Blemmyes - Knowledge

484: 155:

majority were probably desert nomads, breeding donkeys, sheep and goats. After 600 BC, the Napatan, C-group dynasty lost control over Egypt as well as the then-rather desolate Lower Nubia. The latter area subsequently remained more or less without permanent settlements for four centuries. The main explanation for the hiatus of sedentary population in Lower Nubia has been the drying up of this part of the world, making river valley agriculture difficult. Due to climatic change, the level of the Nile had been lowered to a degree which could only be compensated for at the beginning of the first century AD, when the

389: 102: 327: 27: 483: 512:

Blemmye writings mention various royal officials who seemed to be arranged in a hierarchy. Beneath the kings were phylarchs, who were chiefs of separate tribes. Other officials include sub-chiefs, court officials, and scribes. The Blemmyes kings had the power to levy taxes and grant exemptions as

508:

Both Blemmye inscriptions in Greek and records from Greeks and Romans refer to the Blemmyes as having βασιλισκοι and βασιλῆς, which terms usually refer to kings. Because of this, the Blemmyes are often described as having had a kingdom. Some historians are skeptical: László Török writes that "the

154:

in the heartland of present-day Beja. The evidence suggests that only a minority of "the pan-grave people" lived in the Nile Valley, where they existed in small enclave communities among the Egyptians and C-group populations, being periodically used as desert scouts, warriors or mine workers. The

493:

Reliefs of the "Ethiopian" chamber inside the Isis temple of Philae, depicting pilgrims and priests from the south. The inscription in front of the third figure from the left is a letter describing the gifts of a diplomatic mission sent by King

159:

waterwheel was developed. Until then, the area was only sparsely populated by desert nomads. Politically, it was "a sort of no-man's land where caravans, unless they were provided with considerable escort, were delivered to brigands".

509:

term should not be interpreted narrowly, it is doubtful that there ever existed one centralised Blemmyan kingdom; more likely there were several tribal 'states' developing towards some sort of hierarchical unity"

379:

The Blemmyan language is so close to modern Beja that it is probably nothing else than an early dialect of the same language. In this case, the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay.

490: 968:

Satzinger, Helmut (1992). "Die Personennamen von Blemmyern in koptischen und griechischen Texten: orthographische und phonetische Analyse". In Ebermann, E.; Sommerauer, E.R.; Thomanek, K.E. (eds.).

1213:

Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD

1188:

Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD

1163:

Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD

1138:

Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD

1113:

Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD

418:

culture, and their religion was centered in the temples of Kalabsha and Philae. The former edifice was a huge local architectural masterpiece, where a solar, lion-like divinity named

450:

Most of our information on Blemmye religious practices comes from inscriptions in the temples of Philae and Kalabsha, and from Roman and Egyptian accounts of the worship of

357:

and linguist Klaus Wedekind have both attempted to demonstrate that this language is an ancestor of Beja, and were both of the opinion that it represented a fragment of

188:

one century later may reflect the same root term. Similar terms recur in Egyptian sources from later centuries with more certain correspondence to the Greek etymon of

285: 766:. Bergen: Institutt for klassik filologi, russisk og religionsvitenskap, Seksjon for gresk, latin og egyptologi, Universitetet i Bergen. pp. 560, 569. 562:

Vassilios Christides (1980), "Ethnic Movements in Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan: Blemmyes-Beja in Late Antique and Early Arab Egypt until 707 A. D.",

970:

Komparative Afrikanistik. Sprach-, geschichts- und literaturwissenschaftliche Aufsätze zu Ehren von Hans G. Mukarovsky anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstags

741:. Bergen: Institutt for klassisk filologi, russisk og religionsvitenskap, Seksjon for gresk, latin og egyptologi, Universitetet i Bergen. p. 1108. 1093: 1097: 368:

has analyzed Blemmyan names from Egyptian, Greek, and Coptic sources, and similarly concluded that the Blemmyan language is an ancestor of Beja.

908: 146:. Contemporary with them are the archaeological remains of another cultural group, "the pan-grave people". They have been identified with the 997:. 'Inside and Out: Interactions between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity (200–800 CE). Ottawa. 222: 712:

Barnard, Hans (2005). "Sire, il n'y a pas de Blemmyes: A Re-Evaluation of Historical and Archaeological Data". In Starkey, Janet (ed.).

695: 284:, with the help of the Blemmyes themselves. The Blemmyes were said to have joined forces with the Palmyrans against the Romans in the 237:

raiders but not bellicose. In later writings, the Blemmyes are described in stereotypical terms as barbarians living south of Egypt.

67:

people who appeared in written sources from the 7th century BC until the 8th century AD. By the late 4th century, they had occupied

628: 1044: 1017: 832: 805: 822: 1247: 458:

was worshipped at Kalabsha. Additional cult societies were dedicated to the gods Abene, Amati, and Khopan. According to

408:, and Aniba. All were fortified with walls and towers of a mixture of Egyptian, Hellenic, Roman, and Nubian elements. 1220: 1195: 1170: 1145: 1120: 1069: 771: 746: 721: 396:

The Blemmyes occupied a considerable region in what is modern day Sudan. There were several important cities such as

1034: 795: 268:

put in much effort to defeat an invading army of Blemmyes. A few years later, in 253, they attacked Upper Egypt (

477:

from the early sixth century suggest that some portion of the Blemmye population had converted to Christianity.

977: 143: 865: 299:

by the Blemmyes. That meant another war and almost an entire destruction of the Blemmyes army (279–280).

339: 1252: 330:

The ostracon from Saqqara which F.Ll. Griffith believed bore writing in the language of the Blemmyes.

849: 1257: 714:

People of the Red Sea: Proceedings of Red Sea Project II Held in the British Museum October 2004

334:

Multiple researchers have proposed that the language of the Blemmyes was an ancestor of modern

292: 39: 295:

took some time to defeat the usurpers with his allies but could not prevent the occupation of

168:

The people referred to in Greek texts as Blemmyes may have their earliest mention as Egyptian

388: 354: 252:

The cultural and military power of the Blemmyes started to grow to such a level that in 193,

684: 414:

would serve as the capital of the Blemmyes. The Blemmyes culture was also influenced by the

8: 351: 272:) again but were quickly defeated. In 265, they were defeated again by the Roman Prefect 1087: 902: 571: 1242: 1216: 1191: 1166: 1141: 1116: 1075: 1065: 1040: 1013: 973: 828: 801: 767: 742: 717: 261: 591:

The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile

931: 365: 277: 253: 82:

The Blemmyes are usually identified as one of the components of the archaeological

142:

from about 750 BC. For some time this kingdom controlled Egypt too, supplying its

242: 119: 83: 1211: