265:(HIV). Exposure is possible through blood of an infected patient splashing onto mucous membranes; however, the greatest exposure risk was shown to occur during percutaneous injections performed for vascular access. These include blood draws, as well as catheter placement, as both typically use hollow bore needles. Preventive measures for occupational exposure include standard precautions (hand washing, sharp disposal containers), as well as additional education. Advancements in the design of safety engineered devices have played a significant role in decreasing rates of occupational exposure to blood-borne disease. According to the Massachusetts Sharps Injury Surveillance System, needle devices without safety features accounted for 53% of the 2010 reported sharps injuries. Safer sharps devices now have engineering controls, such as a protective shield over the needle, and sharps containers that have helped to decrease this statistic. These safer alternatives are highly effective in substantially reducing injuries. For instance, almost 83% of injuries from hollow bore needles can be prevented with the use of safer sharps devices. There have been reports of HCW transferring disease to patients. This happens usually when surgeons perform using these sharps as well.
308:(NEPs) are an attempt to reduce the spread of blood-borne diseases between intravenous drug users. They often also provide addiction counseling services, infectious disease testing, and in some cases mental health care and other case management. NEPs acquired their name as they were initially places where intravenous (IV) illicit substance users were provided with clean, unused needles in exchange for their used needles. This allows for proper disposal of the needles. Empirical studies confirm the benefits of NEPs. NEPs can affect behaviors that result in the transmission of HIV. These behaviors include decreased sharing of used syringes, which reduces contaminated syringes from circulation and replaces them with sterile ones, among other risk reductions.
317:
work practice controls among others. Always avoid contact with blood and other bodily fluids. Wear disposable gloves when providing care, particularly if you may come into contact with blood or bodily fluids. Dispose of gloves properly and change gloves when providing care to a new patient. Use needles with safety devices to help prevent needlestick injury and exposure to blood-borne pathogens. It is also recommended healthcare workers who come often in contact with contaminated material should get the HBV vaccine. A hierarchy of controls can help to prevent environmental and occupational exposures and subsequent diseases. These include:
93:
47:
615:
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Engineering controls: Isolate people from the hazard by providing sharps containers for workers to immediately place needles in after use, which means putting them within arm's reach of wherever patient treatment occurs, such as in every physician's exam room, every draw station in a medical lab, and
316:
Follow standard precautions to help prevent the spread of blood-borne pathogens and other diseases whenever there is a risk of exposure to blood or other bodily fluids. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene and using personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, and
187:
Since it is difficult to determine what pathogens any given sample of blood contains, and some blood-borne diseases are lethal, standard medical practice regards all blood (and any body fluid) as potentially infectious. "Blood and body fluid precautions" are a type of
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Cazenave et al. "An active hemovigilance program characterizing the safety profile of 7,483 transfusions with plasma components prepared with amotosalen and UVA photochemical treatment". Transfusion 2010;50:1210–1219.
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light (320–400 nm) has been implemented in
European blood centers for the treatment of platelet and plasma components to prevent transmission of blood-borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa.
793:
778:
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Administrative controls: Change the way people work by creating a culture of safety such as avoiding recapping or bending needles that may be contaminated and promptly disposing of used needle devices and other
835:
631:
Goodrich RP, et al., "Arkk
Laboratory Comparison of Pathogen Reduction Technology Treatment and Culture of Platelet Products for Addressing Bacterial Contamination Concerns." Transfusion 2009;49 :
216:). Needles are not the only issue, as direct splashes of blood also cause transmission. These risks are greatest among healthcare workers, including: nurses, surgeons, laboratory assistants, doctors,
650:
Goodrich RP, et al. "The
Mirasol PRT System for Pathogen Reduction of Platelets and Plasma: An Overview of Current Status and Future Trends." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2006; 35 (1): 5–17.
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Elimination: Physically remove hazards, including needles that lack a safety device. Additionally, eliminate the use of needle devices whenever safe and effective alternatives are available.
324:
Substitution: Replace needles without safety devices with ones that have a safety feature built in. This has been shown to reduce blood-borne diseases transmitted via needlestick injuries.
