2091:
2111:
2065:
2240:
1760:
2042:
2030:
33:
4685:
1283:
4674:
2134:
1026:
1083:
2090:
2572:
2110:
2064:
1984:
Other rivers in
Australia may experience infrequent 'blackwater events' associated with flood waters connecting to forested floodplains and these events may be associated with hypoxic waters . Examples include the
2580:
2241:"Physicochemical characterization of the white, black, and clearwater rivers of the Amazon Basin and its implications on the distribution of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae)"
130:
from the 1950s to the 1980s. Although many
Amazonian rivers fall clearly into one of these categories, others show a mix of characteristics and may vary depending on season and flood levels.
976:, but clearwater rivers have water that often only is somewhat acidic (typical pH ~6.5) and very clear with a greenish color. The main Amazonian clearwater rivers have their source in the
2414:
Junk, W. J.; Piedade, M. T. F.; Schöngart, J.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Adeney, J. M.; Wittmann, F. A. (2011). "Classification of Major
Naturally-Occurring Amazonian Lowland Wetlands".
2482:
Schliewen, U. K.; Stiassny, M. L. J. (2006). "A new species of
Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo".
1147:
478:
compare the number of planktonic animals caught in black and white water localities only a few meters apart. The black water was not as extreme an example as the
2332:
Ribeiro, J. S. B.; Darwich, A. J. (1993). "Phytoplanktonic primary production of a fluvial island lake in the
Central Amazon (Lago do Rei, Ilha do Careiro)".
2620:
1705:
455:; these are very low in black waters. This has ecological implications. Some animals need more calcium than is available in blackwaters, so for example,
4515:
1904:
2041:
1543:
1172:
88:. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black
1676:
a 130-mile river located in southeast
Georgia and is bordered by the Satilla River Basin to the north and the Suwannee River Basin to the west.
4458:
1964:
120:
4543:
4468:
1466:
459:, which need much calcium to build shells, are not abundant in blackwaters. The lack of dissolved ions in black waters results in a low
2613:
2851:
1947:, Tasmania: a relatively small river in the southwest corner of the island which runs through extensive heathlands, peat bogs and
3219:
4563:
4495:
2466:
2278:
1673:
2449:
Brummett, R.; Stiassny, M.; Harrison, I. (2011). "Background". In Allen, D. J.; Brooks, E. G. E.; Darwall, W. R. T. (eds.).
2606:
2351:
1090:
4558:
3878:
1646:
1310:
2542:
2029:
1359:
in Tucker County. Blackwater Falls, a five-story waterfall, is located along this river with rapids ranging from Class
2526:
2398:
1650:
1065:
1043:
19:
3845:
2220:
2152:
1352:
2296:"Life history and management of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characidae): an important Amazonian food fish"
4054:
3376:
1333:
439:
concentration greater than that of the more neutral white waters. The major difference is the concentrations of
3840:
1805:
1654:
1047:
3401:
4568:
4283:
4007:
1948:
969:
424:
112:
104:
4578:
3542:
3492:
3386:
1789:
1366:
111:
higher than rainwater. The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ from both whitewater and
4463:
3820:
1857:
1567:
23:
4548:
3046:
1585:
1513:
1343:
3830:
3782:
3665:
2116:
Caño Ceima
Cachivera, Mitú, Vaupés: one of the most visited waterfalls and indigenous communities In
1968:
1750:: arises in Northern Mississippi and runs through southwest Tennessee/Memphis into Mississippi River
1009:
4709:
4527:
3815:
3532:
3497:
3339:
1622:
119:
in 1853 based on water colour, but the types were more clearly defined by chemistry and physics by
4238:
3825:
3517:
3282:
1509:
1500:
1232:
1036:
460:
349:
115:. The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear, and whitewater was first proposed by
4573:
4450:
4344:
3871:
3767:
3625:
3176:
3061:
1972:
1771:
1747:
1187:
973:
506:
3, which compares animals in 10 litres (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 US gal) of water.
65:
2573:"Black water event in the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lower Darling River catchments: March 2012"
2518:
2458:
2390:
4218:
3605:
3452:
3414:
2863:
2802:
1882:
1721:
1683:
1591:
1581:
1430:
1291:
502:
and young fish. These mixing zones tend to have many animals. The abundance is shown in Table
116:
2510:
2450:
2382:
4478:
3835:
3557:
3381:
3141:
2998:
2948:
2742:
2052:
1933:
1699:
1662:
1632:
1553:
1535:
1472:
1456:
1396:
1204:
2211:
Sioli, Harald (1975). "Tropical rivers as expressions of their terrestrial environments".
2172:
Janzen, D. H. (July 1974). "Tropical
Blackwater Rivers, Animals, and Mast Fruiting by the
1570:. Located between Camden and Pasquotank counties, the Pasquotank connects directly to the
1094:
8:
4658:
4309:
3731:
3726:
3527:
3371:
2993:
2846:
2767:
2674:
1689:
139:
Table 1: Mean ionic composition, specific conductivity (μS/cm), and pH in Amazon waters.
