67:
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and the eastern
Europeans, who were given especially punitive treatment due to their status as the most expendable members of the workforce. For the non-German workers, falling ill or being unable to work through injury was the equivalent of a death sentence, as they would either be left to die or be transported back to the concentration camps from which they had been brought. A German commission that inspected the labour camps in the area in late 1943 commented: "The Eastern worker is very tough. He works at his job until he falls flat on his face in the mire, and all that is left for the doctor to do is to issue the death certificate."
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751:, who headed a high-level Cabinet committee to coordinate the British defence against the German V-weapons, recommended that the Watten site should also be attacked because of the progress being made in its construction. The British Chiefs of Staff noted that a daylight attack by US bombers was under consideration but they raised objections to the proposal, as the Air Staff thought that Watten had nothing to do with rockets, suggesting that instead it might be merely a "protected operations room".
683:
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the bunker's working levels descended 6 m (20 ft) below ground. The plant would house five
Heylandt compressors, each capable of producing about 10 tons of LOX per day. About 150 tons of LOX were to be stored in insulated tanks on-site. The facility was intended to store up to 108 missiles and enough fuel to supply three days' worth of launches. The Germans planned to fire up to 36 rockets a day from the site.
767:
concrete hardened. After a few days the shelter was beyond saving. All we could do was roof in a part and use it for other work." The bombing killed and injured hundreds of the slave workers on site; although the Allies had sought to avoid casualties by timing the raid with what they thought was a change of shifts, the shift pattern had been changed by the
Germans at the last minute to achieve the day's work quota.
615:
bunker. Here the rockets were to be assembled, raised into a vertical position and fuelled and armed. From the arming halls, they would be moved to either end of the building through pivoting doors 18 m (59 ft) high. They would exit through the south face of the building and would be moved on tracks to the launch pads. There were no doors on the exit portals so
1320: – a 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) concrete-piercing rocket-assisted bomb designed to double the normal impact velocity, and thereby increase the penetration, of the projectile. The site had been chosen for testing purposes in October 1944 as it had the largest accessible interior area of the targets under consideration and was furthest from an inhabited town.
807: – under which missiles would be fuelled and armed in a network of tunnels before being transported outside for launching. The Allies carried out further heavy bombing against both the Watten and Wizernes sites with little initial effect on the buildings themselves, although the rail and road network around them was systematically destroyed.
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for use in the fuelling of V-1 and V-2 missiles. He ruled out the possibility that it could have been used for LOX production and concluded, erroneously, that "the site had no offensive role." He recommended that (unlike the
Mimoyecques and Wizernes sites) the Watten bunker presented no threat to the
831:
The Watten site was captured on 4 September 1944 by
Canadian forces. The Germans had evacuated it a few days earlier and removed the pumps which kept the cavernous basement free from water; not long afterwards it began to flood. This made a substantial amount of the bunker inaccessible to the Allies.
614:
On the north side of the building was a fortified standard gauge railway station, linked to the main Calais-Saint-Omer line at Watten via a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) spur line. Missiles, warheads and other components would be shipped to the station and transported on trucks into the main area of the
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that the main part of the bunker had not been significantly damaged by bombing and that although it was flooded, if it was patched and drained "the building could be quickly made ready to receive oxygen liquifying plant machinery, or for any other purpose requiring a large and practically bomb-proof
1327:
on the Watten bunker and scored a hit over the wall section, but the results were inconclusive and the Air Force was not able to determine how well the bomb had penetrated the concrete. Although Disney bombs were used operationally on a number of occasions, the weapon's introduction came too late to
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In early April 1943, an Allied agent reported "enormous trenches" being excavated at the Watten site, and on 16 May 1943 an RAF reconnaissance mission led to Allied photographic interpreters noticing unidentified activity there. Other large facilities were observed to be under construction elsewhere
649:
The site was designed in
January and February 1943 by engineers from the Peenemünde research facility and the Organisation Todt. On 25 March 1943 the construction plans were presented to Hitler, who immediately gave the go-ahead for the project to begin. The construction firm Holzman & Polanski
413:
then under construction in occupied France and Norway. The rockets could be stored in such sites, armed, fuelled from an on-site LOX production plant, and launched. This offered significant technical advantages; not only would the LOX loss be minimised, but the complex process of pre-launch testing
341:
against the German V-weapons programme. The attacks caused substantial damage and rendered the bunker unusable for its original purpose. Part of the bunker was subsequently completed for use as a liquid oxygen factory. It was captured by Allied forces at the start of
September 1944, though its true
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The labourers worked in 12-hour shifts of 3,000–4,000 men, with three 20-minute breaks during each shift. The work continued around the clock, seven days a week, under giant floodlights during the night. The living and working conditions were extremely harsh, especially for the political prisoners
610:
The bunker consisted of three main elements. The main part of the building was a giant structure some 92 m (302 ft) wide and 28 m (92 ft) high, housing the LOX plant and a vault where missiles would be assembled and prepared. Its walls were up to 7 m (23 ft) thick and
385:
to fuel the missiles. LOX evaporates rapidly, necessitating a source reasonably close to the firing site in order to minimise loss through evaporation. Germany and the occupied countries did not at that time have sufficient manufacturing capacity for the amount of LOX required for a full-scale A-4
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Despite the capture of Watten, it was still not known at this time what the site had been intended for. Sanders noted that "the purpose of the structures was never known throughout the period of intensive reconnaissance and attack". Based on the discovery of large aluminium tanks installed in the
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that brought down part of the roof. Finally, on 18 July 1944, Hitler decreed that plans for launching missiles from bunkers need no longer be pursued. Dornberger's staff subsequently decided to continue minor construction at Watten "for deception purposes". The site itself was now useless, as the
678:
The camps were guarded by the French civil police with the assistance of
Belgian and Dutch Nazis and Russian POWs who had volunteered for guard duty. Although escape attempts were punished by immediate execution, there were up to three escapes daily with external assistance. The commandant of the
439:
accompanied by testing and fuelling equipment mounted on railway cars or trucks. Although this configuration was far less efficient and would have a much lower rate of fire, it would have the great advantage of presenting a much smaller target for the Allied air forces. The Army was not convinced
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One of OT's engineers, Werner Flos, came up with an idea to protect the bunker from bombardment by building it up from the roof first. This was done by initially constructing a concrete plate, flat on the ground, which was 5 m (16 ft) thick and weighed 37,000 tons. It was incrementally
552:
base which was capable of providing air defence for the area. There were existing gravel and sand quarries as well as cement works in the vicinity, which would help with the enormous amount of material that would be needed for the construction works. The quantities required were very substantial
766:
attacked the site with devastating effect. The fortified train station on the north side of the bunker was especially badly damaged, as concrete had just been poured there. Dornberger later wrote that following the attack the site was "a desolate heap of concrete, steel, props and planking. The
623:
To the north of the bunker, the
Germans erected a bomb-proof power station with a 2,000 hp (1.5 MW) generating capacity. The site was initially powered from the main electricity grid, but it was intended that it would have its own independent power source to minimise the likelihood of
447:
discussed possible launch configurations and examined models and plans of the proposed bunkers and mobile launchers. Hitler strongly preferred the bunker option, though he also gave the go-ahead for the production of mobile launchers. Two different bunker designs had been prepared: the B.III-2a
782:
Only 35% of the Watten bunker had been completed by this time. It was clearly no longer possible to use it as a launch site, but the
Germans still needed LOX production facilities to supply V-2 sites elsewhere. After surveying the site in September and October 1943, Organisation Todt engineers
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and then supported by walls which were built underneath it as it was raised, becoming the roof. The resulting concrete cavern was intended to be used by the Germans as a bombproof liquid oxygen factory. The thickness of the roof was chosen on the assumption that Allied bombs were incapable of
803:, the former quarry at nearby Wizernes, where work had been ongoing to build a bombproof V-2 storage facility. This project was expanded to turn the quarry into a fixed launch facility. Plans were put into effect to build a huge concrete dome – now open to the public as the museum of
1377:
on a launch ramp) are on display alongside paths around the site. An open-air trail leads to and around the bunker with interpretative signs posted at various points to tell the story of the site and the German V-weapons programme. In 2009, the museum welcomed 45,000 visitors.
