542:
the less air is needed from the blower door fan to create a change in building pressure. Typically, only depressurization testing is performed, but both depressurization and pressurization are preferable. Different values for blower door metrics are to be expected for pressurizing and depressurizing, due to the building envelope's response to directional airflow. The smallest fan ring that allows the fan to reach the maximum target indoor/outdoor pressure differential should be used. A multi-point test can be performed either manually or using data acquisition and fan control software products. The manual test consists of adjusting the fan to maintain a series of indoor/outdoor pressure differentials and recording the resulting average fan and indoor/outdoor pressures. Alternatively, a single-point test can be performed, where the blower door fan is ramped up to a reference indoor/outdoor pressure differential and the fan pressure is recorded. Often the blower door hardware converts fan pressure measurements directly to fan airflow values.
533:
mechanical exhaust devices in the home, such as bathroom exhaust, kitchen range hood or dryer, should be turned off. Pressure tubing is used to measure the fan pressure, and it is also run to the exterior of the building, so that the indoor/outdoor pressure differential can be measured. The exterior pressure sensor should be shielded from wind and direct sunlight. The test begins by sealing the face of the fan and measuring the baseline indoor/outdoor pressure differential. The average value is to be subtracted from all indoor/outdoor pressure differential measurements during the test.
513:
1298:. These leakage characteristics of the building envelope can then be used to calculate how much airflow will be induced through the building envelope for a given pressure difference caused by wind, temperature difference or mechanical forces. 50 Pa can be plugged into the orifice-flow equation, along with the derived building C and n values to calculate airflow at 50 pascal. This same method can be used to calculate airflow at a variety of pressures, for use in creation of other blower door metrics.
126:
551:
3977:
3248:
Effective
Leakage Area assumes that all of the individual leakage areas in the building are combined into a single idealized orifice or hole. This value is typically described to building owners as the area of a window that is open 24/7, 365 in their building. The ELA will change depending on the reference pressure used to calculate it. 4 Pa is typically used in the US, whereas a reference pressure of 10 Pa is used in Canada. It is calculated as follows:
237:'s Division of Building Research (NRC/DBR) in Saskatchewan, advanced the published work of Tamura in 1975 and went from a blower window to a blower door concept used in the construction of the Saskatchewan Conservation House in 1977. The Saskatchewan group was actively involved in the development of the blower door in 1977-78 and published their findings in 1980. They made available their flow nozzle to interested companies including one from Minneapolis.
3985:
29:
2975:
4087:
protected, the presence of continual mixing and clean agent being used will affect the hold time also. The 2008 Edition of NFPA-2001 required a peak pressure evaluation in addition but the industry in the USA in particular has been slow to institute this important requirement since excessive pressure during discharge has damaged many enclosures. This requirement was designed to prevent that.
241:, who had been in Ottawa in 1967 when Tamura was conducting his work, continued to work on blower door technology after Tamura published his paper. Tamura's blower window concept from 1967, preceded the Swedish work in 1977 by a decade. The first blower door was further used to test the airtightness of the Saskatchewan Conservation House built in 1977, which was tested at 0.5
194:, and others in efforts to assess the construction quality of the building envelope, locate air leakage pathways, assess how much ventilation is supplied by the air leakage, assess the energy losses resulting from that air leakage, determine if the building is too tight or too loose, determine if the building needs mechanical
4074:
NFPA standards for equipment calibration are about the same as they are for other types of testing, so any modern blower door equipment is sufficiently accurate to perform NFPA enclosure integrity testing. Specialized software or a tedious calculation must be provided to arrive at the hold time which
1309:
in the analysis and generation of blower door metrics. This method is preferred by some for two main reasons: (1) measuring and recording one data point is easier than recording multiple test points, and (2) the measurements are least reliable at very low building pressure differentials, due both to
541:
The blower door fan is used to blow air into or out of the building, creating either a positive or negative pressure differential between inside and outside. This pressure difference forces air through all holes and penetrations in the building enclosure. The tighter the building (e.g. fewer holes),
252:
These early research efforts demonstrated the potential power of blower door testing in revealing otherwise unaccounted for energy losses in homes. Previously, air leakage around doors, windows and electrical outlets was considered to be the primary leakage pathway in homes, but Harrje, Dutt and Beya
4070:
NFPA-2001 (2015 Edition) is used throughout North
America, many Asian countries and the Middle East. A hold time analysis has been required since 1985. ISO-14520-2015 version or EN-15004 Standards are used throughout Europe while FIA Standards are used in the UK. Results from all these standards are
4062:
and FIA standards that also require the test is repeated annually if any doubt exists about the airtightness from the previous test. These types of enclosures are typically server rooms containing large amounts of computer and electronic hardware that would be damaged by the more typical water based
3238:
This normalizes the airflow at a specified building pressure by the building's volume, which allows for more direct comparison of homes of different sizes and layouts. This metric indicates the rate at which the air in a building is replaced with outside air, and as a result, is an important metric
3247:
In order to take values generated by fan pressurization and to use them in determining natural air exchange, the effective leakage area of a building must be calculated. Each gap and crack in the building envelope contributes a certain amount of area to the total leakage area of the building. The
2032:
are referred to as air density correction factors in product literature. They are often tabulated in easy to use tables in product literature, where a factor can be determined from outside and inside temperatures. If such tables are not used, the following equations will be required to calculate
532:
The blower door fan is temporarily sealed into an exterior doorway using the door panel system. All interior doors are opened, and all exterior doors and windows are closed. HVAC balancing dampers and registers are not to be adjusted, and fireplaces and other operable dampers should be closed. All
4086:
which represents the duration for which the room will retain at least 85% of the design concentration in order to suppress a fire and to ensure it does not reignite. This retention time inversely proportion to the leakage area of the room which is the major factor. Location of leaks, height being
263:
While these blower door-testing efforts were useful in identifying leakage pathways and in accounting for otherwise inexplicable energy losses, the results could not be used to determine real-time air exchange in buildings under natural conditions, or even to determine average annual air exchange
3008:
Often, an effort is made to control for building size and layout by normalizing the airflow at a specified building pressure to either the building's floor area or to its total surface area. These values are generated by taking the airflow rate through the fan and dividing by the area. These
4033:
of forced air heating/cooling systems - both supply (vents) ducts and return ducts can be tested to determine if and how much they leak air. A duct test can be combined with a blower door test to measure the total leakage to outside, measuring effective leakage to the outside of the house
712:
The C parameter reflects the size of the orifice, the โP is the pressure differential across the orifice, and the n parameter represents the characteristic shape of the orifice, with values ranging from 0.5 to 1, representing a perfect orifice and a very long, thin crack, respectively.
3009:
metrics are most used to assess construction and building envelope quality, because they normalize the total building leakage area to the total amount of area through which that leakage could occur. In other words, how much leakage occurs per unit area of wall, floor, ceiling, etc.
3000:). This standardized single-point test allows for comparison between homes measured at the same reference pressure. This is a raw number reflecting only the flow of air through the fan. Homes of different sizes and similar envelope quality will have different results in this test.
2982:
Depending on how a blower door test is performed, a wide variety of airtightness and building airflow metrics can be derived from the gathered data. Some of the most common metrics and their variations are discussed below. The examples below use the SI pressure measurement unit
181:
A variety of blower door air tightness metrics can be produced using the combination of building-to-outside pressure and fan airflow measurements. These metrics differ in their measurement methods, calculation and uses. Blower door tests are used by building researchers,
4037:
Finding air leaks in a building using an infrared camera while the house is depressurized. A blower door is not mandatory for an infrared reading, but the drawing in of outside air temperatures exaggerates temperature changes and facilitates the spotting of envelope
206:
In Sweden blower door technology was first used to measure building air tightness in 1977. The earliest implementation in Sweden used a fan mounted in a window, rather than a door. By 1979, similar window-mounted measurement techniques were being pursued in
1247:
168:, to simultaneously measure the pressure differential induced across the face of the fan and across the building envelope, as a result of fan airflow; and a mounting system, used to mount the fan in a building opening, such as a door or a window.
2439:
2186:
3388:
253:
used blower doors to identify thermal bypasses. These bypasses were air leakage sites, such as attic utility chases, that accounted for the largest percentage of air leakage energy loss in most homes. Use of blower doors in home energy
4078:
The NFPA standard requires that the blower door operator be trained, but does not specify the nature or source of this training. There is no official NFPA training available for enclosure integrity testing methodology at this time.
985:
2726:
3796:
1924:
1548:
491:(LBNL). This model combined data derived from blower door tests with annual weather data to generate time-resolved ventilation rates for a given home in a specific location. This model has been incorporated into the
4279:
Tamura, G. T. (1975). Measurement of air leakage characteristics of house enclosures. ASHRAE Transactions, 81(1), 202โ211. Presented at the 1975 ASHRAE Semiannual
Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, USA, Jan 26–30,
2987:(pa). Imperial measurement units are commonly water column inches (WC Inch or IWC). The conversion rate is 1 WC inch = 249 Pa. Examples below use the commonly accepted pressure of 50pa which is 20% of 1 IWC.
1301:
An alternative approach to the multi-point procedure is to only measure fan airflow and building pressure differential at a single test point, such as 50 Pa, and then use an assumed pressure exponent,
827:
369:
3112:
2995:
This is the first metric that results from a Blower Door Test. The airflow, (Imperial in Cubic Feet / minute; SI in liters / second) at a given building-to-outside pressure differential, 50 pascal
495:
Handbook of
Fundamentals (1989), and it has been used in the development of ASHRAE Standards 119 and 136. Other infiltration models have been developed elsewhere, including one by Deru and Burns at the
4289:
Orr, H. W., & Figley, D. A. (1980). An exhaust fan apparatus for assessing the air leakage characteristics of houses. National
Research Council of Canada. Building Research Note, no. BRN-156.
260:
The blower door first became commercially available in the United States in 1980 under the name Gadsco. Harmax started to sell units in 1981, followed closely by The Energy
Conservatory in 1982.
2030:
1978:
5863:
3649:
The ELA can be used, along with the
Specific Infiltration Rate(s) derived using the LBNL infiltration model, to determine airflow rate through the building envelope throughout the year.
3680:
Normalized leakage is a measure of the tightness of a building envelope relative to the building size and number of stories. Normalized leakage is defined in ASHRAE Standard 119 as:
1058:
605:
3536:
482:
4409:
Sherman, Max; D.T. Grimsrud (October 1980). The
Measurement of Infiltration using Fan Pressurization and Weather Data (Report). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. LBL-10852.
2896:
1603:
1067:
3592:
3470:
3232:
1655:
1420:
1370:
2963:
2846:
2476:
2316:
1795:
2928:
2772:
2220:
2065:
1758:
682:
3896:
2323:
421:
3149:
3957:
2809:
2611:
2576:
2537:
2076:
1725:
1690:
3180:
2278:
3494:
1284:
values are ยฑ5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 pascal. Ordinary least squares regression analysis is then used to calculate the leakage characteristics of the building envelope:
3853:
3418:
3253:
3823:
3920:
2500:
2244:
706:
653:
629:
4333:
Diamond, R.C.; J.B. Dickinson; R.D. Lipschutz; B. O'Regan; B. Schole (1982). The House Doctor's Manual (Report). Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. PUB-3017.
4050:
enclosure integrity testing is a specialized type of enclosure testing that typically measures the airtightness of rooms within buildings that are protected by
5813:
5843:
833:
2618:
4067:
refers to the fact that after the suppression system discharges, there is nothing to be cleaned up; the agent merely disperses into the atmosphere.
3685:
1806:
1430:
4159:
4269:
Harrje, D.T.; A. Blomsterberg; A. Persily (1979). Reduction of Air
Infiltration Due to Window and Door Retrofits (Report). CU/CEES. Report 85.
5858:
5351:
4600:
4466:
Deru, M.; P. Burns (2003). "Infiltration and natural ventilation model for whole building energy simulation of residential buildings".
4362:
735:
1322:
corrections should be applied to all airflow data. This must be done prior to the derivation of building air leakage coefficients (
5853:
5785:
269:
264:
levels. Sherman attributes the first attempt at doing this to Persily and Kronvall, who estimated annual average air exchange by:
3026:
520:
A basic blower door system includes three components: a calibrated fan, a door panel system, and a pressure measurement device (
4299:
Harrje, D.T.; G.S. Dutt; J.E. Beya (1979). "Locating and Eliminating Obscure, but Major Energy Losses in Residential Housing".
4007:
5658:
4184:
488:
5818:
5780:
4047:
4020:
497:
230:, as part of a Division of Building Research study to test houses in Ottawa in 1967–1968 and was published in 1975.
93:
4544:
3665:
units of 1.25 square inches (8.1 cm) of leakage area per 100 square feet (9.3 m) of enclosure area, to control
234:
4000:
1983:
1931:
487:
Further physical modeling efforts allowed for the development and validation of an infiltration model by researchers at
65:
5641:
3017:
Another common metric is the air changes per hour at a specified building pressure, again, typically at 50 Pa (ACH
257:
and weatherization efforts became known as "house doctoring" by researchers on the east and west United States coasts.
5683:
5396:
4932:
4661:
112:
4752:
160:, capable of inducing a range of airflows sufficient to pressurize and depressurize a variety of building sizes; a
72:
4054:. This test is normally done during the installation and commissioning of the system and is mandatory under NFPA,
5833:
5647:
5027:
501:
175:
4345:
4591:
4424:. Measured Air Leakage Performance of Buildings. ASTM. pp. 325โ347. Special Technical Publication No. 904.
50:
994:
174:
testing is usually thought of in residential settings. It is becoming more common in commercial settings. The
5795:
5739:
5734:
5311:
4839:
79:
5356:
4907:
4828:
4787:
4163:
3657:
Leakage area estimates can also be normalized for the size of the enclosure being tested, For example, the
567:
46:
3501:
1242:{\displaystyle C_{Fan}{{\Delta }P_{Fan}}^{n_{Fan}}=C_{Building}{{\Delta }P_{Building}}^{n_{Building}}\,\!}
428:
5699:
5501:
5012:
4947:
4865:
4777:
4641:
2857:
61:
5848:
5729:
5436:
5201:
5045:
2613:
from the blower door manufacturer to the actual volumetric airflow through the fan, use the following:
1555:
195:
3547:
3425:
3187:
2434:{\displaystyle \rho _{Out}=0.07517*(1-{0.0035666*E \over 528})^{5.2553}*({528 \over T_{Out}+460})\,\!}
1610:
1375:
1325:
5901:
5760:
5724:
5526:
5156:
5111:
5039:
4891:
4834:
2933:
2816:
2446:
2286:
1765:
16:
This article is about the temporary test equipment. For the blower usually mounted above a door, see
2901:
2733:
2193:
2181:{\displaystyle \rho _{In}=0.07517*(1-{0.0035666*E \over 528})^{5.2553}*({528 \over T_{In}+460})\,\!}
2038:
1731:
660:
5948:
5770:
5466:
5066:
4845:
4736:
4721:
4051:
3992:
Blower doors can be used in a variety of types of testing. These include (but are not limited to):
3860:
375:
3119:
5943:
5868:
5790:
5719:
5663:
5595:
5491:
5406:
5316:
5281:
4757:
3927:
2779:
2581:
2546:
2507:
1695:
1660:
216:
39:
3383:{\displaystyle ELA=C_{Building}*{\sqrt {\rho \over 2}}*{\Delta }P_{Ref}^{n_{Building}-0.5}\,\!}
3156:
2251:
5933:
5895:
5775:
5486:
4917:
3477:
5953:
5631:
5590:
5306:
4977:
4797:
4569:
4439:
ASHRAE Standard 119, Air Leakage Performance for Detached Single-Family Residential Buildings
3830:
3662:
3395:
142:
3803:
5974:
5755:
5745:
5689:
5626:
5521:
5101:
5050:
4616:
4360:
4227:
4210:
4138:
4116:
4030:
3903:
2483:
2227:
689:
636:
612:
242:
212:
161:
4562:
137:
is a machine used to perform a building air leakage test. It can also be used to measure
8:
5621:
5611:
5585:
5371:
5033:
4942:
4912:
4812:
4782:
4676:
4636:
1265:
values that are provided by the blower door manufacturer, and they are used to calculate
716:
There are two airflows to be determined in blower door testing, airflow through the fan (
562:
equation of flow through an orifice. The orifice flow equation is typically expressed as
86:
5884:
5828:
5765:
5542:
5421:
5416:
5206:
5017:
5002:
4584:
4506:
4332:
4232:
1422:). The following methods are used to correct blower door data to standard conditions.
5456:
5411:
5166:
5161:
5091:
4987:
4823:
4626:
4510:
4395:
4236:
4017:
Testing building envelopes and window frames for water tightness and rain penetration
1272:. The multi-point blower door test procedure results in a series of known values of Q
146:
4530:
ASTM Standard E779-87, Test Method for Determining Air Leakage by Fan Pressurization
5923:
5678:
5673:
5256:
4962:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4767:
4498:
4453:
ASHRAE Standard 136, A Method of Determining Air Change Rates in Detached Dwellings
4391:
4222:
4101:
4006:
Testing buildings for compliance with standards for energy efficiency, such as the
980:{\displaystyle Q_{Building}=C_{Building}{{\Delta }P_{Building}}^{n_{Building}}\,\!}
187:
4455:. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. 1993.
4441:. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. 1988.
4188:
152:
There are three primary components to a blower door: a calibrated, variable-speed
5918:
5890:
5532:
5446:
5441:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5296:
5236:
5151:
5136:
4957:
4952:
4927:
4922:
4792:
4716:
4366:
2721:{\displaystyle Q_{Actual}=Q_{Fan}*{\sqrt {\rho _{Ref} \over \rho _{Actual}}}\,\!}
512:
153:
4082:
An NFPA enclosure integrity test result is typically reported in the form of an
550:
125:
5668:
5565:
5341:
5321:
5286:
5221:
5141:
4982:
4972:
4881:
4731:
4701:
4656:
4651:
4111:
4106:
3635:
2068:
227:
183:
4023:
Clean Agent Retention testing (this type of testing is usually described as a
5968:
5750:
5601:
5496:
5461:
5231:
5226:
5181:
5176:
5022:
4997:
4992:
4967:
4937:
4807:
4706:
4686:
4666:
4577:
3791:{\displaystyle NL=1000*({ELA \over A_{Floor}})*({H \over H_{Ref}})^{0.3}\,\!}
2984:
2811:= Volumetric airflow calculated using manufacturer's coefficients or software
1919:{\displaystyle Q_{Corrected}=Q_{Measured}*{\rho _{Out} \over \rho _{In}}\,\!}
1543:{\displaystyle Q_{Corrected}=Q_{Measured}*{\rho _{In} \over \rho _{Out}}\,\!}
246:
157:
4486:
4379:
989:
It is assumed in blower door analysis that mass is conserved, resulting in:
5928:
5606:
5506:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5401:
5336:
5216:
5186:
5126:
5121:
5096:
5007:
4886:
4802:
4726:
4711:
4696:
4096:
254:
191:
171:
3598:
It is essential that units are carefully conserved in these calculations.
5938:
5537:
5511:
5451:
5431:
5426:
5301:
5261:
5246:
5191:
5116:
5086:
5081:
4897:
4762:
4681:
4059:
2849:
1319:
4546:
Minneapolis Blower Door Operation Manual for Model 3 and Model 4 Systems
3976:
3012:
5694:
5616:
5547:
5516:
5391:
5361:
5291:
5241:
5211:
5196:
5171:
5076:
4876:
4772:
4691:
4631:
238:
4502:
3984:
5653:
5331:
5326:
5276:
5251:
5106:
4902:
4268:
4160:"Unmasking Commercial Building Energy Loss | RSES Journal March 2014"
1425:
For depressurization testing, the following equation should be used:
559:
521:
165:
28:
5636:
5570:
5071:
4871:
4671:
4646:
4621:
3496:= Air density (kg/m or lb/in), typically a standard density is used
2974:
1801:
For pressurization testing, the following equation should be used:
516:
Blower door setup in doorway with a digital pressure and flow gauge
17:
3661:
Green Building Rating System has set an airtightness standard for
5146:
4818:
3666:
138:
4380:"Estimation of infiltration from leakage and climate indicators"
3980:
Infrared view of leaky window pressurized by blower door testing
5823:
5575:
5381:
5131:
4011:
1318:
In order to increase the accuracy of blower door test results,
822:{\displaystyle Q_{Fan}=C_{Fan}{{\Delta }P_{Fan}}^{n_{Fan}}\,\!}
492:
211:, and door-mounted test fans were being developed by a team at
178:(GSA) requires testing of new US federal government buildings.
