional English Mummers' plays was played in blackface (or brownface), though less often in the modern era. 2451: 2033: 1674: 1456:. Hough later apologized, stating on Twitter: "I realize my costume hurt and offended people and I truly apologize." 1407:

was not offensive, while Dennis claimed it "distasteful" and "never okay". In the same episode, the gang shows their

1089:, reluctantly agreed to discontinue using blackface in their traditional minstrel show that was a fundraiser for the 914: 300: 298:

for roughly 100 years beginning around 1830. It was practised in Britain as well, surviving longer than in the U.S.;

10686:"Black Indians, Zulus and Congos; Transformation and Transference of Community Traditions in New Orleans and Panama" 9385: 8824: 7260: 6162: 2263:, advertisements, jewelry, textiles, postcards, sheet music, food branding and packaging, and other consumer goods. 12907: 12637: 9428: 9245: 9219: 6823: 6684: 4550: 4205: 4164: 1918: 1767: 1729:

uses "black emotional reactions and verbal expressions" and designs them to fit non-Black bodies and faces. Writer

317:

involved the use of blackface and costume for a group of high-profile authors to gain access to a military vessel.

114: 51: 11699: 7351: 3858:(1839–1843) used to blacken their faces or wear masks to prevent themselves being identified whilst breaking down 874:

appeared in blackface and bantered in a mock accent with a black maid who mistook him for an authentic black man.

177: 12778: 12110:"Surviving Zwarte Piet – a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture" 10802: 10185: 6731: 6336: 4159: 4068: 3730:

is well known for employing the blackface technique in his filming to little or no controversy. But in 2013, the

2439:. By the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in Europe, where it was more widely tolerated, blackface became a kind of 1641: 1577: 1551: 1504: 1379: 1218: 11353: 9193: 3646:

On November 30, 2020, in a segment of the Russian TV show "International Sawmill", Russian television presenter

1028:

as Mark Watson, a pampered rich white college graduate who uses "tanning pills" to qualify for a scholarship to

321:

persist to the present day and are a cause of ongoing controversy. Another view is that "blackface is a form of

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included a blackface character, who after a controversy changed his makeup to look like a camouflaged soldier.

2301:

U.S. cartoons from the 1930s and 1940s often featured characters in blackface gags as well as other racial and

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comically explored if blackface could ever be done "right". One of the characters, Frank Reynolds insists that

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character. Originally the chimney sweeps were little boys, and they used the day to beg for money, until this

1353:

did not hire an additional black actor to do the sketch; the show had only one black cast member at the time.

13107: 9454: 9411: 7051: 6619: 6264: 3210:

in which a man in blackface makeup portrays a black woman liberated from slavery holding her youngest child.

2499: 2480: 1162: 1157: 1102: 329: 44: 11919: 11061: 10945:"Russian state TV broadcaster features racist segment of an actress in blackface doing a portrayal of Obama" 9824: 8660: 7116:"Teens won't stop posting racist videos and challenges on TikTok. Experts explain why the problem continues" 6364:

Today In Racism: YA Series "Save The Pearls" Employs Offensive Blackface And Bizarre Racist Stereotypes Plot

6032: 4609: 4244: 2161: 1378:, the intent was satire; specifically, blackface was ironically employed to humorously mock one of the many 530:

typical of male blackface work." She later portrayed the blackface role of Topsy in a musical adaptation of

11229:

Han, Gil-Soo (January 2, 2015). "K-Pop nationalism: Celebrities and acting blackface in the Korean media".

4129: 4036:

Due to its employment of artists wearing blackface, the show was seen by UK anti-racist groups such as the

3964:) featured such songs as 'Old Uncle Ned', which includes the lyrics "He's gone where the good niggers go". 3919: 3875: 2980: 2630:

Sinterklaas and his Black Petes arrive by boat at the start of a procession in Nijmegen (Netherlands), 2016

2017: 1809: 567: 10615: 10330: 8047:" Linen-mounted movie poster. Hake's Americana & Collectibles, sales site. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 7007: 6564:"Gov. Ralph Northam 'deeply sorry' after photo emerges from his 1984 yearbook showing blackface, KKK hood" 4357:

Rehin, George F. (December 1975). "Harlequin Jim Crow: Continuity and Convergence in Blackface Clowning".

1470:

opening montage. The scene depicts Crystal in black face paint wearing an oiled wave wig while talking to

98:

However, some scholars see blackface as a specific practice limited to American culture that began in the

13167: 11454:

Buckland, Theresa Jill (1990). "Black Faces, Garlands, and Coconuts: Exotic Dances on Street and Stage".

9852: 8236: 8221: 6215: 5738: 4774:

by Bean, Annemarie, James V. Hatch, and Brooks McNamara. 1996. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

3603: 3061: 2965: 2770: 2407: 2321:" thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows – was a film short based on a production of 1867: 1401: 1288: 1262:. It had been doctored to include bushy, white eyebrows and big, red lips. The caption read, "I's simple 548: 232: 82: 12513:

Scott, Mack (October 2014). "From Blackface to Beulah : Subtle Subversion in Early Black Sitcoms".

12119: 11115: 5162:

From "Barney's Courtship" to Burns and Allen: Male-female Comedy Teams in American Vaudeville, 1865-1932

3783:

Taiwanese YouTube comedy group The Wackyboys came under fire after some of its members blackfaced for a

3442:

network was scheduled to show a segment featuring two Japanese groups performing together in blackface,

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written about by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, "The whole idea of a stereotype is to simplify", and by

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makeup in the spring of 2001. The photograph, which had not been previously reported, was taken at an "

2585: 1737:, or AAVE, on the internet without understanding the full context of the particular phrase being used. 208: 31: 17: 12550:

Video: Blackface: History of a Controversy; Blackface in modern society, especially related to school.

10049: 7352:

International Youth and Students for Social Equality at the University of Michigan (October 8, 2021).

3482:

Portobelo's Carnival and Congo dance in Panama include a use of blackface as a form of celebration of

2005:

had demonstrated northern white interest in white religious music as sung by black people, especially

407:

was already building his stage career around blackface in 1828, but it was another white comic actor,

11986:

Roediger, David (1997). "The First Word in Whiteness: Early Twentieth-Century European Immigration",

9602: 7029: 6190:"Robert Downey Jr. Has No Regrets Over 'Tropic Thunder' Blackface: 'It Blasted the Cap on the Issue'" 4013: 3968: 3944: 3863: 3350: 2875:, making fun of his energetic personality (not of his racial background) on his television game show 2822: 2791: 2314: 1927: 1805: 1480: 1050: 996:

when they must don disguises to enter a train. Aykroyd's character puts on full blackface make-up, a

819:; the lead actor, Maurice Ellis, fell ill, so Welles stepped into the role, performing in blackface. 513: 325:

in which one puts on the insignias of a sex, class, or race that stands in opposition to one's own".

12016:

Southgate, Nick (December 2003). "Coolhunting, account planning and the ancient cool of Aristotle".

10903: 8447: 7823: 4848: 4784:

Rodriquez, Jason (December 2006). "Color-Blind Ideology and the Cultural Appropriation of Hip-Hop".

4075:, were veterans of blackface performance. More recently, the American country music television show 3312:

almost always cast the role of Midge Carter, the black character, famously portrayed in the U.S. by

1546:. The photos showed an image of an unidentified person in blackface and an unidentified person in a 13072: 12950: 12226: 9913: 8019:, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Accessed online January 31, 2008. 7357: 5859: 4905: 4002: 3616: 3049: 2900: 2856: 2560: 2431:

Over time, blackface and "darky" iconography became artistic and stylistic devices associated with

866: 602:. Blackface featured prominently in film at least into the 1930s, and the "aural blackface" of the 595: 334: 193: 11138: 10727:

Daniela e Edmundo interpretam Michael Jackson e Siedah Garrett-A Tua cara não me é Estranha (TVI )

9575:"Justin Trudeau Wore Brownface at 2001 'Arabian Nights' Party While He Taught at a Private School" 8084: 7096: 6795: 3262:

Before the 1990s the word "neekeri" (negro) was generally considered a neutral, inoffensive word.

12930: 12768: 12579: 12079: 11625: 11444:

Paradine.... The play from Antrobus in Cheshire represents the Black Prince with blackened face."

9678: 8592: 7836: 7140: 5717: 5630: 5215: 4225: 4215: 4081:(1969–1993) had the format and much of the content of a minstrel show, albeit without blackface. 3560: 3327:

Unfortunately, I do not believe that our society has come to accept a black Faust in the theatre.

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in the middle of the 20th century, introduced in the 1980s a cartoon minstrel mascot inspired by

2036:

cause. It was through blackface performers, white and black, that the richness and exuberance of

1452: 1310: 1008:

due to it mocking the ignorance of Aykroyd's character rather than black people as a whole, with

969: 671: 404: 363: 11578: 7734: 7728: 6538:"Va. Gov. Northam's yearbook pic of men in blackface, Klan robe spurs calls for his resignation" 6241: 5552: 5546: 4455: 3146: 2790:), carrying a lantern and singing songs. They are dressed in adult clothing (to commemorate the 1821: 1812:, where Winfrey's reactions during the interview began to circulate the internet in the form of 125: 13137: 12870: 12471: 8476: 8037: 6341: 5690: 5165: 4555: 3747: 3286: 3098:

On February 15, 2018, a comedy sketch titled "Same Joy, Same Happiness" intending to celebrate

2991:

was accused of staging scenes that were reminiscent of blackface when he put together the show

2742: 2522: 2488: 2364:, such blatantly racist branding practices ended in the U.S., and blackface became an American 2037: 1840: 1790: 1705: 1645: 1615: 1566: 705:

From the 1910s up until the early 1950s, many well-known entertainers of stage and screen also

571: 555: 460:

black women who were often portrayed as unappealingly and grotesquely mannish, in the matronly

342: 338: 309: 12299: 12101:

Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs", and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz.

11906: 9803:"China denies Lunar New Year broadcast with actress in blackface and fake buttocks was racist" 8265: 7993: 7987: 6756:

Leonard, David. "High Tech Blackface – Race, Sports Video Games and Becoming the Other".

5730: 5686:"Throwback Thursday: 'Soul Man' Star Rae Dawn Chong on Rachel Dolezal: 'I Say Welcome Her In'" 5518: 5512: 4635: 4396:

Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture

3285:

stirred up controversy in 1983 by using dancers in blackface for his hit synthpop version of "

2880: 2826: 2227:" in 1895, described as "a horrid sight, the blackest gnome". Note the formal minstrel attire. 1747: 1733:

refers to this phenomenon as "online imagined Black English", where non-Black users engage in

12975: 12491:

Several blog posts from 2004 about blackface stories in the news, from the Colorblind Society

12159: 11024: 10670: 7870: 7840: 5271: 4426: 4374: 4200: 4184: 3763: 3677: 3494:

Use of black performance in impersonations was quite frequently used in the impressions show

2513:

character, fell out of favor in 2001 after almost a century as the trademark of jam producer

2361: 2102: 1960: 1595: 1562: 1296: 1004:. The film, being an obvious satire, has received little criticism for its use of racial and 893: 698: 563: 562:

figured prominently in blackface minstrel shows of the period. Though written in dialect and

531: 442: 346: 295: 166: 156: 118: 9961:"Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä -elokuva nostatti valtavan someraivon – Yle vastaa rasismikohuun" 9928: 9866: 7682: 7354:"Oppose the right-wing, racialist attack on composer Bright Sheng at University of Michigan" 7353: 6706:"Stuntwomen Panel: Evangeline Lilly Says She Was Intentionally Injured While Filming 'Lost'" 4401: 3458:

In modern-day Mexico there are examples of images (usually caricatures) in blackface (e.g.,

2998: 1721: 12630: 11019:

Beyond Blackface: African Americans and the Creation of American Popular Culture, 1890–1930

9753:"China's state TV ran a racist skit with blackface as Africans for its Lunar New Year show" 9574: 4314:

Nowatzki, Robert (2006). "Paddy Jumps Jim Crow: Irish-Americans and Blackface Minstrelsy".

3522: 3308: 3239: 2506: 2388:

continue to prominently feature characters inspired by "darky" iconography, which includes

2275: 2093: 2082: 2021: 1998: 1536: 1319: 1259: 1086: 931: 680: 539: 494: 374: 161: 10482: 10238:"Die Blackfacing-Debatte III – Man muss kein Neonazi sein, um rassistisch zu handeln" 3559:, premiered in Russia. The story behind the ballet was inspired by a tone poem written by 2957:, as part of yet another parody of Gregory Charles, this time as host of the variety show 2305:

caricatures. Blackface was one of the influences in the development of characters such as

1656: 275: 8: 8614: 6321: 5239:

Key, Susan (1995). "Sound and Sentimentality: Nostalgia in the Songs of Stephen Foster".

3784: 3636: 3463: 3018: 2808: 2697: 2271: 2220: 1897: 1882: 1874: 1851: 1843: 1730: 1543: 1499: 1467: 1336: 1263: 1211:

magazine and FilmFour Lab. The film featured Korine tap dancing while wearing blackface.

1187: 884: 879: 836: 604: 415:", accompanied by a dance, in his stage act in 1828, and scored stardom with it by 1832. 384: 145: 141: 86: 70: 12376:

Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult & Imitation in American Popular Culture

10106: 8937: 8588: 7954:

Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult & Imitation in American Popular Culture

7730:

Blues People: The Negro Experience in White America and the Music that Developed from It

4370: 3703:

culture. Participants also pay homage to the carnival's African-American roots, playing

3179: 2950: 2463:, and folk traditions. Actors and dancers in blackface appeared in music videos such as 968:

appeared in blackface in their "Dream a Lie" video, while the black members appeared in

13085: 12773: 12538: 12530: 12335: 12219: 12060: 11963: 11545: 11479: 11471: 11434: 11395: 11246: 10512: 10355: 10211: 9889:"Mama Negra, simbiosis de las culturas y expresiones populares – Ministerio de Turismo" 8825:"Dutch PM's opinions on blackface have undergone 'major changes' – but he won't ban it" 8350: 8342: 8208: 6689: 6432: 5268: 5256: 5184: 4840: 4801: 4331: 3569: 3459: 2783: 2645: 2526: 2206: 1974: 1947: 1601: 1523: 1133:"), while others are designed for today's marketplace ("fantasy"). There is a thriving 905: 794: 506: 486: 446: 399:, which included Mathews singing "Possum up a Gum Tree", a popular slave freedom song. 11332:. Honolulu: (SHAPS library of Asian studies) University of Hawai'i Press. p. 34. 10685: 8056: 7404: 4980: 4282:

Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930

3167: 1926:

An editor has nominated the above file for discussion of its purpose and/or potential

826:

were beginning to change and blackface became increasingly associated with racism and

192:

There is no consensus about a single moment that constitutes the origin of blackface.

