279:, meaning they are mostly self-employed. Self-employment does not always guarantee a stable source of income, making it hard for women to make enough money to support themselves and their families. Some of the prominent entrepreneurial jobs women take up in Ghana are hairdressing, dressmaking, market trading, and agriculture. Market trading, especially, has been a good way for women to better their chances of getting out of poverty because they are given the opportunity to take part in credit services, acquire insurance on their personal items, and build their savings. According to Wrigley-Asante in her journal article, “market women are considered the backbone of food distribution, ensuring food security for the urban economy.” Ghanaian women are very important contributors to Ghana's economy despite not having access to steady wages.
259:
Ghanaian identity and customs, and seen as explaining such harmful practices as providing space for only men to further their education, secure a well-paying job, and be politically active. Some other examples mentioned include only teaching women how to be suitable for men, and promoting skin bleaching among women to become closer to whiteness. After Ghana gained their independence in 1957 from
Britain, women were not compensated for their inability to own land and gain foundational skills under colonial frameworks, seen as instrumental in creating the cycle of poverty.
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620:
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283:(Program of Action to Mitigate the Social Costs of Adjustment) in the late 1980's and early 1990's to help boost the socioeconomic status of Ghanaian women. These initiatives and programs ultimately failed because they were not addressing the root cause of poverty among women, and colonialism's lasting impacts have arguably rendered the Ghanaian government ill-prepared to give the necessary resources to such complex programs.
25:
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seldom acknowledged as legitimate children. Light-skinned black women have more privileges and advantages than dark-skinned black women. Lighter skinned black women are also more likely to be married than dark-skinned black women because light skin is associated with status and beauty. Light-skinned black women are more represented in the media than dark-skinned black women.
510:
pregnancy-related deaths. While there are 12.4 deaths for every 100,000 births for White women, the statistics for Black women is 40.0 deaths for every 100,000 births. In a 2007 US study of five medical complications that are common causes of maternal death and injury, Black women were two to three times more likely to die than White women who had the same condition. The
501:, the death rate for all cancers for Black women is 14% higher than that of White women. While the probability of being diagnosed with cancer in Black women is one in three, the chance of dying from cancer is one in five. Cancer is not the only disease that disproportionately affects African-American women. Black women are three times more likely to develop
515:
including discriminatory healthcare practices from slavery through the post-Civil Rights era." Another 2018 study found that darker skin tones were underrepresented in medical textbook imagery and that these omissions "may provide one route through which bias enters medical treatment". Black women are more likely to die from
450:
court had rejected her self-defense claim, stating that enslaved Black women had no right to resist their white enslavers' sexual advances. Black women were also killed and lynched by white people. In May 1870, 15 white men raped a Black woman while other members of the white mob lynched and killed her husband.
822:
discrimination against black women in dating is linked to anti-black stereotypes in the media. Black women have also long been viewed as more 'sexual' than other races of women (a phenomenon known as the 'Jezebel' stereotype) which can make men less interested long term relationships with black women.
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Bassey, Glory B.; Clarke, Andrea I.L.; Elhelu, Oumsalama K.; Lee, Clarence M. (February 2022). "Trichomoniasis, a new look at a common but neglected STI in
African descendance population in the United States and the Black Diaspora. A review of its incidence, research prioritization, and the resulting
839:
Minstrel shows often portrayed
African American women as loud, masculine, aggressive, naive, subserviently-caring, and obnoxious. Black women were also stereotyped and portrayed as promiscuous Jezebels. Black women are also often stereotyped to be poor, uneducated, young, overweight, single mothers
804:
Dark-skinned black women often face more discrimination than light-skinned black women due to colorism. When Black women were enslaved in
America, the sexual assault of Black women produced light-skinned children, who were afforded more privileges than their darker skinned mothers, although they were
514:
in 2014 estimated that Black expectant and new mothers in the United States die at about the same rate as women in countries such as Mexico and
Uzbekistan. A 2018 study found that "The sexual and reproductive health of African-American women has been compromised due to multiple experiences of racism,
458:
According to State of Women Owned
Business report of 2020, Black women are the fastest growing entrepreneur group in the United States, creating many innovative businesses across the nation. Despite their entrepreneurial achievements, Black women continue to face racism and discriminatory barriers in
449:
Enslaved black women had no legal means to protect and prevent themselves from sexual assault by white men and their white slave owners. In 1855 in
Missouri, an enslaved Black woman named Celia was convicted of murder and executed by hanging for killing a white man who had raped and enslaved her. The
365:
Jennifer Palmer argues that in the plantation world of the colonial
Caribbean, women of color were typically treated as property owned by White men. In the French islands, race and gender shape popular assumptions about who could own property. However, there were legal loopholes that sometimes opened
244:
have been experiencing poverty at higher rates than their male counterparts as a result of less educational opportunities, elevated unemployment rates, and gender inequality. Historically, Ghanaian culture has created the role of women to be in the home cooking, cleaning, and taking care of children.
