691:
inflammation". During the night he was bled another 24 ounces (680 ml). Early the next morning, the chief surgeon bled the patient another 10 ounces (285 ml); during the next 14 hours, he was bled five more times. Medical attendants thus intentionally removed more than half of the patient's normal blood supply—in addition to the initial blood loss which caused the sergeant to faint. Bleedings continued over the next several days. By 29 July, the wound had become inflamed. The physician applied 32 leeches to the most sensitive part of the wound. Over the next three days, there were more bleedings and a total of 40 more leeches. The sergeant recovered and was discharged on 3 October. His physician wrote that "by the large quantity of blood lost, amounting to 170 ounces (4.8 liters), besides that drawn by the application of leeches (1.1 liters), the life of the patient was preserved". By nineteenth-century standards, thirteen pints of blood taken over the space of a month was a large but not an exceptional quantity. The medical literature of the period contains many similar accounts-some successful, some not.
158:
511:
580:
588:
572:
172:
564:
675:
smallpox, stroke, tetanus, tuberculosis, and for some one hundred other diseases. Bloodletting was even used to treat most forms of hemorrhaging such as nosebleed, excessive menstruation, or hemorrhoidal bleeding. Before surgery or at the onset of childbirth, blood was removed to prevent inflammation. Before amputation, it was customary to remove a quantity of blood equal to the amount believed to circulate in the limb that was to be removed.
631:, used primarily in 19th century medicine. It has a spring-loaded mechanism with gears that snaps the blades out through slits in the front cover and back in, in a circular motion. The case is cast brass, and the mechanism and blades steel. One knife bar gear has slipped teeth, turning the blades in a different direction than those on the other bars. The last photo and the diagram show the depth adjustment bar at the back and sides.
489:
715:
36:
731:) may sometimes have outweighed the physiological problems it caused. Bloodletting slowly lost favour during the 19th century, after French physician Dr. Pierre Louis conducted an experiment in which he studied the effect of bloodletting on pneumonia patients. A number of other ineffective or harmful treatments were available as placebos—
685:
Leeches became especially popular in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, the French imported about 40 million leeches a year for medical purposes, and in the next decade, England imported 6 million leeches a year from France alone. Through the early decades of the century, hundreds of millions of
745:
write that the popularity of bloodletting and heroic medicine in general was because of a need to justify medical billing. Traditional healing techniques had been mostly practiced by women within a non-commercial family or village setting. As male doctors suppressed these techniques, they found it
674:
During this era, bloodletting was used to treat almost every disease. One
British medical text recommended bloodletting for acne, asthma, cancer, cholera, coma, convulsions, diabetes, epilepsy, gangrene, gout, herpes, indigestion, insanity, jaundice, leprosy, ophthalmia, plague, pneumonia, scurvy,
770:
became prominent supporters of bloodletting in the 1880s and onwards, disputing
Bennett's premise that bloodletting had fallen into disuse because it did not work. These advocates framed bloodletting as an orthodox medical practice, to be used in spite of its general unpopularity. Some physicians
690:
One typical course of medical treatment began the morning of 13 July 1824. A French sergeant was stabbed through the chest while engaged in single combat; within minutes, he fainted from loss of blood. Arriving at the local hospital he was immediately bled twenty ounces (570 ml) "to prevent
364:
Bloodletting is usually administered directly to the affected area, e.g. if the patient has a headache, a cut is made on the forehead. Out of 14 cultures with information on the localization of bloodletting, 11 at least sometimes removed blood from the affected area, while 3 specifically removed
356:
Bloodletting is not thought to be effective against illness caused supernaturally by humans (e.g. witchcraft). This is surprising, because in most cultures witchcraft and sorcery can be blamed for ailments. But out of 14 cultures with detailed bloodletting descriptions, there was no evidence of
337:
data that includes only one culture from each of 60 macro-culture areas around the world. The prevalence of bloodletting in PSF controls for pseudo replication linked to common ancestry, suggesting that bloodletting has independently emerged many times. Bloodletting is varied in its practices
726:
knowledge, surgical and diagnostic skills increased tremendously in Europe from the 17th century, the key to curing disease remained elusive, and the underlying belief was that it was better to give any treatment than nothing at all. The psychological benefit of bloodletting to the patient (a
349:
Bloodletting is not self-administered. Out of 14 cultures in which the bloodletting practitioner was mentioned, the practitioner was always a third party. 13/14 of the cultures had practitioners with roles related to medicine, while one culture had a practitioner whose role was not related to
2114:
Arguing that it was the physician's obligation to be active and to intervene when necessary, bloodletting proponents explicitly contrasted themselves with advocates of expectant treatment, whom they portrayed as passive, timid, and unwilling to do what was necessary to save their
292:
Galen created a complex system of how much blood should be removed based on the patient's age, constitution, the season, the weather and the place. "Do-it-yourself" bleeding instructions following these systems were developed. Symptoms of plethora were believed to include fever,
2271:
Merryweather-Clarke, Alison T.; Worwood, Mark; Parkinson, Lisa; Mattock, Chris; Pointon, Jennifer J.; Shearman, Jeremy D.; Robson, Kathryn J. H. (May 1998). "The effect of HFE mutations on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation in the Jersey population".