4522:
4440:
4349:
4223:
4208:
4188:
4089:
4084:
3757:
3670:
3635:
3487:
3003:
2908:
2812:
2704:
2637:
2431:
2193:
2082:
1998:
1961:: a small section of the Noosa River running between Lake Cootharaba and Lake Cooroibah
1612:
1166:
479:
158:
3477:
1169:: The largest blackwater river in the world; one of the largest Amazonian tributaries.
4688:
4598:
4505:
4314:
4256:
4119:
4094:
3864:
3736:
3575:
3567:
3507:
3467:
3356:
3171:
2933:
2923:
2709:
2522:
2511:
2509:
Thieme, M. L.; Abell, R.; Burgess, N.; Lehner, B.; Dinerstein, E.; Olson, D. (2005).
2462:
2451:
2394:
2383:
2274:
2255:
1929:
1908:
1900:
1840:
1764:
1640:
1636:
1539:
1525:
1444:
1356:
1347:
1316:
977:
18:
This article is about a classification of rivers. For rivers named "Blackwater", see
2435:
2312:
2295:
2271:
The Amazon: Limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin
1001:
515:
146:
4319:
4233:
4114:
3650:
3552:
3457:
3206:
3056:
3051:
3028:
2968:
2797:
2491:
2423:
2307:
2185:
2173:
1941:, Tasmania: a river on the West Coast which leaches from rainforests and heathlands
1865:
1825:
1775:
1563:
1213:
4273:
2100:
blackwater (left) mixes with the more typical muddy waters (right) of the region.
1238:
1132:
981:
4714:
4678:
4553:
4490:
4248:
4243:
4099:
3990:
3655:
3615:
3610:
3214:
3101:
3096:
2880:
2817:
2787:
2752:
2747:
2714:
2679:
2650:
2139:
1928:: a river rising in the center of the island and flowing westward, emptying into
1889:
1848:
1797:
1741:
1715:
1709:
1679:
1667:
1571:
1450:
1438:
1418:
1404:
1390:
1380:
985:
125:
2359:
1226:
1192:
1182:
1123:
4628:
4435:
4109:
3716:
3600:
3580:
3462:
3447:
3334:
3319:
3314:
3274:
3254:
3166:
3008:
2988:
2953:
2885:
2870:
2777:
2699:
2659:
2010:
1735:
1695:
1658:
1616:
1600:
1575:
1557:
1531:
1496:
1408:
1374:
1306:
1252:
1246:
1161:
1142:
1128:
1119:
108:
2598:
2495:
2427:
4703:
4638:
4392:
3963:
3797:
3792:
3777:
3762:
3711:
3706:
3472:
3437:
3391:
3351:
3346:
3106:
2978:
2938:
2684:
2664:
2216:
1852:
1831:
1811:
1801:
1759:
1628:
1549:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1370:
1298:
1270:
1258:
1209:
1152:
997:
993:
482:
system. However, it can be seen that the black water held greater numbers of
1828:: a river in northern Minnesota that leaches from peat bogs and pine forests
1177:
49:
4623:
4409:
4324:
4059:
4049:
4012:
3943:
3918:
3787:
3537:
3522:
3512:
3361:
3292:
3161:
3126:
3041:
2983:
2858:
2757:
2719:
2694:
2550:
2074:
2048:
2015:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1938:
1921:
1815:
1783:
1729:
1505:
1492:
1424:
1414:
1386:
1337:
1302:
1287:
1157:
625:
511:
151:
61:
29:
Slow-moving, dark-colored river flowing through forested swamps or wetlands
4648:
4643:
4510:
4500:
4399:
4278:
4261:
4148:
4129:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3696:
3620:
3324:
3287:
3234:
2958:
2943:
2918:
2792:
2513:
Freshwater
Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
2104:
National
Preserve, Jack Gore Baygall Unit, Hardin Co. Texas; 3 April 2020
2101:
2081:
satellite image, surrounded by the muddy Amazon river and the blackwater
1954:
1944:
1878:
1779:
1725:
1519:
1137:
989:
713:
495:
32:
2453:
The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Central Africa
4608:
4304:
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4027:
3995:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3802:
3482:
3366:
3306:
3264:
3136:
2973:
2841:
2782:
2772:
2689:
2197:
1958:
1893:
1861:
1835:
1819:
1320:
1282:
1264:
1050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1005:
838:
609:
487:
376:
4002:
2213:
Tropical Ecological Systems/Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research
4430:
4404:
4139:
3953:
3928:
3908:
3772:
3721:
3691:
3660:
3590:
3502:
3259:
3146:
3131:
3071:
3018:
3013:
2913:
2836:
2826:
2724:
1460:
1434:
1328:
1217:
863:
813:
763:
593:
561:
452:
444:
307:
251:
195:
181:
77:
2189:
1025:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4425:
4377:
4372:
4355:
4213:
4193:
4158:
4037:
4032:
3442:
3409:
3086:
2928:
2895:
2056:
1925:
1844:
1793:
1608:
1604:
1242:
788:
577:
499:
467:
436:
279:
223:
4074:
1834:, Michigan: a river in the northern Lower Peninsula that flows in
92:, are simply black due to the color of the soil; these rivers are
4653:
4633:
4198:
4163:
3985:
3887:
3752:
3701:
3229:
3224:
3186:
3091:
2963:
2900:
2097:
1595:
1400:
1221:
888:
738:
545:
483:
448:
237:
209:
97:
85:
81:
73:
69:
57:
37:
2117:
1229:: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco.
