779:
In Allen's reconstruction, in contrast to all other Coptic dialects, Bohairic maintains a strong opposition between aspirated and unaspirated plosives. Both Allen and
Loprieno hold that here has been a shift from older Egyptian through which one new aspirated/unaspirated contrast exists: ϭ represents
136:
Two systems of pronunciation predominate in the Coptic
Orthodox Church today: The 'Greco-Bohairic' pronunciation supported by the Church, and 'Old Bohairic', systematised by Emile Māher Isḥāḳ in his 1975 doctoral thesis. The following table shows general correspondences between the pronunciation
780:/kʲʰ/ in other dialects, but /tʲʰ/ in Bohairic; it thus alternates with ϫ in aspiration (as opposed to place of articulation, as it does in other dialects). Bohairic, along with Akhmimic, retains the phoneme /x/, which has collapsed into /h/ in other dialects.
97:, Coptic lost ground to Arabic. Various scholars posit different dates for the demise of spoken Coptic, ranging from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century. However, Bohairic has remained in consistent liturgical use through the present in the
81:. Like the other forms of Coptic, Bohairic is usually described as a "dialect". An alternate hypothesis supported by some scholars is that the various forms of Coptic do not represent speech variation but different orthographic traditions.
1007:
In recent decades, research on Coptic dialect variance has shifted from a phonological focus (as suggested through orthographic practice) to a morphosyntactic one. A few distinctive
Bohairic features are listed below:
783:
Loprieno sees the same series of opposing consonants as Allen, but holds that the unaspirated consonants were articulated as ejectives, while their counterparts carried optional aspiration. Loprieno also holds that
1448:
The
Phonetics and Phonology of the Bohairic Dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Words in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian
1103:
Bohairic regularly uses full first- and second-person forms of pronouns in subject position, as opposed to the common use of reduced forms of pronouns in other dialects.
137:
systems. Particularly for Old
Bohairic much pronunciation is lexeme-specific, so any short list of correspondences is necessarily incomplete:
993:
are always fully stressed, while the other vowels may or may not carry stress. In many cases, stress must be determined from word structure.
796:
held voiced values /b/, /d/, and /g/ respectively, the latter two occurring solely in words borrowed from Greek and in post-nasal position.
1572:
1550:
1069:
In words borrowed from Greek, where
Sahidic often uses the Greek infinitive alone, Bohairic usually precedes it with the verb
748:
741:
1436:
1417:
686:
672:
1534:
1493:
1465:
679:
700:
120:
116:
104:
Before the tenth century, Sahidic was the form of Coptic with super-regional influence; however, by the
761:
799:
Allen considers vowel values to be more difficult to determine, but proposes the following matrix of
693:
41:. Bohairic is attested from the eighth century CE, and has been the chief liturgical language of the
1567:
1512:
Winand, Jean (2015). "Dialects in Pre-Coptic
Egyptian, with a Special Attention to Late Egyptian".
17:
1134:
So-called "second" tenses may be used for adverbial predication in
Sahidic, but not in Bohairic.
98:
94:
63:
42:
754:
721:
714:
8:
1002:
800:
74:
1544:
1158:. In contexts in which Sahidic uses the temporal, Bohairic employs the second perfect.
1530:
1489:
1461:
1432:
1413:
643:
610:
600:
462:
in Coptic words /k/; in Greek words before closed vowels /ʃ/, before open vowels /x/
109:
38:
1038:
Where feminine
Egyptian weak verb infinitives have led to Coptic verbs that end in -
595:
590:
105:
605:
54:
34:
90:
1561:
1137:
With prepositional predicates, Bohairic tends to employ the qualitative verb
119:
under the leadership of ʿIryān Girgis Muftāḥ, a Coptic scholar supported by
1475:
Loprieno, Antonio; Müller, Matthias (2012). "Ancient
Egyptian and Coptic".
770:
77:. The written form is generally believed to have originated in the western
1161:
In lieu of the Sahidic future conjunctive, Bohairic uses the first future.
1505:
Modern Spoken Coptic and Community Negotiation of Linguistic Authenticity
708:
78:
981:
Allen holds that stress may fall either on the ultimate or penultima.