1360:
No further military use was made of the bunker and the land on which it stands reverted to private ownership. It was left abandoned for many years before the owners decided to redevelop the site. In 1973, the bunker was opened to the public for the first time under the name of
663:(STO). They were supplemented by Belgian, Dutch, French, Polish, Czech and Soviet prisoners of war and civilian conscripts, who were used as slave labour. The labour force also included many French political prisoners and Spanish Republicans who had fled to France after
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A large supply dump was established at Watten next to the River Aa. This site was eventually used to store material required for all the V-weapon sites in the Saint-Omer area. Building materials were brought there by barges and trains where they were unloaded onto a
740:'s scientific adviser, admitted that he had little idea what "these very large structures similar to gun emplacements" were but he believed that "if it is worth the enemy's while to go to all the trouble of building them it would seem worth ours to destroy them."
325:
factory and a bomb-proof train station to allow missiles and supplies to be delivered from production facilities in Germany. It was constructed using the labour of thousands of prisoners of war and forcibly conscripted workers used as slave labourers.
545:, main roads and electric grid lines. Situated 177 km (110 mi) from London, it was far enough inland to be safe from naval guns and it was sheltered to an extent by a ridge that rises to a height of 90 m (300 ft) to the north.
923:
medium bombers attacked Watten, described as an "ammunition dump at Éperlecques" at 1859 hours, dropping 49 tons of bombs. One No. 180 Squadron bomber was lost to flak with two of the crew killed. Fourteen other bombers were damaged by flak.
1010:
500 heavy bombers of the 8th Air Force attacked a total of 16 V-weapon sites in northern France, including Watten, dropping 1,271 tons of bombs. Allied losses were four B-17s and one B-24; a further 236 bombers were damaged by enemy fire.
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The Watten bunker was inspected again on 20 June 1951 by an Anglo-French commission to determine whether it was capable of being reused for military purposes. The British Assistant Military Attaché, Major W.C. Morgan, reported to the
654:, Construction Director at the Organisation Todt. It was envisaged that the structure would be ready by the end of July 1943, though not its wiring and plant, and it was intended that it would be fully operational by 1 November 1943.
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design envisaged preparing the missile for launch inside the bunker, then transporting it outside to a launch pad, while the B.III-2b design would see the missile being elevated from within the bunker to a launch pad on the roof.
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were installed in the exit passage to deflect the blast of rockets being launched from outside. Launches would be overseen from a command tower located in the centre of the south side of the bunker, overlooking the launch pads.
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system was installed there to follow the trajectories of V-2s being launched from Watten. The intention was to follow the trajectory for as long as possible so that the accuracy of the missile launches could be determined.
814:
gave permission to stop construction at both sites, which had been so disrupted by bombing that work could no longer proceed. Three days later an Allied raid succeeded in wrecking the interior of the Watten bunker with a
2684:
Constructions spéciales : histoire de la construction par l'"Organisation Todt", dans le Pas-de-Calais et la Cotentin, des neufs grands sites protégés pour le tir des V1, V2, V3, et la production d'oxygène liquide,
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Après plus d'une semaine de travaux, la bombe qui était fichée dans le toit du blockhaus d'Éperlecques a été déposée à terre, hier, dans un camion de la sécurité civile, avant d'être transportée au centre de stockage de
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that fixed bunkers could resist repeated air attacks and was particularly concerned about the vulnerability of the launch sites' road and rail links, which were essential for resupplying them with missiles and fuel.
381:(wonder weapon) that he believed to be capable of turning the tide of the war. Its operational deployment was restricted by several factors. Large supplies of cryogenic liquid oxygen (LOX) were required as the
397:
coasts, in northern France, Belgium or the western Netherlands. This was within easy reach of the Allied air forces, so any site would have to be able to resist or evade the expected aerial bombardments.
2087:"Mission No. 87: Watten, site in course of construction for aeronautical facilities, 27 Aug.", Aug–Sep 43 (VIII Fighter Command Narrative for 27 Aug 43), The National Archives, London, TNA AIR 40/436
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inspected the site after it had been captured by the Allies, he described the bunker as "more extensive than any concrete constructions we have in the United States, with the possible exception of
679:
camp is said to have complained that it would have been easier to "guard a sack of fleas". Over 35,000 foreign workers passed through the camps during the period in which they were operational.
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389:
As the missile was intended for use against London and southern England, its operational range of 320 km (200 mi) meant that the launch sites had to be located fairly close to the
2450:
Aulich, Jim (2007). "Memory, What is it Good For? Forced Labour, Blockhouses and Museums in Nord-Pas de Calais, Northern France". In Aulich, Jim; Dawson, Graham; Purbrick, Louise (eds.).