546:
Massachusetts
Department of Public Health Occupational Health Surveillance Program. (2010) Sharps Injuries among Hospital Workers in Massachusetts, 2010: Findings from the
659:
Osselaer et al. "Universal adoption of pathogen inactivation of platelet components: impact on platelet and red blood cell component use". Transfusion 2009; 49:1412–1422.
562:
Annette PrĂĽss-ĂśstĂĽn, Elisabetta Rapiti, and Yvan Hutin
Estimation of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Contaminated Sharps Injuries Among Health-Care Workers.
386:
227:(OSHA) prescribes 5 rules that are required for a healthcare facility to follow in order to reduce the risk of employee exposure to blood-borne pathogens. They are:
253:
There are 26 different viruses that have been shown to present in healthcare workers as a result of occupational exposure. The most common blood-borne diseases are
927:
832:
641:
Ruane PH, et al., "Photochemical
Inactivation of Selected Viruses and Bacteria in Platelet Concentrates Using Riboflavin and Light." Transfusion 2004; 44: 877–885.
533:
S. Deuffic-Burbana, E. Delarocque-Astagneauc, D. Abitebould, E. Bouvetd, Y. Yazdanpanah Blood-borne viruses in healthcare workers: Prevention and management.
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There have been reports of HCW transferring disease to patients. This happens usually when surgeons perform EPPs, which are procedures requiring sharp tools.
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These controls, while general, serve to greatly reduce the incidence of blood-borne disease transmission in occupational settings of healthcare workers.
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Diseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as
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142:. Three blood-borne pathogens in particular, all viruses, are cited as of primary concern to health workers by the CDC-NIOSH:
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220:, and laboratory technicians. These roles often require the use of syringes for blood draws or to administer medications.
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Many blood-borne diseases can also be contracted by other means, including high-risk sexual behavior or intravenous
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can be used to treat blood components prior to their transfusion, and can reduce the risk of disease transmission.
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339:: Protect workers with PPE such as gloves and masks to avoid transmission of blood and other bodily fluids.
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Deuffic-Burban, S.; Delarocque-Astagneau, E.; Abiteboul, D.; Bouvet, E.; Yazdanpanah, Y. (2011-09-01).
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Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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is screened for many blood-borne diseases. Additionally, a technique that uses a combination of
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Engineering controls (Sharps containers, detachable and retractable needles, syringe caps, etc.)
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London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Diseases. Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
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Blood poses the greatest threat to health in a laboratory or clinical setting due to
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Professor Andrew
Speilman, Entomologist, Harvard School of Hygiene and Public Health
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The Public Health Impact of Needle
Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad
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A clandestine kit containing materials to inject drugs, a bottle of a type of
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Selected EPA-registered Disinfectants—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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585:. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Department of Public Health. pp. 1–24.
486:"Blood-borne viruses in health care workers: Prevention and management"
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OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Workplace Safety Standards and Regulations
432:"Bloodborne Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C"
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practice that seeks to minimize this sort of disease transmission.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Antimicrobials Information—National Pesticide Information Center
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to inhibit the replication of these pathogens by altering their
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such as banknotes frequently used for snorting may spread
712:. San Francisco, CA: UC Berkeley School of Public Health.
602:
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
387:
Royal Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada
143:
27:"Blood borne" redirects here. For the video game, see
529:
527:
760:
408:"'Shared banknote' health warning to cocaine users"
524:
460:. Clinics.com. p. Volume 26, Issue 3, 425–431
734:. The American National Red Cross. Archived from
456:Jason J. Pirozzolo; Donald C. LeMay (July 2007).
70:is one of the main risks of blood-borne diseases.
2624:
449:
362:Contaminated blood scandal in the United Kingdom
901:NIOSH Bloodborne Infectious Diseases Topic Page
845:Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention
725:"Preventing the Spread of Bloodborne Pathogens"
548:Massachusetts Sharps Injury Surveillance System
405:
66:, and unidentified pills. Improper or reckless
180:. These diseases have also been identified in
1287:
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849:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
225:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
596:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
114:that can be spread through contamination by
300:
138:, and non-living infectious agents such as
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914:
887:"CDC—Healthcare-associated infections—HAI"
45:
328:every bedside in a hospital ward or wing.