735:
666:
108:, Bohairic had become the dominant written form of Coptic throughout
93:, but most texts are from the ninth century and later. Following the
123:. This reformed pronunciation is sometimes called 'Greco-Bohairic'.
1144:
where other dialects allow the prepositional phrase to stand alone.
452:
in most Coptic words /b/; in Greek words and some Coptic words /f/
1093:
as a third-person object pronoun, Bohairic always uses the clitic
189:
before close vowels /g/; before open vowels /ɣ; before velars /ŋ/
617:
279:
word-final /i/, medial /iː/; when followed by other vowels /j/
579:
James Allen reconstructs the following phonemes for Bohairic:
176:
syllable-initial /v/; syllable-final and post-consonantal /b/
439:
medially /i/ or /iː/; initially /i/; post-vocalic /u/ or /w/
1216:
1300:
1011:
53:
The name Bohairic is derived from the Arabic place name
1194:
1192:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1524:
1486:
Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect): A Learner's Grammar
1312:
1288:
1264:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1204:
1086:
While other dialects may use the independent pronoun
1045:
in other dialects, this ending is absent in Bohairic.
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1189:
1172:
68:
1252:
996:
1410:The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study
1276:
465:in Coptic words /k/; in Greek words /k/, /ʃ/, /x/
357:word-initial /o/; medial /u/; syllable-final /uː/
1324:
1240:
1228:
1147:Sahidic has a temporal or precursive verbal form
543:before closed vowels /ʧ/; before open vowels /ʤ/
1559:
179:/w/; medial /uː/; final and pre-consonantal /b/
115:In 1858, the Coptic Orthodox Church effected a
89:The earliest attestation of Bohairic is in the
1474:
1222:
1048:Compound nouns where Sahidic uses the linker
574:
1458:Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction
1429:Coptic: A Grammar of Its Six Major Dialects
245:/iː/; sometimes /i/ when syllable-initial
1460:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1412:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1529:. Wadi El Natrun: دير القديس أنبأ مقار.
1483:
1479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1455:
1306:
1294:
1183:
131:
1113:The conjunctive verbal form is default
14:
1560:
1511:
1507:(MA thesis). University of New Mexico.
1502:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1258:
1246:
1198:
1028:in some other dialects, Bohairic has -
1012:Word Forms and Derivational Morphology
413:/t/; before an open vowel /tˤ/; after
1445:
1426:
1407:
1343:
1318:
1282:
1270:
1234:
1210:
803:, common to all dialects of Coptic:
1549:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
58:
24:
1451:(DPhil thesis). Oxford University.
1017:In feminine nouns, where Egyptian
436:is /u/, but before consonants /w/
25:
1584:
1488:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
769:
760:
753:
747:
740:
720:
713:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
1527:قواعد اللغة القبطية: الجزء الأول
1431:. University Park: Eisenbrauns.
997:Distinctive Grammatical Features
126:
1525:الراهب أندرياس المقاري (2003).
430:intervocalic /v/; elsewhere /i/
1573:Christian liturgical languages
1003:Coptic language § Grammar
202:/ð/; /d/ in names from Hebrew
48:
27:Dialect of the Coptic language
13:
1:
1165:
1107:
45:since the eleventh century.
7:
1484:Reintges, Chris H. (2004).
1446:Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher (1975).
1080:
121:Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria
69:
10:
1589:
1456:Loprieno, Antonio (1995).
1401:
1223:Loprieno & Müller 2012
1000:
575:Historical Reconstructions
360:/o/, /oː/, /u/, /uː/, /a/
84:
37:, the latest stage of the
1477:The Afroasiatic Languages
734:
707:
665:
616:
587:
269:/t/, /tˤ/, sometimes /d/
1427:Allen, James P. (2020).
1408:Allen, James P. (2013).
1503:Toomey, Jeremy (2009).
99:Coptic Orthodox Church
95:Arab conquest of Egypt
43:Coptic Orthodox Church
420:/d/, /dˤ/, /t/, /tˤ/
132:Church Pronunciations
801:distinctive features
117:pronunciation reform
73:, retained today in
33:is a dialect of the
808:
584:
417:in Greek words /d/
400:is pronounced /zm/
75:Beheira Governorate
1273:, pp. 17, 22.
806:
582:
396:/s/; the sequence
1321:, pp. 12–13.
1309:, pp. 42–44.
979:
978:
777:
776:
646:
624:
572:
571:
67:
39:Egyptian language
16:(Redirected from
1580:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1480:
1471:
1452:
1442:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1150:
1140:
1127:
1124:in Sahidic, but
1116:
1096:
1089:
1072:
1062:
1059:, Bohairic uses
1051:
1041:
1031:
1024:
992:
988:
984:
960:
938:
916:
894:
872:
850:
828:
809:
805:
795:
791:
787:
773:
764:
757:
751:
744:
724:
717:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
644:
622:
585:
581:
491:/oː/, /o/, /uː/
485:
472:
459:
446:
435:
427:
416:
410:
399:
393:
380:
367:
354:
341:
328:
315:
302:
289:
276:
265:
261:
255:
242:
229:
218:
212:
199:
186:
173:
162:
156:
140:
139:
106:eleventh century
72:
62:
60:
21:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1568:Coptic language
1558:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1514:Lingua Aegyptia
1496:
1468:
1439:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1148:
1138:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1060:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
986:
982:
958:
936:
914:
892:
870:
848:
826:
793:
789:
785:
577:
483:
470:
457:
444:
433:
431:
425:
414:
408:
397:
391:
378:
365:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
287:
274:
263:
259:
258:/θ/; following
253:
240:
227:
216:
210:
197:
184:
171:
160:
154:
146:Greco-Bohairic
134:
129:
87:
51:
35:Coptic language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:, p. 252.
1384:
1382:, p. 250.
1372:
1370:, p. 247.
1360:
1358:, p. 258.
1348:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1225:, p. 104.
1215:
1203:
1201:, p. 234.
1188:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1046:
1036:
1013:
1010:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
775:
774:
767:
765:
758:
745:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
725:
718:
711:
705:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
663:
662:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
640:
639:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
620:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
428:
422:
421:
418:
411:
405:
404:
401:
394:
388:
387:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
355:
349:
348:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
329:
323:
322:
319:
316:
310:
309:
306:
303:
297:
296:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
277:
271:
270:
267:
256:
250:
249:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
213:
207:
206:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
157:
151:
150:
147:
144:
133:
130:
128:
125:
91:fourth century
86:
83:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1585:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1438:9781646020645
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1419:9781107664678
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1307:Loprieno 1995
1303:
1297:, p. 42.
1296:
1295:Loprieno 1995
1291:
1285:, p. 19.
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1261:, p. 73.
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:Reintges 2004
1180:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1004:
994:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
935:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
825:
824:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
810:
804:
802:
797:
781:
772:
768:
766:
763:
759:
756:
750:
746:
743:
739:
737:
733:
730:
728:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
621:
619:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
586:
580:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
482:
481:
477:
474:
469:
468:
464:
461:
456:
455:
451:
448:
443:
442:
438:
432:the sequence
429:
424:
423:
419:
412:
407:
406:
402:
395:
390:
389:
385:
382:
377:
376:
372:
369:
364:
363:
359:
356:
351:
350:
346:
343:
338:
337:
333:
330:
325:
324:
320:
317:
312:
311:
307:
304:
299:
298:
294:
291:
286:
285:
281:
278:
273:
272:
268:
266:, and m /t/
257:
252:
251:
247:
244:
239:
238:
234:
231:
226:
225:
221:
214:
209:
208:
204:
201:
196:
195:
191:
188:
183:
182:
178:
175:
170:
169:
165:
158:
153:
152:
149:Old Bohairic
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
127:Pronunciation
124:
122:
118:
113:
111:
110:Fatimid-ruled
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
82:
80:
76:
71:
65:
56:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1485:
1476:
1457:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1237:, p. 2.
1230:
1218:
1206:
1186:, p. 4.
1155:
1151:
1141:
1131:in Bohairic.
1128:
1121:
1117:
1097:
1090:
1073:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1006:
980:
798:
782:
778:
578:
135:
114:
103:
88:
52:
30:
29:
1392:Winand 2015
1380:Winand 2015
1368:Winand 2015
1356:Winand 2015
1259:Toomey 2009
1247:Toomey 2009
1199:Winand 2015
1021:has become
623:unaspirated
583:Consonants
248:/iː/, /aː/
49:Terminology
1562:Categories
1536:9772411622
1520:: 229–269.
