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today. Unfortunately the cedar was
Bermuda's main tree cover up until the blight, with little diversity to fill the void when the trees died off. Thus, some species who depended on and thrived in its branches, such as bluebirds and white-eyed vireo became critically endangered along with it. Others, such as the endemic cicada went extinct without it.
742:
in the 1940s, two species of scale were accidentally introduced, and, unable to deal with this foreign pest, 95% of
Bermuda's cedar trees were killed. The 5% of trees who survived the blight were found to be resistant to the scale. These have been propagated since then, and the Bermuda cedar survives
713:
This tree-covered much of the island, but the forest was decimated first by settlers, and then later by an infestation of scale. It is an event known today as "the blight." This caused a variety of pollinators to become extinct and is a harrowing example of how unchecked human development can cause a
771:
An estimated 95 percent of the surviving population of native
Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) was destroyed between 1946 and 1951 (Rueger and von Wallmenich 1996), following the accidental introduction of two coccoid scale insects (Sterrer 1998a). Only an estimated one percent of the original
800:
Seymour's Pond Nature
Reserve. Under the management of the Bermuda Audubon Society, this 1-hectare (2 1/2-acre) site attracts the occasional birder as well as romantic couples looking for a little privacy. Just past the pond, you'll spot pepper trees and old cedars that escaped the
829:
Mr. Groves, who was made an
Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to Bermuda and agriculture, was Assistant Director of Agriculture in the late 1940s when a blight decimated the Island's cedar
859:
The accidental introduction of the Oyster-shell Scale and the
Juniper Scale caused the demise of at least 85 percent of the cedar population by 1952, with more than 100,000 being felled during and after the scale
933:
Rico A, Ortiz-Barredo A, Ritter E, Murillo J. 2004. Genetic characterization of
Erwinia amylovora strains by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 96(2):302β310.
918:
Erskine JM. 1973. Characteristics of
Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage and its possible role in the epidemiology of fire blight. Canadian Journal of Microbiology; 19(7):837β845.
362:
406:"Plant Pathology 369 - Southern Corn Leaf Blight Key words: Plant Disease, Bipolaris maydis, Helminthosporium maydis, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Corn, Sorghum, Teosinte"
927:
Mcmanus PS. 1994. Role of Wind-Driven Rain, Aerosols, and
Contaminated Budwood in Incidence and Spatial Pattern of Fire Blight in an Apple Nursery. Plant Disease 78:1059.
67:
such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are:
629:
227:
924:
M. N. Schroth, S. V. Thomson, D. C. Hildebrand, W. J. Moller. 1974. Epidemiology and
Control of Fire Blight. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 12:1, 389-412.
945:
Vanneste JL. What is fire blight? Who is Erwinia amylovora? How to control it? Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora.:1β6.
915:
Bonn WG, Zwet TVD. Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora.:37β53.
813:
275:
When blights have been particularly vast and consequential in their effects, they have become named historical events, such as the 19th Century
891:"It was not scary by day, but at night if you had to cross that going somewhere you made time," the 75-year-old said. "There was no stopping."
405:
921:
Johnson KB, Stockwell VO. 1998. MANAGEMENT OF FIRE BLIGHT: A Case Study in Microbial Ecology. Annual Review of Phytopathology 36:227β248.
930:
PuΕawska J, Sobiczewski P. 2011. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Erwinia amylovora: the causal agent of fire blight. Trees 26:3β12.
784:
873:
508:
843:
963:
649:
245:
On leaf tissue, symptoms of blight are the initial appearance of lesions which rapidly engulf surrounding tissue. However,
350:
936:
Ritchie DF. 1977. Isolation of Erwinia amylovora Bacteriophage from Aerial Parts of Apple Trees. Phytopathology 77:101.
577:
448:
682:
942:
Thomas TM. 1992. Severity of Fire Blight on Apple Cultivars and Strains in Michigan. Plant Disease 76:1049.
338:
94:
650:
Erasing the Past: A New Identity for the Damoclean Pathogen Causing South American Leaf Blight of Rubber
889:
Dark Bottom, a dense forest of cedar trees just below the lighthouse where he and his friends played.
249:
may, in advanced stages, expand to kill entire areas of leaf tissue and thus exhibit blight symptoms.
27:
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409:
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20:
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71:
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107:(Nisikado & Miyake) Shoemaker, incited a severe loss of corn in the United States in 1970.