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women are the most desired women. However, black men showed a strong preference for black women in dating, preferring them over white women. Nevertheless they still preferred Asian women over black women, and Asian, Latino and White men preferred any race over black women. It has been proposed that
245:
Ghanaian women, on average, complete only primary school as a result of these societal expectations. Men are primarily regarded as breadwinners and have more economic mobility as a result of their ability to carry on the family name and amass ownership of land, one of the highest forms of capital.
271:
Another factor that plays a role in the susceptibility of women being in poverty is the rise in female-headed households as a result of divorce, women becoming widows, or women being separated from their partners. This has exacerbated the issue of poverty among women because they're unable to have
484:
Black women's hair, which is of various textures, has deep cultural meanings, ranging from political statements to pride, beauty, and fashion. Despite there being a lack of education in Black
American hair and why Black women choose particular hairstyles and products, cosmetologists and educators
475:
Black women have higher self-confidence and self-esteem than any group of women, according to a survey by
Glamour and L'Oreal Paris, along with Dr. Jean Twenge, Ph.D., a researcher on the effects of race and self-confidence. Racism and discrimination have not created a downturn in how Black women
253:
of Ghana from the 15th century up until the 20th century, but pay much less attention to the intricate effects one would assume also having been played by forces such as the endogenous, distinct and particular, interacting and co-dependent, adaptive and/or mediating cultural and societal features
488:
Because of greater education in Black women's hair, the United States Army lifted a ban on dreadlocks, which were previously banned. The Navy, Air Force, and Army now allow two-strand twists as well as braids at an increased size. The latter change came after a fight against hair discrimination.
262:
The patriarchality of Ghana's society, regardless of the extent to which it is ultimately the result of colonialism, has been impacting women not only economically but relationally as well. Abuse is a prevalent component of polygamous and monogamous relationships in Ghana. This normalization of
258:
origins of the theory underlying such research. According to the analyses in the vein of said kind of scholarship, the structural colonialist frameworks set up during those five centuries are particularly seen to have favored Eurocentric beauty standards, work ethic, and culture, fracturing the
282:
Ghana's government has made strides to address the inequalities present within the culture by creating the WID (Women in Development) initiative in the 1970's to cater to women's welfare, SAPs (structural adjustment programs) in the 1980's to help women enhance their productivity, and PAMSCAD
228:
The 2003 Maputo Protocol on women's rights in Africa set the continental standard for progressive expansion of women's rights. It guarantees comprehensive rights to women, including the right to participate in the political process, social and political equality with men, autonomy in their
267:
theory — and ultimately abused. Sex trafficking in Ghana is very common as a result of poverty and lack of education and employment skills. It can be hard for women to get out of being a sex worker because it might be viewed as the only way to provide for their families or themselves. The
808:
Studies of human attractiveness have consistently shown that black women are rated as less attractive than white, Asian and Latina women in the United States. In studies of heterosexual men's preferences in the United States, black women are the least desired group of women, followed by
509:
is two-three times more common in women of color, but more specifically, one in every 537 Black women will have lupus. Black women are also at a higher chance of being overweight thus making them open to more obesity-related diseases. There is also a racial disparity when it comes to
554:
Discrimination, racism and sexism put black women at risk for low-income jobs, multiple role strain and health problems which is associated with mental illnesses. Black women with depression are more likely to experience sleep disturbances, self-criticism, and irritability.
485:
have paved the way for greater education in this area, for example, bringing awareness to the fact that Black hair does not create its own oil like white hair does which creates a need for Black women's hair to be treated with moisturizers and oils for it to remain healthy.
248:
Within theoretical approaches identifying as “Black” or “Afrocentric”, or employing anticolonialist concepts like the “internalization” of “colonial mentality”, scholars forcefully claim and highlight that the patriarchal societal conditions originated particularly from
322:
presented cases of Black women being "stigmatised, hyper-sexualised, and objectified" It has been noted that this sexualization of Black Tunisian women leads to them being viewed as objects by Arab men to "achieve sexual satisfaction" and face sexual harassment.
302:(CPP), made Ghana the first African nation to introduce a quota in 1959, reserving 10 seats for women in Parliament. Ghana has recently been laggard, however, with a representation of 11% women after the election in 2012 and 13% after the election in 2016.
738:'s running mate, making her the first Black and South Asian woman to be on a major party ticket. Biden won the election, making Harris the first Black/South Asian person and Black/South Asian woman to be Vice President of the United States. With Justice
1250:
Utsey, Shawn O.; Abrams, Jasmine A.; Opare-Henaku, Annabella; Bolden, Mark A.; Williams, Otis (June 2015). "Assessing the Psychological Consequences of Internalized Colonialism on the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults in Ghana".
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Across the four cities and the thousands of users, consistent patterns around age, race, and education level emerge. White men and Asian women are consistently more desired than other users, while black women rank anomalously
2203:
113:
developed the theory of intersectionality, which highlighted the overlapping discrimination faced by Black women (on the basis of both race and gender) in the United States. The theory has been influential in the fields of
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White men: congratulations! Women of every racial background seem to strongly prefer dating you. Asian and Latin women are most popular with the gents. Black women and Asian men are the two groups most notably at a dating
1058:
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Black women make up 28% of the Brazilian population and still suffer discrimination in Brazil. The legacy of slavery and mistreatment of Black women during the Portuguese colonial era is still dealt with today.