12991: 12920: 12542: 12441: 12424: 12402: 12395: 12379: 12360: 12341: 12320: 12276: 12254: 12248: 12230: 12203: 12184: 12178: 12163: 12140: 11862: 11855: 11791: 11770: 11749: 11728: 11483: 11399: 11333: 11250: 11028: 11017: 10562: 10463: 9998: 8354: 8269: 8258: 7997: 7959: 7951: 7854: 7844: 7738: 7634: 7624: 7265: 7261:"Michigan Students Accuse Celebrated Music Professor of Racism for Screening Othello" 6897:"Spectacularized and Branded Digital (Re)presentations of Black People and Blackness" 5825: 5556: 5522: 5408: 5264: 5219: 5188: 4963: 4867: 4805: 4641: 4518: 4432: 4405: 4394: 4335: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4109: 3983: 3612: 3483: 3031: 3027: 2968:, a mainstream theatre company, included a blackface representation of hockey player 2795: 2573: 2550: 2419:

Prominent brands continue to use the iconography, including Chinese toothpaste brand

1987: 1888: 1357: 1161:, a 40-minute three-screen collage featuring a man in blackface dancing and singing " 1126: 1005: 774: 662: 616:

acceptable way of expressing their feelings and fears about race and control. Writes

498: 264: 62: 2888: 1425:" addresses the topic again along with the removal of their films from the library. 13006: 12960: 12940: 12788: 12522: 12114: 12052: 12025: 11857:

Black Music, White Business: Illuminating the History and Political Economy of Jazz

11463: 11426: 11387: 11238: 10949: 10837: 10504: 10158: 9825:"China New Year gala show sparks new racism controversy with blackface performance" 8334: 7832:

The Power of Black Music: Interpreting its History from Africa to the United States

7620: 7616: 7297: 6908: 5658: 5616: 5248: 5065: 4901: 4832: 4793: 4366: 4323: 4113: 3994: 3987: 3826: 3751: 3716: 3631: 3447: 3426: 3420: 3396: 3271: 3111: 3057: 2976: 2848: 2841: 2350: 2244: 2195: 2191: 2061: 1913: 1893: 1878: 1693: 1571: 1397: 1025: 985: 944: 846: 766: 684:(1903), all of the major black roles were white people in blackface. Even the 1914 461: 429:

Rice traveled the U.S., performing under the stage name "Daddy Jim Crow". The name

370: 314: 287: 280: 216: 39: 11430: 11047:

ewn.co.za. 2014. Tuks-blackface-students-face-disciplinary-action. Available at:

9960: 6216:""Dee Reynolds: Shaping America's Youth" | It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia" 5102:(London), January 2, 1996. Accessed online (at findarticles.com) February 2, 2008. 2918:

students caused a stir when using blackface to "pay tribute" to Jamaican sprinter

73:. Scholars with this wider view may date the practice of blackface to as early as 13177: 12858: 12659: 12623: 12475: 12438:

On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock

12244: 12156:

The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora

11971: 11888: 11242: 10975: 10832: 10809: 10588: 10558: 10457: 10136: 9631:"WARMINGTON: Conservative MP Leslyn Lewis won't be called racist by blackface PM" 9579: 8849: 8691: 8497: 8451: 8392: 8243: 8228: 8063: 8044: 7678: 6382: 5909: 5886: 5866: 5759: 5663: 5275: 5095: 5072: 4987: 4704: 4546: 4378: 4144: 3979: 3956: 3885: 3673: 3656: 3647: 3564: 3534: 3511: 3499: 3408: 3282: 3227: 3043: 2972:

by actor Marc Saint-Martin. Despite some criticism the sketch was not withdrawn.

2943: 2872: 2565: 2535: 2484: 2041: 1709: 1698: 1474:. In the scene Crystal leaves a parting remark to Bieber, "Have fun storming the 1463: 1283: 1020: 1009: 1001: 989: 802: 645: 609: 392: 224: 201: 197: 110: 74: 11302: 10459:

Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond

9573:

Purna Kambhampaty, Anna; Madeleine Carlisle; Melissa Chan (September 18, 2019).

9523:

Indigenous Artists Call out 'SLAV' Director Robert Lepage for New Show, 'Kanata'

9072: 8409: 6512:"A tip from a 'concerned citizen' helps a reporter land the scoop of a lifetime" 6467:"The rarity of black faces, not 'Otello' in blackface, should be issue in opera" 5797: 2915: 1130: 1107: 13052: 12915: 12655: 12585:

Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress

10431: 10408: 10088:

Webpage of the director of the production at the Theater Freiburg with pictures

9572: 9360:"P.K. Subban Blackface in Théâtre du Rideau Vert Play Deemed Offensive by Some" 7415:

and American Culture, University of Virginia. Accessed online January 31, 2008.

7326:"College Music Professor Steps Down After Showing Students 'Blackface' Othello" 6971:"'Blackface' Social Media Post Lands Prairie View A&M Athlete in Hot Water" 6486:"With Northam Picture, Obscure Publication Plays Big Role in Virginia Politics" 3975: 3859: 3843: 3822: 3700: 3503: 3471: 3443: 3053: 3022:(which takes place in the 19th century), because the main character, played by 2868: 2833: 2685: 2670: 2514: 2310: 2113: 1847: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1370: 1301: 1255: 1251: 1196: 1152: 1090: 1078: 976: 954: 949: 860: 815: 798: 786: 746: 693: 628: 559: 501:.) Their loosely structured show with the musicians sitting in a semicircle, a 408: 322: 253:

website, asserts that the birth of blackface is attributable to class warfare:

12604: 12549: 12029: 11633: 11391: 10774: 10762: 10750: 10738: 10726: 10714: 10702: 10331:"Interview mit René Pollesch über Liebe und Rücksicht. – Aus dem Magazin" 9682: 9603:"EXCLUSIVE: Video shows Trudeau in blackface in 3rd instance of racist makeup" 9313: 9051: 9034: 9013: 8993: 8920: 8901: 8682: 8431: 8299: 7226:"This Oprah Photo Is Quickly Becoming The Latest Example Of Digital Blackface" 7146: 6004: 5750:

John Francis Marion, "On New Year's Day in Philadelphia, Mummer's the word",

5636: 4687:"How a bearded Virginia Woolf and her band of 'jolly savages' hoaxed the navy" 3889: 3588: 3525:(although the practice of "racelift", or making black/mulatto characters into 3013: 2786:, children go door to door in threes wearing paper crowns (to commemorate the 2333:

Reproduction of a tin sign advertising Picaninny Freeze, a frozen treat (1922)

2101:

Stage". Lucas later played the title role in the 1914 cinematic production of

1334:(of German, Korean, and Venezuelan descent) on the popular television program 497:

did more or less the same, apparently independently, earlier the same year in

13101: 12970: 12955: 12829: 12814: 12526: 12357:

Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation

10786: 10751:

Mico da Câmara Pereira interpreta «What a Wonderful World» de Louis Armstrong

10665:[It was ridiculous for the U.S. to criticize Memín Pinguín: Derbez]. 10071: 8338: 7387: 6913: 6896: 6661: 4797: 4772:

Inside the minstrel mask: Readings in nineteenth-century blackface minstrelsy

4709:

Inside the minstrel mask: readings in nineteenth-century blackface minstrelsy

4220: 4134: 4090: 3998: 3929: 3855: 3804: 3750:

female students donning blackface makeup in an attempt at caricaturing Black

3727: 3685: 3650:

interviewed an actress in blackface posing as former United States President

3626: 3619:, an 18th-century Russian general of African origin, in the 1976 Soviet film 3556: 3515: 3507: 3467: 3366: 2988: 2931: 2896: 2852: 2787: 2709: 2460: 2078: 2057: 1991: 1990:. The Georgia Minstrels toured the United States and abroad and later became 1983: 1801: 1800:

In 2021, conversation around digital blackface gained further traction after

1742: 1539: 1495: 1471: 1459: 1413: 1305: 1275: 1267: 1244: 1236: 1046: 1012:

citing it as "featuring deft interplay between Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd,

940: 909: 841: 782: 778: 762: 750: 730: 726: 640: 434: 412: 400: 358: 137: 132: 106: 99: 47: 11049:

http://ewn.co.za/2014/08/06/Tuks-blackface-students-face-disciplinary-action

10715:

Maria João Abreu (Michael Jackson) – A Tua Cara Não Me É Estranha (TVI)

8684:

Cultuur en migratie in Nederland. Veranderingen van het alledaagse 1950–2000

8184: 5577:, p. 225; the televised version (1951–53) used African-American actors. 2509:

player compared his black teammate to the character. In Britain, "Golly", a

2053: 1782: 12834: 12723: 12688: 11850: 10018: 9709: 7172: 5542: 5486: 4528: 4339: 4102: 4059: 3915: 3771: 3651: 3303: 3219: 2969: 2904: 2693: 2589: 2476: 2446: 2441: 2412: 2306: 2302: 2126: 1833: 1794: 1774: 1547: 1489: 1485: 1342: 1331: 1327: 1315: 1227: 1214: 1182: 1134: 1082: 981: 958: 851: 831: 810: 790: 770: 758: 742: 722: 714: 544: 534: 526: 466: 455: 337:

to an international audience, albeit through a distorted lens. Blackface's

228: 220: 204: 78: 8016: 7866: 7862: 7638: 6562:

Vozzella, Laura; Morrison, Jim; Schneider, Gregory S. (February 1, 2019).

6242:"Ashton Kutcher 'Brownface' Ad With Indian Character 'Raj' Pulled (Video)" 4491:

Garen, Micah; Carleton, Marie-Helene; Swaab, Justine (November 27, 2019).

4327: 2844:

alluded to Kitt spilling wine on Marjo during the show's press conference;

2658:

is generally to entertain the children with jokes and pranks, and to help

2568:, the "Jackson Jive", in blackface, with the Michael Jackson character in 2285: 674:, black characters were routinely played by white people in blackface. In 474: 13057: 12996: 12965: 12809: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12713: 11722: 10851:"Racismo explícito no Zorra Total relembra humor segregacionista dos EUA" 9607: 8794:"Weinig draagvlak voor roetveegpieten bij landelijke intocht Sinterklaas" 7858: 7642: 6620:"Virginia governor's yearbook page shows 2 people in blackface, KKK garb" 6449:"An 'Otello' Without Blackface Highlights an Enduring Tradition in Opera" 5869:". ABC News, The Blotter, November 10, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2007. 4190: 4094: 4006: 3925: 3904: 3829:" characters throughout his career, from the 1960s through to the 1980s. 3629:

performed the role of Cuban singer Clementine Fernandez in the 1983 film

3392: 3381: 3313: 3115: 3074: 2837: 2705: 2689: 2649: 2640: 2635: 2610: 2464: 2394: 2353: 2260: 2252: 2236: 2205:

As discussed above, this picture becomes even more complicated after the

2074: 2025: 1516: 1512: 1365: 1222: 1168:

Blackface and minstrelsy serve as the theme of African American director

1138: 1067: 1029: 993: 936: 901: 734: 718: 379: 12534: 9946: 9730:"'Racist' Blackface Chinese New Year TV Sketch Sparks Worldwide Outrage" 7646: 7200:"Organization says sharing Oprah interview memes is 'digital blackface'" 6986:"Blackface or charcoal mask? College investigates photo on social media" 5954:"Jimmy Fallon addresses 'SNL' blackface controversy: 'I'm not a racist'" 4304:; p. 151 of the same work also alludes to the specific "coon" archetype. 3399:

who appears in the streets by the beginning of the New Year festival of

3134: 2938:, and imitated several fellow comics, donning blackface when he came to 2554:

Black and White Minstrels Coburg, Melbourne, Australia, November 6, 1935

1045:

In the early 20th century, a group of African American laborers began a

592: 13078: 13042: 13021: 12935: 12824: 12693: 12416: 12337:

Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem

12064: 11475: 11438: 10516: 10383:"Guatemalans face choice of former blackface comedian or ex-first lady" 10186:"German Play, 'I'm Not Rappaport', Angers Critics With Blackface Actor" 8346: 7758: 6800: 5260: 4962:

Oakley, Giles (2nd Edition) The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues (

4844: 4179: 3911: 3704: 3203: 3107: 3023: 2927: 2919: 2746: 2581: 2456: 2344: 2006: 1969: 1964: 1786: 1758: 1618:

and Sharon Schaffer have equated it in 2018 with blackface minstrelsy.

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during the 19th century into the 20th. It contributed to the spread of

66: 12753: 12317:

Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot

11414: 11378:

Rogers, Pat (September 1974). "The Waltham Blacks and the Black Act".

10763:

Nicolau Breyner interpreta_Nat King Cole_ A Tua Cara Não me é Estranha

9653:"Trudeau says he can't recall how many times he wore blackface makeup" 9557:

Le retrait d'un épisode des 'Filles de Caleb' continue de faire réagir

6410:"Metropolitan Opera To Drop Use Of Blackface-Style Makeup In 'Otello'" 5405:

Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot

4722:

Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot

4343: 3888:

on Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset in the early 17th Century by "

3068:, where Trudeau was a teacher. A copy of the yearbook was obtained by 2399: 2293: 2270:

surfaced in Great Britain, the product of children's book illustrator

1217:

donned black paint and used an exaggerated, accented voice to portray

574:

in general with sentimentality that appealed to audiences of the day.

13062: 13011: 12925: 12819: 12743: 12698: 12683: 12610:

Press article "Real Madrid star upholds Spain's commitment to racism"

12268: 10869:"How red Russia broke new ground in the portrayal of black Americans" 10703:

A Tua Cara Não Me é estranha: Paulo Vintém interpreta Michael Jackson

10269:"Kommentar – Migranten spielen auf den Sprechbühnen keine Rolle" 9035:

La conne mission Bouchard-Taylor : Rock et Belles Oreilles (RBO)

8126: 8124: 7184: 5790: 4474:"Don't get what's wrong with blackface? Here's why it's so offensive" 4149: 4139: 4072: 3881: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3669: 3296: 3250: 3199: 3184: 2530: 2318: 1979: 1817: 1726: 1526:, based in New York City, used blackface in productions of the opera 1446:

appears in blackface in the season 3 episode "My Old Kentucky Home".

1361: 1169: 1145: 1112: 827: 754: 738: 710: 689: 657: 652: 617: 185: 12056: 11467: 10508: 5252: 4836: 1946:

By 1840, black performers also were performing in blackface makeup.