280:
of air, water, earth, and fire respectively. Galen believed that blood was the dominant humour and the one in most need of control. In order to balance the humours, a physician would either remove "excess" blood (plethora) from the patient or give them an
556:, still in use today, is derived from this practice: the red symbolizes blood while the white symbolizes the bandages. Bloodletting was used to "treat" a wide range of diseases, becoming a standard treatment for almost every ailment, and was practiced
111:
until the late 19th century, a span of over 2,000 years. In Europe, the practice continued to be relatively common until the end of the 19th century. The practice has now been abandoned by modern-style medicine for all except a few very specific
962:
B.) Anderson, Julie, Emm Barnes, and Enna
Shackleton. "The Art of Medicine: Over 2,000 Years of Images and Imagination ." The Art of Medicine: Over 2,000 Years of Images and Imagination: Julie Anderson, Emm Barnes, Emma Shackleton:
746:
difficult to quantify various "amounts" of healing to charge for, and difficult to convince patients to pay for it. Because bloodletting seemed active and dramatic, it helped convince patients the doctor had something tangible to sell.
384:
Bloodletting as a concept is thought to be a cultural attractor, or an intrinsically attractive / culturally transmissible concept. This could explain bloodletting's independent cross-cultural emergence and common cross-cultural traits.
377:, stories about bloodletting in a non-affected area were much more likely to transition into stories about bloodletting being administered near the area in pain than vice versa. This suggests that colocalized bloodletting could be a
671:, who could recommend leeches fifty at a time. Some physicians resisted Louis' work because they "were not prepared to discard therapies 'validated by both tradition and their own experience on account of somebody else's numbers'."
338:
cross-culturally, for example, in native
Alaskan culture bloodletting was practiced for different indications, using different tools, on different body areas, by different people, and it was explained by different medical theories.
735:, various processes involving the new technology of electricity, many potions, tonics, and elixirs. Yet, bloodletting persisted during the 19th century partly because it was readily available to people of any socioeconomic status.
3733:
2455:
754:
Bloodletting gradually declined in popularity over the course of the 19th century, becoming rather uncommon in most places, before its validity was thoroughly debated. In the medical community of
268:
were filled with blood, not air as was commonly believed at the time. There were two key concepts in his system of bloodletting. The first was that blood was created and then used up; it did not
353:
Idea of bloodletting removing 'bad blood' that needs to be taken out was common, and was explicitly mentioned in 10/14 cultures studied with detailed descriptions of bloodletting.
2485:
409:
were favourable for bloodletting. During medieval times bleeding charts were common, showing specific bleeding sites on the body in alignment with the planets and zodiacs.
73:
667:
would still state that "blood-letting is a remedy which, when judiciously employed, it is hardly possible to estimate too highly", and Louis was dogged by the sanguinary
2096:
Anders, Eli
Osterweil (2016). "'A Plea for the Lancet': Bloodletting, Therapeutic Epistemology, and Professional Identity in Late Nineteenth-century American Medicine".
1823:
2603:
195:. Egyptian burials have been reported to contain bloodletting instruments. According to some accounts, the Egyptians based the idea on their observations of the
1007:
218:, however, theorized that many diseases were caused by plethoras, or overabundances, in the blood and advised that these plethoras be treated, initially, by
795:. The textbook was originally written by Sir William Osler and continued to be published in new editions under new authors following Osler's death in 1919.
847:
Though bloodletting as a general health measure has been shown to be pseudoscience, it is still commonly indicated for a wide variety of conditions in the
492:
2452:
2167:
934:
2046:"Therapeutic explanation and the Edinburgh bloodletting controversy: Two perspectives on the medical meaning of science in the mid-nineteenth century"
365:
blood from a different area from the area in pain. Europe is the only continent with more instances of non-colocalized than colocalized bloodletting.
603:(often called "breathing a vein"), in which blood was drawn from one or more of the larger external veins, such as those in the forearm or neck. In
2436:
1918:
During the Yellow Fever this practice was also used by Dr. Rush. Read the book Fever 1793 for more info of look up Yellow Fever or Dr. Ben Rush
771:
considered bloodletting useful for a more limited range of purposes, such as to "clear out" infected or weakened blood or its ability to "cause
682:
wrote a book in 1623 on the uses of bloodletting to cure a broken heart. He recommended bloodletting to the point of heart failure (literal).
381:
and is more likely to be culturally transmitted, even among people in the US who are likely more familiar with non-colocalized bloodletting.
2794:
2691:
260:
The popularity of bloodletting in the classical
Mediterranean world was reinforced by the ideas of Galen, after he discovered that not only
1950:
357:
bloodletting being used to cure witchcraft-related ailments, while bloodletting was recorded as a cure for ailments of other origins. The
276:
balance was the basis of illness or health, the four humours being blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, relating to the four Greek
1096:
3799:
3740:
700:
758:, bloodletting was abandoned in practice before it was challenged in theory, a contradiction highlighted by physician-physiologist
707:
asked to be bled heavily after he developed a throat infection from weather exposure. Within a ten-hour period, a total of 124–126
3704:
2673:
2482:
839:
with data published in 2010, the primary use of phlebotomy was to take blood that would one day be reinfused back into a person.
791:
497:
1412:
157:
1123:
145:, etc., to reduce the number of red blood cells. The traditional medical practice of bloodletting is today considered to be a
2898:
2567:
2549:
1739:
1422:
1047:
703:) saw the state of the arteries as the key to disease, recommending levels of bloodletting that were high even for the time.
107:" that had to remain in proper balance to maintain health. It is the most common medical practice performed by surgeons from
3850:
3150:
863:. Unani is based on a form of humorism, and so in that system, bloodletting is used to correct supposed humoral imbalance.
2641:
2608:
2501:
Chen PD, Chen GZ, Xu YX (2011). "Study strategies for bloodletting therapy in treatment of acute soft tissue injuries".