4387:
4178:
4168:
4064:
3547:
3419:
3244:
3239:
3191:
3181:
3151:
3076:
2831:
2762:
2734:
2633:
2070:
1235:: from the Guiana Highlands of Venezuela north into the Orinoco
440:
391:
321:
265:
167:
2543:"Noosa River Elanda Point to Campsite Fifteen Canoe Guidebook"
4228:
4183:
4173:
4153:
4104:
4069:
4044:
4017:
3913:
3645:
3630:
3585:
3329:
3302:
3249:
3116:
3111:
3081:
3066:
2875:
2645:
2629:
2413:
1324:
913:
641:
456:
427:
differ significantly in their ionic composition, as shown in
53:
963:
133:
4382:
4203:
4079:
3856:
3675:
3640:
3196:
3156:
3121:
2078:
491:
432:
405:
335:
293:
89:
1738:, North and South Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
972:
in having a low conductivity and relatively low levels of
4022:
3933:
3595:
3036:
2147:
2508:
2448:
1864:: a short river in southern New Jersey that flows into
1718:, Delaware and Maryland: flows into the Chesapeake Bay.
660:
Table 3: Number of planktonic organisms collected in 10
498:. The zones where the two waters mix are attractive to
362:
1552:: a 119-mile-long (192 km) river in east-central
2381:
Giovannetti, Thomas A.; Vriends, Matthew M. (1991).
2129:
1885:
rivers that flow through rainforests are blackwater.
1702:
and northern Florida flowing into the Gulf of Mexico
1682:: The largest river in Florida. Flows north through
1453:, a tributary of the Edisto River in South Carolina.
52:
with a slow-moving channel flowing through forested
1804:. The northern section of the river is listed as a
1255:: from eastern Venezuela southwest into the Orinoco
2380:
1290:as seen from the boat launch at Princess Ann near
510:Table 2: Planktonic organisms collected in black (
2481:
1979:
1015:
4701:
2293:
1744:, North Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
1427:, South Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
1383:, North Carolina: flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
2628:
2238:
1499:: located in North and South Carolina. Part of
40:, showing tannin-stained undisturbed blackwater
4459:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2331:
2021:
1317:Big Cypress, Black Cypress, and Little Cypress
103:Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than
4544:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
4469:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
3872:
2614:
1967:, Queensland: a small river running from the
1574:and is part of the Intracoastal Waterway via
1469:, North Carolina: flows into the Black River.
1822:, where the dark water is called cedar water
1508:: 66 mile-long river with its headwaters in
494:. These crustaceans are important foods for
2352:"Comparison between white and black waters"
2287:
3879:
3865:
2621:
2607:
2502:
1728:region of southeast Texas: flows into the
60:. Most major blackwater rivers are in the
2442:
2374:
2358:. Pisces Conservation Ltd. Archived from
2327:
2325:
2323:
2311:
2035:Amazon tributary classified as blackwater
1754:
1639:and empties into the Atlantic Ocean near
1584:: located in central Florida, flows into
1319:and the small rivers in the watershed of
1277:
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
964:Comparison between clear and black waters
134:Comparison between white and black waters
2262:
2239:Duncan, W. P.; Fernandes, M. N. (2010).
2234:
2232:
2230:
1758:
1538:that passes to the south of the city of
1281:
31:
3220:International scale of river difficulty
466:Black and white waters differ in their
4702:
4564:Meadowview Biological Research Station
4496:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
2320:
2294:Goulding, M.; Carvalho, M. L. (1982).
2171:
3860:
2602:
2268:
2227:
2210:
1273:: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
1267:: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
1261:: from Colombia east into the Orinoco
664:L of black, white, and mixed waters.
1560:, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.
1077:
1048:adding citations to reliable sources
1019:
4559:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
2389:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. p.
2356:Amazonian Fishes and their Habitats
1674:St. Mary's River (Florida–Georgia):
1512:. The Myakka River discharges into
13:
1778:: a river starting in the western
1615:. The river is a tributary to the
1485:, South Carolina: flows into the
1311:ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge
992:and some right tributaries of the
14:
4726:
1708:, North Carolina: flows into the
1542:and enters the Atlantic Ocean at
1475:, South Carolina: flows into the
20:Blackwater River (disambiguation)
4684:
4683:
4672:
2153:Colored dissolved organic matter
2132:
2109:
2089:
2063:
2040:
2028:
1522:: located in Northwest Tennessee
1355:, West Virginia: Located in the
1198:
1081:
1024:
463:, similar to that of rainwater.
4055:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3377:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2565:
2535:
2475:
2313:10.1590/S0101-81751982000200001
1724:, a 63 Mile long stream in the
1692:, Indian River County, Florida.