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459:), requiring a steel-reinforced concrete ceiling 5 m (16 ft) thick and walls 3.5 m (11 ft) thick. They would be built near the coasts opposite England, one on the
967:
Mission 214: 110 B-24s bombed the V-weapon sites at Siracourt and Watten, dropping 364 tons of bombs. More than 200 B-26s returned during the morning to carry out follow-up attacks.
1080:
More than 500 USAAF heavy bombers were sent to attack V-weapons sites in the Pas-de-Calais, but bad weather forced most to abort. 129 succeeded in attacking Watten and Mimoyecques.
351:
The bunker is preserved as part of a privately owned museum that presents the history of the site and the German V-weapons programme. It has been protected by the French state as a
414:
would be simplified. A high rate of fire could be sustained as the facility could effectively operate like a production line, sending a steady flow of missiles to the launch pads.
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provided preliminary marking. However, the weather conditions were too difficult for accurate bombing and the nearest Tallboy impact missed the target by 50 yd (46 m).
66:
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facility at the time and crews were briefed on an 'aeronautical facilities' mission with instructions to bomb, from low level, the freshly poured concrete beginning to harden.
1373:. The area around the bunker has been re-forested, though it is still heavily scarred by bomb craters, and various items of Second World War military equipment (including a
603:
The Watten bunker was to be built to a design based on the B.III-2a bunker, though substantially larger. The Germans had originally planned to build a separate LOX plant at
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in a Mustang fighter marking, attacked five V-weapon targets in the Pas-de-Calais, including Watten. The bunker was penetrated and severely damaged by a Tallboy bomb.
2491:
Des armes secrètes allemandes aux fusées françaises : répertoire numérique détaillé du fonds Hautefeuille (1927–1997), Z 32 598 – Z 32 607 et Z 34 009 – Z 34 010
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fortifications had been built in 1940 and 1941, when the Germans had air superiority and could deter Allied air attacks. By 1942 this advantage had been lost to the
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475:. Each would be capable of launching 36 missiles a day, would hold sufficient supplies of missiles and fuel to last three days, and would be manned by 250 troops.
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Borel, Olivier; Droulier, Stéphane (2000). "Liste des principales désignations allemandes et alliées attribuées aux sites de tir allemands construits en France".
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narrow-gauge railway for transportation to the construction site, where concrete mixers operated day and night. A 90 kV power line running to a transformer at
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determined that the northern part of the facility was irretrievably damaged but decided to focus on completing the southern part to serve as a LOX factory.
645:
Construction works at the Watten site, as seen by an RAF ultra-low-level reconnaissance flight at an altitude of only 30 m (98 ft) on 23 July 1944
1296:, Watten, and Wizernes, collectively known to the Allies as the "Heavy Crossbow" sites. Sanders' report was submitted to the War Cabinet on 19 March 1945.
875:
The bombing caused the still-wet cement to solidify into a mess that was beyond repair. Allied losses were two Flying Fortresses lost to flak, one lost to
4186:
1024:
77 B-24s were sent to attack Watten but equipment malfunctions and navigational problems meant that only 31 aircraft succeeded in bombing the target.
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be of any significance in the war effort. In January 2009 the body of the Disney bomb was extracted from the roof, where it had embedded itself.
1231:(remotely controlled B-17s) loaded with explosives targeted Watten and other V-weapon sites in the Pas-de-Calais area but missed their targets.
715:(Gravel Quarry Northwest), some 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Watten, was also converted into a storage dump to supply the Watten facility.
3054:
Investigation of the "Heavy" Crossbow Installations in Northern France. Report by the Sanders Mission to the Chairman of the Crossbow Committee
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region in northwest France and locate a suitable site for an A-4 launch facility. The site chosen was just to the west of the small town of
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but had then been interned by the invading Germans. The non-German workers lived in two camps officially known as Organisation Todt Watten
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Comparative Test of the Effectiveness of Large Bombs against Reinforced Concrete Structures (Anglo-American Bomb Tests – Project Ruby)
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to the launch pads. The floor level has been raised in recent years to prevent flooding; it would originally have held a railway line.
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409:. He suggested that the missiles should be based in heavily defended fixed sites of a bunker-style design similar to the massive
4211:
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campaign; the total production capacity in 1941 and 1942 was about 215 tons daily, but each A-4 launch required about 15 tons.
1152:
10 Mosquitos attacked Watten in a period of bad weather. 9 dropped bombs, but the results are unclear. No aircraft were lost.
754:
The timing of the first raid was influenced by advice given by Sir Malcolm McAlpine, the chairman of the construction company
553:
indeed; 200,000 tons of concrete and 20,000 tons of steel would be required to build the facility. When US Army Major General
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1365:. The ownership was taken over by Hubert de Mégille in the mid-1980s and on 3 September 1986 the French state declared it a
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was awarded the contract and 6,000 workers from Building Battalion 434 started construction that same month using plans by
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ordered that aerial attacks be carried out against the so-called "heavy sites" being built by the Germans. On 6 August,
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Map of the Pas-de-Calais and south-eastern England showing the location of Éperlecques and other major V-weapons sites
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758:, who suggested that the Watten site should be attacked while the concrete was still setting. On 27 August 1943, 187
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371:(referred to as the V-2 from September 1944) was developed by the Germans between 1939 and 1944. It was regarded by
310:(Powerplant Northwest) between March 1943 and July 1944, was originally intended to be a launching facility for the
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carried out an attack against Watten but bad weather prevented all but 12 aircraft from carrying out their attack.
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UK's security and "there is thus no imperative need, on that account, to ensure the destruction of the workings."
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62 (Forced Labour Camp 62) about 2 km (1.2 mi) distant from the site, near the village of Éperlecques.
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VIII Bomber Command Mission 92: 58 B-17s bombed Watten, dropping 116 tons of bombs between 0820 and 0854 hours.
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bombed Watten at 1846–1941 hours, dropping 368 2,000 lb (910 kg) bombs. The site was thought to be a
659:
2099:
11 Group Operations Record Book (ORB) Appendix, 27 August 1943, The National Archives, London, TNA AIR 25/206.
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main part of the bunker, he opined that the Germans had intended to use it as a factory for the production of
1284:, accompanied by Sandys. Following the visit, Sandys ordered a Technical Inter-Services Mission under Colonel
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The bunker was targeted again by the Allies in February 1945, this time to test the newly developed CP/RA
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but this option was abandoned in favour of installing a LOX production facility within the Watten bunker.