668:
3753:
1523:
Lawrence I. Conrad, Wellcome
Institute for the History of Medicine. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
1367:
1133:
968:
811:. It is practiced by specifically trained practitioners in hospitals, using modern techniques, and is also known as a
1070:
1578:
1528:
1480:
1454:
413:
also advised bloodletting, particularly for fevers. It was practised according to seasons and certain phases of the
3128:
2925:
1015:
329:
database, present in all inhabited continents. Bloodletting has also been reported in 15 of the 60 cultures in the
615:, a method of body modification), the "superficial" vessels were attacked, often using a syringe, a spring-loaded
3778:
3720:
3436:
3253:
2915:
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culture has been recorded to believe that bloodletting does not work to cure human-related witchcraft ailments.
2772:
2616:
1948:
The
Permanente Journal Volume 8 No. 2: The asphyxiating and exsanguinating death of president george washington
1806:
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by physicians, it was carried out by barbers. This led to the distinction between physicians and surgeons. The
3855:
3573:
2175:
1037:
938:
370:
317:. The more severe the disease, the more blood would be let. Fevers required copious amounts of bloodletting.
231:
20:
678:
There were also theories that bloodletting would cure "heartsickness" and "heartbreak". A French physician,
3785:
3040:
856:
297:, and headache. The blood to be let was of a specific nature determined by the disease: either arterial or
176:
982:
330:
3845:
3806:
3396:
3113:
2666:
1239:
Schneeberg, NG (December 2002). "A twenty-first century perspective on the ancient art of bloodletting".
664:
2433:
835:) has become the mainstay treatment option. In the U.S., according to an academic article posted in the
641:(fainting) was considered beneficial, and many sessions would only end when the patient began to swoon.
3792:
3523:
3466:
2990:
1552:
1504:
1326:
342:
334:
326:
116:. In the beginning of the 19th century, studies had begun to show the harmful effects of bloodletting.
1475:. Mirko D. Grmek, Bernardino Fantini, Antony Shugaar. Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press. 1998.
3406:
2853:
2241:
789:
Bloodletting persisted into the 20th century and was recommended in the 1923 edition of the textbook
378:
3364:
3258:
3224:
3108:
269:
95:
from a patient to prevent or cure illness and disease. Bloodletting, whether by a physician or by
46:
3771:
3689:
3441:
3123:
3062:
2833:
1602:
779:
648:
510:
309:, according to their supposed drainage. For example, the vein in the right hand would be let for
254:
142:
3088:
1947:
533:, a traumatic and destructive collection of medical practices that emerged in the 18th century.
245:. Hippocrates believed that menstruation functioned to "purge women of bad humours". During the
3860:
3840:
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3384:
3359:
3349:
3207:
2910:
2777:
2659:
374:
1357:
1303:
1100:
711:(3.75 liters) of blood was withdrawn prior to his death from a throat infection in 1799.
3608:
3598:
3593:
3486:
3118:
3057:
3052:
2945:
2483:
Treating Herpes Zoster (Shingles) with
Bloodletting Therapy: Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine
458:
2625:
1273:
325:
Therapeutic uses of bloodletting were reported in 60 distinct cultures/ethnic groups in the
3558:
3229:
3140:
3035:
2828:
2757:
860:
775:
to cease"—as evidenced in a call for a "fair trial for blood-letting as a remedy" in 1871.
200:
519:
421:. The practice was probably passed by the Greeks with the translation of ancient texts to
8:
3865:
3694:
3528:
2838:
893:
759:
121:
579:
3764:
3663:
3638:
3476:
3426:
3301:
3135:
3083:
2970:
2950:
2705:
2411:
2394:
2340:
2297:
2222:
2152:
2127:
2070:
2045:
2026:
1865:
1840:
1790:
1745:
1700:
1618:
1546:
1498:
1296:
1221:
913:
738:
345:
database and other sources, there are several cross-cultural patterns in bloodletting.
3103:
2328:
1933:
722:
One reason for the continued popularity of bloodletting (and purging) was that, while
3835:
3726:
3699:
3628:
3296:
3284:
3236:
3192:
3098:
2740:
2730:
2563:
2545:
2518:
2416:
2375:
2344:
2332:
2289:
2285:
2214:
2210:
2075:
2018:
1971:
1870:
1802:
1749:
1735:
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1653:
1645:
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1534:
1524:
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1267:
1248:
1213:
1208:
1191:
1172:
1129:
1043:
964:
704:
638:
553:
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recommended a specific day of the week and days of the month for bloodletting in the
277:
138:
126:
113:
2315:
Powell, Lawrie W; Seckington, Rebecca C; Deugnier, Yves (2016). "Haemochromatosis".
2301:
2226:
1720:"Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard: Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (1937)"
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2139:
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2030:
2010:
1929:
1860:
1852:
1727:
1684:
1614:
1307:
1225:
1203:
1162:
803:
Therapeutic phlebotomy is used today in the treatment of a few diseases, including
783:
549:
410:
398:
2395:"Leech therapy – a holistic approach of treatment in unani (greeko-arab) medicine"
1719:
587:
571:
3684:
3652:
3538:
3513:
3202:
3167:
3162:
3078:
3010:
2930:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2823:
2645:
2620:
2489:
2459:
2440:
2371:
2172:
UCLA Library: Biomedical
Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences
1954:
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1731:
883:
828:
804:
742:
679:
530:
422:
306:
134:
108:
52:
2560:
The Decline of Therapeutic Bloodletting and the Collapse of Traditional Medicine
206:
In Greece, bloodletting was in use in the 5th century BC during the lifetime of
3830:
3658:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3583:
3578:
3553:
3246:
3187:
3020:
2985:
2783:
2725:
2715:
2638:
2014:
1856:
878:
763:
728:
644:
541:
515:
418:
406:
235:
2061:
1167:
1150:
536:
Even after the humoral system fell into disuse, the practice was continued by
35:
3824:
3747:
3543:
3374:
3318:
3197:
3145:
3093:
2940:
2878:
2873:
2735:
2720:
2682:
2471:
1696:
1649:
1603:"Universal cognitive mechanisms explain the cultural success of bloodletting"
1390:
873:
767:
696:
612:
358:
301:, and distant or close to the area of the body affected. He linked different
192:
191:
may indicate that bloodletting by scarification was an accepted practice in
188:
146:
3734:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
1671:
Murdock, George P.; Wilson, Suzanne F.; Frederick, Violetta (October 1978).