4599:
3996:
Testing residential and commercial buildings for air tightness
3652:
3003:
222:
In Canada the initial concept similarly involved the use of a
198:
and to assess compliance with building performance standards.
5838:
5271:
3960:
3669:
364:{\displaystyle ACH_{natural}={ACH_{at50pascal} \over 20}\,\!}
208:
2318:
can be calculated in IP units using the following equation:
5346:
5266:
3964:
3658:
3107:{\displaystyle ACH_{50}={Q_{50}*60 \over V_{Building}}\,\!}
2990:
4532:. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1991.
4408:
4055:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4487:"A Power Law Formulation of Laminar Flow in Short Pipes"
4298:
3620:
should be kg/m and pascal, respectively. Alternatively,
3542:/in), typically 4 Pa in US and 10 Pa in Canada
4542:
4419:
3613:
2543:
In order to translate the airflow values derived using
554:
A typical graph of air leakage vs. pressure (in French)
145:
and to help physically locate air leakage sites in the
4563:
http://www.us.sbt.siemens.com/siemensleed/EAC9C15D.htm
4433:
4431:
4320:
House Doctors Program: Retrofits in Existing Buildings
4517:
4317:
4250:
Caffey, G.E. (1979). "Residential Air Infiltration".
3930:
3906:
3863:
3833:
3806:
3688:
3550:
3504:
3480:
3428:
3398:
3256:
3190:
3159:
3122:
3029:
3013:
Air changes per hour at a specified building pressure
2936:
2904:
2860:
2819:
2782:
2736:
2621:
2584:
2549:
2510:
2486:
2449:
2326:
2289:
2254:
2230:
2196:
2079:
2041:
1986:
1934:
1809:
1768:
1734:
1698:
1663:
1613:
1558:
1433:
1378:
1328:
1070:
997:
836:
738:
692:
663:
639:
615:
570:
431:
378:
272:
4428:
4042:
3182:= Airflow at 50 pascal (ft/minute or m/minute)
226:, which was first utilized by G. T. Tamura in
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3951:
3914:
3890:
3847:
3817:
3790:
3672:between units. This is equal to 0.868 cm/m.
3586:
3530:
3488:
3464:
3412:
3382:
3226:
3174:
3143:
3106:
2957:
2922:
2890:
2852:(typically 1.204 for kg/m or 0.075 for lb/ft)
2840:
2803:
2766:
2720:
2605:
2570:
2531:
2494:
2478:= Air density outside the building, during testing
2470:
2433:
2310:
2272:
2238:
2214:
2180:
2059:
2025:{\displaystyle {\rho _{In} \over \rho _{Out}}\,\!}
2024:
1973:{\displaystyle {\rho _{Out} \over \rho _{In}}\,\!}
1972:
1918:
1797:= Air density outside the building, during testing
1789:
1752:
1719:
1684:
1649:
1597:
1542:
1414:
1364:
1241:
1052:
979:
821:
700:
676:
647:
623:
599:
476:
415:
363:
215:to help them find and fix air leaks in homes in a
4187:. Everydaygreendc.com. 2012-11-30. Archived from
3948:
3911:
3887:
3844:
3814:
3787:
3583:
3527:
3485:
3461:
3409:
3379:
3223:
3171:
3140:
3103:
2954:
2919:
2887:
2837:
2800:
2763:
2717:
2602:
2567:
2528:
2491:
2467:
2430:
2307:
2269:
2235:
2222:= Air density inside the building, during testing
2211:
2177:
2056:
2021:
1969:
1915:
1786:
1760:= Air density inside the building, during testing
1749:
1716:
1681:
1646:
1594:
1539:
1411:
1361:
1238:
1049:
976:
818:
697:
673:
644:
620:
596:
473:
360:
5966:
4139:"Blower Door Tests | Department of Energy"
2898:= Actual density of air going through the fan
4585:
4422:Infiltration Using the LBL Infiltration Model
723:) and airflow through the building envelope (
545:
507:
4465:
3151:= Air changes per hour at 50 pascal (h)
4552:. Minneapolis, MN: The Energy Conservatory.
4343:
3653:Leakage area per unit floor or surface area
3004:Airflow per unit surface area or floor area
2774:= Actual volumetric airflow through the fan
5352:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
4601:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4592:
4578:
1313:
484:= Air Changes per Hour at 50 pascal
4226:
3999:Testing buildings at mid-construction to
3947:
3910:
3886:
3843:
3813:
3786:
3582:
3526:
3484:
3460:
3408:
3378:
3242:
3239:in determinations of indoor air quality.
3222:
3170:
3139:
3102:
2953:
2918:
2886:
2836:
2799:
2762:
2716:
2601:
2566:
2527:
2490:
2466:
2429:
2306:
2268:
2234:
2210:
2176:
2055:
2020:
1968:
1914:
1785:
1748:
1715:
1680:
1645:
1605:= Airflow corrected to actual air density
1593:
1538:
1410:
1360:
1237:
1048:
975:
817:
696:
672:
643:
619:
595:
472:
359:
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
5786:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
3983:
3975:
2991:Airflow at a specified building pressure
2973:
1053:{\displaystyle Q_{Fan}=Q_{Building}\,\!}
549:
511:
124:
4484:
4377:
4208:
3988:Visible light view of window under test
5967:
4344:Corporation, Bonnier (November 1981).
4322:. 2nd AIVC Conference. pp. 61โ72.
4249:
4228:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00008.x
2969:
5659:Programmable communicating thermostat
4573:
3675:
1310:fan calibration and to wind effects.
600:{\displaystyle Q=C{\Delta }P^{n}\,\!}
489:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
5781:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
4052:clean agent fire suppression systems
3531:{\displaystyle {\Delta }P_{Ref}\,\!}
498:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
477:{\displaystyle ACH_{at50pascal}\,\!}
51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
558:Building leakage is described by a
235:National Research Council of Canada
13:
5642:Minimum efficiency reporting value
4420:Sherman, Max; M.P. Modera (1984).
3855:= Effective Leakage Area (m or in)
3506:
3472:= Building air leakage coefficient
3420:= Effective Leakage Area (m or in)
3319:
2891:{\displaystyle \rho _{Actual}\,\!}
1167:
1090:
905:
777:
665:
581:
14:
5986:
5684:Standard temperature and pressure
5397:Packaged terminal air conditioner
4933:Passive daytime radiative cooling
4662:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
4209:Sherman, Max (1 September 1995).
4001:identify and correct any failures
2978:Blower door installation (France)
1598:{\displaystyle Q_{Corrected}\,\!}
536:
4753:Absorption-compression heat pump
4543:The Energy Conservatory (2010).
4378:Sherman, Max (1 February 1987).
4318:Harrje, D.T.; G.S. Dutt (1981).