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Comparative Test of the Effectiveness of Large Bombs against Reinforced Concrete Structures (Report) 1946
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penetrating such a depth of concrete; the Germans, however, were unaware of the British development of
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The workforce consisted of a mixture of German specialists and forcibly conscripted Frenchmen from the
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Interior of the 16 m (52 ft)-high servicing hall. V-2s would have been moved through here
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marking (having succeeded Cheshire), attacked Watten and two other launch sites with Tallboy bombs.
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transit halls lined with anti-blast chicanes, where missiles would be transported to the launch pads
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56 B-24s bombed Watten, but bad weather forced the recall of all the B-26s sent to join the raid.
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Mission 266: 117 of 129 B-17s bombed Watten, Wizernes and Mimoyecques. A follow-up attack by 65
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preferred an alternative approach which would use trailer-style mobile launch platforms called
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954:, escorted by 183 Republic P-47 Thunderbolts, hit the V-weapon sites at Siracourt and Watten.
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purpose was not discovered by the Allies until after the war. V-2s were instead launched from
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Viking Press: New York, 1954 ed.). Esslingen: Bechtle Verlag. pp. 73, 91, 99, 179.
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of France, and only some 14.4 kilometers (8.9 miles) north-northwest from the more developed
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The Army Air Forces in World War II: Europe: Argument to V-E Day, January 1944 to May 1945
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fighters, one damaged by flak crash-landed in the UK. From the escorting force, one USAAF
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attacked V-weapon sites in the Pas-de-Calais, including Watten, which was attacked with
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Exhibits of wartime military equipment in the forest around the Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
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bomb to the roof on the south side of the bunker, photographed after the war in 1951
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The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5
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disruption. Also associated with the Watten complex was a radar tracking site at
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The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
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Various concepts were mooted for the A-4's deployment in a March 1942 study by
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in the Pas-de-Calais. The purpose of the construction works was very unclear;
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The bunker was inspected on 10 September 1944 by the French atomic scientist
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348:-based mobile batteries which were far less vulnerable to aerial attacks.
329:
The bunker was never completed as a result of the repeated bombing by the
3767:
3509:
1324:
1317:
1268:
824:, and the liquid oxygen generators and machinery were transferred to the
727:
The wrecked fortified train station on the north side of the bunker, 2011
542:
377:
3862:
3363:
3125:
2387:[Discovering the Blockhaus with Hubert de Mégille (the owner)].
1308:
625:
50:
3965:
3910:
3872:
3582:
3499:
3378:
3336:
3186:
3179:
3114:
2778:(English translation 1965 ed.). Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag.
1392:
1353:
825:
804:
696:
558:
520:
293:
280:
73:
1416:
564:
4131:
3717:
3519:
3160:
2889:
Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II
2824:
549:
537:
The location was conveniently close to the main railway line between
472:
394:
3975:
3960:
3388:
3383:
3303:
2971:
Tail-End Charlies – The Last Battles of the Bomber War 1944–45
2892:. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 279–280.
1336:
1244:
Two more BQ-7s were launched against Watten but had little effect.
704:
382:
304:
272:, also referred to as "the Watten bunker" or simply "Watten") is a
2527:
Cate, James Lea (1984). "Crossbow". In Wesley Frank Craven (ed.).
2452:
Contested Spaces: Sites, Representations and Histories of Conflict
3938:
3348:
616:
451:
Speer gave orders that two bunkers were to be constructed by the
2646:
Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2
2497:(in French). Vincennes: Service Historique de l'Armée de l'Air.
2371:
Morgan, W.C. (30 June 1951) "Crossbow Sites". Memo MA/Paris/732.
1323:
On 3 February 1945, a B-17 of the US Eighth Air Force dropped a
2385:"À la découverte du blockhaus en compagnie d'Hubert de Mégille"
828:
V-2 factory in central Germany, well away from Allied bombers.
700:
604:
538:
508:
276:
138:
581:
Servicing hall where the missiles would be prepared for launch
2996:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
2835:(revised edition 1958 ed.). New York: The Viking Press.
568:
Diagram of the original planned layout of the Watten bunker:
188:
1263:
503:
officers and engineers (including Colonel Gerhard Stegmair,
4101:
3120:
3D model of the bunker as it would have looked if completed
2307:"La bombe du blockhaus s'est envolée vers une nouvelle vie"
3032:
The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program
2794:
Impact: the History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II
2421:
Air Proving Ground Command Eglin Field (31 October 1946).
1257:
87 Halifaxes, 2 Lancasters, 5 Mosquitos, attacked Watten.
596:
Standard gauge rail link to Calais-Saint-Omer railway line
455:
construction group to a "special fortification standard" (
4106:
2797:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
1168:
attacked Watten with 19 Lancasters led by 2 Mosquitos; 9
799:
The Germans' main focus of attention switched instead to
572:
Fortified train station for missile and supplies delivery
311:
3072:
3034:. Mississauga, Ontario: S.R. Research & Publishing.
1722:
16:
Second World War bunker complex in Pas-de-Calais, France
2910:
The Hitler Options: Alternate Decisions of World War II
1206:
81 Lancasters and 11 Mosquitos of 5 and 8 Groups, with
703:
north of Watten provided electricity. An old quarry at
3013:
The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War
2430:. Orlando, FL: US Air Force. p. 6. Archived from
1612:"An Engineer Returns ... And A Museum Is Born",
495:
Annotated aerial view of the Watten–Éperlecques area.
55:
View of the south side of the Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
2738:(1984). "Its Influence on Strategy and Operations".
2624:
V-2: A Combat History of the First Ballistic Missile
3066:
Report on 'Large' Crossbow Sites in Northern France
2776:
The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of Peenemünde
1093:USAAF heavy bombers attacked Watten and Siracourt.
443:In November 1942, Hitler and Minister of Munitions
2828:
1189:314 Halifaxes, 210 Lancasters, 26 Mosquitos, with
984:light bombers was carried out the same afternoon.
628:, 29 km (18 mi) south of Saint-Omer. A
405:, the head of the A-4 development project at the
4158:
2932:. Washington, DC: Center for Air Force History.
887:were shot down and captured and two pilots from
820:Germans recognised when they wryly codenamed it
2533:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History.
2185:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
2140:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary
1999:
1997:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1067:27 B-24s attacked Watten during the afternoon.
718:
507:and Lieutenant-Colonel Georg Thom) to tour the
296:V-2 launch facility, in the same general area.
2175:
2173:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1600:, pp. 45, 185, 182, 265–266, 270, 274–275
3733:
3141:
2967:
2742:. Vol. 3. London: H.M.S.O. p. 380.