1635:that flows through the city of
1346:: a major river in the western
1309:in South Carolina makes up the
1035:needs additional citations for
36:A swamp-fed stream in northern
2407:
2344:
2300:Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
2204:
2165:
1980:Intermittent blackwater events
1806:National Wild and Scenic River
1534:: a 245-mile river in eastern
1016:Blackwater rivers of the world
1:
4579:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
4569:Society of Wetland Scientists
2158:
1814:and its tributaries from the
1796:: a river in the far western
1670:: a river in northern Florida
1625:: a river in northern Florida
1528:: a river in northern Florida
1417:, North Carolina: flows into
1389:, North Carolina: flows into
996:), but some originate in the
4194:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
3886:
3543:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3493:Hydrological transport model
3387:Storm Water Management Model
2254:(3): 454–464. Archived from
2004:
1971:to Tin Can Bay stained with
1915:
1790:Black River (Gogebic County)
1698:: a large river in southern
1249:which flows into the Orinoco
658:
508:
137:
7:
4464:National Wetlands Inventory
2125:
2022:Images of blackwater rivers
1594:: a small river in central
1556:. It is a tributary of the
1447:: located in West Tennessee
1113:
968:Blackwater rivers resemble
475:
471:
428:
96:. There are also black mud
24:Blackwater (disambiguation)
10:
4731:
4549:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
3047:Antecedent drainage stream
2073:, the largest city on the
1566:: a river in Northeastern
17:
4667:
4591:
4536:
4486:
4477:
4449:
4418:
4365:
4337:
4297:
3901:
3894:
3811:
3783:River valley civilization
3745:
3684:
3666:Riparian-zone restoration
3566:
3428:
3400:
3301:
3273:
3205:
3027:
2894:
2811:
2733:
2644:
2517:. Island Press. pp.
2496:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2
2428:10.1007/s13157-011-0190-7
1969:Great Sandy National Park
1871:
676:
673:
670:
431:. Black waters are more
4528:Wetland indicator status
3846:Countries without rivers
3821:Rivers by discharge rate
3533:Runoff model (reservoir)
3498:Infiltration (hydrology)
2457:. Gland, IUCN. pp.
4239:Freshwater swamp forest
3518:River Continuum Concept
3283:Agricultural wastewater
2269:Sioli, H., ed. (1984).
2096:A cypress slough where
1631:: a river in southeast
1510:Manatee County, Florida
1501:Lumber River State Park
4574:Wetlands International
4345:List of wetland plants
3841:River name etymologies
3768:Hydraulic civilization
3626:Floodplain restoration
3402:Point source pollution
3177:Sedimentary structures
2547:www.upstreampaddle.com
1888:The Congo basin lakes
1767:
1755:Northern United States
1686:and into the Atlantic.
1603:: a river in southern
1459:, Florida: flows into
1294:
1278:Southern United States
68:. The term is used in
66:Southern United States
41:
22:. For other uses, see
4219:Salt pannes and pools
3453:Discharge (hydrology)
3415:Industrial wastewater
2896:Sedimentary processes
2340:(3–4). Kiel: 365–383.
1907:(both exiting in the
1762:
1716:Upper Nanticoke River
1592:Pithlachascotee River
1431:Econlockhatchee River
1369:: a tributary of the
1336:: a tributary of the
1292:Orrum, North Carolina
1285:
1160:: a tributary of the
1131:: a tributary of the
1122:: a tributary of the
117:Alfred Russel Wallace
35:
3558:Volumetric flow rate
3142:Riffle-pool sequence
2258:on 13 November 2021.
2053:Trap Pond State Park
1663:Pettigrew State Park
1473:Little Pee Dee River
1457:Little Manatee River
1397:Caloosahatchee River
1205:Morichal Largo River
1095:adding missing items
1044:improve this article
109:ionic concentrations
4679:Wetlands portal
4310:Constructed wetland
3895:Types and landforms
3732:Whitewater kayaking
3727:Whitewater canoeing
3528:Runoff curve number
3372:Flood pulse concept
1690:St. Sebastian River
1649:: a small river in
1467:Great Coharie Creek
1441:in Central Florida.
1245:northeast into the
1148:Mirití-Paraná River
665:
519:
140:
4523:Salt marsh die-off
4441:Salt marsh dieback
4350:List of fen plants
4189:Palustrine wetland
4090:Intertidal wetland
4085:Interdunal wetland
3758:Aquatic toxicology
3671:Stream restoration
3636:Infiltration basin
3488:Hydrological model
3004:Sediment transport
2827:Estavelle/Inversac
2705:Subterranean river
2577:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
1999:Murrumbidgee River
1768:
1763:Chocolate-colored
1706:Upper Little River
1613:Delmarva Peninsula
1403:: flows west from
1377:and South Carolina
1295:
1093:; you can help by
659:
509:
435:, resulting in an
138:
42:
4697:
4696:
4599:Aquatic ecosystem
4587:
4586:
4506:Ramsar Convention
4333:
4332:
4315:Converted wetland
4257:Peat swamp forest
4120:Inland salt marsh
3854:
3853:
3831:Whitewater rivers
3737:Whitewater slalom
3568:River engineering
3468:Groundwater model
3429:River measurement
3357:Flood forecasting
3172:Sedimentary basin
3029:Fluvial landforms
2934:Bed material load
2710:River bifurcation
2468:978-2-8317-1326-7
2280:978-94-009-6544-7
1930:Macquarie Harbour
1911:) are blackwater.