1633:
1538:
1490:
772:
659:
to demonstrate that phlebotomy was entirely ineffective in the treatment of
3613:
3533:
3491:
3431:
3323:
3274:
3157:
2975:
2920:
2868:
2848:
2818:
2747:
2522:
2420:
2379:
2336:
2218:
2022:
1657:
1634:"Lancets of stone: traditional methods of surgery among the Alaska natives"
1252:
1217:
1176:
1074:
832:
808:
695:
Bloodletting was also popular in the young United States of America, where
624:
402:
302:
298:
246:
242:
223:
215:
196:
2293:
2270:
2143:
2079:
1874:
663:
and various fevers in the 1830s. Nevertheless, in 1838, a lecturer at the
3518:
3279:
3005:
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2813:
2514:
2109:
1518:
1470:
1298:
Bloodletting Instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology
898:
824:
557:
207:
171:
161:
A chart showing the parts of the body to be bled for different diseases,
1149:
Papavramidou, Niki; Thomaidis, Vassilios; Fiska, Aliki (December 2011).
563:
3758:
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1775:
1704:
1241:
Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
888:
816:
227:
203:
with blood and believing that it scratched itself to relieve distress.
1311:
647:
disproved the basis of the practice in 1628, and the introduction of
607:, an artery was punctured, although generally only in the temples. In
62:
3643:
3461:
3411:
3379:
3354:
3219:
3025:
3000:
2965:
2767:
2710:
1841:"Evidence-based medicine: old French wine with a new Canadian label?"
1672:
755:
732:
660:
466:
272:, and so it could "stagnate" in the extremities. The second was that
1688:
1125:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
3401:
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2883:
2843:
2762:
1965:
1963:
903:
848:
473:
437:
294:
286:
273:
219:
104:
100:
2197:
Ryan, Terence J (2015). "Osler and his teaching: relevant today".
1920:
Delpech, M (1825). "Case of a Wound of the Right Carotid Artery".
1391:"Degeneration of Medicine and the Grisly Art of Slicing Open Arms"
782:
to discourage bloodletting. But at the same time, publications by
3548:
3481:
3391:
3344:
3311:
723:
637:
could also be used. The withdrawal of so much blood as to induce
616:
595:
A number of different methods were employed. The most common was
537:
449:
211:
3648:
2651:
2613:
1960:
1601:
Miton, Helena; Claidière, Nicolas; Mercier, Hugo (August 2015).
488:
133:
refers to the drawing of a unit of blood in specific cases like
3456:
1768:
908:
708:
620:
522:
445:
433:
429:
426:
394:
314:
282:
265:
230:
also opposed bloodletting. But a contemporary Greek physician,
2576:
Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything
2001:
Upshaw, John (2000). "The medicinal leech: Past and present".
1898:
Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything
1726:, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 167–171,
714:
401:, and similar rules, though less codified, can be found among
3030:
852:
634:
441:
313:
problems and the vein in the left hand for problems with the
310:
250:
241:"Bleeding" a patient to health was modeled on the process of
96:
92:
2633:
2392:
2190:
1900:"Bleed Yourself to Bliss" (Workman Publishing Company; 2017)
1564:
1562:
749:
253:, who subscribed to the teachings of Hippocrates, advocated
2393:
Lone AH; Ahmad T; Anwar M; Habib S; Sofi G; Imam H (2011).
453:
414:
261:
2542:
Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis
1571:
The Western Medical Tradition: 800 B.C.–1800 A.D
1148:
780:
statistical methods for evaluating treatment effectiveness
125:
refers to the drawing of blood for laboratory analysis or
1559:
1472:
Western medical thought from antiquity to the Middle Ages
1302:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p.
1151:"The ancient surgical bloodletting method of arteriotomy"
103:
in which blood and other bodily fluids were regarded as "
72:
2314:
786:
and others defended bloodletting on scientific grounds.
627:). There was also a specific bloodletting tool called a
619:, or a glass cup that contained heated air, producing a
2539:
2120:
1520:
The Western medical tradition : 800 B.C.–1800 A.D.
76:
Ancient Greek painting on a vase, showing a physician (
2562:. New Brunswick & London: Transaction Publishers.
1670:
958:
956:
1600:
927:
448:, bloodletting became more widespread. Together with
210:, who mentions this practice but generally relied on
2472:
Bleeding Peripheral Points: An Acupuncture Technique
1957:, p. 79, Spring, 2004, retrieved on 11 November 2012
1825:
Dr Clutterbuck's Lectures On Bloodletting: Lecture 1
518:'s bloodletting set, beginning of the 19th century,
341:
According to Helena Miton et al.'s analysis of the
2634:
Huge collection of antique bloodletting instruments
953:
686:leeches were used by physicians throughout Europe.