4043:NFPA enclosure integrity testing
3587:{\displaystyle n_{Building}\,\!}
3465:{\displaystyle C_{Building}\,\!}
3227:{\displaystyle V_{Building}\,\!}
2502:= Elevation above sea level (ft)
2246:= Elevation above sea level (ft)
1650:{\displaystyle Q_{Measured}\,\!}
1415:{\displaystyle n_{Building}\,\!}
1365:{\displaystyle C_{Building}\,\!}
1251:Fan airflow is determined using
423:= Natural Air Changes per Hour
141:between building zones, to test
27:
5648:Normal temperature and pressure
5028:Vapor-compression refrigeration
4556:
4536:
4478:
4459:
4445:
4413:
4402:
4371:
4354:
4337:
4326:
4311:
4121:Blower Doors In Popular Culture
4027:rather than a blower door test)
3971:
3898:= Building floor area (m or in)
2958:{\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!}
2841:{\displaystyle \rho _{Ref}\,\!}
2471:{\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!}
2311:{\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!}
1790:{\displaystyle \rho _{Out}\,\!}
502:building performance simulation
176:General Services Administration
38:needs additional citations for
4292:
4283:
4273:
4262:
4243:
4211:"The Use of Blower-Door Data1"
4202:
4177:
4152:
4131:
3777:
3750:
3744:
3704:
3538:= Reference pressure (Pa or lb
2923:{\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!}
2767:{\displaystyle Q_{Actual}\,\!}
2426:
2392:
2380:
2352:
2215:{\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!}
2173:
2142:
2130:
2102:
2071:using the following equation:
2060:{\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!}
1753:{\displaystyle \rho _{In}\,\!}
677:{\displaystyle {\Delta }P\,\!}
1:
5796:Testing, adjusting, balancing
5740:Building information modeling
5735:Building services engineering
5312:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
4840:Demand controlled ventilation
4788:Building insulation materials
4491:Journal of Fluids Engineering
4185:"What is a Blower Door Test?"
4125:
3891:{\displaystyle A_{Floor}\,\!}
527:
416:{\displaystyle ACH_{natural}}
129:Single fan blower door system
5357:High-pressure cut-off switch
4908:Ice storage air conditioning
4829:Dedicated outdoor air system
4396:10.1016/0378-7788(87)90008-9
4063:sprinkler system. The word
3594:= Building pressure exponent
3144:{\displaystyle ACH_{50}\,\!}
684:= Pressure differential (Pa)
7:
5700:Thermostatic radiator valve
5502:Thermostatic radiator valve
5013:Underfloor air distribution
4948:Radiant heating and cooling
4866:Energy recovery ventilation
4778:Automobile air conditioning
4642:Domestic energy consumption
4090:
3952:{\displaystyle H_{Ref}\,\!}
3922:= Building height (m or in)
3612:should be calculated using
3234:= Building volume (ft or m)
2804:{\displaystyle Q_{Fan}\,\!}
2606:{\displaystyle n_{Fan}\,\!}
2571:{\displaystyle C_{Fan}\,\!}
2532:{\displaystyle T_{Out}\,\!}
1720:{\displaystyle n_{Fan}\,\!}
1685:{\displaystyle C_{Fan}\,\!}
10:
5991:
5849:Institute of Refrigeration
5730:Architectural technologist
5202:Electrostatic precipitator
4365:November 11, 2014, at the
4075:is generally ten minutes.
3175:{\displaystyle Q_{50}\,\!}
2273:{\displaystyle T_{In}\,\!}
1372:) and pressure exponents (
546:Power law model of airflow
508:How blower door tests work
201:
15:
5911:
5902:Volatile organic compound
5877:
5804:
5761:Environmental engineering
5725:Architectural engineering
5708:
5556:
5527:Ultra-low particulate air
5112:Automatic balancing valve
5059:
5040:Variable refrigerant flow
4892:Heat recovery ventilation
4835:Deep water source cooling
4745:
4607:
3489:{\displaystyle \rho \,\!}
2930:for depressurization and
2539:= Outdoor temperature (F)
655:= Air leakage coefficient
500:(NREL), for use in whole-
233:In Canada, a team at the
5949:Template:Home automation
5771:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
5467:Solar-assisted heat pump
5067:Air conditioner inverter
4846:Displacement ventilation
4737:Vapour pressure of water
4722:Thermal destratification
4141:. Energy.gov. 2012-04-02
3959:= Reference height (2.5
3634:can be calculated using
2280:= Indoor temperature (F)
1657:= Airflow derived using
5944:World Refrigeration Day
5791:Refrigerant reclamation
5720:Architectural acoustics
5664:Programmable thermostat
5596:Clean air delivery rate
5492:Thermal expansion valve
5407:Pressurisation ductwork
5317:Ground source heat pump
4758:Absorption refrigerator
3848:{\displaystyle ELA\,\!}
3413:{\displaystyle ELA\,\!}
1314:Air density corrections
217:Twin Rivers, New Jersey
5934:Glossary of HVAC terms
5896:Sick building syndrome
5776:Mechanical engineering
5487:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4918:Mixed-mode ventilation
4350:. Bonnier Corporation.
3989:
3981:
3953:
3916:
3892:
3849:
3819:
3818:{\displaystyle NL\,\!}
3792:
3588:
3532:
3490:
3466:
3414:
3384:
3243:Effective leakage area
3228:
3176:
3145:
3108:
2979:
2959:
2924:
2892:
2842:
2805:
2768:
2722:
2607:
2572:
2533:
2496:
2472:
2435:
2312:
2274:
2240:
2216:
2182:
2061:
2026:
1974:
1920:
1791:
1754:
1721:
1686:
1651:
1599:
1544:
1416:
1366:
1243:
1054:
981:
823:
702:
678:
649:
625:
601:
555:
517:
478:
417:
365:
130:
5954:Template:Solar energy
5632:Intelligent buildings
5591:Carbon dioxide sensor
4978:Room air distribution
4798:Central solar heating
4485:Sherman, Max (1992).
3987:
3979:
3954:
3917:
3915:{\displaystyle H\,\!}
3893:
3850:
3820:
3793:
3663:multi-family dwelling
3589:
3533:
3491:
3467:
3415:
3385:
3229:
3177:
3146:
3109:
2977:
2960:
2925:
2893:
2843:
2806:
2769:
2723:
2608:
2573:
2534:
2497:
2495:{\displaystyle E\,\!}
2473:
2436:
2313:
2275:
2241:
2239:{\displaystyle E\,\!}
2217:
2183:
2067:can be calculated in
2062:
2027:
1975:
1921:
1792:
1755:
1722:
1687:
1652:
1600:
1545:
1417:
1367:
1244:
1055:
982:
824:
703:
701:{\displaystyle n\,\!}
679:
650:
648:{\displaystyle C\,\!}
626:
624:{\displaystyle Q\,\!}
602:
553:
515:
479:
418:
366:
219:housing development.