2487:
2343:"Rocket-Assisted Bomb Found at French Museum"
2209:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1515:
2988:
2740:British Intelligence in the Second World War
2681:
1994:
1926:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1748:
1746:
1687:
1681:
1444:
1366:
709:
352:
3010:
2667:. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Military History.
2170:
2123:
2015:
1616:57:49–53. London: After the Battle Magazine
1340:Impression of a V2 in the assembly hall at
208:March–September 1943 (major work completed)
4187:Military installations established in 1943
3740:
3726:
3148:
3134:
3077:. University of Chicago Press. p. 90.
2791:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy J. (2003).
2707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2597:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1837:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1657:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
3155:
2790:
2640:
2393:(in French). 19 July 2010. Archived from
2335:
2075:
2069:
1952:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1808:
1791:
1743:
1704:
1496:
1494:
1264:Subsequent investigations and utilisation
2885:
2847:
2773:
2715:
2578:
2304:
2292:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2003:
1964:
1937:
1848:
1698:
1669:
1593:
1564:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1335:
1307:
1267:
1037:Five B-24 Liberator groups of the USAAF
911:Mission 38/11 Group RAF Ramrod S.14: 24
865:Mission 87/11 Group RAF Ramrod S.8: 187
769:
722:
681:
640:
563:
548:At nearby Saint-Omer, there was a major
490:
482:
226:never completed, captured September 1944
3048:
2946:
2927:
2906:
2761:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2734:
2559:
2305:Lavenant, Gwénaëlle (28 January 2009).
2264:
2248:
2232:
2117:
2102:
2063:
2057:
2027:
1908:
1769:
1758:
1733:
1731:
1640:
1631:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1450:
841:Éperlecque/Watten World War II attacks
686:Aerial view of the bunker, 1944 or 1945
321:The facility would have incorporated a
4222:Monuments historiques of Pas-de-Calais
4159:
3747:
3702:Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum
3081:
3060:
3029:
3015:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
2852:. Barnsley, England: Frontline Books.
2662:
2621:
2564:. Morley, England: The Emfield Press.
2562:The Battle of the V-Weapons, 1944–1945
2449:
2379:
2377:
2221:
2203:
2095:
2093:
1988:
1976:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1819:
1802:
1785:
1752:
1710:
1625:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1500:
478:
3721:
3129:
2866:
2811:from the original on 16 February 2023
2756:
2626:. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing.
2583:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2164:
1948:
1946:
1530:
1471:
1431:
1139:Mission 421: 58 B-17s bombed Watten.
1126:earthquake bombs for the first time.
1054:USAAF heavy bombers attacked Watten.
4202:World War II strategic bombing lists
2968:Nichol, John; Rennell, Tony (2006).
2526:
2468:
1920:
1737:
1728:
1663:
1570:
1552:, Ministère français de la Culture.
1541:
1539:
1521:
1506:
541:and Saint-Omer, the canalised river
4192:Protected areas established in 1986
2823:
2530:The Army Air Forces in World War II
2374:
2090:
1831:
1825:
1603:
1415:. French Government. Archived from
13:
3122:(requires Google SketchUp to view)
2831:Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel
1943:
883:failed to return, two pilots from
14:
4233:
3115:German bunkers in Northern France
3102:
3073:USAF Historical Division (1951).
2687:(in French) (2 ed.). Paris.
2547:from the original on 13 July 2011
2187:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2142:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
1536:
1350:Director of Military Intelligence
530:. It was given the cover name of
3858:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
3374:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
2974:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2774:Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1963).
2603:V2 – Der Schuss ins Weltall
1252:
1239:
1218:
1201:
1184:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1032:
1019:
1005:
992:
975:
962:
945:
932:
903:
857:
499:In December 1942, Speer ordered
72:
65:
49:
3563:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
3515:WWII guided missiles of Germany
2365:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2258:
2242:
2226:
2215:
2158:
2081:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1779:
1716:
1675:
1331:
743:At the end of May, the British
636:
407:Peenemünde Army Research Center
4177:World War II museums in France
3573:White Sands V-2 Launching Site
2992:; Sharpe, Mitchell R. (1979).
1558:
1405:
660:Service du Travail Obligatoire
584:Liquid oxygen production plant
1:
4212:1986 establishments in France
3595:Operations Sandy and Pushover
3086:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
3084:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45
2871:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2869:British Home Defences 1940–45
2682:Hautefeuille, Roland (1995).
2413:
1723:USAF Historical Division 1951
867:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses
423:United States Army Air Forces
417:The submarine pens and other
362:
279:, now part of a museum, near
4182:World War II sites in France
3214:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
3011:Piszkiewicz, Dennis (2007).
2953:. New York: The Free Press.
2930:Combat Chronology: 1941–1945
1288:to investigate the sites at
952:Consolidated B-24 Liberators
913:North American B-25 Mitchell
835:
719:Discovery and Allied attacks
7:
3068:. Memo C.O.S. (45) 177 (O).
2947:Neufeld, Michael J (1995).
2720:. London: Philip Hale Ltd.
2579:Cooksley, Peter G. (1979).
2315:(in French). Archived from
1381:
10:
4238:
3976:Raxwerke (Wiener Neustadt}
3219:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
3109:Le Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
3082:Zaloga, Steven J. (2008).
2886:McArthur, Charles (1990).
2665:Air War Europa: Chronology
2253:Technical details – Watten
2237:Technical details – Watten
2181:"Campaign Diary July 1944"
2136:"Campaign Diary June 1944"
1774:Technical details – Watten
1660:, pp. 73, 91, 99, 179
1363:Le Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
1114:with target marking by 20
4119:
4094:
4073:
4055:
4039:
3988:
3926:
3891:
3850:
3829:
3822:
3786:
3755:
3694:
3648:
3603:
3535:
3528:
3492:
3402:
3329:
3237:
3196:
3167:
2907:Macksey, Kenneth (1995).
2848:Longmate, Norman (2009).
2716:Henshall, Philip (1985).
2648:. New York: Times Books.
2210:Nichol & Rennell 2006
1516:Borel & Droulier 2000
1413:"Remembrance itineraries"
881:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
848:
845:
534:(Northwest Power Plant).
269:
256:captured 4 September 1944
252:
242:
230:
222:
212:
204:
199:
183:
175:
165:
157:
152:
144:
134:
97:
60:
48:
34:
23:
4197:Ruins in Hauts-de-France
4172:Museums in Pas-de-Calais
3778:Strategic Bombing Survey
3330:Construction and bunkers
2990:Ordway, Frederick I. III
2928:Mueller, Robert (1991).
2757:Huzel, Dieter K (1960).
