646:
converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original volume and travels down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Because of this, steam is an efficient method of moving energy and heat around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feedwater treatment, a steam-raising plant will suffer from scale formation and corrosion. At best, this increases energy costs and can lead to poor quality steam, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable operation. At worst, it can lead to catastrophic failure and loss of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler tubes can also spray scalding-hot steam and smoke out of the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who load the coal into the fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing hundreds of horsepower to operate factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.
31:
544:. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which can be further increased by making the gases reverse direction through a second parallel tube or a bundle of multiple tubes (two-pass or return flue boiler); alternatively, the gases may be taken along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-pass boiler). In case of a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly increases the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improves
583:
857:
48:
513:
565:
a succession of coils. This type generally gives high steam production rates, but less storage capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the high-pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall. These boilers are commonly constructed in place, roughly square in shape, and can be multiple stories tall.
553:
726:" is much hotter than needed to stay in the vaporous state it will not contain any significant unevaporated water. Also, higher steam pressure will be possible than with saturated steam, enabling the steam to carry more energy. Although superheating adds more energy to the steam in the form of heat there is no effect on pressure, which is determined by the rate at which steam is drawn from the boiler and the pressure settings of the
667:
792:. Also, small leaks that are not visible at the point of leakage could be lethal if an individual were to step into the escaping steam's path. Hence designers endeavor to give the steam-handling components of the system as much strength as possible to maintain integrity. Special methods of coupling steam pipes together are used to prevent leaks, with very high pressure systems employing
813:
548:. Fire-tube boilers usually have a comparatively low rate of steam production, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers mostly burn solid fuels, but are readily adaptable to those of the liquid or gas variety. Fire-tube boilers may also be referred to as "scotch-marine" or "marine" type boilers.
573:
A flash boiler is a specialized type of water-tube boiler in which tubes are close together and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the type of mono-tube steam generator in which the tube is permanently filled with water. In a flash boiler, the tube is kept so hot that the water
270:
may be used for the heating vessel of domestic water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is usually to produce hot water, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for
1128:
Most modern boilers depend on mechanical draught rather than natural draught. This is because natural draught is subject to outside air conditions and temperature of flue gases leaving the furnace, as well as the chimney height. All these factors make proper draught hard to attain and therefore make
969:
It is a mechanical means (usually a float switch) or an electrode with a safety switch that is used to turn off the burner or shut off fuel to the boiler to prevent it from running once the water goes below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without water in it) it can cause rupture
649:
A boiler that has a loss of feed water and is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If feed water is then sent into the empty boiler, the small cascade of incoming water instantly boils on contact with the superheated metal shell and leads to a violent explosion that cannot be controlled
645:
Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction due to poorly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while poorly welded or riveted seams could open up, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized steam. When water is
564:
In this type, tubes filled with water are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations. Often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the upper ones steam and water; in other cases, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through
1155:
Balanced draught is obtained through use of both induced and forced draught. This is more common with larger boilers where the flue gases have to travel a long distance through many boiler passes. The induced draught fan works in conjunction with the forced draught fan allowing the furnace pressure
834:
pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases to occur; the fluid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is no
1147:
There are two types of mechanical induced draught. The first is through use of a steam jet. The steam jet oriented in the direction of flue gas flow induces flue gases into the stack and allows for a greater flue gas velocity increasing the overall draught in the furnace. This method was common on
839:
point at which steam bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which turns the electrical generator from which power is ultimately extracted. The fluid at that point may be a mix of
1151:
Mechanical forced draught is provided by means of a fan forcing air into the combustion chamber. Air is often passed through an air heater; which, as the name suggests, heats the air going into the furnace in order to increase the overall efficiency of the boiler. Dampers are used to control the
877:
to control the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a safety by setting the upper limit of steam pressure, the operating pressuretrol, which controls when the boiler fires to maintain pressure, and for boilers
741:
unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace, an area in which the temperature is typically between 1,300 and 1,600 degrees
Celsius (2,372 and 2,912 degrees Fahrenheit). Some superheaters are radiant type, which as the name
704:. This is because unavoidable temperature and/or pressure loss that occurs as steam travels from the boiler to the machinery will cause some condensation, resulting in liquid water being carried into the machinery. The water entrained in the steam may damage turbine blades or in the case of a
495:
A primitive "kettle" where a fire heats a partially filled water container from below. 18th century
Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large volumes of very low-pressure steam, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very
1148:
steam driven locomotives which could not have tall chimneys. The second method is by simply using an induced draught fan (ID fan) which removes flue gases from the furnace and forces the exhaust gas up the stack. Almost all induced draught furnaces operate with a slightly negative pressure.