1909:Niger River Delta
1847:: a river in the
1841:Tahquamenon River
1765:Tahquamenon Falls
1647:Scuppernong River
1641:Cumberland Island
1607:and southeastern
1526:Ochlockonee River
1445:Forked Deer River
1357:Blackwater Canyon
1348:Florida panhandle
1301:: along with the
1111:
1110:
1076:
1075:
1068:
978:Brazilian Plateau
970:clearwater rivers
961:
960:
657:
656:
470:fauna and flora.
421:
420:
113:clearwater rivers
105:whitewater rivers
4722:
4687:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4659:Will-o'-the-wisp
4592:Related articles
4484:
4483:
4284:Whitewater river
4234:Coniferous swamp
4115:Freshwater marsh
4008:Clearwater river
3924:Blackwater river
3899:
3898:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3816:Rivers by length
3651:River morphology
3553:Wetted perimeter
3458:Drainage density
2969:Headward erosion
2798:Perennial stream
2670:Blackwater river
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:on 8 August 2014
2579:. Archived from
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2549:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2532:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2245:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2174:Dipterocarpaceae
2169:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2113:
2093:
2067:
2044:
2032:
1905:Sombreiro Rivers
1866:Great Egg Harbor
1851:that flows into
1826:Gooseberry River
1800:that flows into
1782:that flows into
1655:Tyrrell Counties
1586:Charlotte Harbor
1564:Pasquotank River
1514:Charlotte Harbor
1362:
1353:Blackwater River
1344:Blackwater River
1334:Blackwater River
1214:Guiana highlands
1106:
1103:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1028:
1020:
974:dissolved solids
666:
663:
520:
505:
141:
129:
94:black mud rivers
46:blackwater river
4730:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4710:Aquatic ecology
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4583:
4554:Ducks Unlimited
4532:
4491:Clean Water Act
4473:
4451:Classifications
4445:
4414:
4361:
4329:
4293:
4244:Mangrove forest
3890:
3885:
3855:
3850:
3826:Drainage basins
3807:
3741:
3680:
3656:Retention basin
3616:Erosion control
3611:Detention basin
3562:
3478:Hjulström curve
3430:
3424:
3396:
3340:Non-water flood
3297:
3269:
3215:Helicoidal flow
3201:
3102:Fluvial terrace
3097:Floating island
3023:
2898:
2890:
2881:Rhythmic spring
2815:
2807:
2788:Stream gradient
2729:
2715:River ecosystem
2680:Channel pattern
2648:
2640:
2627:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2507:
2503:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2447:
2443:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2362:on 16 July 2011
2350:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2321:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2267:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2221:Springer-Verlag
2209:
2205:
2190:10.2307/2989823
2170:
2166:
2161:
2140:Wetlands portal
2138:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2094:
2085:
2068:
2059:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2007:
1982:
1918:
1896:are blackwater.
1874:
1849:Upper Peninsula
1798:Upper Peninsula
1757:
1742:White Oak River
1710:Cape Fear River
1680:St. Johns River
1668:Sopchoppy River
1572:Albemarle Sound
1451:Four Hole Swamp
1439:St. Johns River
1419:Albemarle Sound
1405:Lake Okeechobee
1391:Albemarle Sound
1381:Cape Fear River
1360:
1307:Combahee Rivers
1280:
1201:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1082:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1029:
1018:
966:
704:
696:
688:
683:
661:
539:
534:
529:
524:
503:
409:
161:
154:
150:
136:
123:
30:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:Drainage basin
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4436:Paludification
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:Sapric or muck
4385:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4366:Soil mechanics
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Brackish marsh
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Stone skipping
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Drop structure
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Balancing lake
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Playfair's law
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Exner equation
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Bradshaw model
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:Urban flooding
3327:
3322:
3320:Crevasse splay
3317:
3315:100-year flood
3311:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3275:Surface runoff
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Stream capture
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Rock-cut basin
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Suspended load
3006:
3001:
2999:Secondary flow
2996:
2991:
2989:Retrogradation
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Dissolved load
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2886:Spring horizon
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Mineral spring
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:list in the US
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2778:Stream channel
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Drainage basin
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Alluvial river
2656:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2564:
2553:on 8 July 2020
2534:
2527:
2501:
2474:
2467:
2441:
2422:(4): 623–640.
2406:
2399:
2373:
2343:
2319:
2306:(2): 107–133.