2560:Collier, Basil (1976) .
2120:, pp. 185, 201, 202
1447:, pp. 118, 121, 218
1445:Ordway & Sharpe 1979
1398:
909:VIII Air Support Command
335:United States air forces
4060:Operation Crossbow Site
3868:Fortress of Mimoyecques
3459:Operation Crossbow Site
3394:Fortress of Mimoyecques
2867:Lowry, Bernard (2004).
2759:Peenemünde to Canaveral
2347:Britain at War Magazine
1388:Fortress of Mimoyecques
1039:2d Bombardment Division
950:Mission 205: 95 of 110
895:were killed in action.
265:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
81:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
25:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques
3996:B-17 "Flying Fortress"
3050:Sanders, Terence R. B.
3030:Reuter, Claus (2000).
2622:Dungan, Tracy (2005).
2454:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1367:
1344:
1313:
1277:
779:
760:B-17 Flying Fortresses
728:
710:
687:
646:
600:
496:
488:
353:
171:yes (protected by law)
148:28 m (92 ft)
3873:La Coupole (Wizernes)
3529:Post-WWII development
3452:Bombing of Peenemünde
3379:La Coupole (Wizernes)
2718:Hitler's Rocket Sites
2663:Hammel, Eric (2009).
1953:King & Kutta 2003
1339:
1311:
1282:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1271:
801:Schotterwerk Nordwest
773:
726:
711:Schotterwerk Nordwest
685:
644:
593:Launch control centre
575:Liquid oxygen storage
567:
517:Forest of Éperlecques
494:
486:
467:and the other on the
369:A-4 ballistic missile
299:The bunker, built by
270:Bunker of Éperlecques
234:120,000 cubic metres
37:Forest of Éperlecques
4167:V-weapon subterranea
4137:Defence of the Reich
3359:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
3282:Army Research Center
2514:on 28 September 2011
2469:Boog, Horst (2006).
1776:; Vol III, pp. 4, 15
1670:Klee & Merk 1963
1166:No. 617 Squadron RAF
921:Martin B-26 Marauder
889:No. 341 Squadron RAF
630:Giant Würzburg radar
119:50.82861°N 2.18361°E
3949:Operation Bellicose
3578:V-2 sounding rocket
3568:Operation Paperclip
3464:Operation Aphrodite
3224:Peenemünde Airfield
2913:. Greenhill Books.
2736:Hinsley, Francis H.
1643:, pp. 172, 204
1369:monument historique
1225:Operation Aphrodite
885:No. 41 Squadron RAF
863:VIII Bomber Command
842:
774:Damage caused by a
756:Sir Robert McAlpine
532:Kraftwerk Nord West
479:Design and location
355:monument historique
308:Kraftwerk Nord West
115: /
85:Kraftwerk Nord West
29:Kraftwerk Nord West
4207:Operation Crossbow
3749:Operation Crossbow
3685:Operation Crossbow
3626:Operation Backfire
3543:Republic-Ford JB-2
3474:Operation Teardrop
3442:Operation Crossbow
3430:Operation Most III
3299:The Bäckebo rocket
2599:Dornberger, Walter
2295:, pp. 279–280
2269:Appendix C: Watten
2212:, pp. 199–204
2066:, pp. 36, 159
2054:, pp. 51, 185
1345:
1314:
1278:
982:Douglas A-20 Havoc
840:
780:
729:
688:
673:Zwangsarbeitslager
667:'s victory in the
652:Franz Xaver Dorsch
647:
601:
505:Dr Ernst Steinhoff
497:
489:
469:Cotentin Peninsula
339:Operation Crossbow
247:Operation Crossbow
4152:
4151:
4115:
4114:
3984:
3983:
3799:Sir Arthur Harris
3773:Strategic bombing
3715:
3714:
3678:Ministry of Space
3671:Gravity's Rainbow
3657:Battle of the V-1
3644:
3643:
3272:Walter Dornberger
3267:Wernher von Braun
3093:978-1-84603-247-9
3064:(19 March 1945).
3041:978-1-894643-05-4
3022:978-0-8117-3387-8
2960:978-0-02-922895-1
2939:978-1-4289-1543-5
2920:978-1-85367-192-0
2899:978-0-8218-0158-1
2878:978-1-84176-767-3
2859:978-1-84832-546-3
2804:978-0-306-81292-7
2749:978-0-11-630935-8
2674:978-0-935553-07-9
2655:978-0-417-03430-0
2590:978-0-7091-7399-1
2480:978-0-19-822889-9
2461:978-0-230-01336-0
1682:Hautefeuille 1995
1672:, pp. 44, 46
1302:hydrogen peroxide
1261:
1260:
929:7 September 1943
917:Lockheed Venturas
812:Oberkommando West
738:Winston Churchill
669:Spanish Civil War
555:Lewis H. Brereton
453:Organisation Todt
403:Walter Dornberger
316:ballistic missile
260:
259:
217:Organisation Todt
124:50.82861; 2.18361
4229:
4053:
4052:
4001:B-24 "Liberator"
3827:
3826:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3707:Monkeys in space
3533:
3532:
3505:Aggregat rockets
3425:Polish Home Army
3255:Greifswalder Oie
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3111:– museum website
3097:
3078:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3026:
3007:
2985:
2964:
2943:
2924:
2903:
2882:
2863:
2850:Hitler's Rockets
2844:
2834:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2787:
2770:
2753:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2678:
2659:
2642:Garliński, Józef
2637:
2618:
2605:(US translation
2594:
2575:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2507:. Archived from
2496:
2484:
2465:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2349:. Archived from
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2256:
2255:; Vol III, p. 11
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:Piszkiewicz 2007
2013:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1788:, pp. 54–56
1783:
1777:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:After the Battle
1610:
1601:
1595:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1372:
1256:
1243:
1222:
1205:
1191:Leonard Cheshire
1188:
1164:
1151:
1144:18/19 June 1944
1138:
1105:
1098:16/17 June 1944
1092:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1036:
1023:
1009:
996:
979:
966:
959:8 February 1944
949:
942:2 February 1944
936:
907:
861:
843:
839:
810:On 3 July 1944,
794:earthquake bombs
713:
465:Boulogne-sur-Mer
358:
283:in the northern
274:Second World War
271:
236:ferrous concrete
195:
192:
190:
153:Site information
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
76:
75:
69:
53:
44:
21:
20:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4111:
4090:
4069:
4049:
4035:
4006:B-26 "Marauder"
3980:
3944:Friedrichshafen
3922:
3887:
3846:
3823:Bombing targets
3818:
3814:Babington-Smith
3782:
3751:
3746:
3716:
3711:
3690:
3640:
3631:Project Big Ben
3599:
3553:PGM-11 Redstone
3524:
3493:Related weapons
3488:
3484:Barrage balloon
3469:Operation Diver
3447:Operation Hydra
3406:countermeasures
3398:
3325:
3233:
3229:Kawanishi Baika
3192:
3173:V-1 flying bomb
3163:
3154:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3042:
3023:
3004:
2994:The Rocket Team
2982:
2961:
2940:
2921:
2900:
2879:
2860:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2750:
2728:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2675:
2656:
2634:
2591:
2572:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2494:
2481:
2462:
2440:
2438:
2437:on 28 June 2011
2434:
2427:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2397:on 3 April 2012
2390:La Voix du Nord
2383:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2353:on 23 July 2011
2341:
2340:
2336:
2322:
2320:
2319:on 3 April 2012
2312:La Voix du Nord
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2239:; Vol III, p. 5
2231:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2146:on 11 June 2007
2134:
2133:
2124:
2116:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1658:Dornberger 1952
1656:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1503:, pp. 6–13
1499:
1472:
1464:
1451:
1443:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1419:on 3 March 2011
1411:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1384:
1334:
1266:
1249:25 August 1944
900:30 August 1943
874:
871:V-1 flying bomb
854:27 August 1943
838:
789:hydraulic jacks
745:Chiefs of Staff
721:
639:
599:
481:
457:Sonderbaustärke
427:Royal Air Force
391:English Channel
365:
187:
179:heavily damaged
168:the public
167:
161:Privately owned
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
77:
56:
35:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Dr R. V. Jones
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Aerial defence
3759:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Hermes Project
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3342:Mittelbau-Dora
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:Arthur Rudolph
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3287:Test Stand VII
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3103:External links