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292:
202:
314:
8:
893:
He thinks the story was made up to ensure the neighbourhood children were home on time.
237:
167:
84:
958:
939:
Steiner PW. 1996. What We Donβt Know About Fire Blight. Acta Horticulture; (411):3β6.
599:
591:
482:
142:
118:
186:
Early blight of potato and tomato, caused by species of the ubiquitous fungal genus
581:
564:"A Review of a Century of Studies on South American Leaf Blight of the Rubber Tree"
472:
224:
103:
64:
16:
Specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism
756:
110:
586:
563:
477:
209:
952:
595:
486:
124:
912:
Berg A. 1926. Tomato Late Blight and its Relation to Late Blight of Potato.
895:"We thought it was extraordinary that the beast had five fingers," he said.
603:
533:
134:
678:
220:
188:
75:
45:
430:
246:
196:
155:
138:
60:
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as Disinfectants Against Bacterial Leaf Blight of the Rice Plant."
128:
99:
48:
617:
403:
Partridge, J.E. "Southern Corn Leaf Blight." 2003. 8 August 2006.
252:
Blights are often named after their causative agent. For example,
897:
The trees were killed by the cedar blight in the late early 1950s
37:
681:. Agricultural Research Center - Apopka, University of Florida.
90:
698:"13 Different Types of Cedar Trees (All Cedar Tree Varieties)"
26:"Bacterial blight" redirects here. For the barley blight, see
785:"Bermuda: The Best Places to Get Away from It All in Bermuda"
151:
41:
162:
147:
19:
This article is about plant diseases. For other uses, see
279:, also known locally from its primary consequence as the
630:
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
146:(Burrill) Winslow et al., is the most severe disease of
117:(Murrill) Barr, has nearly completely eradicated mature
295:
during the 1940s and 1950s in the event described as
461:
as the source of bacterial seedling blight of rice"
394:. 5th ed, Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
557:
555:
127:, caused by an unknown agent, infects all citrus
950:
679:"Diseases of Foliage Plants - Revised List 1984"
465:Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan
446:
429:Oda, M., Sekizawa, Y., and Watanabe, T. 1966. "
552:
83:(Mont.) de Bary, the disease which led to the
534:"Alternaria triticina (leaf blight of wheat)"
772:cedar forest survived the blight (BBP 1997).
676:
561:
235:, ended the cultivation of the rubber tree (
814:"Leader of fight against tree blight dies"
733:. Explorations in Biology, Bermuda College
219:South American leaf blight, caused by the
585:
476:
447:Tanaka, T.; Katoh, T.; Satoh, T. (2002).
89:Southern corn leaf blight, caused by the
874:"Dark Bottom, a 1950s haven and horror"
951:
841:
695:
661:South American Leaf Blight of rubber (
610:
562:Guyot, Jean; Le Guen, Vincent (2018).
871:
685:from the original on 30 October 2014.
266:blight is named after the water mold
506:
174:Bacterial seedling blight of rice (
13:
872:Hardy, Jessie Moniz (2020-10-14).
754:
578:American Phytopathological Society
14:
975:
906:
714:catastrophe in the natural world.
449:"Role of the rice seedlings [
291:, and the near extinction of the
256:blight is named after the fungus
361:
349:
337:
325:
313:
212:, caused by the fungal pathogen
194:Leaf blight of the grasses e.g.
63:, browning, then death of plant
865:
844:"Learning about the cedar tree"
842:Calnan, Patricia (2011-02-10).
835:
806:
777:
748:
719:
689:
670:
654:
509:"Ascochyta Leaf Blight of Turf"
59:Blight is a rapid and complete
643:
526:
500:
440:
423:
397:
384:
171:(Uyeda & Ishiyama) Dowson.
54:
44:in response to infection by a
1:
377:
964:Plant pathogens and diseases
727:"Speciation at Spittal Pond"
7:
696:Undlin, Siri (2020-12-23).
622:(MICCUL)[Overview]"
356:Fire blight appletree fruit
206:that causes blight in wheat
95:Cochliobolus heterostrophus
10:
980:
587:10.1094/pdis-04-17-0592-fe
478:10.3186/jjphytopath.68.283
306:
165:, caused by the bacterium
135:Fire blight of pome fruits
25:
18:
513:Colorado State University
161:Bacterial leaf blight of
28:Bacterial blight (barley)
390:Agrios, George N. 2005.