2286:
2279:
2261:
2226:
2203:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:Sabangau River
2006:
2003:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1886:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:Tuckahoe River
1855:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1809:
1787:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1736:Waccamaw River
1733:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1696:Suwannee River
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:North Carolina
1644:
1626:
1623:Santa Fe River
1620:
1617:Chesapeake Bay
1601:Pocomoke River
1598:
1589:
1579:
1576:Elizabeth City
1568:North Carolina
1561:
1558:Altamaha River
1547:
1532:Ogeechee River
1529:
1523:
1517:
1503:
1497:Drowning Creek
1490:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1409:Gulf of Mexico
1394:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1314:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:Ventuari River
1250:
1247:Guaviare River
1236:
1230:
1224:
1220:west into the
1207:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:Mazaruni River
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Mazaruni River
1140:
1135:
1129:Arapiuns River
1126:
1120:Apaporis River
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
701:
698:
693:
690:
685:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
419:
418:
415:
412:
407:
402:
401:
398:
395:
387:
386:
383:
380:
372:
371:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
332:
331:
328:
325:
318:
317:
314:
311:
304:
303:
300:
297:
290:
289:
286:
283:
276:
275:
272:
269:
262:
261:
258:
255:
248:
247:
244:
241:
234:
233:
230:
227:
220:
219:
218:0.212 ± 0.066
216:
213:
206:
205:
204:0.114 ± 0.035
202:
199:
192:
191:
190:0.327 ± 0.107
188:
185:
178:
177:
176:0.380 ± 0.124
174:
171:
164:
163:
156:
144:
135:
132:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4727:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Riparian zone
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:Organizations
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4393:Tropical peat
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Várzea forest
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Polygonal bog
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Surface water
3796:
3794:
3793:Sacred waters
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Riparian zone
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Body of water
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Riverboarding
3710:
3708:
3707:River surfing
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:and modelling
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:Return period
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Flood control
3350:
3348:
3347:Flood barrier
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Palaeochannel
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Granular flow
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Channel types
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Braided river
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2528:1-55963-365-4
2524:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2400:0-8120-4669-2
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2217:New York City
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:(2): 69–103.
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:Lower Guinean
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Lake Superior
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:Ocqueoc River
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Mullica River
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:Lake Superior
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:Village Creek
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Satilla River
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:Ohoopee River
1548:
1545:
1544:Ossabaw Sound
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:Pee Dee River
1484:
1483:Lynches River
1481:
1478:
1477:Pee Dee River
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:Pee Dee River
1368:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Ashepoo River
1297:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1272:
1271:Tuparro River
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:Vichada River
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Inírida River
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Atabapo River
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:Orinoco basin
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Tahuayo River
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Piorini River
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Tapajós River
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1089:This list is
1087:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1033:This section
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Guiana Shield
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
702:
699:
694:
691:
686:
682:Animal groups
681:
680:
668:
667:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
537:
532:
527:
523:Animal groups
522:
521:
517:
514:) and white (
513:
507:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
416:
413:
410:
404:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:– blackwater
160:
157:
155:– whitewater
153:
148:
145:
143:
142:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:is a type of
47:
39:
34:
25:
21:
16:
4624:List of bogs
4479:Conservation
4410:Ombrotrophic
4354:
4325:Water-meadow
4249:
4060:Grass valley
4050:Flood-meadow
4013:Cypress dome
3944:Cataract bog
3923:
3919:Beach meadow
3836:Flash floods
3788:River cruise
3685:River sports
3538:Stream gauge
3523:Rouse number
3513:Relief ratio
3362:Flood-meadow
3293:Urban runoff
3207:Fluvial flow
3192:River valley
3162:River island
3127:Meander scar
3042:Alluvial fan
2984:Progradation
2859:Karst spring
2803:Winterbourne
2758:Chalk stream
2720:River source
2695:Distributary
2669:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2576:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2546:
2537:
2512:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2452:
2444:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2384:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2355:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2273:. Springer.
2270:
2264:
2256:the original
2251:
2247:
2212:
2206:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2075:Amazon River
2055:in Southern
2049:bald cypress
2016:Kapuas River
1995:Wakool River
1991:Edward River
1987:Murray River
1983:
1965:Searys Creek
1949:button grass
1939:Pieman River
1922:Gordon River
1816:Pine Barrens
1784:Lake Ontario
1730:Neches River
1684:Jacksonville
1506:Myakka River
1425:Edisto River
1415:Chowan River
1387:Cashie River
1338:Chowan River
1288:Lumber River
1227:Caroní River
1193:Vaupés River
1183:Uatumã River
1158:Potaro River
1124:Japurá River
1099:
1062:
1056:January 2021
1053:
1042:Please help
1037:verification
1034:
967:
939:Larval fish
677:White water
674:Mixed water
671:Black water
626:Chironomidae
465:
461:conductivity
425:white waters
422:
350:Conductivity
152:Amazon River
121:Harald Sioli
102:
93:
62:Amazon Basin
45:
43:
15:
4649:Telmatology
4644:River delta
4511:Ramsar site
4501:Marsh organ
4400:Hydric soil
4279:Vernal pool
4262:Shrub swamp
4130:Tidal marsh
3959:Plateau bog
3949:Coastal bog
3939:Blanket bog
3697:Fly fishing
3621:Fish ladder
3606:Daylighting
3325:Flash flood
3288:First flush
3235:Plunge pool
2959:Downcutting
2944:Debris flow
2919:Aggradation
2793:Stream pool
2557:19 November
2385:Discus Fish
2102:Big Thicket
2047:Cluster of
1955:Noosa River
1945:Davey River
1901:New Calabar
1780:Adirondacks
1772:Black River
1726:Big Thicket
1657:in eastern
1582:Peace River
1520:Obion River
1367:Black River
1340:in Virginia
1233:Caura River
1212:: from the
1188:Urubu River
1138:Coari River
714:Volvocaceae
496:larval fish
488:crustaceans
400:10.5 ± 1.3
397:13.5 ± 3.1
271:22.7 ± 5.9
257:37.8 ± 8.8
124: [
4704:Categories
4609:Bog butter
4305:Bog garden
4298:Artificial
4269:Wet meadow
4135:High marsh
4125:Salt marsh
4028:Fen-meadow
3996:Alder carr
3979:Upland bog
3974:String bog
3969:Raised bog
3803:Wild river
3483:Hydrograph
3473:Hack's law
3438:Baer's law
3382:Inundation
3367:Floodplain
3307:stormwater
3265:Whitewater
3137:Oxbow lake
2974:Knickpoint
2949:Deposition
2842:Hot spring
2783:Streamflow
2773:Stream bed
2690:Confluence
2334:Amazoniana
2223:: 275–288.