880:Rob Hutchinson, Entomolgoist, Mosquitoes
833:OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (BBPS)
195:
126:of various types, chief among which are
91:
2002:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1175:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
575:
564:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
357:Contaminated haemophilia blood products
14:
2625:
2585:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2477:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
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237:Safe work practices and safety devices
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702:
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246:Education and post-exposure follow up
1832:Compartmental models in epidemiology
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477:
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24:
860:OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Training
406:Laureen Veevers (1 October 2006).
25:
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756:
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372:HIV-tainted blood scandal (Japan)
288:A technology using the synthetic
2581:Economics of Infectious Diseases
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716:
696:
671:
662:
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644:
635:
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377:Infected blood scandal (France)
2590:Infectious disease informatics
2421:Transmission-based precautions
872:Freeview Malaria video by the
589:
569:
540:
424:
13:
1:
2007:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
1782:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
1143:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
732:Bloodborne Pathogens Training
576:Patrick, Deval (March 2012).
392:
337:Personal protective equipment
311:
231:Written exposure control plan
1569:Aerosol-generating procedure
1347:Silent/Subclinical infection
1047:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
535:Journal of Clinical Virology
490:Journal of Clinical Virology
263:human immunodeficiency virus
7:
2233:Vaccine-preventable disease
2181:Monoclonal antibody therapy
679:"Needle Exchange: A Primer"
345:
212:disposal techniques and/or
10:
2654:
2374:Respiratory source control
26:
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2518:Global Health Initiatives
2508:Evolutionary epidemiology
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2203:Post-exposure prophylaxis
2139:Antimicrobial stewardship
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1989:
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2336:Protective sequestration
2198:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1489:Generational difference
1042:Horizontal gene transfer
1032:Antimicrobial resistance
458:"Blood-Borne Infections"
306:Needle exchange programs
301:Needle exchange programs
2523:Microbial phylogenetics
2441:Wastewater surveillance
1962:Geographic distribution
1837:Critical community size
1635:Surgical site infection
1483:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1402:Microbial translocation
1398:Endogenous reactivation
1393:Normal flora overgrowth
1342:Opportunistic infection
1114:Opportunistic infection
279:riboflavin and UV light
2595:Microbial bioterrorism
2218:efficacy/effectiveness
1626:Surgical intervention
1518:Breakthrough infection
1140:Genetic predisposition
1124:Susceptible individual
971:Germ theory of disease
598:"Stop Sticks Campaign"
243:available to employees
103:
2638:Occupational diseases
2431:Universal precautions
1389:Endogenous overgrowth
1241:Poultry and livestock
703:Lurie, Peter (1993).
292:(amotosalen HCl) and
196:Occupational exposure
97:Contaminated currency
95:
18:Blood-borne pathogens
2533:Genomic reassortment
2513:Genetic epidemiology
2352:Health communication
2280:Flattening the curve
2270:Disease surveillance
2053:Systemic/Generalized
1817:Animal disease model
1297:Asymptomatic carrier
202:needlestick injuries
159:vector-borne disease
122:. Blood can contain
2633:Infectious diseases
2600:Pandemic prevention
2556:Viral phylodynamics
2537:Re-emerging disease
2426:Travel restrictions
1630:Postoperative wound
1599:Blood-borne disease
1581:Respiratory droplet
1493:Vertical/Congenital
1478:Nosocomial/Hospital
1435:Spillover infection
352:BTSB anti-D scandal
241:Hepatitis B vaccine
108:blood-borne disease
2546:Selection pressure
1842:Force of infection
1470:Contagious disease
1405:Endogenous seeding
1302:Chain of infection
1226:Injection drug use
1137:Vaccination status
1020:Case fatality rate
938:infectious disease
874:Vega Science Trust
838:2021-04-15 at the
269:Blood transfusions
104:
85:infectious disease
40:Bloodborne disease
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2551:Synthetic biology
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1182:Biodiversity loss
1119:Risk of infection
1109:Microbiome health
1102:Immunosuppression
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566:48:482–490 (2005)
275:blood transfusion
208:, lack of proper
190:infection control
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34:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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2605:Tropical disease
2541:Reverse zoonosis
2528:One Health Model
2357:Health education
2346:Community health
2265:Cordon sanitaire
2238:Ring vaccination
2208:Repurposed drugs
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2014:Gastrointestinal
1857:Machine learning
1661:Gastrointestinal
1612:Intravenous line
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1450:Reverse zoonosis
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1607:Injection site
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1578:
1576:Dental aerosol
1573:
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1460:Human-to-human
1456:
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1370:
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1359:
1357:Super-spreader
1354:
1352:Superinfection
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
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1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
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1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:Vector control
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:Climate zones
1188:
1186:Climate change
1183:
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1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
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1029:
1028:
1027:
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1017:
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1002:
1000:Quorum sensing
997:
996:
995:
985:
984:
983:
973:
968:
962:
960:
951:
947:
946:
933:
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918:
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857:
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830:
821:
820:
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805:
790:
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769:
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766:
765:Classification
758:
757:External links
755:
752:
751:
715:
695:
670:
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652:
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588:
568:
552:
539:
523:
471:
448:
423:
397:
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382:Plasma Economy
379:
374:
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364:
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344:
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329:
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197:
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128:microorganisms
88:
87:
78:
72:
71:
68:drug injection
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2650:
2639:
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2461:
2455:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Sterilization
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Surgical mask
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
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2343:
2342:
2341:Public health
2339:
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2327:
2326:
2325:
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2255:
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2239:
2236:
2234:
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2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Phage therapy
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:Immunotherapy
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:Antimicrobial
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:Genitourinary
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
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1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:in population
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Herd immunity
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
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1807:
1805:
1801:
1783:
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1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:Genitourinary
1729:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:Contamination
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:Vector-borne
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1582:
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1574:
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1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
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1531:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
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1499:
1496:
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1490:
1488:
1484:
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1476:
1475:
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1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1427:Cross-species
1424:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:Window period
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Latent period
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1283:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
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1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Deforestation
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1156:Stress levels
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:Pathogenicity
986:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
959:
955:
952:
948:
943:
939:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
911:
908:
902:
899:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
841:
837:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
815:
811:
810:
806:
804:
800:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
784:
780:
776:
775:
772:
767:
763:
741:on 2021-05-01
737:
733:
726:
719:
708:
707:
699:
684:
680:
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
628:
621:
620:public domain
603:
599:
592:
581:
580:
572:
565:
559:
557:
549:
543:
537:52(2011) 4–10
536:
530:
528:
519:
515:
511:
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503:
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495:
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487:
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476:
459:
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433:
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409:
402:
398:
388:
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368:
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363:
360:
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355:
353:
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343:
340:
338:
330:
326:
323:
320:
319:
318:
309:
307:
298:
295:
291:
286:
284:
283:nucleic acids
280:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
226:
221:
219:
218:phlebotomists
215:
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
185:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
150:(HVB), &
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
98:
94:
86:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2324:Notification
2295:Hand washing
2290:Food hygiene
2275:Disinfection
2171:Immunization
2122:Anthelmintic
2110:prophylactic
1998:Respiratory
1922:Hyperendemic
1872:WAIFW matrix
1598:
1527:Environment-
1280:Transmission
1256:Urbanization
1054:Host tropism
950:Determinants
936:Concepts in
891:. Retrieved
807:
792:
777:
743:. Retrieved
736:the original
731:
723:Fact Sheet.
718:
705:
698:
686:. Retrieved
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
637:
627:
605:. Retrieved
601:
591:
578:
571:
542:
493:
489:
464:February 23,
462:. Retrieved
451:
439:. Retrieved
435:
426:
415:. Retrieved
412:The Observer
411:
401:
341:
335:
315:
304:
287:
272:
252:
249:
222:
205:
199:
186:
175:
156:
107:
105:
60:promethazine
2577:Eradication
2488:Biosecurity
2213:Vaccination
2188:Inoculation
2166:Drug safety
2161:Combination
2088:and Control
2036:Soft tissue
1990:Anatomical
1957:Seasonality
1937:Mesoendemic
1917:Holoendemic
1910:Farr's laws
1822:Attack rate
1620:Animal bite
1616:Insect bite
1552:Respiratory
1179:Air quality
1167:Environment
1077:Comorbidity
993:Attack rate
976:Infectivity
847:, from the
688:October 18,
607:October 18,
496:(1): 4–10.