953:
This system allows the boiler to blowdown only when makeup water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the maximum amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the makeup water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is close to the temperature of the makeup
263:
construction, which is stronger and cheaper, and can be fabricated more quickly and with less labour. Wrought iron boilers corrode far more slowly than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. That makes the longevity of older
1425:
An article on a massive Pabst
Brewing Company boiler explosion in 1909 that destroyed a building, and blew parts onto the roof of nearby buildings. This document also contains a list of day-by-day boiler accidents and accident summaries by year, and discussions of boiler damage
926:
This allows a small quantity of water to escape continuously. Its purpose is to prevent the water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be carried over with the steam – a condition known as
788:, the enormous energy release of escaping superheated steam, expanding to more than 1600 times its confined volume, would be equivalent to a cataclysmic explosion, whose effects would be exacerbated by the steam release occurring in a confined space, such as a ship's
753:
used to charge the boiler must be able to overcome the boiler's operating pressure, else water will not flow. As a superheated boiler is usually operated at high pressure, the corresponding feedwater pressure must be even higher, demanding a more robust pump design.
742:
suggests, they absorb heat by radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing heat from a fluid. Some are a combination of the two types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will also heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within.
1000:
Top feed: In this design for feedwater injection, the water is fed to the top of the boiler. This can reduce boiler fatigue caused by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over a series of trays the water is quickly heated and this can reduce
1124:
connected to the exhaust of the combustion chamber. Since the heated flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding the boiler, the flue gas rises in the chimney, pulling denser, fresh air into the combustion chamber.
229:), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.
919:
and lie on the bottom of a boiler. As the name implies, this valve is usually located directly on the bottom of the boiler, and is occasionally opened to use the pressure in the boiler to push these particulates
684:, also referred to as "wet steam." Saturated steam, while mostly consisting of water vapor, carries some unevaporated water in the form of droplets. Saturated steam is useful for many purposes, such as
1011:
A series of tubes or bundles of tubes in the water drum or the steam drum designed to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that does not need, or may be damaged by, dry steam.
159:
power plant where a gas turbine and a steam boiler are used. In all cases the combustion product waste gases are separate from the working fluid of the steam cycle, making these systems examples of
757:
Another consideration is safety. High pressure, superheated steam can be extremely dangerous if it unintentionally escapes. To give the reader some perspective, the steam plants used in many
947:
High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where the steam can 'flash' safely and be used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere while the ambient pressure blowdown flows to drain.
3199:
615:
In a cast iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is contained inside cast iron sections. These sections are assembled on site to create the finished boiler.
745:
The design of any superheated steam plant presents several engineering challenges due to the high working temperatures and pressures. One consideration is the introduction of
203:, and electrically-heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.
650:
even by safety steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam supply lines that is larger than the make-up water supply could replace. The
734:
of the steam plant (the combination of boiler, superheater, piping and machinery) generally will be improved enough to more than offset the increased fuel consumption.
730:. The fuel consumption required to generate superheated steam is greater than that required to generate an equivalent volume of saturated steam. However, the overall
1144:, where both effects are employed. Natural draught through the use of a chimney is a type of induced draught; mechanical draught can be induced, forced or balanced.
1194:
655:
3149:
3179:
3325:
1359:
780:) pressure and 850 degrees Fahrenheit (454 degrees Celsius) superheat. In the event of a major rupture of the system, an ever-present hazard in a
722:, causing the discharged steam temperature to be substantially above the boiling temperature at the boiler's operating pressure. As the resulting "
960:
They are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installation of tubes and inspection of internal surfaces.
976:
It provides a means for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible substances that tend to float on top of the water inside the boiler.
1403:
3194:
139:. In some cases byproduct fuel such as the carbon monoxide rich offgasses of a coke battery can be burned to heat a boiler; biofuels such as
1381:
2687:
1936:
1643:
848:
production. The term "boiler" should not be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this device.