164:instrument, called a
143:ductwork airtightness
128:
5756:Duct leakage testing
5746:Deep energy retrofit
5690:Thermographic camera
5627:Infrared thermometer
5102:Air source heat pump
5051:Water heat recycling
4617:Air changes per hour
4384:Energy and Buildings
4117:Efficient energy use
4031:Duct leakage testing
3928:
3904:
3861:
3831:
3825:= Normalized leakage
3804:
3686:
3548:
3502:
3478:
3426:
3396:
3254:
3188:
3157:
3120:
3027:
2934:
2902:
2858:
2817:
2780:
2734:
2619:
2582:
2547:
2508:
2484:
2447:
2324:
2287:
2252:
2228:
2194:
2077:
2039:
1984:
1932:
1807:
1766:
1732:
1696:
1661:
1611:
1556:
1431:
1376:
1326:
1068:
995:
834:
736:
690:
661:
637:
613:
568:
429:
376:
270:
213:Princeton University
162:pressure measurement
47:improve this article
5622:HVAC control system
5612:Home energy monitor
5586:Building automation
5372:Inverter compressor
5034:Variable air volume
4943:Passive ventilation
4913:Kitchen ventilation
4813:Constant air volume
4783:Autonomous building
4468:ASHRAE Transactions
4301:ASHRAE Transactions
4252:ASHRAE Transactions
3646:/in, respectively.
3616:units, and ฯ and โP
3377:
2970:Blower door metrics
708:= Pressure exponent
5885:Indoor air quality
5829:ASTM International
5766:Hydronic balancing
5543:Wood-burning stove
5422:Radiator reflector
5207:Evaporative cooler
5018:Underfloor heating
5003:Thermal insulation
3990:
3982:
3949:
3912:
3888:
3845:
3815:
3788:
3676:Normalized leakage
3642:being lb/ft and lb
3584:
3528:
3486:
3462:
3410:
3380:
3323:
3224:
3172:
3141:
3104:
2980:
2965:for pressurization
2955:
2920:
2888:
2838:
2801:
2764:
2718:
2603:
2568:
2529:
2492:
2468:
2431:
2308:
2270:
2236:
2212:
2178:
2057:
2022:
1970:
1916:
1787:
1750:
1717:
1682:
1647:
1595:
1540:
1412:
1362:
1239:
1062:Which results in:
1050:
977:
819:
698:
674:
645:
621:
597:
556:
518:
474:
413:
361:
190:contractors, home
131:
5962:
5961:
5878:Health and safety
5457:Scroll compressor
5412:Process duct work
5167:Convection heater
5162:Condensing boiler
5092:Air-mixing plenum
4988:Solar combisystem
4824:Cross ventilation
4627:Building envelope
4503:10.1115/1.2910073
3774:
3742:
3313:
3312:
3100:
2714:
2713:
2424:
2377:
2171:
2127:
2018:
1966:
1912:
1536:
357:
147:building envelope
123:
122:
115:
97:
5982:
5924:Building science
5679:Smart thermostat
5674:Room temperature
5257:Fireplace insert
4963:Radon mitigation
4861:Electric heating
4856:District heating
4851:District cooling
4768:Air conditioning
4594:
4587:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4375:
4369:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4162:. Archived from
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4102:Home performance
4003:in the enclosure
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3719:
3708:
3633:
3626:
3611:
3604:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3509:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3337:
3322:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3044:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2687:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2646:
2645:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2342:
2341:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2112:
2092:
2091:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1843:
1842:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1467:
1466:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1308:
1297:
1290:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1013:
1012:
986:
984:
983:
978:
974:
973:
972:
971:
940:
939:
938:
908:
901:
900:
867:
866:
828:
826:
825:
820:
816:
815:
814:
813:
797:
796:
795:
780:
773:
772:
754:
753:
729:
722:
707:
705:
704:
699:
683:
681:
680:
675:
668:
654:
652:
651:
646:
630:
628:
627:
622:
606:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
584:
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
370:
368:
367:
362:
358:
353:
352:
351:
311:
306:
305:
188:home performance
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5919:ASHRAE Handbook
5907:
5891:Passive smoking
5873:
5806:
5800:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5558:
5552:
5533:Whole-house fan
5447:Run-around coil
5442:Reversing valve
5387:Mechanical room
5377:Kerosene heater
5367:Infrared heater
5297:Gasoline heater
5237:Fan filter unit
5152:Condensate pump
5137:Centrifugal fan
5055:
4958:Radiant heating
4953:Radiant cooling
4928:Passive cooling
4923:Microgeneration
4793:Central heating
4741:
4717:Thermal comfort
4609:
4603:
4598:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4483:
4479:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4403:
4376:
4372:
4367:Wayback Machine
4359:
4355:
4347:Popular Science
4342:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4316:
4312:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4248:
4244:
4207:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4093:
4084:agent hold time
4045:
3974:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3780:
3776:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3707:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3655:
3645:
3641:
3638:, with ฯ and โP
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3318:
3303:
3273:
3269:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2972:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2692:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2654:
2650:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2361:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2113:
2111:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:air densities.
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1851:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1475:
1471:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1137:
1133:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1021:
1017:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
946:
942:
941:
913:
909:
904:
903:
902:
875:
871:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
803:
799:
798:
785:
781:
776:
775:
774:
762:
758:
743:
739:
737:
734:
733:
728:
724:
721:
717:
691:
688:
687:
664:
662:
659:
658:
638:
635:
634:
614:
611:
610:
589:
585:
580:
569:
566:
565:
548:
539:
530:
510:
442:
438:
430:
427:
426:
389:
385:
377:
374:
373:
323:
319:
312:
310:
283:
279:
271:
268:
267:
204:
192:energy auditors
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5669:Psychrometrics
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:Air flow meter
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Heating system
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:Heat exchanger
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Gas compressor
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5222:Expansion tank
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:Ceramic heater
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Solar air heat
4980:
4975:
4973:Renewable heat
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4884:
4882:Forced-air gas
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4732:Thermodynamics
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Psychrometrics
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Gas compressor
4654:
4652:Fluid dynamics
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4555:
4535:
4516:
4497:(4): 601โ605.
4477:
4458:
4444:
4427:
4412:
4401:
4370:
4353:
4336:
4325:
4310:
4291:
4282:
4272:
4261:
4242:
4221:(3): 215โ224.
4201:
4176:
4151:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4112:Weatherization
4109:
4107:Green retrofit
4104:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4071:very similar.
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4004:
3997:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3909:
3899:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3826:
3812:
3809:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3677:
3674:
3654:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3636:Imperial units
3630:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3543:
3539:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3497:
3483:
3473:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3421:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2503:
2489:
2479:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2233:
2223:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1799:
1798:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1761:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
945:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
907:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
840:
812:
809:
806:
802:
794:
791:
788:
784:
779:
771:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
749:
746:
742:
726:
719:
710:
709:
695:
685:
671:
667:
656:
642:
632:
631:=Airflow (m/s)
618:
592:
588:
583:
579:
576:
573:
547:
544:
538:
537:Test procedure
535:
529:
526:
509:
506:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
434:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
381:
356:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
322:
318:
315:
309:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
282:
278:
275:
228:Ottawa, Canada
203:
200:
184:weatherization
121:
120:
35:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5987:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:organizations
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:Duct cleaning
5749:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Control valve
5600:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Turning vanes
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Thermal wheel
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Solar chimney
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Fan coil unit
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Cooling tower
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Vapor barrier
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Solar heating
4996:
4994:
4993:Solar cooling
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:Refrigeration
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Passive house
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:Chilled water
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Sensible heat
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Noise control
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Heat transfer
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4474:(2): 801โ814.