1785:
1783:
1295:
2573:
2358:Cook, Lynda S. (2010). "Therapeutic Phlebotomy".
1789:
1099:. Carteret General Hospital. 2009. Archived from
591:Diagram of scarificator, showing depth adjustment
226:, reduced food intake, and vomiting. His student
3822:
1362:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 169.
1780:
483:
937:. British Science Museum. 2009. Archived from
505:, 1693 – diagrammed transfusion of dog's blood
320:
2692:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2667:
2540:Carter, K. Codell; Barbara R. Carter (2005).
1318:
2614:Pictures of antique bloodletting instruments
2609:Medical Antiques: Scarification and Bleeding
1405:
1115:
1073:. James C. Barton, M.D. 2009. Archived from
464:
238:, did believe in the value of bloodletting.
2604:The History and Progression of Bloodletting
1970:Greenstone, Gerry (January–February 2010).
1821:
1673:"World Distribution of Theories of Illness"
1142:
440:. When Muslim theories became known in the
2674:
2660:
2500:
1969:
1838:
1293:
1238:
1232:
842:
583:Scarificator, showing depth adjustment bar
472:both recommended it. It was also known in
34:
3800:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
3741:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2410:
2151:
2091:
2089:
2069:
1864:
1207:
1166:
1063:
1030:
798:
750:Controversy and use into the 20th century
718:Bloodsticks for use when bleeding animals
1890:
1631:
1444:
1121:
713:
586:
578:
570:
562:
529:Bloodletting became a main technique of
509:
487:
373:done on people living in the US through
170:
156:
71:
3705:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1919:
1717:
1355:
1349:
1192:"History of bloodletting by phlebotomy"
1189:
1183:
792:The Principles and Practice of Medicine
152:
3823:
2239:
2233:
2095:
2086:
2043:
2000:
1724:SchlĂĽsselwerke der Religionssoziologie
1568:
1190:Parapia, Liakat Ali (September 2008).
1089:
1000:
980:
2655:
2494:
2476:
2465:
2446:
2427:
2386:
2351:
2308:
2264:
2160:
2037:
1994:
1941:
1912:
1903:
1881:
1832:
1815:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1438:
1383:
1287:
1265:
1259:
1071:"The Basis of Therapeutic Phlebotomy"
467:Al-Tasrif li-man 'ajaza 'an al-ta'lif
2593:(1985), brief history pp. 32–34
2357:
2196:
1324:
1272:. New York: Rebman Company. p.
974:
544:. Though the bloodletting was often
99:, was based on an ancient system of
16:Therapy, now rarely used in medicine
2574:Kang, Lydia; Nate Pederson (2017).
1896:Lydia Kang MD & Nate Pederson,
1294:Davis, Audrey; Appel, Toby (1979).
1269:Theory and Practice of Bloodletting
13:
3754:James Randi Educational Foundation
2583:
1772:
1619:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.003
1587:
234:, one of the first to practice in
14:
3877:
2681:
2597:
2174:. 12 January 2012. Archived from
2044:Warner, John Harley (July 1980).
1573:. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP.
983:"Modern Bloodletting and Leeches"
3151:Strauss–Howe generational theory
3129:Moon landing conspiracy theories
2926:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
2286:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00736.x
2211:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133677
1976:British Columbia Medical Journal
1801:. Anchor Books. pp. 49–52.
1209:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07361.x
255:physician-initiated bloodletting
3779:The Natural History of Quackery
3721:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2591:Encyclopedia of Medical History
1762:
1711:
1664:
1625:
1511:
1463:
981:Mestel, Rosie (6 August 2001).
971:: The Ilex Press Limited, 2013.
2533:
2274:British Journal of Haematology
2138:(533): 283–91. 18 March 1871.
1414:Encyclopedia of ancient Greece
1196:British Journal of Haematology
657:Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis
388:
331:probability sample files (PSF)
1:
2578:. Workman Publishing Company.
2329:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01315-x
1972:"The history of bloodletting"
1934:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)83521-8
1828:. The London Medical Gazette.
1445:Coutinho, Elsimar M. (1999).
1122:Williams, William F. (2013).
920:
819:now refers to the removal of
371:transmission chain experiment
333:list. The PSF is a subset of
162:
21:Bloodletting (disambiguation)
3786:The Psychology of the Occult
3041:Traditional Chinese medicine
2916:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
2773:Superseded scientific theory
2628:Red Gold: The Story of Blood
2372:10.1097/nan.0b013e3181d00010
2199:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1732:10.1007/978-3-658-15250-5_20
1607:Evolution and Human Behavior
1569:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1995).
560:as well as therapeutically.
484:Use through the 19th century
181:Field book of wound medicine
7:
3851:Obsolete medical procedures
3397:Electronic voice phenomenon
3254:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
3114:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
2360:Journal of Infusion Nursing
1938:quoted in Carter (2005):7–8
1822:Clutterbuck, Henry (1838).
1449:. Oxford University Press.
1359:The Animal in Ottoman Egypt
1155:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1008:"Why fair tests are needed"
866:
837:Journal of Infusion Nursing
701:Declaration of Independence
665:Royal College of Physicians
476:medicine, described in the
465:
321:Cross-cultural bloodletting
10:
3882:
3793:The Ragged Edge of Science
3524:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
3467:Pseudoscientific metrology
2991:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2558:Carter, K. Codell (2012).
2544:. Transaction Publishers.
2503:Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao
2098:Social History of Medicine
2015:10.1177/000313480006600318
1857:10.1177/014107689709000516
1839:Rangachari, P. K. (1997).