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Wrigley-Asante, Charlotte; Owusu, George; Amu, Jane B.; Commodore, Tracy S. (March 2022). "Crime and safety in urban public spaces: Experiences of Ghanaian women traders in the Makola market in Accra, Ghana".
402:, many of whom were women, often faced severe abuse from their owners and other non-black people. Black female slaves were sexually abused by their white male owners and were bred with them in order to bear
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domestic violence lends itself to the topic of sex trafficking in Ghana and how women are objectified through the so-called “male gaze” — a concept with origins and a specific meaning within varieties of
476:
view themselves. Black women also have a more positive outlook on their physical appearances versus white women. This self-esteem and confidence is celebrated in what is known as "Black Girl Magic".
661:
Thus far, 21 Black women have been elected or appointed as head of a UN recognized state, all of which have been in Africa or the Caribbean. The first Black woman to be appointed head of state was
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2004:
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pre- and co-existing in Ghana alongside colonization and its ills. It is possible that this reflects the rigidity as well as the dogmatic and activist commitments inherent to the largely
2500:
346:
in 2023 regarding Sub-Saharan migrants has worsened living conditions for Black Tunisians, with many Black Tunisian women participating in the "Carrying My Papers Just In Case" trend.
1476:
Madsen, Diana Højlund (February 2019). "Gender, Power and Institutional Change – The Role of Formal and Informal Institutions in Promoting Women's Political Representation in Ghana".
978:
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330:—including Tunisia—has been labelled as racist, failing to take into consideration the issues of women who are not Arab; this has led to parallels between Arab feminism and
2937:
1548:
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35:
1002:
2393:"Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity"
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Prather, Cynthia; Fuller, Taleria R.; Jeffries, William L.; Marshall, Khiya J.; Howell, A. Vyann; Belyue-Umole, Angela; King, Winifred (September 2018).
886:
1849:
3211:
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3753:"Black Trans Women Are Being Murdered in the Streets. Now the Trump Administration Wants to Turn Us Away From Shelters and Health Care. | ACLU"
1796:
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group Voices of Tunisian Black Women in an attempt to bring to light these issues affecting them, which they felt were not being discussed in the
314:, Black women are victims of double discrimination, facing prejudice both because of their gender and race. Testimonial evidences complied by the
380:
According to the American Community Survey from the US Census Bureau, the Black female population in the United States was 21.7 million in 2018.
761:
paved the way for non-royals in Hawaii to gain access to an education by founding the first non-Royal school in Maui and all of Hawaii in 1823.
46:
2897:
1059:"The Double Whammy of Being Female and African-American: How Black Women are More Vulneralbe to Trafficking and Other Forms of Discrimination"
152:
among others. These more specific terms were created as Black women have been historically left out of movements for both racial justice and
1809:
4042:
1667:
Palmer, Jennifer L (December 31, 2018). "The fruits of their labours: Race, gender and labour in the eighteenth-century French Caribbean".
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as a methodology for interpreting the ways in which overlapping social identities relate to systems of oppression. More recently, the term
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criminalization of sex work in Ghana also makes it difficult for women to escape abuse from their pimps and customers and seek help.
1123:
Ocran, Christine (March 2007). "The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa".
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between Black women and white Portuguese men was common in Brazil. Black women were often raped by white men in Brazil in effort to
467:
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, Black women are among the most educated in the United States of America.
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727:
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3671:
2321:"The Black–White Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality From 5 Conditions: Differences in Prevalence and Case-Fatality Rates"
3331:
1332:
Awumbila, Mariama (February 21, 2007). "Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies".
3555:
3516:
1089:
906:
1645:
2765:
1719:
Greenberg, Kenneth S; White, Deborah Gray; Harris, J. William (1987). "Black Women and White Men in the Antebellum South".
287:
145:
1827:
1604:
1170:"Affirmative Action as a Strategy for Promoting Women's Participation in Politics in the Frafra Traditional Area of Ghana"
3396:
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1977:
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became the first Black woman to lead a major multilateral organization when she was appointed Director-General of the
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3276:"'Black Women Are Marrying—We're Marrying Each Other:' Lesbian Marriage Grows as Black Women Defy Marriage Trends"
2254:"Overweight and Obesity in Black Women: A Review of Published Data From The National Center for Health Statistics"
3898:
2440:
Louie, Patricia; Wilkes, Rima (April 2018). "Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery".
770:
250:
650:
Some of the most important artistic and political leaders in history have been Black women. For instance, Queen
599:
3151:
3126:"President Biden Nominates Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court"
1003:"Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: "I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use""
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was the first Black woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize when, in 1993, she was awarded the prize for literature.
3726:
497:
Black women are often at a higher risk of contracting certain diseases than White women are. According to the
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Ansah, Nancy (2006). "Structural Relations of the Sex Trade and Its Link to Trafficking: The Case of Ghana".