4473:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4416:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4276:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4191:on 2015-04-02
4190:
4186:
4180:
4166:on 2015-04-14
4165:
4161:
4155:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4025:door fan test
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3966:
3962:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3907:
3900:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3810:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3781:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3647:
3637:
3615:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3498:
3481:
3474:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3249:
3240:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3022:
3010:
3001:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2851:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2487:
2480:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2231:
2224:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1926:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1311:
1299:
1249:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
990:
987:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
829:
810:
807:
804:
800:
792:
789:
786:
782:
769:
766:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
744:
740:
731:
714:
693:
686:
669:
657:
640:
633:
616:
609:
608:
607:
590:
586:
577:
574:
571:
563:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
523:
514:
505:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
432:
424:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
371:
354:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
313:
307:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
265:
261:
258:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:blower window
220:
218:
214:
210:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
179:
177:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
117:
114:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: โ
63:
62:"Blower door"
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
5929:Fireproofing
5713:and services
5709:Professions,
5607:Gas detector
5580:
5507:Trickle vent
5482:Smoke damper
5477:Smoke canopy
5472:Space heater
5402:Plenum space
5337:Heating film
5217:Exhaust hood
5187:Dehumidifier
5127:Blast damper
5122:Barrier pipe
5097:Air purifier
5008:Thermosiphon
4887:Free cooling
4803:Chilled beam
4727:Thermal mass
4712:Stack effect
4697:Particulates
4677:Infiltration
4608:Fundamental
4558:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4421:
4415:
4404:
4390:(1): 81โ86.
4387:
4383:
4373:
4356:
4346:
4339:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4264:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4193:. Retrieved
4189:the original
4179:
4168:. Retrieved
4164:the original
4154:
4143:. Retrieved
4133:
4097:Energy audit
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4046:
4024:
3991:
3972:Applications
3682:
3679:
3656:
3648:
3597:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3023:
3016:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2848:= Reference
2615:
2542:
2320:
2283:
2073:
2035:
1927:
1803:
1800:
1427:
1424:
1317:
1300:
1280:. Typical โP
1250:
1064:
1061:
991:
988:
830:
732:
715:
711:
564:
557:
540:
531:
519:
486:
425:
372:
266:
262:
259:
255:retrofitting
251:
232:
223:
221:
205:
180:
172:Airtightness
170:
151:
134:
132:
109:
103:October 2023
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
5975:Ventilation
5939:Warm Spaces
5581:Blower door
5559:and control
5557:Measurement
5538:Windcatcher
5512:Trombe wall
5452:Sail switch
5432:Refrigerant
5427:Recuperator
5302:Grease duct
5262:Freeze stat
5247:Fire damper
5117:Back boiler
5087:Air ionizer
5082:Air handler
5046:Ventilation
4898:Hybrid heat
4763:Air barrier
4682:Latent heat
2850:air density
1928:The values
1320:air density
1282:n, Building
1278:n, Building
245:at 50
196:ventilation
135:blower door
5695:Thermostat
5617:Humidistat
5548:Zone valve
5517:TurboSwing
5392:Oil heater
5362:Humidifier
5292:Gas heater
5242:Fan heater
5212:Evaporator
5197:Economizer
5172:Compressor
5077:Air filter
5060:Components
4877:Forced-air
4773:Antifreeze
4746:Technology
4692:Outgassing
4632:Convection
4307:: 521โ534.
4215:Indoor Air
4195:2015-03-29
4170:2015-03-29
4145:2015-03-29
4126:References
528:Test setup
239:Harold Orr
73:newspapers
5805:Industry
5654:OpenTherm
5332:Heat pump
5327:Heat pipe
5277:Fume hood
5252:Fireplace
5157:Condenser
5107:Attic fan
4903:Hydronics
4511:120271786
4237:110498827
3963:(98
3748:∗
3702:∗
3640:Reference
3618:Reference
3507:Δ
3482:ρ
3371:−
3320:Δ
3316:∗
3307:ρ
3301:∗
3063:∗
2939:ρ
2907:ρ
2863:ρ
2822:ρ
2690:ρ
2674:ρ
2667:∗
2452:ρ
2390:∗
2368:∗
2365:0.0035666
2359:−
2350:∗
2329:ρ
2292:ρ
2199:ρ
2140:∗
2118:∗
2115:0.0035666
2109:−
2100:∗
2082:ρ
2044:ρ
2004:ρ
1991:ρ
1955:ρ
1939:ρ
1901:ρ
1885:ρ
1879:∗
1771:ρ
1737:ρ
1522:ρ
1509:ρ
1503:∗
1168:Δ
1091:Δ
906:Δ
778:Δ
666:Δ
582:Δ
560:power law
522:manometer
166:manometer
5969:Category
5912:See also
5637:LonWorks
5571:Aquastat
5437:Register
5417:Radiator
5072:Air door
4872:Firestop
4672:Humidity
4647:Enthalpy
4637:Dilution
4622:Bake-out
4610:concepts
4363:Archived
4258:: 41โ57.
4091:See also
3631:Building
3624:Building
3609:Building
3602:Building
2069:IP units
1306:Building
1295:Building
1288:Building
727:Building
18:Air door
5711:trades,
5282:Furnace
5147:Chiller
4819:Coolant
3667:tobacco
2347:0.07517
2097:0.07517
202:History
186:crews,
139:airflow
87:scholar
5864:SMACNA
5824:ASHRAE
5644:(MERV)
5598:(CADR)
5576:BACnet
5529:(ULPA)
5382:Louver
5307:Grille
5182:Damper
5132:Boiler
5030:(VCRS)
4831:(DOAS)
4509:
4303:. II.
4235:
4038:leaks.
4012:ASHRAE
3961:metres
2985:Pascal
2385:5.2553
2135:5.2553
1276:and โP
1274:n, Fan
493:ASHRAE
154:blower
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
5904:(VOC)
5898:(SBS)
5887:(IAQ)
5844:CIBSE
5839:BSRIA
5742:(BIM)
5686:(STP)
5650:(NTP)
5272:Freon
5042:(VRF)
5036:(VAV)
4894:(HRV)
4868:(ERV)
4842:(DCV)
4815:(CAV)
4550:(PDF)
4507:S2CID
4280:1975.
4254:. 9.
4233:S2CID
4065:clean
4034:only.