37:
3189:
3121:
1517:
1322:
631:
601:
Sometimes the two above types have been combined in the following manner: the firebox contains an assembly of water tubes, called
1221:
2994:
1232:
3154:
3116:
1540:
3330:
2977:
1345:
147:
are heated by the heat produced by nuclear fission. Where a large volume of hot gas is available from some process, a
3019:
2732:
2268:
1997:
1572:
1302:
1277:
836:
591:
347:
performance test code (PTC) for boilers ASME PTC 4 and for HRSG ASME PTC 4.4 and EN 12952-15 for water tube boilers:
221:
is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for
2088:
578:. Flash boilers had some use in automobiles in the 19th century and this use continued into the early 20th century.
3169:
2983:
2363:
635:
144:
95:. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including
30:
1927:
1813:
1215:
155:
can use the heat to produce steam, with little or no extra fuel consumed; such a configuration is common in a
3131:
3075:
3070:
2647:
2175:
821:
328:
148:
997:
line. This may be fitted to the side of the boiler, just below the water level, or to the top of the boiler.
2692:
2243:
2164:
2123:
638:
is a standard providing a wide range of rules and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other
232:
For much of the
Victorian "age of steam", the only material used for boilermaking was the highest grade of
128:
605:. The gases then pass through a conventional firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many
3315:
3035:
2837:
2348:
2283:
2201:
2113:
1977:
731:
3184:
3065:
2772:
2537:
2381:
1756:
1701:
1376:
1237:
255:, which was especially suitable for use in critical applications such as high-pressure boilers. In the
192:
160:
658:
as a method to help prevent this condition from occurring, and thereby reduce their insurance claims.
199:. However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in superheater sections that will not be exposed to
3237:
3096:
3060:
2862:
2492:
2447:
2375:
2227:
2170:
1683:
1242:
941:
that is often used to manually check a liquid level in a tank. Most commonly found on a water boiler.
841:
681:
524:
Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left above to accommodate the steam (
196:
104:
62:
536:
that has to be kept permanently surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temperature of the
3284:
3106:
2802:
2402:
2181:
2072:
2057:
1726:
1200:
1152:
quantity of air admitted to the furnace. Forced draught furnaces usually have a positive pressure.
1112:-heated boiler must provide air to oxidize its fuel. Early boilers provided this stream of air, or
761:
3279:
3204:
3126:
3055:
2999:
2931:
2827:
2742:
2652:
2617:
2093:
1736:
1491:
1183:
124:
17:
582:
3269:
3231:
3111:
2822:
2253:
1803:
1172:
928:
878:
equipped with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the amount of fire.
697:
249:
96:
696:, but is not desirable when steam is expected to convey energy to machinery, such as a ship's
3289:
2967:
2926:
2642:
2313:
2133:
1905:
1879:
1782:
1777:
1565:
1437:
1188:
1072:
769:
630:
To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations such as the
308:
304:
1418:
986:
It is designed to circulate water back to the boiler after it has expelled some of its heat.
3091:
3081:
3025:
2962:
2857:
2437:
2386:
1952:
1673:
1648:
1066:
222:
143:, where economically available, can also be used. In a nuclear power plant, boilers called
8:
2957:
2947:
2921:
2707:
2369:
2278:
2248:
2148:
2118:
2012:
1972:
1746:
1166:
856:
831:
444:
127:
using a steam cycle for power generation, the primary heat source will be combustion of
3220:
3164:
3101:
2878:
2757:
2752:
2542:
2353:
2338:
1920:
1706:
1658:
454:
1416:
412:
To measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, parameter like these are needed:
3320:
2792:
2747:
2502:
2497:
2427:
2323:
2159:
1962:
1751:
1711:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1620:
1536:
1298:
1273:
1227:
715:
587:
559:
66:
3310:
3259:
3014:
3009:
2592:
2298:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2103:
1874:
1787:
1635:
1605:
1558:
994:
963:
Steam drum internals, a series of screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
888:
861:
738:
709:
701:
639:
625:
529:
519:
505:
312:
252:
226:
1451:
3254:
3226:
2868:
2782:
2777:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2632:
2572:
2487:
2472:
2293:
2288:
2263:
2258:
2128:
2052:
1741:
1731:
1615:
1210:
910:
512:
490:
392:
316:
188:
172:
152:
100:
76:
47:
835:
generation of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the
3004:
2901:
2677:
2657:
2622:
2557:
2477:
2318:
2308:
2217:
2067:
2037:
1992:
1987:
1889:
1843:
1653:
1600:
1121:
1103:
845:
827:
750:
693:
602:
324:
156:
1423:. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. – via Google Books.