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742:'s announcement of his intention to retire at the end of the 2021–22 term, President Joe Biden nominated
3397:"It's Not Just a "Black Thing:" Black Women in the Law and Issues of Double Identity and Discrimination"
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Bukari, Francis Issahaku Malongza; Apusigah, Agnes Atia; Abagre, Cynthia Itboh (October 13, 2017).
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led an anti-lynching movement in the United States of America and founded the Alpha Suffrage Club.
689:
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198:
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3966:
Scales-Trent, Judy. "Black women and the constitution: Finding our place, asserting our rights."
1810:"Commodification of the Black Body, Sexual Objectification and Social Hierarchies during Slavery"
498:
3332:"Black trans communities suffer a greater mental-health burden from discrimination and violence"
2952:
2692:"African American Women's Beliefs About Mental Illness, Stigma, and Preferred Coping Behaviors"
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Transgendered black women are more likely to get killed due to discrimination and transphobia.
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411:
85:
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Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
3545:
3048:
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3312:
2227:
1420:"Assessment of Ghana's Comparative Advantage in Maize Production and the Role of Fertilizers"
1286:
Tenkorang, Eric Y. (May 2023). "Family Structure and Marital Violence among Women in Ghana".
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3511:. Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies. IGI Global. p. 27.
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They were often raped by white men and preyed on by white males during the colonial era.
342:. Khawla Ksiksi, one of the group's founders, has stated that comments made by President
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from January 1975 to April 1976. The longest-serving Black woman head of government was
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3775:"Breaking Down the Stereotypes: Celebrating The Black Woman | The Women's Network"
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Tucker, Myra J.; Berg, Cynthia J.; Callaghan, William M.; Hsia, Jason (February 2007).
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60% of black women have been molested or sexually abused before age 18 by a black man.
81:
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has been created to describe the specific effect of intersectionality on Black women.
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is more common among African American women. Black women are more likely to die from
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3582:"Why black women and Asian men are at a disadvantage when it comes to online dating"
2883:"Racial Intermarriage in the Americas: Comparing Brazil, Cuba and the United States"
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3152:"The Senate confirms Jackson, elevating the first Black woman to the Supreme Court"
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Women who are of sub-Saharan African, Indigenous Australian, and Melanesian descent
3899:
New Daughters of Africa: An international anthology of writing by women of African
3888:
Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom
162:
is a social theory based on the history and experiences of black women. Coined by
140:. Examples of misogynoir experienced by Black women include the stereotype of the
3903:
3491:
3100:"Kamala Harris Makes History as First Woman and Woman of Color as Vice President"
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148:(stereotype that black women are more sexually promiscuous) and vulnerability to
2005:"Black women heavier and happier with their bodies than white women, poll finds"
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Economically, the majority of Ghanaian women work within the informal sector of
3893:
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The Reproduction and Maintenance of Inequalities in Interpersonal Relationships
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2663:"Racial Disparities in Screening and Management of Anemia Among Pregnant Women"
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was an important Democratic candidate for U.S. President in the 1970s. In the
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World health statistics 2014: a wealth of information on global public health
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2016:
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2766:"Study: 60 Percent of Black Females Are Sexually Abused Before They Turn 18"
2294:"Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System | Maternal and Infant Health | CDC"
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in the United States. Black women are increasingly identifying as bisexual.
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1508:"Giving a voice to Tunisia's Black women, victims of double discrimination"
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3826:"Stereotypes of Black American Women Related to Sexuality and Motherhood"
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2784:"Black Women in the U.S. Murdered Six Times More Often Than White Women"
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access to the benefits of the socio-economic status men hold in Ghana.
128:
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105:
3372:"Black Women Are Believed Less Than Others with Discrimination Claims"
3212:"Betsy Stockton - Founder of Hawaii's First Non-Royal School in 1800s"
2981:
When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediœval History of Black Civilisations
2707:
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in a 53–47 vote on April 7, 2022, and took her seat on June 30, 2022.
442:, a slave that he owned. Black slave women and their bodies were also
2846:
Black Women Are Now the Largest Group in Brazil's Public Universities
2797:
Chinn, Juanita J.; Martin, Iman K.; Redmond, Nicole (February 2021).
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than white and Hispanic women. Black women have the highest risk for
286:
Women play a modest role in Ghana's two major political parties, the
3492:"Colourism: Do light-skinned black women have it easier in showbiz?"
1978:"Why Black Women Are More Confident Than Any Other Group of Females"
1732:
166:, the concept now encompasses a spectrum of various fields, such as
4010:
3621:
3547:
Black Women, Black Love: America's War on African American Marriage
3498:
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Funari, Pedro Paulo A.; Hall, Martin; Jones, Sian (March 7, 2013).
775:
One survey found that 23% of black women aged 18 to 34 identify as
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115:
1572:"Black Tunisian women: ceaseless erasure and post-racial illusion"
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As leaders in the Civil Rights movements over the course of time,
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to succeed him as Supreme Court justice. She was confirmed by the
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Patriarchy and Class: African women in the home and the workforce
1928:"New Study Shows Black Women Are Among The Most Educated In U.S."