2178:Biotropica
2159:References
2120:, Colombia
1959:Queensland
1934:West Coast
1890:Mai-Ndombe
1862:New Jersey
1836:Lake Huron
1820:New Jersey
1748:Wolf River
1651:Washington
1321:Caddo Lake
1265:Tomo River
1178:Tefé River
1091:incomplete
839:Cyclopoida
610:Cyclopoida
518:) waters.
486:but fewer
468:planktonic
423:Black and
417:1.7 ± 0.5
414:6.7 ± 0.8
411:-C (mg/L)
367:6.9 ± 0.4
344:4.1 ± 1.8
341:3.2 ± 1.5
330:1.8 ± 0.5
327:2.4 ± 0.6
316:9.0 ± 2.4
313:5.9 ± 5.1
274:8.1 ± 2.1
260:3.6 ± 1.0
246:2.0 ± 0.5
243:4.0 ± 0.9
232:1.7 ± 0.7
229:3.1 ± 2.1
215:7.2 ± 1.6
201:1.1 ± 0.2
187:0.9 ± 0.2
173:2.3 ± 0.8
4431:Hydrosere
4419:Processes
4405:Marsh gas
4250:Myristica
4140:Low marsh
3954:Kermi bog
3929:Bofedales
3909:Backswamp
3773:Limnology
3722:Triathlon
3692:Canyoning
3661:Revetment
3591:Check dam
3503:Main stem
3260:Waterfall
3147:Point bar
3132:Mouth bar
3072:Billabong
3019:Water gap
3014:Wash load
2994:Saltation
2914:Anabranch
2837:Holy well
2725:Tributary
2490:: 33–46.
2083:Rio Negro
2077:, from a
2051:trees in
2005:Indonesia
1916:Australia
1461:Tampa Bay
1435:tributary
1329:Louisiana
1218:Venezuela
1167:Rio Negro
1000:(such as
986:Tocantins
980:(such as
864:Mysidacea
814:Calanoida
789:Ostracoda
764:Cladocera
594:Calanoida
578:Ostracoda
562:Cladocera
500:ostracods
480:Rio Negro
453:potassium
445:magnesium
382:105 ± 58
302:178 ± 58
299:109 ± 76
288:112 ± 29
159:Rio Negro
107:and have
98:estuaries
78:geography
72:studies,
4689:Category
4619:Bog-wood
4614:Bog iron
4604:Bog body
4426:Halosere
4378:Histosol
4373:Acrotelm
4356:Sphagnum
4214:Reed bed
4159:Moorland
4038:Rich fen
4033:Poor fen
3888:Wetlands
3576:Aqueduct
3443:Baseflow
3410:Effluent
3087:Cut bank
3052:Avulsion
2929:Bed load
2909:Abrasion
2587:8 August
2436:36001397
2416:Wetlands
2248:PanamJAS
2126:See also
2057:Delaware
1973:tea-tree
1926:Tasmania
1845:Michigan
1794:Michigan
1776:New York
1637:Waycross
1609:Maryland
1605:Delaware
1540:Savannah
1305:and the
1243:Colombia
1114:Amazonia
1102:May 2014
1010:Araguari
1002:Nhamundá
916:(mites)
739:Rotifera
684:present
644:(mites)
546:Rotifera
525:present
516:Solimões
484:rotifers
472:Tables 2
437:aluminum
385:25 ± 17
370:5.1±0.6
285:44 ± 37
147:Solimões
64:and the
58:wetlands
4654:Turbary
4634:Estuary
4209:Pothole
4199:Pocosin
4164:Mudflat
4003:Ciénega
3986:Callows
3902:Natural
3753:Aquifer
3746:Related
3702:Rafting
3230:Meander
3225:Log jam
3187:Thalweg
3092:Estuary
2964:Erosion
2901:erosion
2813:Springs
2768:Current
2735:Streams
2675:Channel
2638:springs
2634:streams
2484:Zootaxa
2198:2989823
2098:baygall
1975:tannin.
1932:on the
1700:Georgia
1633:Georgia
1611:on the
1596:Florida
1554:Georgia
1536:Georgia
1437:of the
1407:to the
1401:Florida
1363:III-V+.