3304:
3086:
2937:
2832:
2797:
2567:
2562:
2517:
2512:
2358:
2333:
2328:
2303:
2273:
2143:
2042:
2022:
2002:
1913:
1864:
1761:
1721:
1668:
785:
773:
545:
541:
473:
54:
3264:
2942:
2842:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2737:
2672:
2552:
2522:
2462:
2457:
2432:
2343:
2222:
2138:
2062:
2047:
2032:
1869:
1818:
1808:
1716:
1625:
1610:
1527:
Association of Water
Technologies: Association of Water Technologies (AWT).
1078:
931:. Blowdown is also often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler water.
882:
874:
797:
765:
727:
705:
575:
568:
499:
367:
Boiler efficiency = power out / power in = Q × (Hg − Hf) / (q × GCV) × 100%
256:
245:
233:
200:
184:
3274:
2916:
2873:
2847:
2787:
2767:
2762:
2637:
2597:
2582:
2527:
2452:
2422:
2417:
2233:
2098:
2017:
1894:
1848:
1828:
1040:
Main steam stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations.
990:
902:
898:
897:
They show the operator the level of fluid in the boiler, also known as a
826:
Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of
789:
675:
552:
332:
300:
210:
180:
136:
3030:
2952:
2883:
2852:
2727:
2697:
2627:
2577:
2547:
2532:
2507:
2412:
2212:
2108:
2027:
1967:
1838:
1833:
1595:
1117:
1034:
777:
363:
Direct method of boiler efficiency test is more usable or more common.
280:
207:
176:
112:
1293:
Steingress, Frederick M.; Frost, Harold J.; Walker, Darryl R. (2003).
634:(ASME) develop standards and regulation codes. For instance, the ASME
2989:
2667:
2662:
2612:
2587:
2442:
2238:
1247:
1205:
1178:
1002:
758:
746:
723:
296:
267:
241:
2972:
2906:
2407:
2207:
2007:
1982:
1957:
1884:
1823:
916:
448:
438:
396:
379:
264:
wrought-iron boilers far superior to that of welded steel boilers.
195:
types, is not used in wetted parts of boilers due to corrosion and
2482:
2154:
793:
781:
718:
boilers evaporate the water and then further heat the steam in a
689:
685:
609:
locomotives, but have met with little success in other countries.
606:
260:
140:
108:
92:
88:
1129:
mechanical draught equipment much more reliable and economical.
3159:
2911:
2717:
1417:
Hartford Steam Boiler
Inspection and Insurance Company (1911).
812:
801:
214:
40:
1935:
666:
343:
There are two methods to measure the boiler efficiency in the
3174:
2607:
938:
478:
Boilers can be classified into the following configurations:
320:
237:
218:
84:
80:
1530:
844:. This results in slightly less fuel use and therefore less
737:
Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an
2682:
2602:
1109:
981:
504:
With one or two large flues—an early type or forerunner of
344:
331:(HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other processes such as
292:
288:
284:
1550:
1469:. Vol. 1. London: Virtue and Company Ltd. p. 46.
915:
They provide a means for removing solid particulates that
358:
323:, either directly (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised
1404:"Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME"
407:
132:
1017:
A connection to add chemicals for controlling feedwater
1319:
ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, PG-5.5
1018:
259:, design practice moved towards the use of steel, with
1195:
European
Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers
656:
Hartford Steam Boiler
Inspection and Insurance Company
1535:(republished ed.). New York-London: Nabu Press.
1292:
1136:, where exhaust gases are pulled out of the boiler;
887:
It is used to relieve pressure and prevent possible
951:
Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system:
1473:
868:
1140:, where fresh air is pushed into the boiler; and
528:). This is the type of boiler used in nearly all
3302:
840:steam and liquid droplets as it passes into the
807:
1522:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I
1371:
1369:
1297:(3rd ed.). American Technical Publishers.
1272:(4th ed.). American Technical Publishers.
993:or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the
248:(UK) area, noted for the high quality of their
240:. This iron was often obtained from specialist
1921:
1566:
1156:to be maintained slightly below atmospheric.
708:, may cause serious mechanical damage due to
319:is also used as a heat source for generating
1382:United States Food & Drug Administration
1366:
1335:BS EN 14222: "Stainless steel shell boilers"
1197:serie of conferences on furnaces and boilers
642:with safety, security and design standards.