115:Cryphonectria parasitica
453:] and Kouyawarabi (
285:Great Famine of Ireland
269:Phytophthora parasitica
113:, caused by the fungus
21:Blight (disambiguation)
459:Burkholderia plantarii
289:Highland Potato Famine
259:Colletotrichum capsici
181:Burkholderia plantarii
178:), caused by pathogen
80:Phytophthora infestans
820:. Bermuda. 2011-02-10
677:Chase, A. R. (1984).
620:Pseudocercospora ulei
455:Onoclea sensibilis L.
150:and also is found in
72:Late blight of potato
435:Applied Microbiology
203:Alternaria triticina
761:World Wildlife Fund
540:. 27 September 2018
241:) in South America.
791:. FrommerMedia LLC
344:Potato late blight
238:Hevea brasiliensis
168:Xanthomonas oryzae
119:American chestnuts
98:(Drechs.) Drechs,
85:Great Irish Famine
878:The Royal Gazette
848:The Royal Gazette
818:The Royal Gazette
332:Brown felt blight
143:Erwinia amylovora
121:in North America.
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663:Microcyclus ulei
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457:) infested with
444:
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427:
421:
420:
418:
417:
408:. Archived from
401:
395:
388:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
301:The Cedar Blight
233:Microcyclus ulei
225:Pseudocercospora
214:Tubakia iowensis
137:, caused by the
104:Bipolaris maydis
74:, caused by the
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731:Evolving Shores
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704:. PlantSnap Inc
694:
690:
675:
671:
667:, plantwise.org
659:
655:
648:
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635:
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626:Global Database
616:
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491:
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467:(in Japanese).
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392:Plant Pathology
389:
385:
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366:
357:
354:
345:
342:
333:
330:
321:
320:Chestnut blight
318:
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158:, among others.
111:Chestnut blight
57:
31:
24:
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11:
5:
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907:External links
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755:Mastny, Lisa.
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669:
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471:(3): 283β290.
439:
437:14(3):365-367.
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375:
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370:Bermuda cedars
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331:
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254:Colletotrichum
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231:, also called
217:
210:Bur oak blight
207:
192:
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36:is a specific
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632:). 2002-04-09
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580:: 1052β1065.
579:
575:
571:
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569:Plant Disease
565:
558:
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539:
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529:
514:
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507:Tisserat, N.
503:
488:
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412:on 2010-07-23
411:
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293:Bermuda cedar
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277:Potato Blight
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125:Citrus blight
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882:. Retrieved
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860:infestation.
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852:. Retrieved
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822:. Retrieved
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793:. Retrieved
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764:. Retrieved
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735:. Retrieved
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706:. Retrieved
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634:. Retrieved
625:
619:
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544:11 September
542:. Retrieved
538:www.cabi.org
537:
528:
518:11 September
516:. Retrieved
512:
502:
490:. Retrieved
468:
464:
458:
454:
451:Oryza sativa
450:
442:
434:
425:
414:. Retrieved
410:the original
399:
391:
386:
300:
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281:Great famine
280:
274:
267:
264:Phytophthora
263:
257:
253:
251:
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200:species and
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176:Oryza sativa
175:
166:
141:
114:
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33:
32:
492:15 December
368:Three dead
55:Description
953:Categories
884:2021-10-05
854:2021-10-05
824:2021-10-05
795:2021-10-05
766:2021-10-05
737:2021-10-05
708:2021-10-05
636:2021-08-28
431:Phenazines
416:2012-03-02
378:References
297:The Blight
247:leaf spots
221:ascomycete
189:Alternaria
76:water mold
46:pathogenic
40:affecting
880:. Bermuda
850:. Bermuda
789:Frommer's
757:"Bermuda"
702:PlantSnap
596:0191-2917
487:0031-9473
197:Ascochyta
156:raspberry
139:bacterium
61:chlorosis
959:Mycology
830:forests.
683:Archived
628:. EPPO (
604:30673445
100:anamorph
49:organism
801:blight;
372:in 2019
307:Gallery
65:tissues
38:symptom
602:
594:
485:
287:, and
283:, the
262:, and
129:scions
91:fungus
42:plants
34:Blight
576:(6).
152:apple
600:PMID
592:ISSN
546:2019
520:2019
494:2021
483:ISSN
228:ulei
163:rice
154:and
148:pear
582:doi
574:102
473:doi
299:or
955::
887:.
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846:.
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787:.
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554:^
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131:.
30:.
23:.
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