1495:3896455702
1467:0521448492
1344:Allen 2020
1319:Allen 2013
1283:Allen 2013
1271:Allen 2013
1235:Isḥāḳ 1975
1211:Allen 2020
1166:References
1108:Verb Forms
79:Nile Delta
1545:cite book
667:Fricative
645:aspirated
192:/ʤ/, /g/
143:Grapheme
64:romanized
1213:, cap 1.
1081:Pronouns
112:Egypt.
70:Buḥayrah
31:Bohairic
18:Bohairic
1402:Sources
1156:əntere-
1152:n̩tere-
1149:ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ-
807:Vowels
618:Plosive
611:Glottal
601:Palatal
85:History
66::
1533:
1492:
1464:
1449:Arabic
1435:
1416:
989:, and
792:, and
596:Apical
591:Labial
55:Arabic
1129:ənte-
1126:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ⸗
1076:"do".
1064:ənte-
1061:ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ⸗
736:Glide
709:Nasal
606:Velar
568:/di/
565:/ti/
488:/oː/
478:/bs/
475:/ps/
344:/ks/
262:, ϣ,
219:/eː/
215:/e/;
163:/aː/
159:/a/;
59:بحيرة
1551:link
1531:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1139:ϫⲙ̀
656:tʲʰ
557:/ʃ/
554:/ʧ/
546:/ʤ/
535:/h/
532:/h/
524:/x/
521:/x/
513:/f/
510:/f/
502:/ʃ/
499:/ʃ/
449:/f/
403:/s/
386:/r/
383:/r/
373:/b/
370:/p/
347:/ks
334:/n/
331:/n/
321:/m/
318:/m/
308:/l/
305:/l/
295:/k/
292:/k/
282:/i/
235:/z/
232:/z/
222:/a/
205:/d/
166:/a/
1154:or
1142:jəm
1122:ən-
1120:or
1118:n̩-
1115:ⲛ̄-
1095:⸗ⲟⲩ
1074:ər-
1071:ⲣ̀-
1057:ən-
1055:or
1053:n̩-
1050:ⲛ̄-
659:kʰ
653:tʰ
650:pʰ
633:tʲ
217:ⲉ̀
161:ⲁ̀
1564::
1547:}}
1543:{{
1518:23
1516:.
1326:^
1191:^
1174:^
1098:-u
1091:se
1088:ⲥⲉ
1043:-e
1033:-i
1026:-e
1023:-ⲉ
1019:-t
985:,
975:+
972:-
969:-
966:-
963:+
953:+
950:+
947:+
944:-
941:+
937:ⲟⲩ
931:+
928:-
925:+
922:-
919:-
909:-
906:-
903:+
900:-
897:-
887:+
884:+
881:+
878:-
875:-
865:-
862:+
859:+
856:-
853:-
843:-
840:-
837:+
834:+
831:-
788:,
752:,
636:k
630:t
627:p
562:ϯ
551:ϭ
540:ϫ
529:ϩ
518:ϧ
507:ϥ
496:ϣ
434:ⲟⲩ
398:ⲥⲙ
101:.
61:,
57::
1553:)
1539:.
1498:.
1470:.
1441:.
1422:.
1346:.
1249:.
1100:.
1066:.
1040:ⲉ
1035:.
1030:ⲓ
991:ⲱ
987:ⲟ
983:Ⲏ
959:ⲓ
915:ⲏ
893:ⲉ
871:ⲱ
849:ⲟ
827:ⲁ
794:ⲅ
790:ⲇ
786:ⲃ
771:ʔ
762:j
755:r
749:l
742:w
722:n
715:m
701:h
694:x
687:ʃ
680:s
673:f
484:ⲱ
471:ⲯ
458:ⲭ
445:ⲫ
426:ⲩ
415:ⲛ
409:ⲧ
392:ⲥ
379:ⲣ
366:ⲡ
353:ⲟ
340:ⲝ
327:ⲛ
314:ⲙ
301:ⲗ
288:ⲕ
275:ⲓ
264:ⲧ
260:ⲥ
254:ⲑ
241:ⲏ
228:ⲍ
211:ⲉ
198:ⲇ
185:ⲅ
172:ⲃ
155:ⲁ
20:)
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