424:, S, C, moisture constraint, ash constraint)
1438:"What you should know about Hartford Loops"
661:
3326:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2688:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1937:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1928:
1914:
1573:
1559:
1267:
1132:Types of draught can also be divided into
1087:Inspectors test pressure gauge attachment:
670:A superheated boiler on a steam locomotive
1044:
532:. The heat source is inside a furnace or
3122:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1518:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1323:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1060:
855:
811:
796:joints to avoided leakage problems with
665:
632:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
598:Fire-tube boiler with water-tube firebox
581:
551:
511:
46:
29:
1222:International Flame Research Foundation
574:feed is quickly flashed into steam and
359:Input-output method (or, direct method)
38:Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry
14:
3303:
1531:The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2010) .
408:Heat-loss method (or, indirect method)
27:Closed vessel in which fluid is heated
2995:Programmable communicating thermostat
1909:
1554:
864:'s pulp mill with calorisator in 1938
385:Hf, enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg
3117:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1479:
1464:
1452:"The Hartford Loop on Steam Boilers"
1025:
338:
1435:
1224:network of industrial flame experts
680:When water is boiled the result is
351:Input-output method (direct method)
279:The source of heat for a boiler is
24:
2978:Minimum efficiency reporting value
1510:
460:Ash percentage in combustible fuel
354:Heat-loss method (indirect method)
25:
3342:
3020:Standard temperature and pressure
2733:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2269:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1998:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1268:Steingress, Frederick M. (2001).
467:
327:called "steam generators" (PWR).
91:. The fluid does not necessarily
2089:Absorption-compression heat pump
1116:, through the natural action of
1050:Fuel oil system:fuel oil heaters
2984:Normal temperature and pressure
2364:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1458:
1444:
1429:
1377:"Steam Generation in Canneries"
1009:Desuperheater tubes or bundles:
869:Boiler fittings and accessories
636:Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
556:Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
175:of a boiler is usually made of
118:
1814:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1410:
1396:
1352:
1338:
1329:
1311:
1286:
1261:
1216:Internally rifled boiler tubes
851:
329:Heat recovery steam generators
13:
1:
3132:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3076:Building information modeling
3071:Building services engineering
2648:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2176:Demand controlled ventilation
2124:Building insulation materials
1533:Steam, its generation and use
1346:"ASME Performance Test Codes"
1254:
822:Supercritical steam generator
808:Supercritical steam generator
516:Diagram of a fire-tube boiler
382:of saturated steam in kcal/kg
375:Q, rate of steam flow in kg/h
271:high-pressure steam boilers.
149:heat recovery steam generator
105:boiler-based power generation
2693:High-pressure cut-off switch
2244:Ice storage air conditioning
2165:Dedicated outdoor air system
654:was invented in 1919 by the
416:Ultimate analysis of fuel (H
166:
7:
3036:Thermostatic radiator valve
2838:Thermostatic radiator valve
2349:Underfloor air distribution
2284:Radiant heating and cooling
2202:Energy recovery ventilation
2114:Automobile air conditioning
1978:Domestic energy consumption
1580:
1496:FireCAD Boiler Calculations
1218:(also known as Serve tubes)
1179:Boiler feed water deaerator
1159:
388:q, rate of fuel use in kg/h
161:external combustion engines
10:
3347:
3331:Industrial water treatment
3185:Institute of Refrigeration
3066:Architectural technologist
2538:Electrostatic precipitator
1238:Natural circulation boiler
1101:
1097:
924:Continuous blowdown valve:
819:
706:reciprocating steam engine
673:
623:
592:Victorian Railways J class
471:
60:
34:A moveable (mobile) boiler
3247:
3238:Volatile organic compound
3213:
3140:
3097:Environmental engineering
3061:Architectural engineering
3044:
2892:
2863:Ultra-low particulate air
2448:Automatic balancing valve
2395:
2376:Variable refrigerant flow
2228:Heat recovery ventilation
2171:Deep water source cooling
2081:
1943:
1857:
1796:
1770:
1692:
1634:
1588:
1243:Outdoor wood-fired boiler
619:
274:
197:stress corrosion cracking
63:Furnace (central heating)
3285:Template:Home automation
3107:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2803:Solar-assisted heat pump
2403:Air conditioner inverter
2182:Displacement ventilation
2073:Vapour pressure of water
2058:Thermal destratification
1524:. Updated every 3 years.
1201:Heat-only boiler station
1015:Chemical injection line:
970:or catastrophic failure.