651:
410:, have more slaves to pick cotton and produce superior slaves in
403:
311:
2501:"Diabetes and African Americans - the Office of Minority Health"
3935:
A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black Women in America
3800:"The Jezebel Stereotype - Anti-black Imagery - Jim Crow Museum"
3418:"The Origins of Colorism and How This Bias Persists in America"
2567:"African Americans/Blacks | Health Disparities | CDC"
1828:"The Colonial Roots of the Racial Fetishization of Black Women"
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up windows of opportunity for women of color to be landowners.
137:
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Sister Citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America
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To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism
3444:"Disparities by Skin Color among Young African-American Women"
3350:"Racism and Sexism Combine to Shortchange Working Black Women"
2476:"Cancer Facts & Figures for African American/Black People"
2142:"Army Lifts Ban on Dreadlocks, and Black Servicewomen Rejoice"
604:
Aboriginal Australian women face discrimination in Australia.
561:
Black women are more likely to get murdered than white women.
132:
is the term that is used to describe the overlapping cases of
2390:
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979:
List of Indigenous Australian VFL/AFL and AFL Women's players
506:
315:
1636:"Tunisian black women: 'My skin colour says I don't belong'"
677:
for nearly 15 years, from July 1980 to June 1995. President
3257:"Why Are Black Women Increasingly Identifying as Bisexual?"
2924:"Indigenous Australian women still fighting discrimination"
2176:"U.S. Military Rolls Back Restrictions on Black Hairstyles"
1539:"The Black Tunisian women fighting 'double discrimination'"
1082:
The Routledge Companion to Black Women's Cultural Histories
715:
shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Tawakkol Karman in 2011.
427:
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2637:"African American women and cervical cancer: What to know"
1785:
More than chattel: Black women and slavery in the Americas
1640:
524:
434:. An example of this is former president and slave owner
3605:"Aspirational pursuit of mates in online dating markets"
3603:
Bruch, Elizabeth E.; Newman, M. E. J. (August 3, 2018).
2690:
Ward, Earlise C.; Heidrich, Susan M. (October 1, 2009).
1771:
see "American Slavery in Comparative Perspective" (2019)
1501:
1499:
3294:"United States: Transgender People at Risk of Violence"
2541:"African Americans Disproportionately Affected by STDs"
2318:
1418:
Scheiterle, Lilli; Birner, Regina (November 13, 2018).
3918:
Women in Africa: Studies in social and economic change
3539:
3537:
3535:
3504:
3235:
2799:"Health Equity Among Black Women in the United States"
711:
which she received in 2004. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and
3672:"Dude, She's (Exactly 25 Percent) Out of Your League"
3186:"Ida B. Wells - Antilynching Leader & Journalist"
2899:
Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge - Page 329
2591:
1496:
801:
Black women often experience both racism and sexism.
492:
414:. Black female slaves received the same treatment in
3442:
Moore, K. R.; Williams, D. R.; Baird, D. D. (2020).
1718:
1167:
1125:
African Journal of International and Comparative Law
863:
847:
3532:
3505:Flockhart, T.R.; Reiter, A.; Hassett, M.R. (2022).
3238:"23% of young black women now identify as bisexual"
3236:Bridges, Tristan; Mignon R. Moore (June 14, 2019).
887:
African-American women in the civil rights movement
95:
3982:(Rutgers University Press, 2000), primary sources.
3693:
3441:
2852:, August 9, 2021. Translated by Kiratiana Freelon.
2796:
2677:"What Black Women Should Know About Heart Disease"
2204:"Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans"
969:African and African-American women in Christianity
3702:"Odds Favor White Men, Asian Women On Dating App"
2938:"How early Australians treated Aboriginal people"
2361:
1755:"Slavery in the U.S. | Boundless US History"
600:Racism in Australia § Indigenous Australians
334:. In 2020, four Black Tunisian women created the
4034:
3824:Rosenthal, Lisa; Lobel, Marci (September 2016).
3124:Lerer, Lisa; Ember, Sydney (February 25, 2022).
1417:
787:women often face high levels of discrimination.
3968:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
3663:
3448:Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
3317:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
3098:Lerer, Lisa; Ember, Sydney (November 7, 2020).
2895:
2880:
2515:"HIV hits black women hardest, CDC report says"
519:. Black women are also more likely to die from
3880:(University of Illinois Press, 2019). 280 pp.
3823:
3210:History, Black Entrepreneur (March 20, 2021).
3184:History, Black Entrepreneur (March 25, 2023).
2861:
2741:"Depression May Look Different in Black Women"
1605:"Why is the Arab feminist movement so racist?"
1158:. Ghana: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. pp.16–26.
3876:Blain, Keisha N., and Tiffany M. Gill (eds).
2864:"The Danger Of Being A Black Woman In Brazil"
681:served as President of Liberia for 12 years.
470:
229:reproductive health decisions, and an end to
3412:
3410:
3311:Forestiere, Annamarie (September 23, 2020).
2689:
2367:
1452:"The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982–1991"
783:is also increasing among black women. Black
564:Black women have shorter life expectancies.
3997:Strobel, Margaret (1982). "African Women".