1475: 13047: 13016: 12273:

Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class

11523:"Meeting the dance troop who say 'blacking-up' is a badge of pride" 11092: 7330: 6376:

Is YA Novel "Save the Pearls" Straight-Up Racist or Just Misguided?

6283:"Julianne Hough slammed for donning 'black face' Halloween costume" 4515:

Exporting Jim Crow: Blackface Minstrelsy in South Africa and Beyond

3952: 3900: 3847: 3796: 3643:

received the Best Director Award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival.

3578: 3292:

In Germany, blackface was used in several theatrical productions.

2738:

underwent a slight decline, with opposition to changes increasing.

2592:

after Winmar did not attend a scheduled appearance on the program.

2510: 2436: 2432: 2389: 2329: 2267: 2241: 2224: 2143: 1754: 1542:'s medical school yearbook were published on the far-right website 1429: 1408: 1254:

posted a photograph on his blog. The image was of African American

855: 709:. Light-skinned people who performed in blackface in film included 622:

Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class

612:

who toured around the North of England with a monkey called Bilbo.

152: 12069:

Citation for African (more specifically, Yoruba) origin of "cool".

8121: 4662:"An excerpt from *The Complete Minstrel Guide*, published in 1901" 4532: 4292:. For more on the "darky" stereotype, see J. Ronald Green (2000), 2829:

played the character Mémère Bouchard as if she hailed from Africa;

2701: 1820:

post by the Slow Factory Foundation, an activist group founded by

12718: 12678: 12564: 12250:

Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America

11204:"Controversial Korean Show Caught Trying to Do 'Blackface' Again" 9829: 8260:

I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution

8222:

Postcolonialism and androgyny: the performance art of Grace Jones

6644:

Virginia governor confirms 1984 yearbook page with racist imagery

6589:"Ralph Northam yearbook page shows men in blackface and KKK robe" 4195: 4117: 4077: 3961: 3896: 3742: 3640: 3594: 3574: 3530: 3526: 3439: 3278:, founded in 1929, act with their hands and faces painted black. 3195: 3188: 2518: 2256: 2125:

humor that the white shows never had. As the black social critic

1892:

magazine, said that the university had violated the principle of

1856: 1589: 1438: 1071: 470: 237: 91: 12900: 12428: 11909:, "The Blues" Teacher's Guide, PBS. Retrieved December 18, 2008. 11285:"What a Blackface Photo Says About South Korea's Racism Problem" 11266:"Blizzard accused of blackface on South Korean Overwatch stream" 9980:"Yle jättää nyt Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä -elokuvan esittämättä" 8563:"De oudst bekende naam van Zwarte Piet: Pieter-mê-knecht (1850)" 7142:

Unpacking the Racism of Digital Blackface in the Information Age

6878:"Video: The White Internet's Love Affair With Digital Blackface" 6082:"Sarah Silverman says blackface sketch got her fired from movie" 6006:

Korine Tap / Stop For a Minute (2000) Directed by Harmony Korine

4054:

popular culture when white performers learn to mimic black ones.

3787:

parody video. The group later apologised and deleted the video.

3320:

stated it will continue to grant permits for such performances.

2993: 2745:

and worldwide protests against racism, the Dutch prime minister

877:

Still, the tradition did not end all at once. The radio program

61:

is the practice of performers using burnt cork, shoe polish, or

13026: 12839: 12708: 12703: 12589: 9705:"Black man is washed whiter in China's racist detergent advert" 8300:"Taco – Puttin' on the Ritz (Original Uncensored Version)" 6685:"'Golden Girls' Episode With Blackface Scene Removed From Hulu" 6056:"On TV: 'Black. White.' is uncomfortable, revealing reality TV" 4154: 4098: 3809: 3800: 3680: 3400: 3385: 2908: 2495: 2420: 2117: 2112:

From the early 1930s to the late 1940s, New York City's famous

1862: 1778: 1763: 1528: 1077:

The wearing of blackface was once a regular part of the annual

200:

links the beginning of blackface to stage practices within the

10462:. California: University of California Press. pp. 63–64. 9506:

Controversial Slave Play to Continue Run across Quebec in 2019

8706:"This country with a colonial history has a blackface problem" 7785:"Cuestionan niños pintados de negro en Festival de la Novilla" 7030:"Kansas State student apologizes but denies wearing blackface" 7008:"Pennsylvania college students suspended over blackface video" 6656:

Hernandez-Reguant, Ariana; Arroyo, Jossianna (July 13, 2015).

6029:"Virginia governor's candidate pulls ads after 'Sambo' attack" 2605: 2426: 12646: 12180:

Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World

11836:

Barlow, William. "Black Music on Radio During the Jazz Age",

10555:

Where You're At: Notes From the Frontline of a Hip Hop Planet

9601:

Stephenson, Mercedes; Armstrong, James (September 19, 2019).

8615:""Hugo Matthysen heeft de puntjes op de i van de Sint gezet"" 7071:"Georgia students expelled for posting 'racist' TikTok video" 7052:"2 Georgia High Schoolers Posted Racist Video, Officials Say" 6535: 4501:

Protesters have rallied against the Dutch blackface tradition

3940: 3720: 3377: 3231: 2667: 2385: 2365: 2338: 2216: 2098: 1717: 1059: 1000:

wig and a Jamaican accent to fill the position of a Jamaican

411:, who truly popularized blackface. Rice introduced the song " 388: 122: 12397:

Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America

12221:

Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop

12043:

Thompson, Robert Farris (1973). "An Aesthetic of the Cool".

11746:

Jimmie Rodgers: The Life and Times of America's Blue Yodeler

11088:"A Korean TV Station Has Now Apologised For Using Blackface" 9776:"Blackface in Chinese Lunar New Year sketch draws criticism" 4005:, decided to abandon black face paint in their depiction of 3332:

Christian Tombeil, theater manager of Schauspiel Essen, 2012

2813:. For instance, the 1986 edition features three such skits: 2498:

Corporation exported a darky-icon character doll (the doll,

1908: 1652: 1148:, with students accused of perpetuating racial stereotypes. 477:; oily Italians; stodgy Germans; and gullible rural people. 469:-based, comic stereotypes: conniving Jews; drunken brawling 10663:"Hace EU el 'ridículo' al criticar a Memín Pinguín: Derbez" 10630:"Japan TV Station Pulls Blackface Performance From Program" 9116:"Montreal University Expresses Regret over Blackface Stunt" 8877:"Zwarte Piet: Black Pete is 'Dutch racism in full display'" 8386:"Chocolates LACASA · Chocolates y turrones con Imaginación" 6851:"Why are memes of black people reacting so popular online?" 5773:"Mummers face backlash for 'brownface,' anti-gay incidents" 4587: 4585: 3708: 3223: 2867:

did its own blackface sketches, for instance when comedian

2403: 1813: 1054: 965: 181: 10918:"Obama Blackface Skit on Kremlin-Funded TV Sparks Outrage" 9472:

Moses Sumney Quits Montreal Jazz Fest Over Show on Slavery

8107:"What Black Anime Fans Can Teach Us About Race in America" 7293:"Professor Not Teaching After Blackface 'Othello' Showing" 6796:"We Need to Talk About Digital Blackface in Reaction GIFs" 6483: 6163:"Tropic Thunder: Why RDJ's Blackface Wasn't Controversial" 5181:

Male-female Comedy Teams in American Vaudeville, 1865-1932

3884:

sometimes have a Turk Slaver character, probably from the

2964:

In December 2014, the satirical end-of-year production by

2855:'s foreign policy, in which Deslauriers, Michel and actor 2634:

In the Netherlands and Belgium, people annually celebrate

1231:

in 2003. Kimmel repeatedly impersonated the NBA player on

692:

in the title role had a white male in blackface as Topsy.

489:

broke blackface minstrelsy loose from its novelty act and

12615: 12507: 12467:"Bambizzoozled – Blackface in Movies and Television" 11182:"Blackface Is Still Racist and Wrong. Yes, Even In Korea" 11014: 10159:"Germany's Schlosspark Theatre defends 'blackface' actor" 8444: 7169:"📌What is digital blackface, and are you performing it?" 6828: 6561: 6300:"Julianne Hough dons blackface for Halloween, apologizes" 4175:

List of entertainers known to have performed in blackface

4040:, to be both racist and perpetuating ethnic stereotypes. 3255: 2700:'s Eve, black-faced men go around in processions through 2558:

In October 2009, a talent-search skit on Australian TV's

2279: 1713: 9540:

Controversial Lepage Show 'Kanata' to Get Debut in Paris

8133:"Asia embraces blackface-style ads. Get ready to cringe" 7562:, pp. 226–28, including the quotation from Trotter. 6930:"Snapchat under fire for Marley filter called blackface" 4582: 1712:

criticized non-Black people sharing animated images, or

1550:

hood on Northam's page in the yearbook. A spokesman for

887:

cartoons "included a blackface, coon, or mammy figure".

383:, a British play that premiered in New York City at the 10998:""Offensive" Blackface South African Commercial Banned" 10826:

Caixa refaz propaganda e mostra Machado de Assis mulato

9142:"Blackface Blunder Backfires at Université de Montréal" 7411:(Rochester), June 29, 1849. Online in Stephen Railton, 7319: 7317: 7315: 6655: 6484:

Gabriel, Trip; Michael M. Grynbaum (February 4, 2019).

4614:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

4249:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

3037: 2525:

as its emblem. The licorice brand Tabu, popularized by

2521:

still uses a face with large red lips derived from the

251:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

11303:"Taiwan's Wackyboys perform coffin dance in blackface" 10539: 9194:"Why the Hell Are Quebec Comedians Wearing Blackface?" 8428:"The African-American Image Abroad: Golly, It's Good!" 5079:(eOneill.com), 2006. Accessed online February 2, 2008. 3654:. In the segment, Keosayan, referring to Obama's book 3466:. Currently in Mexico only 3–4% of the population are 1498:

was accused of using blackface in the trailer for her

1250:

In November 2005, controversy erupted when journalist

961:, which received controversy for blackface sequences. 188:

depicting blackface-styled caricatures of Black people

121:

on the plantation", and "Zip Coon" also known as the "

12571:

Who's that with Santa? An introduction to Black Peter

11674:"Lewes bonfire society ends tradition of blacking-up" 8953:"Les gens qui font l'énervement" (1994-1995 sketch). 8775:"Draagvlak voor traditionele Zwarte Piet loopt terug" 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 6952:"Is Snapchat's New Bob Marley Filter Just Blackface?" 6426:

Brantley, Ben; Tommasini, Anthony (October 1, 2015).

6265:"Derek Hough Defends Sister In Blackface Controversy" 5744: 4720:

Rogin, Michael (University of California Press 1998)

4493:"Black Pete tradition 'Dutch racism in full display'" 2794:) and one of the three may be in blackface to depict 2765: 2416:

was widely criticized in the media and by academics.

2164:, the town immediately faced backlash and criticism. 2085:'s highest-paid star and only African American star. 1762:

were expelled after posting a "racially insensitive"

12562:

Zwarte Piet? – Boom Chicago rap video satire of

11882:

Reich, Howard; Gaines, William (December 12, 1999).

10889:, 2nd edn. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002. Print. 8515:"Eddie McGuire defends Sam Newman's blackface stunt" 8158:"Y-speak: Racism in the Philippines: Does it exist?" 7312: 6536:

Dareh Gregorian; Hallie Jackson (February 2, 2019).

6503: 5916:, November 11, 2003. Retrieved on November 26, 2007. 5860:"Gates' Unfinished Business: Racism at Texas A&M 4020: 3813:, which has been turned into a musical and a movie. 2979:), whose parents are Arab and Uruguayan, celebrated 2899:

impersonated a black Quebecer testifying during the

2749:(who previously, since 2013, had strongly supported 2600: 1741:

practices that echo the anti-Black underpinnings of

1720:, calling the practice "digital blackface". Writers 12183:. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. 11946: 11944: 10300:"Rassismusdebatte um Schwarze auf Schauspielbühnen" 9867:"Twenty-First Century Blackface : Code Switch" 9676: 9600: 8246:

Accessed online July 17, 2008, at FindArticles.com.

7388:"He made us laugh some": Frederick Douglass's humor 6984:Turnage, Jeremy; Mills, Chad (September 29, 2016). 6306:. October 27, 2013. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 3899:) Knight character (probably harkening back to the 2975:

In March 2018, comedian of the year Mariana Mazza (

2584:wore blackface to impersonate legendary Indigenous 1442:, set in the 1960s in New York City, the character 270: 12394: 12218: 12153: 12107: 11854: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11725:: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years 1903–1940 11521: 11062:"Backlash over Blackface use in South Korean Show" 11016: 9971: 8368:John Greenwald with reporting by Kumiko Makihara, 8257: 8211:, BBC, August 29, 2002. Accessed February 2, 2008. 7661: 7659: 7459: 7457: 7243: 6876:Hess, Amanda; O’Neill, Shane (December 23, 2017). 5754:, January 1981. Reproduced by Riverfront Mummers. 5299: 5297: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 4914:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 489. 4490: 4393: 1488:bowed out following producer and creative partner 918:in 1968. A clip is included in a 2004 documentary 547:and dramatist H. Wayne Ellis. It premiered at the 11988:Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror 11767:San Antonio Rose: The Life and Music of Bob Wills 11415:"The Turkish Knight in English Traditional Drama" 11354:"Is there really no anti-Black racism in Turkey?" 11160:"SBS Comedy Show Addresses Blackface Controversy" 10897: 10895: 10584:"Time to shut down this modern-day minstrel show" 8731:"Criticism of Dutch 'Black Pete' tradition grows" 8637: 6428:"Debating 'Otello,' Blackface and Casting Trends" 6425: 6416:. August 4, 2015. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 5014: 5012: 4994:online, New York Life. Accessed January 31, 2008. 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 3026:, dons blackface makeup in order to act as magus 2903:, while in another sketch, Lepage, Pelletier and 1982:'s Slave Troupe of Georgia Minstrels, managed by 1846:class, where he says he had intended to show how 391:were popular in the United States. British actor 13099: 11941: 11626:"Charlie Brush- wedding chimney sweep – YouTube" 11601:"BBC Radio 4 – The Untold – Harmless Tradition?" 10775:Serena Williams no 5 | 5 Para a Meia-Noite | RTP 10646:"Fuji TV removes blackface segment after outcry" 10492: 9563:, October 13, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2023. 9546:, September 5, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018. 9418:, March 8, 2017. Retrieved on November 20, 2023. 9168:"Special Report: Examining the Blackface Debate" 8910:, December 31, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2018. 8489:Evelyne Yamine, Gareth Trickey and Chris Scott. 7992:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 7989:Swing Changes: Big-Band Jazz in New Deal America 7345: 6026: 5849:, October 26, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2007. 5822:Acts of Possession: : Collecting in America 5208:Bordman, Gerald Martin; Norton, Richard (2010). 4610:"Blackface: The Birth of An American Stereotype" 4456:How the History of Blackface Is Rooted in Racism 4431:. Boxes & Arrows, Incorporated. p. 25. 4245:"Blackface: The Birth of An American Stereotype" 3222:' singing procession originating in the city of 2901:Bouchard-Taylor hearings on cultural differences 2832:a reference to a joint concert by Quebec rocker 2360:. With the eventual successes of the modern day 2231: 1903: 1563:protests over the treatment of African-Americans 223:routinely portrayed the black characters in the 13153:Race-related controversies in the United States 11926:, August 15, 2002. Retrieved November 29, 2007. 11813: 11519: 11499:"Straw defends 'Nutters in Twitter picture row" 11412: 9220:"Challenging 'Blackface' Is Not Quebec-Bashing" 8927:, January 10, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2018. 8850:"Dutch PM sceptical about Black Pete tradition" 8255: 7656: 7454: 7284: 7097:"TikTok and the Evolution of Digital Blackface" 6317:"Billy Crystal: How bad was his Oscar hosting?" 6122:""Mighty Heart" casting stirs debate over race" 5407:(1998), University of California Press, p. 79, 5357:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 17–18. 5294: 5037: 4545: 3732:Advertising Standards Authority of South Africa 3429:, a subculture of hip-hoppers subscribe to the 939:must impersonate a black man, as instructed by 12176: 11964:Larry Clark: Trashing the White American Dream 11748:(1979), University of Illinois Press, p. 262, 11023:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 10892: 9489:SLĀV Misses the Mark, and Precious Opportunity 9461:, March 10, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2023. 8751:. EenVandaag. October 22, 2013. Archived from 8491:Hey Hey sees red over black face Jackson 5 act 8376:, June 24, 2001. Accessed online May 20, 2008. 7166: 6639: 6637: 5927:"Act Da Fool: Strange Fruit Meet High Fashion" 5548:Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters 5009: 4563: 4517:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 4471: 3411:in Iran that involves a blackfaced character. 2297:Grocery list pegboard with a blackface graphic 2194:, one of the founders of what is now known as 2151:suppose is the whole point of minstrel shows. 12886: 12784:The World Festival of Clowns in Yekaterinburg 12631: 12340:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 12334:Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith Rose (1993). 12243: 11008: 10429: 9386:"Mariana Mazza remporte l'Olivier de l'année" 9334:"Un visage peint en noir crée la controverse" 9079:, September 20, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2013. 8944:, September 10, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2018. 8749:"Zwarte Piet niet racistisch en moet blijven" 8723: 7763:The University of Florida Digital Collections 7759:"Carnaval 1962 : "Black face" y diablos" 6031:. Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from 5977: 5207: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4637:Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination 3622:How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor 3122:saying otherwise must have ulterior motives. 2949:In December 2013, white actor Joel Legendre ( 2684:story. The Dag Sinterklaas series written by 2182:conversant with the music of both traditions. 425:And every time I wheel about I jump Jim Crow. 294:Blackface was a performance tradition in the 131:By the middle of the 19th century, blackface 12901:African-American caricatures and stereotypes 12508:"The History of Racist Blackface Stereotypes 12108:Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (December 1997). 12086:. May 2, 2000. Retrieved September 27, 2006. 10904:"Anti-racism in Early Soviet Visual Culture" 9529:. July 14, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018. 9512:. July 10, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018. 9303:, May 25, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2018. 9090:"Montreal University Students Don Blackface" 9041:, January 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2018. 8512: 6983: 6774: 6400:. Volume 3, Issue 308 | February 19–25, 2004 5980:"Moloney creates short for FilmFour project" 5903:"Blackface Makes Its Way To College Campuses 5611:Elfman, Richard and Bright, Matthew (2004). 3668:Inspired by blackface minstrels who visited 3110:. According to the street interviews by the 3005:that Lepage was to stage in Paris about the 2871:disguised himself as comedian and show host 2662:distribute presents and dole out candy. The 1986:. This company eventually was taken over by 1478:", a poor association to his famous line in 12373: 12137:Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend? 12003: 11999: 11950: 11935: 11881: 10039: 9455:Aux gens concernés et offusqués de ma photo 9429:"Une photo de Mariana Mazza fait polémique" 8066:Photos and history of the restaurant chain. 7930: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7815: 7809: 7665: 6875: 6658:"The Brownface of Latinidad in Cuban Miami" 6634: 6262: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5436: 5424: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5315: 5303: 5288: 5123: 5052: 5018: 5003: 4950: 4923: 4886: 4591: 4576: 4294:Straight Lick: The Cinema of Oscar Micheaux 3323:German dramatists commented on the debate: 2427:Notable instances outside the United States 1241:Ebonics/African-American Vernacular English 423:I wheel about and turn about an do just so, 27:Theatrical makeup caricaturing Black people 12893: 12879: 12638: 12624: 12440:. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. 12333: 11496: 10860: 10430:Fathali Beigi, Davood (January 16, 2013). 9628: 9323:, January 6, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2018. 9212: 9024:, August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2018. 8981:Rock et Belles Oreilles : The Coffret 8968:Rock et Belles Oreilles : The Coffret 8955:Rock et Belles Oreilles : The Coffret 8822: 6821: 6794:Jackson, Lauren Michele (August 2, 2017). 6357: 5978:Administrator, System (January 12, 2001). 5480: 5478: 5066:O'Neill's Ireland: Old Sod or Blarney Bog? 4911:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 4744: 4727: 4472:Desmond-Harris, Jenée (October 29, 2014). 4296:, Indiana University Press, pp. 134, 206, 4067:Many of country's earliest stars, such as 3353:cancelled a German production of his play 2595: 2564:reunion show featured a tribute group for 1655:. Please do not remove this message until 1207:, a series of short films commissioned by 1016:is an immensely appealing social satire". 891:appeared in blackface at least as late as 12289: 12197: 12104:Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 12098:Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). 12015: 11447: 11263: 11136: 10683: 10356:"'Clybourne Park' at Staatstheater Mainz" 10297: 9800: 9062:, March 2, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2018. 8612: 8185:"Brand names still stuck in the dark age" 7733:. NY: TMorrow Quill Paperbacks. pp. 7722: 7720: 7677: 6912: 6053: 5951: 5892:, October 31, 2007. Retrieved on 12–2–07. 5880:"Blackface a Black Mark for Every Student 5472:, August 2001. Accessed February 2, 2008. 4897: 4895: 4783: 4462:. A&E Television Networks, LLC. 2019. 3198:, there's a traditional festival held in 3007:Canadian Indian residential school system 1675:Learn how and when to remove this message 421:Every time I wheel about I jump Jim Crow. 12042: 11692:"Calling time on full-face black makeup" 11453: 10609: 10529: 10455: 9914:"fulbrighterinfinland: 19 December 2006" 9677:JeniferSolidadeVEVO (February 1, 2016). 9073:Blackface Controversy at Canadian School 8513:Turner-Cohen, Alex (February 25, 2020). 8287:do you really want to hurt me blackface. 7777: 7615:. Rhinebeck, NY: Mill Road Enterprises. 7290: 7197: 6824:"Is it OK to use black emojis and gifs?" 6822:Princewill, Victoria (August 14, 2017). 6145:"Blacked-up Obama is a pretty weak joke" 5798:"Norfolk Youth Bows To Ban on 'Blackface 5770: 5455: 4512: 4400:. University of Illinois Press. p. 4313: 3376: 3178: 2769: 2616: 2604: 2549: 2471:" (1985, also part of her touring piece 2371: 2328: 2292: 2284: 2235: 2215: 2052: 1907: 1651:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1508:as well as in the book and its artwork. 1106: 651: 639: 576: 512: 357: 274: 215:The journalist and cultural commentator 176: 117:such as "Jim Crow", the "happy-go-lucky 38: 13133:African-American cultural appropriation 12435: 12354: 11371: 10432:""Siah-Bazi A Forbidden Play" Released" 10380: 10236:Milagro, Lara-Sophie (March 28, 2012). 10235: 10040:Unterberger, Andrew (October 4, 2011). 9495:, July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018. 9478:, July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018. 9286:, May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2018. 9003:, June 2, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2018. 8983:, Jacques K. Primeau Productions, 2011. 8970:, Jacques K. Primeau Productions, 2011. 8957:, Jacques K. Primeau Productions, 2011. 8703: 8410:"FA contacts Man City over Silva tweet" 7606: 7604: 7069:Miller, Joshua Rhett (April 20, 2020). 7049: 7005: 6968: 6895:Sobande, Francesca (January 22, 2021). 6894: 6793: 6729: 6263:Sieczkowski, Cavan (October 29, 2013). 6079: 5475: 5178: 5159: 4861: 4759: 4450: 4448: 4187:, non-gay actors playing gay characters 3837: 3799:, actors darken their faces to portray 1286:performed in blackface for a skit from 403:played a plantation black in 1823, and 14: 13118:African-American-related controversies 13100: 12794:Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army 12481:"Cape Minstrel Festival Kaapse Klopse" 12216: 11849: 11769:(1986), University of Illinois Press, 11377: 11264:Carpenter, Nicole (November 8, 2018). 11139:"WTF Is Up With K-Pop and Blackface?!" 10942: 10866: 10739:Merche Romero interpreta Tracy Chapman 10581: 10499:Wood, Joe (1997). "The Yellow Negro". 10393: 10328: 10266: 9977: 9926: 9750: 9246:"You Can't Point out Racism in Quebec" 8538: 8324: 8256:Marks, Craig; Tannenbaum, Rob (2011). 7717: 7405:Gavitt's Original Ethiopian Serenaders 7291:Flaherty, Colleen (October 11, 2021). 7198:Elizalde, Elizabeth (March 13, 2021). 7094: 7068: 6949: 6927: 6682: 6447:Cooper, Michael (September 20, 2015). 6446: 5796:Joseph A. O'Brien (January 30, 1964). 5510: 4892: 4633: 4284:, University of Chicago Press, p. 73, 4038:Campaign Against Racial Discrimination 3726:The South African actor and filmmaker 3489: 1360:'s character Kirk Lazarus appeared in 1323:there would have been anyone better." 1273:In a 2006 reality television program, 1141:) has risen steadily since the 1970s. 660:wearing blackface in the musical film 517:Carrie Swain in blackface as Topsy in 13158:Race-related controversies in theatre 12874: 12619: 12598: 12512: 12415: 12401:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12359:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 12314: 12275:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12018:Marketing Intelligence & Planning 11671: 11575:www.winterbourndownbordermorris.co.uk 11534:from the original on January 11, 2022 11327: 11137:Morrissey, Tracie Egan (March 2012). 10902:Kiaer, Christina (October 31, 2017). 10901: 10684:Elizabeth, Rhodes (January 1, 2004). 10552: 10209: 10183: 9728:Zhao, Christina (February 16, 2018). 9651:Cecco, Leyland (September 20, 2019). 9650: 9629:Warmington, Joe (February 24, 2023). 8182: 7985: 7828: 7726: 7364:from the original on October 11, 2021 7323: 7258: 6969:Clemons, Tracy (September 30, 2016). 6730:Marriot, Michael (October 21, 1999). 6617: 6509: 6239: 6187: 6105: 6027:James W. Brosnan (October 27, 2005). 5541: 5535: 5352: 5211:American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle 4604: 4602: 4600: 4424: 4391: 4356: 4280:. See also Lewis A. Erenberg (1984), 4270:The American Diary of a Japanese Girl 3895:Throughout the country, the Turkish ( 3691:Today, carnival minstrels are mostly 3577:, which he attempts to open with his 2817:a multi-ethnic version of the series 2648:, accompanied by multiple helpers or 2449:convention in some artistic circles. 1388:Dee Reynolds: Shaping America's Youth 1258:, a politician, then a candidate for 109:, the practice of blackface became a 12419:(1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30". 12392: 12355:Sammond, Nicholas (September 2015). 12267: 11824: 11807: 11632:. September 27, 2011. Archived from 11513: 11490: 10867:Wilson, Jennifer (August 31, 2017). 10498: 10184:Cadet, Danielle (January 10, 2012). 9801:Blanchard, Ben (February 22, 2018). 9773: 9751:Chutel, Lynsey (February 16, 2018). 