1417:. Nigel Guy Wilson. 2006.
827:. However, in the case of
550:red-and-white-striped pole
18:
3713:
3677:
3504:
3407:Facilitated communication
3337:
3267:
3071:
2806:
2793:
2698:
2689:
2644:14 September 2015 at the
2062:10.1017/s0025727300040308
1718:Schmitt, RĂĽdiger (2019),
1447:Is Menstruation Obsolete?
1168:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.05.100
1042:. Bonnie K. Davis. 2001.
611:(not to be confused with
503:Armamentarium Chirurgicum
285:to induce vomiting, or a
175:Points for bloodletting,
59:
45:
33:
28:
3807:The Skeptic's Dictionary
3365:Biological transmutation
3285:Faster-than-light travel
3259:Enneagram of Personality
3225:Recovered-memory therapy
3109:9/11 conspiracy theories
2458:22 February 2014 at the
2246:Science History Magazine
1266:Stern, Heinrich (1915).
1097:"Therapeutic Phlebotomy"
823:quantities of blood for
405:writings advising which
3772:The Demon-Haunted World
3690:Bourgeois pseudoscience
3124:COVID-19 misinformation
3063:Young blood transfusion
2834:Anthroposophic medicine
2648:phisick.com 14 Nov 2011
2132:British Medical Journal
1953:22 October 2017 at the
1393:. BBC. 29 November 2002
843:In alternative medicine
456:surgery; the key texts
444:-speaking countries of
427:bloodletting by cupping
411:Islamic medical authors
143:porphyria cutanea tarda
91:) is the withdrawal of
3604:Corentin Louis Kervran
3472:Rapid prompting method
3360:Biodynamic agriculture
3350:Aquatic ape hypothesis
3208:Historical negationism
2911:Doctrine of signatures
2778:True-believer syndrome
2443:, holistic-online.com.
2434:Ayurveda – Panchakarma
2240:Tuttle, Kelly (2012).
1551:: CS1 maint: others (
1503:: CS1 maint: others (
1356:Mikhail, Alan (2014).
1014:. 2009. Archived from
813:therapeutic phlebotomy
799:Therapeutic phlebotomy
778:Some researchers used
762:. Authorities such as
719:
693:
592:
584:
576:
575:Scarificator mechanism
568:
525:
506:
425:and is different than
375:Amazon Mechanical Turk
249:, the Greek physician
184:
168:
131:Therapeutic phlebotomy
81:
3609:The Light (newspaper)
3599:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
3594:William Donald Kelley
3487:Voice stress analysis
3119:Climate change denial
3058:Wind turbine syndrome
3053:Vertebral subluxation
2946:Germ theory denialism
2439:30 March 2013 at the
2144:10.1136/bmj.1.533.283
1632:Fortuine, R. (1985).
717:
688:
590:
582:
574:
566:
513:
491:
289:to induce urination.
174:
160:
75:
3856:Traditional medicine
3559:Ignatius L. Donnelly
3230:Past life regression
3089:Arabian Judah theory
3036:Traditional medicine
2829:Alternative medicine
2758:Pathological science
2515:10.3736/jcim20110302
2003:The American Surgeon
1012:jameslindlibrary.org
861:alternative medicine
766:, Hiram Corson, and
699:(a signatory of the
653:la méthode numérique
452:, it was central to
153:In the ancient world
80:) bleeding a patient
40:Bloodletting in 1860
19:For other uses, see
3695:Demarcation problem
3529:Brigitte Boisselier
3158:Hollow Earth theory
3141:Generational theory
2839:Applied kinesiology
1791:Ehrenreich, Barbara
1638:Arctic Anthropology
894:History of medicine
857:traditional Chinese
831:, bloodletting (by
825:diagnostic purposes
760:John Hughes Bennett
649:scientific medicine
3846:Medical treatments
3765:Skeptical Inquirer
3664:Paul Joseph Watson
3639:Hans Alfred Nieper
3477:Statement analysis
3427:Intelligent design
3302:Reactionless drive
3136:Conversion therapy
3084:Ancient astronauts
2971:Leaky gut syndrome
2951:HIV/AIDS denialism
2706:Cargo cult science
2639:"Breathing a Vein"
2619:2 May 2012 at the
2589:McGrew, Roderick.
2488:2013-06-04 at the
2110:10.1093/shm/hkw026
1909:Carter (2005) p. 7
1887:Carter (2005) p. 6
1325:Kean, Sam (2018).
739:Barbara Ehrenreich
720:
593:
585:
577:
569:
526:
507:
493:Johannes Scultetus
379:cultural attractor
278:classical elements
212:dietary techniques
187:Passages from the
185:
177:Hans von Gersdorff
169:
114:medical conditions
82:
3816:
3815:
3727:Cults of Unreason
3700:Scientific method
3629:Ministry of Ayush
3574:Nicholas Gonzalez
3500:
3499:
3437:Law of attraction
3417:Flat Earth theory
3297:Quantum mysticism
3237:Scientific racism
3193:Pseudoarchaeology
3099:Conspiracy theory
2797:characterized as
2741:Pseudomathematics
2731:Pseudoarchaeology
2568:978-1-4128-4604-2
2551:978-1-4128-0467-7
2323:(10045): 706–16.