3727:"Dating while Black: Online, but Invisible"
3602:
3150:Hulse, Carl; Karni, Annie (April 7, 2022).
3024:"WTO Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala"
2595:Journal of the National Medical Association
2439:
2258:Journal of the National Medical Association
2251:
2041:"The Spokesman-Review 12 Apr 2007, page 45"
2003:Parker, Lonnae O'Neal (February 27, 2012).
673:, who served as the head of government for
3700:Chow, Kat; Hu, Elise (November 30, 2013).
3310:
3149:
3123:
3097:
2950:
2862:Newman-Bremang, Kathleen (March 4, 2020).
2738:
1783:David Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, eds.
1222:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1031:"Misogynoir: where racism and sexism meet"
944:List of African-American women in medicine
892:African-American women in computer science
722:was the first Black woman Nobel laureate.
665:, who served as the Prime Minister of the
547:. Black women are more likely to die from
3946:Ain't I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism
3890:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).
3849:
3719:
3646:
3620:
3467:
3407:
2822:
2715:
2416:
2344:
2269:
2198:
2196:
2066:"The Sacramento Bee 06 Jul 2005, page E2"
1569:
1435:
1285:
1185:
840:who are gold diggers and welfare queens.
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3961:African Women in the Development Process
2035:
2033:
1878:"The Atlanta Voice 04 Dec 2020, page 13"
1633:
1331:
1028:
997:
902:African National Congress Women's League
728:2020 United States presidential election
531:. Black women also have higher rates of
394:Treatment of slaves in the United States
3996:
3576:
3574:
3543:
3254:
3209:
3183:
2140:Mele, Christopher (February 10, 2017).
2116:"The Journal News 30 Jul 2016, page 31"
1953:"The Miami Herald 05 Sep 2021, page A9"
1872:
1870:
1850:"Sexual Violence Targeting Black Women"
1602:
1537:Bajec, Alessandra (December 29, 2020).
1506:Bajec, Alessandra (November 19, 2020).
4035:
3979:Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology
3699:
3273:
2977:
2193:
2173:
2002:
1903:"Quad-City Times 12 Sep 2021, page D3"
1825:
1666:
1648:from the original on December 25, 2023
1615:from the original on November 12, 2020
1518:from the original on February 20, 2021
1475:
1079:
438:who fathered mixed-race children with
3669:
2954:The Image of the Black in Western art
2091:"Public Opinion 06 Feb 2001, page 14"
2030:
1584:from the original on January 26, 2021
1570:ElHajjaji, Chouaib (April 17, 2018).
1551:from the original on January 23, 2021
1536:
1505:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1219:
1122:
707:was the first Black woman to win the
3571:
3313:"America's War on Black Trans Women"
2951:Vercoutter, Jean (January 1, 1976).
2139:
1867:
1478:Journal of Asian and African Studies
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1174:Ghana Journal of Development Studies
1156:The Role of Women in Ghana’s Economy
1150:
1148:
1146:
1056:
658:are important early African queens.
614:
360:
181:
18:
4043:Black (human racial classification)
3670:Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2018).
3274:Walker, Dionne N. (March 9, 2021).
2368:Organization, World Health (2014).
1634:Lungumbu, Sandrine (June 7, 2023).
1029:Anyangwe, Eliza (October 5, 2015).
764:
695:Four Black women have been awarded
523:. Black women have higher rates of
453:
406:children in an attempt to maintain
383:
177:
13:
3920:(Stanford University Press, 1976).
3870:
3329:
1797:Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings
1360:
1314:
1236:
1161:
907:African Women's Union of the Congo
897:African-American women in politics
797:Discrimination based on skin color
493:Increased risk for health problems
446:by their white male slave owners.
14:
4074:
2978:Walker, Robin (January 1, 2006).
2325:American Journal of Public Health
1787:(Indiana University Press, 1996).
1202:
1143:
1050:
932:Black women in the music industry
790:
610:
3916:Hafkin, Nancy, and Edna G. Bay.
3817:
3792:
3767:
3745:
2696:Research in Nursing & Health
2252:Gillum, Richard F. (1987–2008).
2174:Rhodan, Maya (August 13, 2014).
1854:Equal Justice Initiative Reports
1603:Alghoul, Diana (April 1, 2017).
866:
850:
835:Stereotypes of African Americans
618:
543:. Black women are also prone to
369:
185:
96:Intersectionality and misogynoir
23:
4058:Indigenous peoples of Melanesia
4053:Indigenous peoples of Australia
3911:African Women: A Modern History
3596:
3484:
3435:
3389:
3364:
3342:
3323:
3304:
3286:
3267:
3255:Wallace, Sara (July 31, 2019).
3248:
3229:
3203:
3177:
3143:
3117:
3091:
3066:
3041:
3016:
2998:
2971:
2944:
2930:
2916:
2889:
2881:Esteve, Albert; Edward Telles.