9727: 9297:Je n'aime pas la fraternité raciale! 8874: 8791: 8613:Verhoogen, Inne (October 23, 2013). 8532: 8475:. September 11, 2017. Archived from 8130: 7949: 7934: 7711: 7683:"Blackface Master Echoes in Hip-Hop" 7601: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7028:Park, Madison (September 16, 2016). 7027: 6928:Graham, Jefferson (April 21, 2016). 6703: 6660:. Cuba Counterpoints. Archived from 6618:Kelly, Caroline (February 1, 2019). 6213: 6142: 6054:McFarland, Melanie (March 6, 2006). 5843:"'Blackface' incident ignites campus 5824:, Rutgers University Press, p. 255, 5623: 5340: 5147: 5135: 5111: 4938: 4818: 4738: 4445: 3183:The "Mama Negra" at the festival in 3129: 3038:Justin Trudeau blackface controversy 1697:it within the boundaries legible to 1625: 904:was wearing blackface when her band 419:First on de heel tap, den on the toe 50:poster, originally published by the 12292:"The Black and White Minstrel Show" 12134: 11228: 10449: 9927:Tarkas, Aarne (December 31, 1960). 9464: 9314:Le choc de la transpiration – 9280:Une fois c'est un noir dans un gala 8737:. Associated Press. March 26, 2015. 8643: 8631: 7751: 7610: 7113: 6755: 5931:Diverse: Issues In Higher Education 5448:One extensive list can be found at 5238: 4786:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 4371:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1975.0903_682.x 3601:The early Soviet political cartoon 3598:, in the United States and Europe. 3365:Guatemalan 2015 elected president, 2408:television drama in the Philippines 2317:" – the name a corruption of " 1777:suggests that the social media app 1735:African American Vernacular English 1716:, of Black people or Black-skinned 964:Also in 1980, the white members of 935:included a farcical scene in which 908:performed "Crown of Creation" and " 437:that codified the reinstitution of 24: 13148:Race-related controversies in film 12423:. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. 12319:. University of California Press. 12296:Museum of Broadcast Communications 12092: 11990:. Temple University Press, p. 355. 11896:from the original on May 30, 2019. 11672:Booth, Robert (November 5, 2017). 11520:William Langley (April 27, 2014), 11015:William Fitzhugh Brundage (2011). 10974:. October 27, 2005. Archived from 10582:McNeil, Baye (February 18, 2015). 10381:Lakhani, Nina (October 21, 2015). 9949:. March 11, 1960 – via IMDb. 9778:. Associated Press. Archived from 9717:from the original on May 21, 2023. 8704:Picheta, Rob (November 30, 2019). 7950:John, Strausbaugh (June 8, 2006). 7324:Roche, Darragh (October 9, 2021). 7145:, January 27, 2021, archived from 7050:Padilla, Mariel (April 19, 2020). 6595:. February 1, 2019. Archived from 6337:"Eddie Murphy Exits as Oscar Host" 6143:Pool, Hannah (February 26, 2008). 5030:Jody Rosen (2006), album notes to 4597: 4465: 4170:List of blackface minstrel troupes 3880:South Western English traditional 2859:played Middle Eastern arms buyers. 2766:Christian traditions: Driekoningen 2090:Theater Owners Booking Association 1300:is a 2007 American film featuring 25: 13194: 13113:African-American cultural history 12496:"Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!" 12455: 10943:Haroun, Azmi (December 1, 2020). 10652:. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 10530:Ashcraft, Brian (June 28, 2006). 10489:. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 9853:"Translation – I'm not your Joke" 8979:Untitled 1989-1990 bonus sketch, 8458:. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 8399:. Retrieved on November 26, 2015. 8083:. August 29, 1960. Archived from 7167:@theslowfactory (March 9, 2021). 6950:Brueck, Hilary (April 20, 2016). 5771:Newhouse, Sam (January 4, 2016). 5714:"Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!" 4666:Digital Public Library of America 4272:, Temple University Press, 2007, 4029:The Black and White Minstrel Show 4022:The Black and White Minstrel Show 3832: 3281:The Germany-based Dutch musician 2863:The Montreal-based satiric group 2840:, in which Deslauriers and comic 2673:costumes and partake in parades. 2601:Christian traditions: Sinterklaas 2452:The Black and White Minstrel Show 2068: 2060:was the only black member of the 1951:appear before a white audience." 1941: 1766:video that used racial slurs and 1584:It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 1535:On February 1, 2019, images from 1393:It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 1064:Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club 972:to give the opposite appearance. 915:The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour 551:in Philadelphia on May 22, 1882, 304:on television lasted until 1978. 301:The Black and White Minstrel Show 13163:Stereotypes of African Americans 12854: 12853: 12752: 12072: 12036: 12009: 11993: 11980: 11956: 11929: 11912: 11900: 11875: 11843: 11830: 11801: 11780: 11759: 11738: 11714: 11684: 11665: 11648:"History of the Sweeps Festival" 11640: 11618: 11593: 11563: 11538: 11406: 11346: 11321: 11295: 11282: 11276: 11257: 11222: 11196: 11174: 11152: 11130: 11108: 11080: 11054: 11041: 10990: 10964: 10936: 10910: 10879: 10844: 10819: 10796: 10780: 10768: 10756: 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10696: 10677: 10655: 10639: 10622: 10603: 10575: 10546: 10523: 10476: 10423: 10374: 10348: 10322: 10291: 10260: 10229: 10210:Lauer, Stefan (March 22, 2012). 10203: 10177: 10151: 10121: 10091: 10064: 10033: 10007: 9990: 9953: 9939: 9920: 9906: 9881: 9859: 9845: 9817: 9794: 9774:Kang, Dake (February 16, 2018). 9767: 9744: 9721: 9697: 9670: 9644: 9622: 9594: 9566: 9549: 9532: 9515: 9498: 9481: 9447: 9421: 9404: 9378: 9352: 9326: 9306: 9289: 9272:Les Québécois, tous des racistes 9264: 9238: 9186: 9160: 9134: 9108: 9082: 9065: 9044: 9027: 9006: 8986: 8973: 8960: 8947: 8930: 8913: 8894: 8868: 8842: 8816: 8785: 8767: 8741: 8697: 8675: 8649: 8625: 8606: 8581: 8555: 8506: 8483: 8461: 8438: 8420: 8402: 8379: 8362: 8318: 8292: 8249: 8214: 8202: 8176: 8150: 8099: 8069: 8050: 8031: 8022: 8010: 7979: 7943: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7888: 7822: 7803: 7700: 7671: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7442: 7430: 7418: 7397: 7380: 7259:Soave, Robby (October 8, 2021). 7223: 7217: 7191: 7160: 7133: 7107: 7095:Parham, Jason (August 4, 2020). 7088: 7062: 7043: 7021: 7006:Simpson, Ian (October 1, 2016). 6999: 6977: 6962: 6943: 6921: 6888: 6869: 6843: 6815: 6787: 6768: 6749: 6732:"Blood, Gore, Sex and Now: Race" 6723: 6697: 6683:Shafer, Ellise (June 28, 2020). 6676: 6649: 6611: 6581: 6555: 6529: 6510:Farhi, Paul (February 3, 2019). 6477: 6459: 6440: 6419: 6403: 6388: 6369: 6188:Sharf, Zack (January 21, 2020). 6080:Picheta, Rob (August 12, 2019). 5952:Moniuszko, Sara (June 2, 2020). 5635:(Video). YouTube. Archived from 5514:Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu 5484: 5160:Staples, Shirley Louise (1981). 4206:Stereotypes of African Americans 4165:List of blackface minstrel songs 3825:used blackface to portray Arab " 3672:, South Africa, in 1848, former 3611:facial features. In particular, 3498:, with blackface impressions of 3349:In 2012, the American dramatist 3133: 1630: 1621: 1608: 688:starring African-American actor 581:A man in blackface as minstrel, 271:History within the United States 249:A 2023 article appearing on the 172: 52:Strobridge Lithographing Company 12779:Clowns of America International 12515:Journal of Contemporary History 11727:(2001), Back Bay Books, p. 78. 10612:"Is blackface in Japan racist?" 10436:Iranian Book News Agency (IBNA) 10401:"Noruz | TraditionsCustoms.com" 9978:Jutila, Niko (April 18, 2019). 9679:"Jenifer Solidade – Ariah" 8370:Japan Prejudice and Black Sambo 8209:Minstrels founder Mitchell dies 6395:Blackface Drag Again Draws Fire 6329: 6309: 6293: 6275: 6256: 6240:Potts, Kimberly (May 3, 2012). 6233: 6207: 6181: 6155: 6136: 6114: 6106:Wiltz, Teresa (June 23, 2007). 6099: 6073: 6047: 6020: 5997: 5971: 5945: 5919: 5895: 5872: 5852: 5835: 5814: 5764: 5731:"The Zulu Parade of Mardi Gras" 5724: 5706: 5678: 5651: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5504: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5346: 5334: 5321: 5309: 5282: 5232: 5201: 5172: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5082: 5058: 5034:, Reboot Stereophonic CD RSR006 5024: 4997: 4973: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4917: 4880: 4855: 4812: 4777: 4765: 4714: 4697: 4679: 4654: 4627: 4539: 4506: 3869: 3663: 2987:In June 2018, theatre director 2753:and condemned protests against 2539:, which is still in use today. 2337:In the U.S., by the 1950s, the 2167: 1877:, but in which the white actor 1827: 1690:black characters in video games 1552:Eastern Virginia Medical School 1505:Save the Pearls: Revealing Eden 1235:and even made an appearance on 1191:, imitating former cast member 1096: 635: 353: 12555: 11977:. Retrieved on August 25, 2006 11907:"Whites, Blacks and the Blues" 11698:. July 3, 2020. Archived from 10636:. Retrieved November 26, 2015. 10072:"Unschuld [Innocence]" 8921:Marjo humiliée par Ertha Kitt 8906:" (at 5:00, 19:33 and 56:03), 8781:(in Dutch). November 22, 2017. 8545:University of California Press 8183:Biggs, Andrew (May 27, 2012). 8131:Winn, Patrick (July 1, 2014). 7829:Floyd, Samuel A. Jr. (1997) . 7791:(in Spanish). January 21, 2019 4821:"Review of Darktown Strutters" 4484: 4428:A History of the Minstrel Show 4418: 4385: 4359:The Journal of Popular Culture 4350: 4307: 4262: 4237: 3982:around May Day and features a 3757: 3048:published a photograph of the 2934:) took part in the award show 2851:commercial spoofing president 2155: 1386:In the November 2010 episode " 13: 1: 13183:Ethnic and racial stereotypes 13128:Casting controversies in film 11497:Beth Abbit (April 24, 2014), 11431:10.1080/0015587X.1981.9716206 10777:, YouTube, September 27, 2018 9412:Je suis moi, mais nous sommes 8823:Krever, Mick; Woodyatt, Amy. 8694:Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers p.253 8264:. New York: Dutton. pp. 5808:. Accessed February 3, 2011. 5619:). Fantoma. UPC 695026704423. 4640:. Beacon Press. p. 174. 3344:René Pollesch, director, 2012 3237:The last installation of the 3230:vanquishing the "king of the 3218:In Finland, a version of the 3081: 2481:Do You Really Want to Hurt Me 2398:series and the design of the 2251:The darky icon itself – 2073:With the rise of vaudeville, 1933:participate in the discussion 1904:Black performers in blackface 1704:In addition, writers such as 1163:My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean 1158:The Diary of Anne Frank Pt II 1103:Blackface in contemporary art 582: 373:, a white blackface actor of 330:Blackface in contemporary art 13123:Culture of the United States 11243:10.1080/10304312.2014.968522 10669:(in Spanish). Archived from 10298:Georgakis, Nikolaos (2012). 10212:"Blackface Is the New Black" 8966:Untitled 1988 bonus sketch, 8539:Forbes, Bruce David (2007). 6704:Robb, David (May 17, 2018). 6214:Sims, David (July 5, 2011). 6016:– via www.youtube.com. 4634:Kelley, Robin D. G. (2003). 4392:Mahar, William John (1999). 4231: 4130:Blackface and Morris dancing 3876:Blackface and Morris dancing 3715:jazz instruments, including 3496:A Tua Cara não Me É Estranha 3360: 2953:) performed in blackface in 2545: 2533:'s blackface performance in 1400:'s blackface performance in 1308:, the wife of the kidnapped 953:, was released, directed by 465:featured many other, mostly 43:This reproduction of a 1900 7: 12253:. New York: Bonanza Books. 12154:Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). 11962:Cunningham, Daniel Mudie. " 10610:Hamamoto, Ben (June 2006). 9947:"Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä" 9929:"Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä" 8659:. 1814–1948. Archived from 8541:Christmas: A Candid History 8496:September 26, 2013, at the 8242:September 22, 2008, at the 8077:"JAPAN: Dakkochan Delirium" 6108:"A Part Colored by History" 4123: 3790: 3637:1956 Soviet film adaptation 3125: 1992:Haverly's Colored Minstrels 1936:and help reach a consensus. 1783:viral trends and challenges 1657:conditions to do so are met 1289:The Sarah Silverman Program 676:the first filmic adaptation 549:Chestnut Street Opera House 233:English Renaissance theatre 83:English Renaissance theatre 10: 13199: 13143:Race-related controversies 12645: 12502:"The New Era of Blackface" 12472:"The Blackface Stereotype" 12460: 12421:Mark Twain's Autobiography 12374:Strausbaugh, John (2007). 12247:; Meltzer, Milton (1967). 12051:(1): 40–43, 64–67, 89–91. 11328:Keyes, Charles F. (1995). 10335:sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de 10267:Uludag, Özgür (May 2011). 10042:"Happy National Taco Day!" 8690:November 17, 2019, at the 8657:"Sinterklaas:Illustraties" 8043:November 20, 2012, at the 7835:(1st ed.). New York: 7407:, originally published in 6901:Television & New Media 6060:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 5865:February 22, 2016, at the 5551:, Harper-Collins, p. 5487:"Blackface and Old Wounds" 3997:2017, participants in the 3920:specific morris traditions 3873: 3803:in a popular play by King 3761: 3470:(this percentage includes 3418: 3270:A group of showmen in the 3265: 3213: 3174: 2586:Australian Football League 2515:James Robertson & Sons 2162:San Sebastián, Puerto Rico 1873:, whose actors received 4 1837:stepped down from teaching 1708:, Victoria Princewill and 1185:performed in blackface on 1100: 1040: 209:Louisiana State University 32:Blackface (disambiguation) 29: 13035: 12984: 12906: 12848: 12802: 12761: 12750: 12666: 12653: 12217:Lhamon, W.T. Jr. (1998). 12198:Levinthal, David (1999). 12030:10.1108/02634500310504304 11790:(2002), Back Bay, p. 66, 11392:10.1017/S0018246X00005252 10972:"Coon Carnival Cape Town" 10831:January 29, 2013, at the 10808:January 26, 2013, at the 10456:Armbrust, Walter (2000). 8062:January 27, 2014, at the 8017:"The Golliwog Caricature" 5885:December 7, 2008, at the 5741:. Accessed July 16, 2008. 5179:Staples, Shirley (1984). 5094:October 16, 2015, at the 4513:Thelwell, Chinua (2020). 4043: 4014:Joint Morris Organisation 3988:child labour was outlawed 3969:wedding day chimney sweep 3945:Britannia Coconut Dancers 3886:Barbary Coast Slave raids 3816: 3778: 3540: 3477: 3453: 3246:Pekka ja Pätkä neekereinä 3016:of the popular TV series 2981:International Women's Day 2801: 2792:Massacre of the Innocents 2077:-born actor and comedian 1832:In 2021, music professor 1432:commercial showing actor 1024:is a 1986 film featuring 525:In the 1870s the actress 433:later became attached to 362:The white American actor 155:, parodying abolitionist 12951:Fried chicken stereotype 12567:'s "Christmas in Hollis" 12527:10.1177/0022009414538473 12393:Toll, Robert C. (1974). 12227:Harvard University Press 11884:"The Great Jazz Swindle" 11788:Where Dead Voices Gather 11413:Newall, Venetia (1981). 11116:"Will they ever get it?" 8875:Carleton, Marie-Helene. 8634:, pp. 32, 34, 42–50 8391:January 1, 2007, at the 8339:10.1177/0021934702238635 8327:Journal of Black Studies 8038:"Mickey's Mellerdrammer. 7986:Stowe, David W. (1994). 7390:originally published in 7358:World Socialist Web Site 6914:10.1177/1527476420983745 5329:Minstrel Show Collection 4866:. Back Bay. p. 10. 4864:Where Dead Voices Gather 4798:10.1177/0891241606286997 4425:Sweet, Frank W. (2000). 