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3062:Sandys, Duncan
3058:
3046:
3040:
3027:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2986:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2864:
2858:
2845:
2821:
2803:
2788:
2771:
2754:
2748:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2595:
2589:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2539:
2524:
2503:
2485:
2479:
2466:
2460:
2447:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2373:
2364:
2334:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2257:
2241:
2225:
2214:
2202:
2191:on 6 July 2007
2169:
2157:
2122:
2101:
2089:
2080:
2076:Garliński 1978
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1942:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1836:
1824:
1807:
1790:
1778:
1757:
1742:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1645:
1630:
1628:, pp. 8–9
1618:
1602:
1569:
1557:
1535:
1520:
1505:
1470:
1449:
1430:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1333:
1330:
1286:T.R.B. Sanders
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:6 August 1944
1233:
1232:
1227:mission: four
1216:
1215:4 August 1944
1212:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:19 April 1944
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:18 April 1944
1043:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:29 March 1944
1013:
1012:
1003:
1002:26 March 1944
999:
998:
990:
989:21 March 1944
986:
985:
973:
972:19 March 1944
969:
968:
960:
956:
955:
943:
939:
938:
930:
926:
925:
901:
897:
896:
893:René Mouchotte
855:
851:
850:
847:
837:
834:
720:
717:
665:General Franco
638:
635:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
480:
477:
411:submarine pens
364:
361:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
197:
196:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
99:
95:
94:
79:
78:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4234:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Duncan Sandys
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Lord Cherwell
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3636:Ghost rockets
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Bumper Rocket
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:MGM-1 Matador
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Project Danny
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:Double agents
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3321:Staveley Road
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Rocket U-boat
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:Test launches
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3003:1-894959-00-0
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2981:0-312-34987-4
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:0-7090-2021-X
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2694:2-9500899-0-9
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:1-59416-012-0
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2571:0-7057-0070-4
2567:
2563:
2558:
2546:
2542:
2540:0-912799-03-X
2536:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2510:
2506:
2504:2-904521-33-X
2500:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2293:McArthur 1990
2289:
2282:
2277:
2271:; Vol I, p. 4
2270:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2078:, p. 117
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2052:Cooksley 1979
2048:
2041:
2040:Henshall 1985
2036:
2030:, p. 169
2029:
2024:
2018:, p. 146
2017:
2012:
2006:, p. 147
2005:
2004:Longmate 2009
2000:
1998:
1991:, p. 100
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1965:Henshall 1985
1961:
1955:, p. 114
1954:
1949:
1947:
1940:, p. 106
1939:
1938:Longmate 2009
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1911:, p. 380
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1887:, p. 204
1886:
1881:
1875:, p. 199
1874:
1869:
1863:, p. 193
1862:
1857:
1850:
1849:Henshall 1985
1845:
1843:
1841:
1834:, p. 224
1833:
1828:
1822:, p. 194
1821:
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1795:
1787:
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1754:
1749:
1747:
1740:, p. 439
1739:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1701:, p. 105
1700:
1699:Longmate 2009
1695:
1693:
1691:
1684:, p. 309
1683:
1678:
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1566:
1565:Henshall 1985
1561:
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1467:
1466:Henshall 1985
1462:
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1234:
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1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:"Willie" Tait
1204:
1200:
1198:25 July 1944
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:Mosquitos of
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:19 June 1944
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
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1131:18 June 1944
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1129:
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1029:6 April 1944
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823:
822:Concrete Lump
818:
813:
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802:
797:
795:
790:
784:
777:
772:
768:
765:
764:8th Air Force
761:
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749:Duncan Sandys
746:
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734:Lord Cherwell
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578:transit halls
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525:Pas-de-Calais
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419:Atlantic Wall
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323:liquid oxygen
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285:Pas-de-Calais
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213:Built by
211:
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52:
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38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
19:
4154:
3857:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3664:633 Squadron
3662:
3655:
3413:Intelligence
3373:
3262:Meillerwagen
3204:Argus As 014
3185:
3178:
3171:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3053:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2970:
2949:
2929:
2909:
2888:
2868:
2849:
2830:
2813:. Retrieved
2793:
2775:
2758:
2739:
2717:
2683:
2664:
2645:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2580:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2529:
2516:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2490:
2470:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2423:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2388:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:the original
2346:
2337:
2328:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2310:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2268:
2265:Sanders 1945
2260:
2252:
2249:Sanders 1945
2244:
2236:
2233:Sanders 1945
2228:
2217:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2184:
2167:, p. 52
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2139:
2118:Mueller 1991
2083:
2071:
2064:Collier 1964
2059:
2047:
2042:, p. 64
2035:
2028:Macksey 1995
2023:
2011:
1984:
1979:, p. 74
1972:
1967:, p. 60
1960:
1923:, p. 84
1916:
1909:Hinsley 1984
1904:
1899:, p. 75
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1851:, p. 58
1827:
1805:, p. 51
1781:
1773:
1770:Sanders 1945
1755:, p. 65
1725:, p. 90
1718:
1713:, p. 50
1706:
1677:
1665:
1641:Neufeld 1995
1621:
1613:
1567:, p. 92
1560:
1546:Base Mérimée
1533:, p. 93
1518:, p. 51
1468:, p. 56
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1407:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1332:Preservation
1322:
1315:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1181:6 July 1944
1085:30 May 1944
830:
821:
817:Tallboy bomb
809:
800:
798:
785:
781:
753:
742:
730:
708:
693:
689:
677:
672:
658:
656:
648:
637:Construction
622:
613:
609:
602:
547:
536:
531:
498:
461:Côte d'Opale
456:
450:
445:Albert Speer
442:
436:Meillerwagen
434:
416:
400:
393:or southern
388:
376:
373:Adolf Hitler
366:
359:since 1986.