2874:
2855:
2839:
2790:
2776:
2758:
2732:
2683:
2669:
2655:
2629:
2585:
2559:
2533:
2507:
2493:
2468:
2454:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.023
2433:
2384:
2286:
2245:
2220:
2167:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2058:
1996:
1970:
1945:
1920:
1895:
1842:
1819:
1802:
1790:
1777:
1765:
1747:
1712:
1687:
1660:
1627:
1596:
1563:
1530:
1469:
1444:
1411:
1279:
771:African-American LGBT community
585:whiten the Brazilian population
3927:(Yale University Press, 2011).
3909:Coquery-Vidrovitc, Catherine.
1799:. Thomas Jefferson Foundation.
1116:
1098:
1073:
1022:
991:
828:
1:
3830:Psychology of Women Quarterly
3330:Ao, Bethany (June 25, 2020).
2442:Social Science & Medicine
2372:. World Health Organization.
984:
974:Australian Aboriginal culture
917:Indigenous feminism#Australia
326:The feminist movement in the
80:generally refers to women of
3550:. Basic Books. p. 172.
3074:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2011"
3049:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2004"
2228:"Lupus facts and statistics"
1063:Gender and International Law
593:
462:
390:Slavery in the United States
349:
298:(CPP). The first president,
288:National Democratic Congress
7:
2232:Lupus Foundation of America
1721:Reviews in American History
1512:Radio France Internationale
1253:Journal of Black Psychology
1137:10.3366/ajicl.2007.15.1.147
843:
10:
4079:
4029:(Sage Publications, 1995).
3460:10.1007/s40615-020-00856-x
3216:Black Entrepreneur History
3190:Black Entrepreneur History
2984:. Every Generation Media.
2607:10.1016/j.jnma.2021.12.007
1300:10.1007/s10896-022-00385-7
1288:Journal of Family Violence
832:
794:
768:
597:
571:
471:Self-esteem and confidence
387:
373:
353:
305:
221:
111:Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw
99:
4048:People of African descent
3985:Stichter, Sharon B., and
3933:, and Kathleen Thompson.
3923:Harris-Perry, Melissa V.
3336:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2803:Journal of Women's Health
2739:Communications, NYU Web.
1826:Holmes, Caren M. (2016).
1759:courses.lumenlearning.com
1346:10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7
567:
512:World Health Organization
320:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation
296:Convention People's Party
231:female genital mutilation
217:
4063:Women of African descent
3842:10.1177/0361684315627459
3804:jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu
2641:www.medicalnewstoday.com
2337:10.2105/ajph.2005.072975
1695:"Black Women Statistics"
1490:10.1177/0021909618787851
1377:The Geographical Journal
1265:10.1177/0095798414537935
882:African-American culture
690:World Trade Organization
667:Central African Republic
294:(NP), as well as in the
236:
3006:"Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf"
2480:American Cancer Society
1154:Amu N., Judith (2005).
1080:Hobson, Janell (2021).
499:American Cancer Society
479:
4027:Black Women in America
3639:10.1126/sciadv.aap9815
3544:Stewart, D.M. (2020).
927:Black women filmmakers
718:In the United States,
549:cardiovascular disease
45:by rewriting it in an
3779:www.thewomens.network
2815:10.1089/jwh.2020.8868
2593:health disparities".
2409:10.1089/heq.2017.0045
1699:BlackDemographics.com
1110:bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu
1057:Page, Cheryl (2019).
964:Black women in ballet
833:Further information:
744:Ketanji Brown Jackson
679:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
374:Further information:
356:Afro-Caribbean people
354:Further information:
251:European colonization
86:Aboriginal Australian
4025:Vaz, Kim Marie, ed.
3300:. November 18, 2021.
3261:The Gospel Coalition
2679:. February 11, 2022.
1456:publishing.cdlib.org
1187:10.4314/gjds.v14i2.7
748:United States Senate
581:Interracial marriage
459:business buildings.
120:critical race theory
3952:Jones, Jacqueline.
3931:Hine, Darlene Clark
3733:. February 14, 2021
3631:2018SciA....4.9815B
2786:. February 8, 2024.
2573:. December 14, 2021
1609:Middle East Monitor
1389:2022GeogJ.188...76W
938:Daughters of Africa
686:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
292:New Patriotic Party
82:sub-Saharan African
3993:(Routledge, 2019).
3963:(Routledge, 2013).
3949:(Routledge, 2014).
3588:. March 21, 2017.
3376:www.fuqua.duke.edu
3298:Human Rights Watch
3156:The New York Times
3104:The New York Times
2146:The New York Times
1933:. October 27, 2020
1437:10.3390/su10114181
1397:10.1111/geoj.12423
959:Strong black woman
663:Elisabeth Domitien
630:. You can help by
535:than white women.
197:. You can help by
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
3886:Blain, Keisha N.
3557:978-1-58005-816-2
3518:978-1-6684-4130-5
3352:. August 22, 2019
2708:10.1002/nur.20344
1681:10.1093/fh/cry091
1091:978-0-429-51672-6
1001:(April 2, 2014).
709:Nobel Peace Prize
648:
647:
376:African Americans
361:Caribbean society
215:
214:
172:womanist theology
168:Africana womanism
154:feminist equality
142:angry Black woman
102:Intersectionality
75:
74:
67:
4070:
4022:
3970:24 (1989): 9–44.