4003:Sussex bonfire tradition 4001:, the best known of the 3617:Abram Petrovich Gannibal 3414: 3403:. Additionally there is 3089: 3050:Prime Minister of Canada 3012:In 2022, Netflix pulled 1922:using blackface imagery 1268:Uncle Tom § Epithet 1199:directed the short film 830:. As late as the 1940s, 505:player on one end and a 335:African-American culture 205:miracle or mystery plays 194:Arizona State University 12931:Black American princess 12769:World Clown Association 12580:Ferris State University 12315:Rogin, Michael (1998). 12177:Cockrell, Dale (1997). 11838:African American Review 10887:Ballet and Modern Dance 10553:Neate, Patrick (2003). 10483:"Black-Face Minstrelsy" 10360:staatstheater-mainz.com 10329:Haberl, Tobias (2012). 8938:Que le moins pire gagne 8681:Hoving, I. e.a. (2005) 8593:Internet Movie Database 7884:(subscription required) 7837:Oxford University Press 7652:(subscription required) 7621:2027/uc1.32106017681500 7514:, pp. 236–37, 244. 7439:, pp. 198, 236–37. 7392:African American Review 6381:August 1, 2012, at the 5908:March 15, 2012, at the 5847:Whitman College Pioneer 5810:(subscription required) 5632:UB40 – Dream A Lie 5216:Oxford University Press 5071:April 18, 2012, at the 4992:The History of Jim Crow 4825:African American Review 4097:), or streetwise (like 3801:the Negrito of Thailand 3561:Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov 3372: 3066:West Point Grey Academy 2959:Le choc des générations 2865:Rock et Belles Oreilles 2825:), in which comedienne 2741:In 2020, following the 2644:, the Dutch version of 2596:Belgium and Netherlands 1748:commodity or labor tool 1492:'s homophobic remarks. 1453:Orange Is the New Black 1402:his 1965 production of 1349:commentator asking why 1340:caused some stir, with 929:The 1976 action comedy 405:George Washington Dixon 157:Harriet Beecher Stowe's 13068:Black people in comics 11970:April 3, 2016, at the 11924:The Guardian Unlimited 11456:Dance Research Journal 11380:The Historical Journal 10135:. 2012. Archived from 8565:. 1850. Archived from 8450:June 24, 2009, at the 8227:June 14, 2013, at the 7613:Showtime at the Apollo 6342:The Hollywood Reporter 5820:Leah Dilworth (2003), 5691:The Hollywood Reporter 5511:Callow, Simon (1995). 5355:With Amusement for All 5166:Tufts University Press 4862:Tosches, Nick (2002). 4108:This "browning", à la 4065: 3914:in England, including 3748:University of Pretoria 3740: 3711:featuring traditional 3615:performed the role of 3389: 3347: 3335: 3302:German productions of 3191: 3165:The television comedy 2966:Théâtre du Rideau Vert 2926:In May 2013, comedian 2779: 2743:murder of George Floyd 2631: 2614: 2555: 2523:Senegalese Tirailleurs 2334: 2315:Mickey's Mellerdrammer 2298: 2290: 2248: 2228: 2184: 2153: 2140: 2065: 2051: 2038:African-American music 1938: 1912:A poster for the 1939 1841:University of Michigan 1791:cultural appropriation 1706:Lauren Michele Jackson 1616:Janeshia Adams-Ginyard 1567:murder of George Floyd 1239:using his exaggerated 1122: 1051:New Orleans Mardi Gras 957:and starring the band 920:Fly Jefferson Airplane 850:(1943) and by casting 707:performed in blackface 667: 649: 588: 522: 427: 367: 291: 260: 189: 55: 13073:Colored people's time 12976:Watermelon stereotype 12576:"Who is Black Peter?" 12436:Watkins, Mel (1999). 12160:Duke University Press 12139:. Aspekt Uitgeverij. 11696:The Morris Federation 11503:Rossendale Free Press 10906:. Black Perspectives. 10787:Os Negros Nas Novelas 10618:on September 7, 2006. 10405:traditionscustoms.com 9984:www.elokuvauutiset.fi 9967:. September 14, 2016. 9782:on September 29, 2018 9056: – Tour du monde 7727:Jones, Leroy (1963). 5720:on February 27, 2006. 5466:Pardon the Expression 5353:Ashny, LeRoy (2006). 5331:, p. 149 (1959), UTA. 5089:Pat, Paddy and Teague 4986:June 1, 2007, at the 4328:10.1353/eir.2007.0010 4201:Stereotypes of Africa 4051: 4012:On July 3, 2020, the 3930:Cornish Guise Dancers 3821:In Turkey, the actor 3764:Racism in South Korea 3736: 3380: 3336: 3325: 3208:La Santísima Tragedia 3182: 2907:impersonated injured 2877:Que le meilleur gagne 2784:Feast of the Epiphany 2774:Children celebrating 2773: 2629: 2608: 2572:. American performer 2561:Hey Hey It's Saturday 2553: 2372:Continued use in Asia 2362:Civil rights movement 2332: 2296: 2288: 2239: 2219: 2179: 2148: 2131: 2103:Harriet Beecher Stowe 2056: 2046: 1930:. You are welcome to 1911: 1330:by American comedian 1110: 894:Southern Fried Rabbit 809:films. In 1936, when 699:The Birth of a Nation 655: 643: 580: 564:politically incorrect 532:Harriet Beecher Stowe 516: 417: 361: 278: 255: 180: 167:civil rights movement 111:popular entertainment 42: 13108:Blackface minstrelsy 12135:Bas, Marcel (2013). 12078:MacBroom, Patricia. 11861:. Pathfinder Press. 11636:on October 30, 2021. 11004:. September 5, 2013. 10855:Pragmatismo Político 9869:. NPR. June 13, 2018 9693:– via YouTube. 9148:. September 17, 2011 9122:. September 15, 2011 9096:. September 15, 2011 8804:on November 15, 2019 8164:. September 10, 2016 8028:Sacks and Sacks 158. 7681:(October 13, 2004). 7490:, pp. 179, 198. 7403:Frederick Douglass, 7394:, December 22, 2003. 7175:on December 23, 2021 5933:. September 14, 2010 5806:The Hartford Courant 5752:Smithsonian Magazine 5470:Los Angeles Magazine 5064:Michael C. O'Neill, 4979:Ronald L. F. Davis, 4851:on December 4, 2005. 3838:Poachers and rioters 3746:photos of two white 3549:In 1910, the ballet 3243:comedy film series, 3104:CCTV New Year's Gala 3100:Chinese-African ties 2891:. And in RBO's 2007 2778:in Amsterdam in 1958 2022:James Monroe Trotter 1999:Fisk Jubilee Singers 1866:, after showing the 1822:Céline Semaan Vernon 1770:about Black people. 1537:Governor of Virginia 1380:foibles of Hollywood 1326:A 2008 imitation of 1320:Michael Winterbottom 1243:to prank call about 1209:Dazed & Confused 1087:Norfolk, Connecticut 235:), most famously in 30:For other uses, see 12504:, December 17, 2009 12500:Louis Chude-Sokei, 11920:"He Wasn't My King. 11744:Nolan Porterfield, 10978:on October 27, 2005 10924:. November 30, 2020 10841:, October 10, 2011. 10673:on October 3, 2012. 10667:Noticieros Televisa 10542:on October 3, 2009. 10411:on October 15, 2020 10310:on October 28, 2014 10279:on November 3, 2012 10248:on November 3, 2012 10139:on February 2, 2014 10109:on October 21, 2012 9833:. February 12, 2021 9685:on October 30, 2021 9392:. December 11, 2017 9366:. December 21, 2014 9340:. December 17, 2014 9174:. February 24, 2015 9018:de RBO 2006 complet 8755:on October 23, 2013 8569:on October 30, 2013 8501:The Daily Telegraph 8479:on August 29, 2018. 8434:on August 13, 2014. 8087:on October 15, 2009 7710:, p. 90. Quoted in 7149:on October 30, 2021 6664:on November 4, 2016 6599:on February 1, 2019 6568:The Washington Post 6516:The Washington Post 6473:. October 16, 2015. 6471:The Washington Post 6322:The Washington Post 6289:. October 28, 2013. 6035:on January 13, 2008 5735:American Experience 5639:on October 30, 2021 5517:. Penguin. p. 4819:Lott, Eric (1997). 4693:. February 5, 2012. 3785:Dancing Pallbearers 3723:, and tambourines. 3555:, choreographed by 3490:Portugal and Brazil 3464:Luis Ernesto Derbez 3287:Puttin' On the Ritz 3019:Les filles de Caleb 2936:Le gala des Olivier 2914:In September 2011, 2881:La Compagnie Créole 2827:Michèle Deslauriers 2819:Le temps d'une paix 2489:Puttin' On the Ritz 2469:Slave to the Rhythm 2461:country and western 2384:Japanese manga and 2358:Nigger Hair Tobacco 2272:Florence Kate Upton 2232:"Darky" iconography 2221:Florence Kate Upton 1898:Cultural Revolution 1868:1965 British movie 1852:William Shakespeare 1844:musical composition 1731:Manuel Arturo Abreu 1644:of this section is 1544:Big League Politics 1337:Saturday Night Live 1311:Wall Street Journal 1188:Saturday Night Live 1062:of Mardi Gras, the 1053:parade, dressed as 837:Yankee Doodle Dandy 672:early years of film 385:John Street Theatre 146:J. Rosamond Johnson 87:William Shakespeare 85:, in works such as 71:Western colonialism 13168:Theatre characters 13086:Life as a BlackMan 12946:Criminal black man 12774:Clown Conservatory 12612:, January 8, 2009. 12599:Balthazar in Spain 12485:Cape Town Magazine 11765:Charles Townsend, 11571:"Video boxing day" 11550:Cornwall For Ever! 11441:– via JSTOR. 11118:. February 3, 2014 10873:The World from PRX 10857:, August 15, 2012. 10532:"LocoRoco Racist?" 10190:huffingtonpost.com 10165:. January 10, 2012 9893:www.turismo.gob.ec 8503:, October 8, 2009. 8473:Perfetti van Melle 7687:The New York Times 7611:Fox, Ted (2003) . 7574:, pp. 258–59. 7386:Granville Ganter, 7230:www.refinery29.com 7056:The New York Times 6882:The New York Times 6777:Digital Creativity 6736:The New York Times 6646:(Associated Press) 6490:The New York Times 6453:The New York Times 6433:The New York Times 6345:. November 9, 2011 5758:2007-06-14 at the 5452:, pp. 222–25. 5439:, pp. 214–15. 5394:, pp. 211–12. 5382:, pp. 204–06. 5370:, pp. 203–04. 5318:, pp. 145–49. 5185:UMI Research Press 5021:, pp. 130–31. 4549:(April 29, 2021). 4160:Little Black Sambo 3943:, Lancashire, the 3864:disguised as women 3395:is a character in 3390: 3192: 3145:. You can help by 2782:On the eve of the 2780: 2632: 2615: 2574:Harry Connick, Jr. 2556: 2335: 2299: 2291: 2249: 2229: 2066: 1948:Frederick Douglass 1939: 1804:'s interview with 1524:Metropolitan Opera 1481:The Princess Bride 1195:. That same year, 1123: 906:Jefferson Airplane 834:used blackface in 805:in several of the 668: 650: 589: 523: 487:Virginia Minstrels 368: 292: 190: 115:racial stereotypes 56: 13173:Vaudeville tropes 13095: 13094: 12992:Angelfood McSpade 12921:Angry black woman 12868: 12867: 12605:WanafriKa's vídeo 12447:978-1-55652-351-9 12408:978-0-8195-6300-2 12385:978-1-58542-593-8 12366:978-0-8223-5852-7 12347:978-1-56098-258-6 12326:978-0-520-21380-7 12282:978-0-19-507832-9 12260:978-0-306-80406-9 12236:978-0-674-74711-1 12209:978-1-892041-06-7 12190:978-0-521-56828-9 12169:978-0-8223-3643-3 11581:on March 19, 2022 11546:"Guise Dancing |" 11509:on April 27, 2014 11339:978-0-8248-1696-4 11210:. August 23, 2017 11034:978-0-8078-3462-6 10803:A Cor de Gabriela 10690:Textual Resources 10021:on April 17, 2018 10003:978-951-44-6946-6 9855:. April 24, 2018. 9278:, May 27, 2013; " 9172:CTV News Montreal 8881:www.aljazeera.com 8792:Klapwijk, Petra. 8589:"Dag Sinterklaas" 8275:978-0-525-95230-5 8220:Kershaw, Miriam, 8003:978-0-674-85825-1 7965:978-1-58542-498-6 7909:, pp. 27–28. 7873:on August 1, 2020 7850:978-0-19-508235-7 7812:, pp. 70–72. 7744:978-0-688-18474-2 7630:978-0-9723700-1-1 7413:Uncle Tom's Cabin 6758:Intelligent Agent 5562:978-0-06-124173-4 5528:978-0-670-86722-6 5468:" (book review), 5126:, pp. 102–03 4981:Creating Jim Crow 4902:Burrows, Edwin G. 4873:978-0-316-89537-8 4741:, pp. 17–18. 4647:978-0-8070-0977-2 4529:Project MUSE 4524:978-1-61376-766-5 4438:978-0-939479-21-4 4411:978-0-252-06696-2 4340:Project MUSE 4110:Richard Rodriguez 3984:Jack in the Green 3910:Various forms of 3613:Vladimir Vysotsky 3309:I'm Not Rappaport 3163: 3162: 2885:Le Bye Bye de RBO 2627: 2323:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2107:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2018:black bourgeoisie 1988:Charles Callendar 1937: 1875:Oscar nominations 1685: 1684: 1677: 1358:Robert Downey Jr. 1205:Stop For a Minute 1006:ethnic stereotype 779:The Marx Brothers 775:The Three Stooges 681:Uncle Tom's Cabin 656:Singer and actor 540:Uncle Tom's Cabin 519:Uncle Tom's Cabin 499:Buffalo, New York 397:A Trip to America 371:Lewis Hallam, Jr. 241:(1604). However, 184:advertisement by 162:Uncle Tom's Cabin 63:theatrical makeup 16:(Redirected from 13190: 13007:Coon Chicken Inn 12961:Mammy stereotype 12941:Black matriarchy 12895: 12888: 12881: 12872: 12871: 12857: 12856: 12789:Loldiers of Odin 12756: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12617: 12616: 12594: 12546: 12451: 12432: 12412: 12400: 12389: 12370: 12351: 12330: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12298:. Archived from 12286: 12264: 12245:Hughes, Langston 12240: 12224: 12213: 12194: 12173: 12150: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12118:. Archived from 12087: 12076: 12070: 12068: 12040: 12034: 12033: 12013: 12007: 12004:Strausbaugh 2007 12000:Strausbaugh 2007 11997: 11991: 11984: 11978: 11975:The Film Journal 11960: 11954: 11951:Strausbaugh 2007 11948: 11939: 11936:Strausbaugh 2007 11933: 11927: 11918:Kolawole, Helen. 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11860: 11847: 11841: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11811: 11805: 11799: 11784: 11778: 11763: 11757: 11742: 11736: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11688: 11682: 11681: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11577:. Archived from 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11528:Sunday Telegraph 11525: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11505:, archived from 11494: 11488: 11487: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11162:. April 23, 2017 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11096:. April 21, 2017 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11068:. April 20, 2017 11058: 11052: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11022: 11012: 11006: 11005: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10950:Business Insider 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10922:The Moscow Times 10914: 10908: 10907: 10899: 10890: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10864: 10858: 10848: 10842: 10838:Folha de S.Paulo 10823: 10817: 10816:, June 18, 2012. 10800: 10794: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10659: 10653: 10643: 10637: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10614:. Archived from 10607: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10538:. Archived from 10527: 10521: 10520: 10496: 10490: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10407:. Archived from 10397: 10391: 10390: 10378: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10306:. 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Archived from 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9570: 9564: 9553: 9547: 9536: 9530: 9519: 9513: 9502: 9496: 9493:Montreal Gazette 9485: 9479: 9468: 9462: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9435:. March 10, 2017 9425: 9419: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9330: 9324: 9310: 9304: 9293: 9287: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9086: 9080: 9069: 9063: 9048: 9042: 9031: 9025: 9010: 9004: 8990: 8984: 8977: 8971: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8945: 8934: 8928: 8917: 8911: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8800:. Archived from 8789: 8783: 8782: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8701: 8695: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8510: 8504: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8469:"I nostri Brand" 8465: 8459: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8430:. Archived from 8424: 8418: 8417: 8406: 8400: 8383: 8377: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8263: 8253: 8247: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8109:. August 5, 2015 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8073: 8067: 8057:Coon Chicken Inn 8054: 8048: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7947: 7941: 7931:Strausbaugh 2007 7928: 7922: 7919:Strausbaugh 2007 7916: 7910: 7907:Strausbaugh 2007 7904: 7898: 7895:Strausbaugh 2007 7892: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7869:. Archived from 7827: 7826: 7819: 7813: 7810:Strausbaugh 2007 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7765:. El Mundo, UPRP 7755: 7749: 7748: 7724: 7715: 7706:Johnson (1968). 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7679:Jefferson, Margo 7675: 7669: 7666:Strausbaugh 2007 7663: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7608: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7401: 7395: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7321: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7298:Inside Higher Ed 7288: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7256: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7171:. Archived from 7164: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7114:Magsino, Isiah. 7111: 7105: 7104: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6392: 6386: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6313: 6307: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6169:. April 29, 2020 6159: 6153: 6152: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5923: 5917: 5914:The Daily Orange 5899: 5893: 5890:The Daily Illini 5876: 5870: 5856: 5850: 5841:Johnson, Sophie. 5839: 5833: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5748: 5742: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5716:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5659:"Trading Places" 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5617:Audio commentary 5608: 5602: 5599:Strausbaugh 2007 5596: 5590: 5587:Strausbaugh 2007 5584: 5578: 5575:Strausbaugh 2007 5572: 5566: 5565: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5482: 5473: 5462: 5453: 5450:Strausbaugh 2007 5446: 5440: 5437:Strausbaugh 2007 5434: 5428: 5425:Strausbaugh 2007 5422: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5392:Strausbaugh 2007 5389: 5383: 5380:Strausbaugh 2007 5377: 5371: 5368:Strausbaugh 2007 5365: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5316:Strausbaugh 2007 5313: 5307: 5304:Strausbaugh 2007 5301: 5292: 5289:Strausbaugh 2007 5286: 5280: 5279: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5157: 5151: 5150:, pp. 56–57 5145: 5139: 5138:, pp. 51–52 5133: 5127: 5124:Strausbaugh 2007 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5086: 5080: 5062: 5056: 5053:Strausbaugh 2007 5050: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5019:Strausbaugh 2007 5016: 5007: 5004:Strausbaugh 2007 5001: 4995: 4977: 4971: 4960: 4954: 4951:Strausbaugh 2007 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924:Strausbaugh 2007 4921: 4915: 4899: 4890: 4887:Strausbaugh 2007 4884: 4878: 4877: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4847:. Archived from 4816: 4810: 4809: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4606: 4595: 4592:Strausbaugh 2007 4589: 4580: 4579:, pp. 35–36 4577:Strausbaugh 2007 4574: 4561: 4560: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4463: 4454:Clark, Alexis. " 4452: 4443: 4442: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4311: 4305: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4241: 4101:), or hip (like 4063: 4062:, jazz historian 3967:The traditional 3752:domestic workers 3705:Negro spirituals 3695:("mixed race"), 3632:We Are from Jazz 3529:/swarthy whites/ 3448:Momoiro Clover Z 3427:Japanese hip hop 3421:Japanese hip hop 3397:Iranian folklore 3345: 3333: 3272:Cologne Carnival 3206:" also known as 3158: 3155: 3137: 3130: 3112:Associated Press 2849:American Express 2842:Dominique Michel 2732: 2721: 2628: 2354:restaurant chain 2351:Coon Chicken Inn 2196:cultural studies 2192:Constance Rourke 2083:Florenz Ziegfeld 2062:Ziegfeld Follies 1973:, when the only 1925: 1894:academic freedom 1879:Laurence Olivier 1743:minstrelsy shows 1694:identity tourism 1680: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1605:, among others. 1572:The Golden Girls 1398:Laurence Olivier 1348: 1026:C. Thomas Howell 986:Jamie Lee Curtis 945:underground film 847:This Is the Army 813:was touring his 767:Laurel and Hardy 587: 584: 375:American Company 366:as Othello, 1878 315:Dreadnought hoax 296:American theater 217:John Strausbaugh 21: 13198: 13197: 13193: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13031: 12980: 12902: 12899: 12869: 12864: 12863: 12844: 12798: 12757: 12748: 12662: 12649: 12644: 12601: 12592: 12558: 12476:Manthia Diawara 12463: 12458: 12448: 12409: 12386: 12367: 12348: 12327: 12305: 12303: 12302:on May 14, 2013 12290:Malik, Sarita. 12283: 12261: 12237: 12210: 12191: 12170: 12147: 12125: 12123: 12122:on May 16, 2005 12095: 12093:Further reading 12090: 12077: 12073: 12057:10.2307/3334749 12041: 12037: 12014: 12010: 11998: 11994: 11985: 11981: 11972:Wayback Machine 11961: 11957: 11949: 11942: 11934: 11930: 11917: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11889:Chicago Tribune 11880: 11876: 11869: 11848: 11844: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11814: 11806: 11802: 11785: 11781: 11764: 11760: 11743: 11739: 11720:Gary Giddings, 11719: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11702:on July 4, 2020 11690: 11689: 11685: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11646: 11645: 11641: 11630:www.youtube.com 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11599: 11598: 11594: 11584: 11582: 11569: 11568: 11564: 11554: 11552: 11544: 11543: 11539: 11518: 11514: 11495: 11491: 11468:10.2307/1477779 11452: 11448: 11411: 11407: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11326: 11322: 11312: 11310: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11289:thediplomat.com 11283:Kang, Tae-jun. 11281: 11277: 11262: 11258: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11202: 11201: 11197: 11187: 11185: 11184:. July 13, 2017 11180: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11131: 11121: 11119: 11114: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11060: 11059: 11055: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11013: 11009: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10900: 10893: 10884: 10880: 10865: 10861: 10849: 10845: 10833:Wayback Machine 10824: 10820: 10810:Wayback Machine 10801: 10797: 10793:, May 23, 2009. 10785: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10701: 10697: 10682: 10678: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10650:The Japan Times 10644: 10640: 10627: 10623: 10608: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10589:The Japan Times 10580: 10576: 10569: 10559:Riverhead Trade 10551: 10547: 10528: 10524: 10509:10.2307/2935443 10497: 10493: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10454: 10450: 10440: 10438: 10428: 10424: 10414: 10412: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10379: 10375: 10365: 10363: 10354: 10353: 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8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8254: 8250: 8244:Wayback Machine 8235:, Winter 1997, 8229:Wayback Machine 8219: 8215: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8139: 8129: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8100: 8090: 8088: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8064:Wayback Machine 8055: 8051: 8045:Wayback Machine 8036: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7948: 7944: 7929: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7876: 7874: 7851: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7725: 7718: 7708:Black Manhattan 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7676: 7672: 7664: 7657: 7651: 7631: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7402: 7398: 7385: 7381: 7367: 7365: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7322: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7289: 7285: 7271: 7269: 7257: 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6161: 6160: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6124:. June 27, 2007 6120: 6119: 6115: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910:Wayback Machine 5901:Connolly, Joe. 5900: 5896: 5887:Wayback Machine 5877: 5873: 5867:Wayback Machine 5857: 5853: 5840: 5836: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5769: 5765: 5760:Wayback Machine 5749: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5694:. June 25, 2015 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5664:Rotten Tomatoes 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5485:John, Kenrick. 5483: 5476: 5464:Smith, R. J., " 5463: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5403:Michael Rogin, 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327:Ransom, Harry. 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5253:10.2307/3052252 5237: 5233: 5226: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5177: 5173: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5100:The Independent 5096:Wayback Machine 5087: 5083: 5073:Wayback Machine 5063: 5059: 5051: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4988:Wayback Machine 4978: 4974: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4900: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4860: 4856: 4837:10.2307/3042205 4817: 4813: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4745: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4705:Brooks McNamara 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4564: 4547:Ayanna Thompson 4544: 4540: 4533:book 77081 4525: 4511: 4507: 4489: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4390: 4386: 4355: 4351: 4312: 4308: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4145:Censored Eleven 4126: 4118:hip hop culture 4064: 4058: 4046: 4025: 3995:Guy Fawkes' Day 3878: 3872: 3856:Rebecca Rioters 3840: 3835: 3819: 3793: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3666: 3657:A Promised Land 3648:Tigran Keosayan 3604:Black and White 3565:Vaslav Nijinsky 3543: 3512:Louie Armstrong 3500:Michael Jackson 3492: 3484:African history 3480: 3456: 3444:Rats & Star 3423: 3417: 3409:Persian theatre 3375: 3363: 3346: 3343: 3334: 3331: 3268: 3240:Pekka and Pätkä 3216: 3177: 3168:Sábados Felices 3159: 3153: 3150: 3143:needs expansion 3128: 3092: 3084: 3040: 2999:Betty Bonifassi 2873:Gregory Charles 2804: 2768: 2730: 2719: 2636:St. Nicolas Eve 2617: 2609:A Dutch man in 2603: 2598: 2566:Michael Jackson 2548: 2536:The Jazz Singer 2507:Manchester City 2429: 2374: 2240:This elaborate 2234: 2170: 2158: 2071: 2042:double entendre 2003:jubilee singers 1944: 1924: 1923: 1906: 1860:into his opera 1830: 1816:. A widespread 1710:Shafiqah Hudson 1699:white supremacy 1681: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1650: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1611: 1561:In the wake of 1464:Sammy Davis Jr. 1422:Lethal Weapon 7 1420:The Gang Makes 1390:", the TV show 1368:-directed film 1346: 1284:Sarah Silverman 1105: 1099: 1043: 1010:Rotten Tomatoes 990:Denholm Elliott 803:George E. Stone 795:Donald O'Connor 638: 610:Alston, Cumbria 585: 424: 422: 420: 393:Charles Mathews 364:John McCullough 356: 273: 202:Medieval Europe 198:Ayanna Thompson 175: 75:Medieval Europe 45:William H. West 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13196: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13053:Mister Charlie 13050: 13045: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12916:Alligator bait 12912: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12898: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12875: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12670: 12668: 12664: 12663: 12656:List of clowns 12654: 12651: 12650: 12643: 12642: 12635: 12628: 12620: 12614: 12613: 12607: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12587: 12582: 12573: 12568: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12521:(4): 743–769. 12510: 12505: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12478: 12469: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12456:External links 12454: 12453: 12452: 12446: 12433: 12413: 12407: 12390: 12384: 12371: 12365: 12352: 12346: 12331: 12325: 12312: 12287: 12281: 12265: 12259: 12241: 12235: 12214: 12208: 12195: 12189: 12174: 12168: 12151: 12146:978-9461534095 12145: 12132: 12105: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12071: 12035: 12024:(7): 453–461. 12008: 12006:, p. 140. 11992: 11979: 11955: 11940: 11928: 11911: 11899: 11874: 11867: 11842: 11840:, Summer 1995. 11829: 11812: 11800: 11786:Nick Tosches, 11779: 11758: 11737: 11713: 11683: 11664: 11652:Medway Council 11639: 11617: 11592: 11562: 11537: 11512: 11489: 11446: 11425:(2): 196–202. 11405: 11386:(3): 465–486. 11370: 11345: 11338: 11320: 11309:. June 2, 2020 11294: 11275: 11256: 11221: 11195: 11173: 11151: 11129: 11107: 11079: 11053: 11040: 11033: 11007: 10989: 10963: 10935: 10909: 10891: 10878: 10859: 10843: 10818: 10795: 10779: 10767: 10755: 10743: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10695: 10676: 10654: 10638: 10621: 10602: 10574: 10567: 10545: 10522: 10491: 10475: 10468: 10448: 10422: 10392: 10373: 10347: 10321: 10290: 10273:nachtkritik.de 10259: 10242:nachtkritik.de 10228: 10202: 10176: 10150: 10120: 10090: 10063: 10032: 10006: 9989: 9970: 9952: 9938: 9919: 9905: 9880: 9858: 9844: 9816: 9793: 9766: 9743: 9720: 9696: 9669: 9643: 9621: 9593: 9565: 9548: 9531: 9514: 9497: 9480: 9463: 9446: 9420: 9403: 9377: 9351: 9325: 9305: 9288: 9263: 9252:. May 25, 2013 9237: 9226:. May 28, 2013 9211: 9200:. May 16, 2013 9185: 9159: 9133: 9107: 9081: 9064: 9043: 9026: 9020:" (at 14:23), 9005: 8985: 8972: 8959: 8946: 8929: 8912: 8893: 8867: 8856:. June 5, 2020 8841: 8815: 8784: 8766: 8740: 8722: 8696: 8674: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8605: 8580: 8554: 8547:. p. 54. 8531: 8505: 8482: 8460: 8437: 8419: 8401: 8378: 8361: 8317: 8306:. May 17, 2007 8291: 8274: 8248: 8213: 8201: 8175: 8149: 8120: 8098: 8068: 8049: 8030: 8021: 8009: 8002: 7978: 7964: 7942: 7933:, p. 70; 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7849: 7814: 7802: 7776: 7750: 7743: 7716: 7714:, p. 218. 7699: 7670: 7668:, p. 136. 7655: 7629: 7600: 7598:, p. 228. 7588: 7586:, p. 195. 7576: 7564: 7552: 7550:, p. 180. 7540: 7538:, p. 200. 7528: 7526:, p. 243. 7516: 7504: 7502:, p. 234. 7492: 7480: 7478:, p. 203. 7468: 7466:, p. 205. 7453: 7451:, p. 206. 7441: 7429: 7427:, p. 199. 7417: 7409:The North Star 7396: 7379: 7344: 7311: 7283: 7242: 7216: 7190: 7159: 7132: 7106: 7087: 7061: 7042: 7020: 6998: 6976: 6961: 6942: 6920: 6907:(2): 131–146. 6887: 6868: 6857:. July 8, 2018 6842: 6814: 6786: 6767: 6748: 6722: 6696: 6675: 6648: 6633: 6610: 6580: 6554: 6528: 6502: 6476: 6458: 6439: 6418: 6402: 6387: 6368: 6356: 6328: 6308: 6292: 6274: 6255: 6232: 6206: 6180: 6154: 6135: 6113: 6098: 6072: 6046: 6019: 5996: 5970: 5944: 5918: 5894: 5871: 5851: 5834: 5813: 5789: 5763: 5743: 5723: 5705: 5677: 5650: 5622: 5613:Forbidden Zone 5603: 5601:, p. 241. 5591: 5589:, p. 240. 5579: 5567: 5561: 5534: 5527: 5503: 5474: 5454: 5441: 5429: 5427:, p. 214. 5417: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5345: 5333: 5320: 5308: 5306:, p. 225. 5293: 5291:, p. 126. 5281: 5247:(2): 145–166. 5241:American Music 5231: 5224: 5218:. p. 72. 5200: 5193: 5187:. p. 58. 5171: 5168:. p. 119. 5152: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5081: 5057: 5055:, p. 131. 5036: 5023: 5008: 4996: 4972: 4955: 4943: 4941:, p. 211. 4931: 4916: 4891: 4879: 4872: 4854: 4831:(1): 169–172. 4811: 4792:(6): 645–668. 4776: 4764: 4743: 4726: 4713: 4696: 4678: 4653: 4646: 4626: 4596: 4581: 4562: 4538: 4523: 4505: 4483: 4464: 4444: 4437: 4417: 4410: 4384: 4365:(3): 682–701. 4349: 4322:(3): 162–184. 