1741:978-3-658-15249-9
1424:978-0-415-97334-2
1049:978-0-7668-2518-5
1039:Phlebotomy (book)
1018:on 2 January 2007
987:Los Angeles Times
815:. In most cases,
705:George Washington
520:Märkisches Museum
139:polycythemia vera
127:blood transfusion
70:
69:
3873:
3669:Andrew Wakefield
3370:Creation science
3329:Water-fueled car
3291:Perpetual motion
3213:Holocaust denial
3183:Nibiru cataclysm
3178:Nazi archaeology
2981:Macrobiotic diet
2804:
2803:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2579:
2555:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2205:(1080): 540–41.
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:on 13 March 2012
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2041:
2035:
2034:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1799:For her Own Good
1795:English, Deirdre
1787:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:"Sweating blood"
1322:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
972:
960:
951:
950:
948:
946:
941:on 15 April 2009
931:
784:Philip Pye-Smith
558:prophylactically
501:
470:
399:Shabbat tractate
199:, confusing its
167:
166: 1310–1320
164:
119:Today, the term
63:edit on Wikidata
55:
38:
26:
25:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3709:
3685:Bogdanov affair
3673:
3653:Claude Vorilhon
3539:Robert Charroux
3514:Sucharit Bhakdi
3506:
3496:
3333:
3263:
3203:Genocide denial
3168:Japhetic theory
3163:Indigo children
3079:2012 phenomenon
3067:
3011:Patent medicine
2931:Energy medicine
2904:Colon cleansing
2889:Crystal healing
2824:Adrenal fatigue
2798:
2796:
2789:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2646:Wayback Machine
2621:Wayback Machine
2600:
2586:
2584:Further reading
2552:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2499:
2495:
2490:Wayback Machine
2481:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2460:Wayback Machine
2451:
2447:
2441:Wayback Machine
2432:
2428:
2391:
2387:
2356:
2352:
2313:
2309:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2094:
2087:
2050:Medical History
2042:
2038:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1961:
1955:Wayback Machine
1946:
1942:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1886:
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1837:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1788:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1716:
1712:
1689:10.2307/3773194
1669:
1665:
1630:
1626:
1599:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1560:
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1543:
1531:
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1394:
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1374:
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1278:
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1233:
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1184:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1077:on 8 April 2011
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
979:
975:
961:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
923:
918:
884:Cupping therapy
869:
845:
829:hemochromatosis
805:hemochromatosis
801:
752:
743:Deirdre English
680:Jacques Ferrand
542:barber-surgeons
531:heroic medicine
527:
495:
486:
478:Susruta Samhita
462:and especially
391:
323:
305:with different
165:
155:
135:hemochromatosis
66:
51:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3678:Related topics
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Randolph Stone
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Theodor Morell
3631:
3626:
3624:Joseph Mercola
3621:
3619:Jenny McCarthy
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Graham Hancock
3581:
3579:Goop (company)
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Vernon Coleman
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
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3489:
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3479:
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3352:
3347:
3341:
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3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Teleportation‎
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:Melanin theory
3244:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3188:Parapsychology
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3133:
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3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3072:Social science
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Primal therapy
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Magnet therapy
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2899:Detoxification
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2784:Voodoo Science
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Fringe science
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2598:External links
2596:
2595:
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2580:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2493:
2475:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2385:
2350:
2307:
2263:
2242:"Let it bleed"
2232:
2189:
2168:"Bloodletting"
2159:
2128:"Bloodletting"
2119:
2104:(4): 781–801.
2085:
2036:
1993:
1959:
1940:
1928:(73): 210–13.
1911:
1902:
1889:
1880:
1831:
1814:
1807:
1779:
1761:
1740:
1710:
1663:
1624:
1613:(4): 303–312.
1586:
1579:
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1529:
1510:
1481:
1462:
1455:
1437:
1423:
1404:
1382:
1369:978-0190655228
1368:
1348:
1317:
1286:
1258:
1231:
1182:
1161:(6): 1842–44.
1141:
1135:978-1135955298
1134:
1114:
1103:on 7 July 2009
1088:
1062:
1048:
1029:
999:
973:
969:978-0226749365
952:
935:"Bloodletting"
925:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Blood donation
876:
870:
868:
865:
844:
841:
800:
797:
764:Austin Flint I
751:
748:
729:placebo effect
645:William Harvey
516:barber surgeon
508:
485:
482:
459:Kitab al-Qanun
419:lunar calendar
390:
387:
367:
366:
362:
354:
351:
322:
319:
201:red secretions
154:
151:
68:
67:
60:
57:
56:
49:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3878:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Pseudoscience
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Medical tests
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:Fortean Times
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Deepak Chopra
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:pseudoscience
3503:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Cryptozoology
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Anti-gravity‎
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:Pseudohistory
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Generationism
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:5G conspiracy
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Catastrophism
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:FasciaBlaster
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:Correactology
2877:
2875:
2874:Chromotherapy
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:pseudoscience
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Pseudohistory
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:Fringe theory
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2683:Pseudoscience
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(3): 237–41.
2508:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2462:, Cancer.org.
2461:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:(2): 369–73.
2279:
2275:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:(3): 241–58.
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:(3): 313–14.
2008:
2004:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:(5): 280–84.
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:0-521-38135-5
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:0-521-38135-5
1526:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:0-674-40355-X
1478:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1456:0-19-513021-9
1452:
1448:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1331:Distillations
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1202:(4): 490–95.
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1128:. Routledge.