3670:smoke
3644:Force
3540:Force
209:Texas
94:JSTOR
80:books
5859:LEED
5819:AMCA
5814:AHRI
5347:HEPA
5267:Flue
5192:Duct
4048:NFPA
4021:NFPA
4010:and
4008:IECC
3699:1000
3659:LEED
3627:and
3605:and
2578:and
1980:and
1692:and
1291:and
1258:and
66:news
5869:UMC
5854:IIR
5834:BRE
5227:Fan
4499:doi
4495:114
4472:109
4392:doi
4223:doi
4056:ISO
3782:0.3
3374:0.5
3021:).
2421:460
2398:528
2375:528
2168:460
2148:528
2125:528
1269:Fan
1262:Fan
1255:Fan
730:).
720:Fan
524:).
243:ach
158:fan
156:or
49:by
5971::
4519:^
4505:.
4493:.
4489:.
4470:.
4430:^
4388:10
4386:.
4382:.
4305:85
4256:85
4231:.
4217:.
4213:.
4060:EN
4058:,
3967:))
3965:in
3614:SI
3166:50
3135:50
3066:60
3058:50
3042:50
3019:50
2998:50
2996:(Q
504:.
450:50
355:20
331:50
249:.
247:Pa
149:.
133:A
4593:e
4586:t
4579:v
4513:.
4501::
4398:.
4394::
4239:.
4225::
4219:5
4198:.
4173:.
4148:.
4014:.
3943:f
3940:e
3937:R
3933:H
3908:H
3882:r
3879:o
3876:o
3873:l
3870:F
3866:A
3841:A
3838:L
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3808:N
3778:)
3770:f
3767:e
3764:R
3760:H
3756:H
3751:(
3745:)
3738:r
3735:o
3732:o
3729:l
3726:F
3722:A
3717:A
3714:L
3711:E
3705:(
3696:=
3693:L
3690:N
3629:n
3622:C
3607:n
3600:C
3578:g
3575:n
3572:i
3569:d
3566:l
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3560:u
3557:B
3553:n
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3519:e
3516:R
3512:P
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3447:d
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3431:C
3406:A
3403:L
3400:E
3366:g
3363:n
3360:i
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3329:R
3325:P
3310:2
3296:g
3293:n
3290:i
3287:d
3284:l
3281:i
3278:u
3275:B
3271:C
3267:=
3264:A
3261:L
3258:E
3218:g
3215:n
3212:i
3209:d
3206:l
3203:i
3200:u
3197:B
3193:V
3162:Q
3131:H
3127:C
3124:A
3096:g
3093:n
3090:i
3087:d
3084:l
3081:i
3078:u
3075:B
3071:V
3054:Q
3047:=
3038:H
3034:C
3031:A
2949:t
2946:u
2943:O
2914:n
2911:I
2882:l
2879:a
2876:u
2873:t
2870:c
2867:A
2832:f
2829:e
2826:R
2795:n
2792:a
2789:F
2785:Q
2758:l
2755:a
2752:u
2749:t
2746:c
2743:A
2739:Q
2709:l
2706:a
2703:u
2700:t
2697:c
2694:A
2684:f
2681:e
2678:R
2662:n
2659:a
2656:F
2652:Q
2648:=
2643:l
2640:a
2637:u
2634:t
2631:c
2628:A
2624:Q
2597:n
2594:a
2591:F
2587:n
2562:n
2559:a
2556:F
2552:C
2523:t
2520:u
2517:O
2513:T
2488:E
2462:t
2459:u
2456:O
2427:)
2418:+
2413:t
2410:u
2407:O
2403:T
2393:(
2381:)
2371:E
2356:1
2353:(
2344:=
2339:t
2336:u
2333:O
2302:t
2299:u
2296:O
2264:n
2261:I
2257:T
2232:E
2206:n
2203:I
2174:)
2165:+
2160:n
2157:I
2153:T
2143:(
2131:)
2121:E
2106:1
2103:(
2094:=
2089:n
2086:I
2051:n
2048:I
2014:t
2011:u
2008:O
1998:n
1995:I
1962:n
1959:I
1949:t
1946:u
1943:O
1908:n
1905:I
1895:t
1892:u
1889:O
1874:d
1871:e
1868:r
1865:u
1862:s
1859:a
1856:e
1853:M
1849:Q
1845:=
1840:d
1837:e
1834:t
1831:c
1828:e
1825:r
1822:r
1819:o
1816:C
1812:Q
1781:t
1778:u
1775:O
1744:n
1741:I
1711:n
1708:a
1705:F
1701:n
1676:n
1673:a
1670:F
1666:C
1641:d
1638:e
1635:r
1632:u
1629:s
1626:a
1623:e
1620:M
1616:Q
1589:d
1586:e
1583:t
1580:c
1577:e
1574:r
1571:r
1568:o
1565:C
1561:Q
1532:t
1529:u
1526:O
1516:n
1513:I
1498:d
1495:e
1492:r
1489:u
1486:s
1483:a
1480:e
1477:M
1473:Q
1469:=
1464:d
1461:e
1458:t
1455:c
1452:e
1449:r
1446:r
1443:o
1440:C
1436:Q
1406:g
1403:n
1400:i
1397:d
1394:l
1391:i
1388:u
1385:B
1381:n
1356:g
1353:n
1350:i
1347:d
1344:l
1341:i
1338:u
1335:B
1331:C
1304:n
1293:n
1286:C
1267:Q
1260:n
1253:C
1231:g
1228:n
1225:i
1222:d
1219:l
1216:i
1213:u
1210:B
1206:n
1198:g
1195:n
1192:i
1189:d
1186:l
1183:i
1180:u
1177:B
1173:P
1160:g
1157:n
1154:i
1151:d
1148:l
1145:i
1142:u
1139:B
1135:C
1131:=
1124:n
1121:a
1118:F
1114:n
1106:n
1103:a
1100:F
1096:P
1083:n
1080:a
1077:F
1073:C
1044:g
1041:n
1038:i
1035:d
1032:l
1029:i
1026:u
1023:B
1019:Q
1015:=
1010:n
1007:a
1004:F
1000:Q
969:g
966:n
963:i
960:d
957:l
954:i
951:u
948:B
944:n
936:g
933:n
930:i
927:d
924:l
921:i
918:u
915:B
911:P
898:g
895:n
892:i
889:d
886:l
883:i
880:u
877:B
873:C
869:=
864:g
861:n
858:i
855:d
852:l
849:i
846:u
843:B
839:Q
811:n
808:a
805:F
801:n
793:n
790:a
787:F
783:P
770:n
767:a
764:F
760:C
756:=
751:n
748:a
745:F
741:Q
725:Q
718:Q
694:n
670:P
641:C
617:Q
591:n
587:P
578:C
575:=
572:Q
468:l
465:a
462:c
459:s
456:a
453:p
447:t
444:a
440:H
436:C
433:A
409:l
406:a
403:r
400:u
397:t
394:a
391:n
387:H
383:C
380:A
349:l
346:a
343:c
340:s
337:a
334:p
328:t
325:a
321:H
317:C
314:A
308:=
303:l
300:a
297:r
294:u
291:t
288:a
285:n
281:H
277:C
274:A
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:ยท
84:ยท
77:ยท
70:ยท
43:.
20:.
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