3956:(2nd edn. 2010).
3864:
3863:
3853:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
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3762:
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3723:
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3716:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3624:
3609:Science Advances
3600:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3454:(4): 1002–1011.
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3368:
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3308:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3242:Chicago Reporter
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
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3147:
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3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3089:
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3045:
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3034:
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3014:
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2996:
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2975:
2969:
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2927:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2853:
2850:Folha de S.Paulo
2843:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:. March 31, 2021
2633:
2627:
2626:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:. April 24, 2019
2537:
2531:
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2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
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2497:
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2490:
2488:
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2437:
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2388:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:. August 7, 2018
2290:
2284:
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2249:
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2240:
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2218:
2217:
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2208:
2200:
2191:
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2137:
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2126:
2112:
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2101:
2087:
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2078:
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2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:. August 1, 2017
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1917:
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1892:
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1888:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1832:Black & Gold
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1769:
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1762:
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1415:
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1371:
1358:
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1329:
1312:
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1283:
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1234:
1233:
1217:
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1199:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1141:
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1120:
1114:
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1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1047:
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1043:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
995:
876:
871:
870:
860:
855:
854:
853:
781:Lesbian marriage
765:LGBT black women
724:Shirley Chisholm
656:Candace of Meroe
643:
640:
622:
615:
503:uterine fibroids
454:Entrepreneurship
436:Thomas Jefferson
384:American slavery
210:
207:
189:
182:
178:Around the world
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4033:
4032:
3959:Nelson, Nicki.
3904:Myriad Editions
3894:Busby, Margaret
3873:
3871:Further reading
3868:
3867:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3698:
3694:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3664:
3615:(8): eaap9815.
3601:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3542:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3494:. June 3, 2018.
3490:
3489:
3485:
3440:
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3415:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
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3370:
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3347:
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3305:
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3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3130:The White House
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
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3092:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
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3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2935:
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2590:
2586:
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2009:Washington Post
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1795:
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1372:
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1330:
1315:
1284:
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1224:(70): 100–106.
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1166:
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671:Eugenia Charles
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628:needs expansion
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574:Afro-Brazilians
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541:cervical cancer
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420:Central America
408:White supremacy
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340:Me Too movement
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277:Ghana's economy
256:anticolonialist
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4005:(1): 109–131.
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3974:Smith, Barbara
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3914:
3907:
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3836:(3): 414–427.
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3755:. May 24, 2019
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3078:NobelPrize.org
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3015:
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2943:
2929:
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2809:(2): 212–219.
2789:
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2702:(5): 480–492.
2682:
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2506:
2492:
2467:
2432:
2403:(1): 249–259.
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2311:
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1995:
1969:
1957:Newspapers.com
1944:
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1907:Newspapers.com
1894:
1882:Newspapers.com
1866:
1841:
1818:
1815:. Spring 2015.
1801:
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1764:
1746:
1711:
1686:
1675:(4): 471–492.
1669:French History
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1626:
1595:
1562:
1529:
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1424:Sustainability
1410:
1359:
1340:(2): 149–161.
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1294:(4): 723–734.
1278:
1259:(3): 195–220.
1235:
1201:
1160:
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1131:(1): 147–152.
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2919:
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2909:9781134816163
2905:
2902:. Routledge.
2901:
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2521:. May 9, 2019
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1983:
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1577:openDemocracy
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1084:. Routledge.
1083:
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1042:September 16,
1038:
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858:Africa portal
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817:women, while
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745:
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733:
732:Kamala Harris
729:
725:
721:
720:Toni Morrison
716:
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713:Leymah Gbowee
710:
706:
702:
701:Toni Morrison
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691:
687:
682:
680:
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672:
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629:
626:This section
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517:breast cancer
513:
508:
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440:Sally Hemings
437:
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432:the Caribbean
429:
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370:United States
367:
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300:Kwame Nkrumah
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193:This section
191:
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169:
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147:
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139:
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107:
103:
93:
91:
87:
83:
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58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4026:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3987:Jane Parpart
3977:
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3953:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3730:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3705:
3695:
3686:
3679:. Retrieved
3676:The Atlantic
3675:
3665:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3589:
3586:Toronto Star
3585:
3561:. Retrieved
3546:
3522:. Retrieved
3507:
3500:
3486:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3421:
3401:american.edu
3400:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3375:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3325:
3316:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3250:
3241:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3155:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3129:
3119:
3109:November 14,
3107:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3083:November 20,
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3068:
3058:November 20,
3056:. Retrieved
3052:
3043:
3033:November 20,
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
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2857:
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2802:
2792:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2601:(1): 78–89.
2598:
2594:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2378:10665/112739
2369:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2304:November 29,
2302:. Retrieved
2297:
2288:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2237:November 29,
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2183:. Retrieved
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2020:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1930:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1652:December 27,
1650:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1484:(1): 70–87.
1481:
1477:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1430:(11): 4181.
1427:
1423:
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3028:www.wto.org
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2545:www.cdc.gov
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829:Stereotypes
318:-branch of
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2022:June 24,
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1887:June 20,
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