816:Boiler for a power plant
662:Superheated steam boiler
3280:World Refrigeration Day
3127:Refrigerant reclamation
3056:Architectural acoustics
3000:Programmable thermostat
2932:Clean air delivery rate
2828:Thermal expansion valve
2743:Pressurisation ductwork
2653:Ground source heat pump
2094:Absorption refrigerator
1184:Dealkalization of water
1084:Insulation and lagging;
895:Water level indicators:
588:steam locomotive boiler
244:, such as those in the
125:fossil fuel power plant
3270:Glossary of HVAC terms
3232:Sick building syndrome
3112:Mechanical engineering
2823:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2254:Mixed-mode ventilation
1173:Combustion Engineering
1045:Combustion accessories
1031:Main steam stop valve:
974:Surface blowdown line:
865:
817:
671:
594:
557:
517:
305:Electric steam boilers
183:), or historically of
58:
44:
3290:Template:Solar energy
2968:Intelligent buildings
2927:Carbon dioxide sensor
2314:Room air distribution
2134:Central solar heating
1783:Electric water boiler
1778:Electric steam boiler
1492:"Boiler Calculations"
1295:High Pressure Boilers
1189:Electric water boiler
1175:, boiler manufacturer
1169:, boiler manufacturer
1061:Other essential items
889:explosion of a boiler
859:
815:
768:operated at 600
700:or the "motion" of a
669:
585:
555:
515:
463:GCV of ash in kcal/kg
441:temperature at outlet
50:
33:
3092:Duct leakage testing
3082:Deep energy retrofit
3026:Thermographic camera
2963:Infrared thermometer
2438:Air source heat pump
2387:Water heat recycling
1953:Air changes per hour
1702:Babcock & Wilcox
1270:Low Pressure Boilers
1233:List of boiler types
1191:(for drinking water)
1167:Babcock & Wilcox
749:to the boiler. The
191:, especially of the
2958:HVAC control system
2948:Home energy monitor
2922:Building automation
2708:Inverter compressor
2370:Variable air volume
2279:Passive ventilation
2249:Kitchen ventilation
2149:Constant air volume
2119:Autonomous building
1465:Bell, A.M. (1952).
1093:Registration plate:
445:Ambient temperature
236:, with assembly by
51:A stationary boiler
3316:Chemical equipment
3221:Indoor air quality
3165:ASTM International
3102:Hydronic balancing
2879:Wood-burning stove
2758:Radiator reflector
2543:Evaporative cooler
2354:Underfloor heating
2339:Thermal insulation
1858:Boiler peripherals
1694:Water-tube boilers
866:
818:
672:
595:
558:
518:
457:of fuel in kcal/kg
395:in kcal/kg (e.g.,
315:heating elements.
283:of any of several
225:(particularly for
59:
45:
3298:
3297:
3214:Health and safety
2793:Scroll compressor
2748:Process duct work
2503:Convection heater
2498:Condensing boiler
2428:Air-mixing plenum
2324:Solar combisystem
2160:Cross ventilation
1963:Building envelope
1903:
1902:
1797:Boiler components
1636:Fire-tube boilers
1228:Lancashire boiler
1026:Steam accessories
967:Low-water cutoff:
837:critical pressure
732:energy efficiency
716:Superheated steam
698:propulsion system
560:Water-tube boiler
530:steam locomotives
339:Boiler efficiency
227:steam locomotives
67:Condensing boiler
16:(Redirected from
3338:
3260:Building science
3015:Smart thermostat
3010:Room temperature
2593:Fireplace insert
2299:Radon mitigation
2197:Electric heating
2192:District heating
2187:District cooling
2104:Air conditioning
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1875:Feedwater heater
1788:Electrode boiler
1771:Electric boilers
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:978-1147-61244-8
1506:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1142:balanced draught
905:or water column.