4306: 4261: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4114:cool aesthetic 4069:Jimmie Rodgers 4056: 4045: 4042: 4024: 4019: 3976:Medway Council 3916:Morris dancing 3874:Main article: 3871: 3868: 3860:turnpike gates 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833:United Kingdom 3831: 3823:Tevfik Gelenbe 3818: 3815: 3792: 3789: 3780: 3777: 3759: 3756: 3665: 3662: 3557:Michael Fokine 3542: 3539: 3535:Afro-Brazilian 3504:Siedah Garrett 3491: 3488: 3479: 3476: 3472:Asian Mexicans 3455: 3452: 3416: 3413: 3374: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3355:Clybourne Park 3341: 3329: 3267: 3264: 3215: 3212: 3176: 3173: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3124: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3062:Arabian Nights 3054:Justin Trudeau 3039: 3036: 2889:Michaëlle Jean 2869:Yves Pelletier 2861: 2860: 2845: 2836:and U.S. diva 2830: 2803: 2800: 2767: 2764: 2704:and the Lower 2686:Hugo Matthysen 2646:Saint Nicholas 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2547: 2544: 2473:A One Man Show 2428: 2425: 2373: 2370: 2313:1933 release " 2311:United Artists 2233: 2230: 2188:Black Like You 2169: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2114:Apollo Theater 2070: 2067: 1943: 1940: 1919:The Hot Mikado 1905: 1902: 1848:Giuseppe Verdi 1829: 1826: 1773:Senior writer 1683: 1682: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1565:following the 1448:Julianne Hough 1444:Roger Sterling 1434:Ashton Kutcher 1376:Trading Places 1371:Tropic Thunder 1356:Also in 2008, 1302:Angelina Jolie 1297:A Mighty Heart 1256:Michael Steele 1252:Steve Gilliard 1197:Harmony Korine 1153:Harmony Korine 1098: 1095: 1091:March of Dimes 1079:Mummers Parade 1042: 1039: 1035:Trading Places 1014:Trading Places 977:Trading Places 955:Richard Elfman 950:Forbidden Zone 943:. In 1980, an 922:, directed by 861:Saratoga Trunk 816:Voodoo Macbeth 807:Boston Blackie 799:Chester Morris 787:Shirley Temple 747:William Holden 694:D. W. Griffith 637: 634: 629:Thomas D. Rice 596:black dialects 560:Stephen Foster 447:Reconstruction 443:discrimination 409:Thomas D. Rice 355: 352: 323:cross-dressing 272: 269: 174: 171: 133:minstrel shows 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13195: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13138:Ethnic humour 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12971:Welfare queen 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12956:Magical Negro 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12896: 12891: 12889: 12884: 12882: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12860: 12852: 12851: 12847: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12830:Clown society 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815:Clown bicycle 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762:Organizations 12760: 12755: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12636: 12634: 12629: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12618: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12449: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12399: 12398: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12377: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12358: 12353: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12332: 12328: 12322: 12318: 12313: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12222: 12215: 12211: 12205: 12201: 12196: 12192: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12121: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12085: 12081: 12075: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12012: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11989: 11983: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11952: 11947: 11945: 11937: 11932: 11925: 11921: 11915: 11908: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11878: 11870: 11868:9780873488594 11864: 11859: 11858: 11852: 11851:Kofsky, Frank 11846: 11839: 11833: 11827:, p. 51. 11826: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11809: 11804: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11724: 11717: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11679: 11675: 11668: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11606: 11602: 11596: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11551: 11547: 11541: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11450: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11374: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11341: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11290: 11286: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11225: 11209: 11208:nextshark.com 11205: 11199: 11183: 11177: 11161: 11155: 11140: 11133: 11117: 11111: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10905: 10898: 10896: 10888: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10822: 10815: 10814:Lost in Japan 10811: 10807: 10804: 10799: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10759: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10735: 10728: 10723: 10716: 10711: 10704: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10631: 10628:Hongo, Junn, 10625: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10578: 10570: 10568:9781594480126 10564: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10503:(73): 40–67. 10502: 10495: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10452: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10377: 10366:September 12, 10361: 10357: 10351: 10340:September 12, 10336: 10332: 10325: 10314:September 12, 10309: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10217: 10213: 10206: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10099:"Colorblind?" 10094: 10077: 10076:Jenke Nordalm 10073: 10067: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9868: 9862: 9854: 9848: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9804: 9797: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9754: 9747: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9632: 9625: 9614:September 19, 9610: 9609: 9604: 9597: 9586:September 19, 9582: 9581: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9434: 9433:TVA Nouvelles 9430: 9424: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9309: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9019: 9017: 9009: 9002: 8998: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8976: 8969: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8645: 8640: 8633: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8382: 8375: 8374:Time Magazine 8371: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8333:(3): 335–53. 8332: 8328: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8288: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8190: 8186: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8108: 8102: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8034: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7982: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7921:, p. 70. 7920: 7915: 7908: 7903: 7897:, p. 69. 7896: 7891: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7723: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7605: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7224:Wang, Lydia. 7220: 7205: 7204:New York Post 7201: 7194: 7186: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7076: 7075:New York Post 7072: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7031: 7024: 7009: 7002: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6946: 6931: 6924: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6621: 6614: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6398:Gay City News 6396: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6259: 6243: 6236: 6221: 6220:The A.V. Club 6217: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6123: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6008: 6007: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5543:Bogle, Donald 5538: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5356: 5349: 5343:, p. 25. 5342: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5225:9780199729708 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5194:9780835715201 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5114:, p. 30. 5113: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5006:, p. 27. 5005: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4953:, p. 67. 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4926:, p. 74 4925: 4920: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4906:Wallace, Mike 4903: 4898: 4896: 4889:, p. 68. 4888: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4762:, p. 82. 4761: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4619:September 30, 4615: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4254:September 23, 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221:Ralph Northam 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135:Border Morris 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:Lewes Bonfire 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926:Molly dancers 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3890:Sallee Rovers 3887: 3883: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3807:(1868–1910), 3806: 3805:Chulalongkorn 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728:Leon Schuster 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3686:Kaapse Klopse 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3627:Larisa Dolina 3624: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3516:Nat King Cole 3513: 3509: 3508:Tracy Chapman 3505: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468:Afro-Mexicans 3465: 3461: 3460:Memín Pinguín 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3367:Jimmy Morales 3358: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3204:La Mama Negra 3201: 3197: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3157: 3154:February 2022 3148: 3144: 3141:This section 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989:Robert Lepage 2985: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:Guy A. Lepage 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2853:Ronald Reagan 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Biblical Magi 2785: 2777: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2651:Zwarte Pieten 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2612: 2607: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2483:" (1982) and 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266:In 1895, the 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2129:has written: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2079:Bert Williams 2076: 2063: 2059: 2058:Bert Williams 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Charles Hicks 1981: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1967:tradition of 1966: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Meghan Markle 1803: 1802:Oprah Winfrey 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1679: 1676: 1668: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1622:Digital media 1619: 1617: 1609:Stunt doubles 1606: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:Ralph Northam 1538: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1496:Victoria Foyt 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1472:Justin Bieber 1469: 1465: 1462:impersonated 1461: 1460:Billy Crystal 1457: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1414:Lethal Weapon 1410: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306:Mariane Pearl 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1276:Black. White. 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1245:Beanie Babies 1242: 1238: 1237:Crank Yankers 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1066:. 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Retrieved 4248: 4239: 4107: 4103:Mezz Mezzrow 4087: 4083: 4076: 4066: 4060:Gary Giddins 4052: 4047: 4035: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3966: 3957:Mummer's Day 3950: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3909: 3905:Medieval era 3894: 3879: 3870:Folk culture 3862:, sometimes 3853: 3841: 3820: 3808: 3794: 3782: 3772:The Diplomat 3770: 3767: 3741: 3737: 3725: 3690: 3667: 3664:South Africa 3655: 3652:Barack Obama 3645: 3630: 3620: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3568: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3537:community). 3520: 3495: 3493: 3481: 3457: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3407:, a type of 3404: 3391: 3364: 3354: 3351:Bruce Norris 3348: 3337: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3307: 3304:Herb Gardner 3301: 3294: 3291: 3283:Taco Ockerse 3280: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3207: 3193: 3166: 3164: 3151: 3147:adding to it 3142: 3120: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3069: 3044: 3041: 3030:in a school 3017: 3011: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2974: 2963: 2958: 2955:Bye Bye 2013 2954: 2948: 2940:Boucar Diouf 2935: 2925: 2916:HEC Montréal 2913: 2905:Bruno Landry 2892: 2884: 2876: 2862: 2818: 2809: 2805: 2781: 2776:Driekoningen 2775: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2698:Saint Martin 2694:Bart Peeters 2681: 2677: 2676:The Moorish 2675: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2590:Nicky Winmar 2579: 2559: 2557: 2541: 2534: 2504: 2493: 2477:Culture Club 2472: 2450: 2440: 2430: 2418: 2413:Nita Negrita 2411: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2343: 2336: 2322: 2307:Mickey Mouse 2300: 2265: 2261:comic strips 2250: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2168:Authenticity 2159: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2111: 2106: 2087: 2072: 2069:20th century 2047: 2034:abolitionist 2030: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1970:pattin' Juba 1968: 1965:polyrhythmic 1957: 1953: 1945: 1942:19th century 1932: 1917: 1887: 1869: 1861: 1855: 1834:Bright Sheng 1831: 1828:Universities 1810:Prince Harry 1799: 1795:blackfishing 1775:Jason Parham 1772: 1752: 1739: 1703: 1686: 1671: 1662: 1640: 1612: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1560: 1556: 1548:Ku Klux Klan 1534: 1527: 1521: 1510: 1503: 1494: 1490:Brett Ratner 1486:Eddie Murphy 1479: 1458: 1451: 1437: 1427: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1391: 1385: 1375: 1369: 1355: 1350: 1343:The Guardian 1341: 1335: 1332:Fred Armisen 1328:Barack Obama 1325: 1316:Daniel Pearl 1309: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1249: 1233:The Man Show 1232: 1228:The Man Show 1226: 1215:Jimmy Kimmel 1213: 1204: 1200: 1186: 1183:Jimmy Fallon 1180: 1173: 1167: 1156: 1150: 1143: 1139:collectables 1135:niche market 1124: 1116: 1097:21st century 1083:Philadelphia 1076: 1068:grass skirts 1044: 1034: 1019: 1018: 1013: 982:Eddie Murphy 975: 974: 963: 959:Oingo Boingo 948: 930: 928: 919: 913: 899: 892: 878: 876: 867:The Spoilers 865: 859: 852:Flora Robson 845: 835: 832:Warner Bros. 821: 814: 811:Orson Welles 806: 791:Judy Garland 771:Betty Hutton 759:Betty Grable 743:Milton Berle 723:Fred Astaire 715:Eddie Cantor 704: 697: 685: 679: 669: 661: 636:20th century 626: 621: 614: 603: 590: 553: 545:Caryl Florio 543:by composer 538: 535:anti-slavery 527:Carrie Swain 524: 518: 490: 479: 454: 451: 430: 428: 418: 396: 378: 369: 354:19th century 347:assimilation 343:exploitation 327: 319: 306: 299: 293: 281: 265:Aimé Césaire 261: 256: 248: 242: 236: 221:White people 214: 191: 160: 150: 130: 104: 97: 90: 58: 57: 36: 13058:House negro 12997:Bigger Hair 12985:Caricatures 12966:Video vixen 12908:Stereotypes 12810:Clown alley 12739:Silly Billy 12734:Scaramouche 12590:Zwarte Piet 12556:Zwarte Piet 12417:Twain, Mark 12378:. 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