350:
345:Meillerwagen
343:
328:
320:
307:
301:Nazi Germany
298:
288:
264:
263:
261:
243:Battles/wars
200:Site history
191:.leblockhaus
166:Open to
84:
80:
28:
24:
18:
4095:Electronics
4065:Pathfinders
3927:Other sites
3768:Oslo Report
3510:Wunderwaffe
3437:Réseau AGIR
2685:(1943–1944)
2581:Flying Bomb
2283:, p. 6
2222:Sandys 1945
1989:Dungan 2005
1977:Dungan 2005
1897:Dungan 2005
1885:Aulich 2007
1873:Aulich 2007
1861:Aulich 2007
1820:Aulich 2007
1803:Dungan 2005
1786:Reuter 2000
1753:Dungan 2005
1711:Dungan 2005
1626:Zaloga 2008
1598:Hammel 2009
1554:(in French)
1501:Zaloga 2008
1423:6 September
1357:building."
1342:Éperlecques
1325:Disney bomb
1318:Disney bomb
1290:Mimoyecques
1072:1 May 1944
590:Launch pads
559:Boulder Dam
431:German Army
378:Wunderwaffe
337:as part of
289:département
223:In use
122: /
98:Coordinates
4217:Saint-Omer
4161:Categories
4120:Opposition
4081:Grand Slam
4043:Technology
4031:Wellington
3971:Peenemünde
3966:Mittelwerk
3916:facilities
3904:facilities
3830:Operations
3787:Key people
3649:In fiction
3583:V-2 No. 13
3500:Wasserfall
3337:Mittelwerk
3277:Peenemünde
3245:Facilities
3209:Facilities
3187:V-3 cannon
3180:V-2 rocket
2825:Ley, Willy
2414:References
2165:Lowry 2004
1531:Huzel 1960
1393:La Coupole
1354:War Office
1223:The first
1170:Pathfinder
1118:-equipped
1108:Lancasters
891:including
826:Mittelwerk
805:La Coupole
787:raised by
762:of the US
707:codenamed
697:Decauville
528:department
521:Saint-Omer
501:Peenemünde
363:Background
303:under the
294:La Coupole
281:Saint-Omer
268:(English:
107:50°49′43″N
4132:Luftwaffe
4016:Lancaster
3883:Sottevast
3878:Siracourt
3842:Aphrodite
3756:Overviews
3520:Rheinbote
3369:Siracourt
3354:Sottevast
3161:V-weapons
2841:608958647
2827:(1951) .
2767:689552965
2703:cite book
2615:602189461
1921:Cate 1984
1738:Boog 2006
1550:Blockhaus
1294:Siracourt
1120:Mosquitos
1112:Halifaxes
919:, and 36
836:Air raids
550:Luftwaffe
515:, in the
473:Cherbourg
395:North Sea
238:(planned)
231:Materials
176:Condition
110:2°11′01″E
43:(France)
4026:Stirling
4021:Mosquito
3989:Aircraft
3961:Lehesten
3863:Brécourt
3389:Raxwerke
3384:Lehesten
3364:Brécourt
3304:MW 18014
3052:(1945).
2809:Archived
2644:(1978).
2601:(1952).
2545:Archived
2357:14 March
1832:Ley 1951
1382:See also
1274:en route
1106:236 RAF
849:Mission
705:Wizernes
626:Prédefin
617:chicanes
383:oxidizer
305:codename
4086:Tallboy
4046:Tactics
4011:Halifax
3939:Ebensee
3851:"Heavy"
3695:Related
3349:Nucourt
2815:17 June
2784:1002964
2551:18 June
2323:13 June
1352:at the
1174:8 Group
1124:Tallboy
776:Tallboy
523:in the
519:, near
331:British
184:Website
39:, near
3956:Kassel
3934:Blizna
3892:Noball
3404:Allied
3250:Blizna
3157:German
3090:
3038:
3019:
3000:
2978:
2957:
2936:
2917:
2896:
2875:
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2801:
2782:
2765:
2746:
2724:
2691:
2671:
2652:
2630:
2613:
2587:
2568:
2537:
2518:6 June
2501:
2477:
2458:
2441:9 June
2401:9 June
2195:5 June
2150:5 June
1110:, 149
877:Bf 109
701:Holque
605:Stenay
539:Calais
513:Watten
509:Artois
429:. The
314:(A-4)
277:bunker
253:Events
145:Height
139:Bunker
41:Watten
4144:Blitz
4074:Bombs
3837:Hydra
3604:Other
3159:WWII
2512:(PDF)
2495:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2428:(PDF)
2330:Vimy.
1399:Notes
1229:BQ-7s
915:, 18
846:Date
471:near
463:near
375:as a
205:Built
158:Owner
4127:Flak
4102:Azon
3621:DF-1
3088:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2837:OCLC
2817:2011
2799:ISBN
2780:OCLC
2763:OCLC
2744:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2709:link
2689:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2611:OCLC
2585:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2553:2011
2535:ISBN
2520:2011
2499:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2443:2011
2403:2011
2359:2011
2325:2011
2197:2011
2152:2011
1425:2008
1116:Oboe
367:The
333:and
262:The
193:.com
135:Type
4107:H2X
3911:V-2
3899:V-1
3616:R-2
3611:R-1
3536:USA
3238:V-2
3197:V-1
2607:V-2
1375:V-1
561:."
312:V-2
189:www
4163::
2807:.
2705:}}
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