832:at supercritical
739:air conditioning
710:hydrostatic lock
702:steam locomotive
640:pressure vessels
626:Boiler explosion
612:Sectional boiler
520:Fire-tube boiler
506:fire-tube boiler
402:
145:steam generators
21:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3255:ASHRAE Handbook
3243:
3227:Passive smoking
3209:
3142:
3136:
3048:
3046:
3040:
2894:
2888:
2869:Whole-house fan
2783:Run-around coil
2778:Reversing valve
2723:Mechanical room
2713:Kerosene heater
2703:Infrared heater
2633:Gasoline heater
2573:Fan filter unit
2488:Condensate pump
2473:Centrifugal fan
2391:
2294:Radiant heating
2289:Radiant cooling
2264:Passive cooling
2259:Microgeneration
2129:Central heating
2077:
2053:Thermal comfort
1945:
1939:
1934:
1904:
1899:
1853:
1792:
1766:
1688:
1630:
1584:
1579:
1549:
1543:
1513:
1511:Further reading
1500:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1211:Hot water reset
1162:
1134:induced draught
1106:
1100:
1067:Pressure gauges
1063:
1047:
1028:
871:
854:
830:. They operate
824:
810:
682:saturated steam
678:
664:
628:
622:
603:thermic siphons
538:heating surface
491:Haystack boiler
476:
470:
451:of air in kg/kg
434:
430:
427:Percentage of O
423:
419:
410:
400:
393:calorific value
361:
341:
325:heat exchangers
317:Nuclear fission
277:
189:Stainless steel
173:pressure vessel
169:
153:recovery boiler
121:
101:central heating
69:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Psychrometrics
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Air flow meter
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Heating system
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Heat exchanger
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Gas compressor
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Expansion tank
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Ceramic heater
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Solar air heat
2316:
2311:
2309:Renewable heat
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2218:Forced-air gas
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2068:Thermodynamics
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Psychrometrics
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Gas compressor
1990:
1988:Fluid dynamics
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:Snifting valve
1887:
1882:
1880:Feedwater pump
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1844:Thermic siphon
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1589:Simple boilers
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1457:
1443:
1436:Holohan, Dan.
1428:
1420:The Locomotive
1409:
1395:
1365:
1351:
1337:
1328:
1310:
1303:
1285:
1278:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1138:forced draught
1104:Draft (boiler)
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1006:
998:
987:
977:
971:
964:
961:
955:
948:
942:
932:
921:
906:
892:
879:
870:
867:
853:
850:
846:greenhouse gas
828:electric power
820:Main article:
809:
806:
674:Main article:
663:
660:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
610:
599:
580:
579:
571:
566:
562:
549:
522:
509:
502:
497:
493:
487:Haycock boiler
469:
468:Configurations
466:
465:
464:
461:
458:
452:
442:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
409:
406:
405:
404:
389:
386:
383:
376:
369:
368:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
340:
337:
313:immersion-type
276:
273:
168:
165:
157:combined cycle
120:
117:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:organizations
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Duct cleaning
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Control valve
2936:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Turning vanes
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Thermal wheel
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Solar chimney
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Fan coil unit
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Cooling tower
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Vapor barrier
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Solar heating
2332:
2330:
2329:Solar cooling
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Refrigeration
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Passive house
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Chilled water
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Sensible heat
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Noise control
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Heat transfer
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Air preheater
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Franco-Crosti
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:, p. 35.
1481:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:"EN 12952-15"
1355:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1304:0-8269-4300-4
1300:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1279:0-8269-4417-5
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
988:
985:
983:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
912:
907:
904:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:Pressuretrols
873:
872:
863:
858:
849:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
823:
814:
805:
804:connections.