1241:: from
1222:Orinoco
994:Madeira
982:Tapajós
957:
951:
945:
942:
934:
928:
922:
919:
908:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:Diptera
883:
880:
877:
874:
868:
833:
830:
827:
808:
802:
777:
771:
758:
755:
752:
733:
730:
727:
721:
708:Forest
700:Forest
692:Forest
449:calcium
429:Table 1
394:(mg/L)
379:(μg/L)
354:57 ± 8
338:(μg/L)
324:(μg/L)
310:(μg/L)
296:(μg/L)
282:(μg/L)
268:(μg/L)
254:(μg/L)
240:(mg/L)
226:(mg/L)
212:(mg/L)
198:(mg/L)
184:(mg/L)
170:(mg/L)
86:biology
82:ecology
74:geology
70:fluvial
38:Florida
4715:Rivers
4224:Slough
4179:Pakihi
4169:Muskeg
4095:Kettle
4065:Guelta
3548:WAFLEX
3420:Sewage
3303:Floods
3245:Riffle
3240:Rapids
3182:Strath
3152:Ravine
3077:Canyon
2832:Geyser
2763:Coulee
2748:Bourne
2743:Arroyo
2646:Rivers
2630:Rivers
2525:
2465:
2434:
2397:
2366:21 May
2277:
2196:
2071:Manaus
1951:plains
1872:Africa
1493:Lumber
1361:
1303:Edisto
1008:, and
705:water
697:water
689:water
662:
540:water
535:water
530:water
512:Japura
504:
457:snails
451:, and
441:sodium
433:acidic
390:Total
375:Total
357:9 ± 2
84:, and
54:swamps
4320:Swale
4289:Yaéré
4252:swamp
4229:Swamp
4184:Palsa
4174:Oasis
4154:Misse
4105:Marsh
4075:Igapó
4070:Hamun
4045:Flark
4018:Dambo
3914:Bayou
3646:Levee
3631:Flume
3586:Canal
3330:Flood
3250:Shoal
3117:Gully
3112:Gulch
3082:Chine
3067:Bayou
2924:Armor
2876:Ponor
2651:lists
2521:–62.
2461:–20.
2432:S2CID
2244:(PDF)
2194:JSTOR
1894:Tumba
1879:Congo
1877:Most
1375:North
1325:Texas
990:Xingu
914:Acari
642:Acari
538:White
533:Mixed
528:Black
492:mites
128:]
50:river
4516:List
4383:Peat
4338:Life
4204:Pond
4149:Mere
4100:Lagg
4080:Ings
3991:Carr
3676:Weir
3641:Leat
3305:and
3197:Wadi
3157:Rill
3122:Glen
3107:Gill
3057:Bank
2899:and
2864:list
2847:list
2818:list
2753:Burn
2636:and
2589:2014
2559:2014
2523:ISBN
2488:1169
2463:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2368:2006
2275:ISBN
2118:Mitú
2079:NASA
1997:and
1903:and
1899:The
1892:and
1881:and
1653:and
1433:, a
1327:and
1286:The
1006:Paru
703:Open
695:Open
687:Open
550:284
490:and
474:and
90:loam
4023:Fen
3934:Bog
3596:Dam
3062:Bar
3037:Ait
2492:doi
2424:doi
2308:doi
2186:doi
2176:".
2148:Bog
1661:at
1373:in
1323:in
1216:of
1097:.
1046:by
1012:).
855:13
849:19
846:27
824:10
818:23
796:11
749:34
743:87
724:38
718:42
620:61
617:49
614:22
604:66
601:51
598:11
588:29
585:97
582:39
572:43
569:29
553:23
406:HCO
56:or
4706::
2632:,
2575:.
2545:.
2519:60
2486:.
2430:.
2420:31
2418:.
2393:.
2391:15
2354:.
2338:12
2336:.
2322:^
2302:.
2298:.
2250:.
2246:.
2229:^
2219::
2215:.
2192:.
2180:.
2001:.
1993:,
1989:,
1957:,
1924:,
1860:,
1843:,
1818:,
1792:,
1774:,
1399:,
1004:,
988:,
984:,
954:1
948:1
931:1
925:1
905:1
871:1
858:1
852:1
843:5
821:3
805:7
799:3
793:2
783:1
780:8
774:5
768:6
746:5
653:2
650:0
647:0
636:3
633:3
630:0
566:5
556:0
447:,
443:,
363:pH
336:Zn
322:Cu
308:Mn
294:Fe
280:Al
266:Ba
252:Sr
238:Si
224:Cl
210:Ca
196:Mg
168:Na
149:or
126:de
100:.
80:,
76:,
44:A
3880:e
3873:t
3866:v
2820:)
2816:(
2653:)
2649:(
2622:e
2615:t
2608:v
2591:.
2561:.
2531:.
2498:.
2494::
2471:.
2459:1
2438:.
2426::
2403:.
2370:.
2316:.
2310::
2304:1
2283:.
2252:5
2200:.
2188::
2182:6
1808:.
1786:.
1732:.
1712:.
1643:.
1619:.
1588:.
1578:.
1546:.
1516:.
1495:/
1489:.
1479:.
1463:.
1421:.
1411:.
1393:.
1313:.
1104:)
1100:(
1069:)
1063:(
1058:)
1054:(
1040:.
476:3
408:3
392:C
377:P
182:K
26:.
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