1127:
1126:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
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1017:
1013:
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988:
984:
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959:
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930:
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915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Bloodstopping
872:
871:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
794:
793:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
768:William Osler
765:
761:
757:
747:
744:
740:
736:
734:
730:
725:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Benjamin Rush
692:
687:
683:
681:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:scarification
610:
609:scarification
606:
602:
598:
589:
581:
573:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
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521:
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481:
479:
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363:
360:
355:
352:
348:
347:
346:
344:
339:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:blood vessels
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:Ancient Egypt
190:
189:Ebers Papyrus
182:
178:
173:
159:
150:
148:
147:pseudoscience
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
117:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:blood-letting
86:
79:
74:
64:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3614:Mike Lindell
3534:Rhonda Byrne
3505:Promoters of
3492:Water memory
3432:Laundry ball
3324:Tractor beam
3280:Cold fusion‎
2976:Lunar effect
2921:Ear candling
2869:Chiropractic
2859:Bloodletting
2858:
2849:Bates method
2819:Aromatherapy
2782:
2748:Junk science
2627:
2590:
2575:
2559:
2541:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2478:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2405:(1): 31–35.
2402:
2399:Anc Sci Life
2398:
2388:
2366:(2): 81–88.
2363:
2359:
2353:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2171:
2162:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2101:
2097:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1975:
1943:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1798:
1776:Shabbat 129b
1764:
1753:, retrieved
1723:
1713:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1644:(1): 23–45.
1641:
1637:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1570:
1519:
1513:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1413:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1358:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1330:
1320:
1297:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1038:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
1011:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:
976:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
929:
846:
836:
833:venipuncture
820:
809:polycythemia
802:
790:
788:
777:
753:
737:
721:
694:
689:
684:
677:
673:
652:
643:
633:
629:scarificator
628:
625:fire cupping
623:within (see
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
567:Scarificator
545:
535:
528:
502:
477:
463:
457:
407:saints' days
392:
383:
368:
340:
324:
291:
259:
247:Roman Empire
243:menstruation
240:
216:Erasistratus
205:
197:hippopotamus
186:
180:
130:
120:
118:
88:
85:Bloodletting
84:
83:
77:
29:Bloodletting
3519:Del Bigtree
3006:Panchagavya
2996:Naturopathy
2864:Body memory
2814:Acupuncture
2699:Terminology
2534:Books cited
1986:17 February
1845:J R Soc Med
899:Trepanation
859:systems of
773:hæmorrhages
605:arteriotomy
601:venesection
546:recommended
496: [
389:Middle Ages
232:Archagathus
208:Hippocrates
3866:Phlebotomy
3825:Categories
3759:Quackwatch
3589:David Icke
3569:Max Gerson
3564:Gaia, Inc.
3452:Numerology
3447:Lysenkoism
3442:Levitation
3422:Graphology
3307:Dean drive
3242:Aryan race
3173:Mediumship
3048:Trepanning
3016:Phrenology
2956:Homeopathy
2854:Biorhythms
2753:Paranormal
2317:The Lancet
1808:1400078008
1683:(4): 449.
1312:10088/2440
1247:: 157–85.
921:References
889:Hematology
817:phlebotomy
724:anatomical
655:, allowed
597:phlebotomy
554:barbershop
434:traditions
228:Herophilus
122:phlebotomy
3714:Resources
3644:Mehmet Oz
3462:Polygraph
3412:Feng shui
3380:Dianetics
3355:Astrology
3220:Pseudolaw
3026:Radionics
3001:Palmistry
2966:Iridology
2768:Snake oil
2711:Charlatan
2345:208791894
2256:20 August
2182:5 January
2115:patients.
1750:201473885
1697:0014-1828
1677:Ethnology
1650:0066-6939
1547:cite book
1499:cite book
1375:20 August
1341:20 August
1279:20 August
1022:8 January
849:Ayurvedic
756:Edinburgh
733:mesmerism
669:Broussais
661:pneumonia
474:Ayurvedic
430:mentioned
403:Christian
350:medicine.
270:circulate
264:but also
109:antiquity
3836:Bleeding
3402:Eugenics
3385:Auditing
2961:Humorism
2936:Fad diet
2884:Cryonics
2844:Ayurveda
2807:Medicine
2763:Quackery
2642:Archived
2617:Archived
2523:21419074
2486:Archived
2456:Archived
2453:Ayurveda
2437:Archived
2421:22736888
2380:20228645
2337:26975792
2302:19683918
2227:41284621
2219:26404786
2023:10759207
1951:Archived
1797:(2005).
1658:11616622
1539:31077045
1491:39257545
1253:12800324
1218:18783398
1177:21908152
904:Humorism
867:See also
538:surgeons
438:Muhammad
295:apoplexy
287:diuretic
266:arteries
224:sweating
220:exercise
101:medicine
3549:Clonaid
3482:Ufology
3392:Dowsing
3345:Alchemy
3312:EMDrive
3268:Physics
2894:Cupping
2795:Topics
2412:3377041
2294:9609537
2252:(2): 17
2153:2260507
2080:6997652
2071:1082653
2031:2028394
1875:9204029
1866:1296268
1755:17 July
1705:3773194
1430:12 July
1397:12 July
1226:9589933
1107:12 July
1081:12 July
1055:12 July
992:12 July
945:12 July
914:Panacea
639:syncope
635:Leeches
552:of the
450:cautery
432:in the
417:in the
274:humoral
105:humours
97:leeches
53:D001815
3457:Orgone
2626:PBS's
2566:
2548:
2521:
2419:
2409:
2378:
2343:
2335:
2300:
2292:
2225:
2217:
2150:
2078:
2068:
2029:
2021:
1922:Lancet
1873:
1863:
1805:
1769:Talmud
1748:
1738:
1703:
1695:
1656:
1648:
1577:
1537:
1527:
1489:
1479:
1453:
1421:
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