261:(HCV), and
259:hepatitis C
255:hepatitis B
152:hepatitis C
148:hepatitis B
120:body fluids
101:hepatitis C
2627:Categories
2460:infections
2401:Sanitation
2369:Quarantine
2228:resistance
2146:Antiseptic
2127:Ascaricide
2117:Antifungal
2105:Antibiotic
2086:Prevention
2019:Intestinal
1952:Prevalence
1932:Inequality
1881:Occurrence
1680:Breastmilk
1564:Bioaerosol
1536:Sapronosis
1511:Horizontal
1383:Endogenous
1362:Viral load
1322:Index case
893:2014-03-01
814:D000086982
745:2017-10-25
632:1205–1216.
417:2008-07-26
393:References
367:Hematology
312:Prevention
273:Blood for
167:zika fever
118:and other
81:Hematology
64:antiemetic
29:Bloodborne
2572:Discovery
2498:Disease X
2458:Emerging
2406:Screening
2307:Isolation
2151:Antiviral
1977:Twindemic
1927:Incidence
1804:Modelling
1767:Perinatal
1699:Cutaneous
1590:Linked to
1500:Perinatal
1419:Exogenous
1411:formation
1153:Pregnancy
1010:Endotoxin
1005:Virulence
889:. cdc.gov
510:1386-6532
136:parasites
124:pathogens
76:Specialty
2481:EARS-Net
2396:Safe sex
2348:services
2319:Lockdown
2090:measures
1992:location
1972:Syndemic
1967:Sporadic
1947:Pandemic
1942:Outbreak
1900:Epidemic
1753:Prenatal
1645:Mosquito
1529:to-human
1504:Neonatal
1497:Prenatal
1445:Zoonosis
1290:concepts
1221:Humidity
1206:Commerce
1082:Diabetes
1015:Exotoxin
836:Archived
579:Governor
518:21680238
441:30 March
346:See also
290:psoralen
178:drug use
132:bacteria
2285:Hygiene
2223:booster
2156:Asepsis
1895:Endemic
1890:Cluster
1474:Source
1409:Biofilm
1246:Poverty
1216:Ecology
1194:El Niño
1147:Smoking
1025:factors
966:Biofilm
942:Outline
332:sharps.
257:(HBV),
171:malaria
154:(HVC).
140:viruses
130:, like
112:disease
2493:CRISPR
2445:Zoning
2300:Gloves
1711:Fomite
1545:Routes
1440:Vector
1307:Fomite
1288:Basic
1251:Travel
1131:Gender
851:(OSHA)
803:V01.79
788:Z77.21
516:
508:
210:needle
2565:Other
2073:Fetus
2068:Mouth
2063:Tooth
2058:Blood
2045:Joint
1905:Curve
1775:Other
1722:wound
1720:Open
1690:Feces
1685:Water
1376:Modes
1234:Flood
958:Agent
739:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
710:(PDF)
583:(PDF)
116:blood
110:is a
62:, an
2329:list
2250:Non-
2040:Bone
2032:Skin
1716:Soil
1706:Burn
1668:Food
1650:Tick
1312:Host
1072:Burn
1064:Host
809:MeSH
798:9-CM
690:2017
609:2017
514:PMID
506:ISSN
466:2014
443:2020
223:The
206:e.g.
169:and
134:and
56:lean
2389:PPE
2077:Eye
1738:Sex
1559:Air
1128:Age
794:ICD
779:ICD
683:PBS
498:doi
294:UVA
144:HIV
2629::
812::
801::
786::
783:10
730:.
681:.
600:.
555:^
526:^
512:.
504:.
494:52
492:.
488:.
474:^
434:.
410:.
184:.
173:.
165:,
146:,
106:A
83:,
58:,
944:)
940:(
929:e
922:t
915:v
896:.
876:.
796:-
781:-
771:D
748:.
692:.
622:.
611:.
550:.
520:.
500::
468:.
445:.
420:.
204:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