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:built during
763:
760:
755:
752:
748:
743:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:safety valves
725:
721:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
668:
659:
657:
653:
652:Hartford Loop
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
627:
614:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
596:
593:
589:
586:1950s design
584:
577:
572:
570:
567:
563:
561:
554:
550:
547:
546:heat transfer
543:
542:boiling point
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
514:
510:
507:
503:
501:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
475:
474:Boiler design
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
426:
415:
414:
413:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
373:
372:
366:
365:
364:
353:
350:
349:
348:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
204:
202:
201:boiling water
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:water heating
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
56:
55:United States
49:
42:
39:
32:
19:
3265:Fireproofing
3049:and services
3045:Professions,
2943:Gas detector
2843:Trickle vent
2818:Smoke damper
2813:Smoke canopy
2808:Space heater
2738:Plenum space
2673:Heating film
2553:Exhaust hood
2523:Dehumidifier
2467:
2463:Blast damper
2458:Barrier pipe
2433:Air purifier
2344:Thermosiphon
2223:Free cooling
2139:Chilled beam
2063:Thermal mass
2048:Stack effect
2033:Particulates
2013:Infiltration
1944:Fundamental
1870:Boiler water
1819:Safety valve
1809:Fusible plug
1747:Thimble tube
1581:
1532:
1521:
1501:February 11,
1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1446:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1380:
1354:
1340:
1331:
1318:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1079:Fusible plug
1056:Coal system:
1014:
1008:
980:Circulating
979:
973:
966:
957:
950:
944:
934:
923:
908:
894:
883:Safety valve
881:
860:A boiler of
825:
772:(4,100
766:World War II
756:
744:
736:
719:
714:
679:
651:
648:
644:
629:
569:Flash boiler
537:
533:
525:
500:Flued boiler
486:
482:
477:
411:
370:
362:
342:
278:
266:
257:20th century
246:Cleator Moor
234:wrought iron
231:
205:
185:wrought iron
170:
122:
119:Heat sources
75:is a closed
72:
70:
36:(preserved,
3275:Warm Spaces
2917:Blower door
2895:and control
2893:Measurement
2874:Windcatcher
2848:Trombe wall
2788:Sail switch
2768:Refrigerant
2763:Recuperator
2638:Grease duct
2598:Freeze stat
2583:Fire damper
2453:Back boiler
2423:Air ionizer
2418:Air handler
2382:Ventilation
2234:Hybrid heat
2099:Air barrier
2018:Latent heat
1895:Superheater
1849:Water gauge
1707:Corner tube
1467:Locomotives
1090:Name plate:
1053:Gas system:
1035:Steam traps
991:check valve
958:Hand holes:
945:Flash tank:
903:water gauge
899:sight glass
862:Jämsänkoski
852:Accessories
790:engine room
720:superheater
676:Superheater
576:superheated
526:steam space
435:at flue gas
391:GCV, gross
333:gas turbine
309:resistance-
301:natural gas
181:alloy steel
137:natural gas
83:(generally
3305:Categories
3031:Thermostat
2953:Humidistat
2884:Zone valve
2853:TurboSwing
2728:Oil heater
2698:Humidifier
2628:Gas heater
2578:Fan heater
2548:Evaporator
2533:Economizer
2508:Compressor
2413:Air filter
2396:Components
2213:Forced-air
2109:Antifreeze
2082:Technology
2028:Outgassing
1968:Convection
1839:Steam drum
1834:Steam dome
1752:Three-drum
1712:Field-tube
1679:Transverse
1664:Locomotive
1621:Lancashire
1255:References
1118:convection
1073:Feed pumps
989:Feedwater
937:a type of
776:; 41
762:destroyers
694:sanitation
624:See also:
540:below the
483:Pot boiler
472:See also:
447:in °C and
287:, such as
281:combustion
208:live steam
193:austenitic
113:sanitation
61:See also:
3141:Industry
2990:OpenTherm
2668:Heat pump
2663:Heat pipe
2613:Fume hood
2588:Fireplace
2493:Condenser
2443:Attic fan
2239:Hydronics
1606:Egg-ended
1480:Bell 1952
1248:Tube tool
1206:Heat pump
1003:limescale
995:feedwater
842:condenser
759:U.S. Navy
747:feedwater
724:dry steam
607:Hungarian
590:, from a
268:Cast iron
242:ironworks
223:fireboxes
167:Materials
79:in which
3321:Plumbing
3248:See also
2973:LonWorks
2907:Aquastat
2773:Register
2753:Radiator
2408:Air door
2208:Firestop
2008:Humidity
1983:Enthalpy
1973:Dilution
1958:Bake-out
1946:concepts
1885:Injector
1824:Smokebox
1757:Vertical
1742:Stirling
1732:Sentinel
1727:Monotube
1684:Vertical
1616:Haystack
1388:25 March
1160:See also
935:Trycock:
917:condense
911:blowdown
802:gasketed
798:threaded
449:humidity
439:Flue gas
403:kcal/kg)
397:pet coke
380:enthalpy
238:riveting
3311:Boilers
3047:trades,
2618:Furnace
2483:Chiller
2155:Coolant
1804:Firebox
1654:Haycock
1644:Cochran
1601:Cornish
1582:Boilers
1426:claims.
1325:. 2010.
1122:chimney
1114:draught
1098:Draught
929:priming
913:valves:
909:Bottom
784:during
782:warship
690:heating
686:cooking
534:firebox
141:bagasse
109:cooking
18:Boilers
3200:SMACNA
3160:ASHRAE
2980:(MERV)
2934:(CADR)
2912:BACnet
2865:(ULPA)
2718:Louver
2643:Grille
2518:Damper
2468:Boiler
2366:(VCRS)
2167:(DOAS)
1762:Yarrow
1737:Spiral
1722:LaMont
1674:Scotch
1669:Pistol
1659:Launch
1539:
1301:
1276:
954:water.
794:welded
786:combat
620:Safety
401:
371:where
275:Energy
261:welded
250:rolled
215:copper
211:models
111:, and
89:heated
77:vessel
73:boiler
41:Poland
3240:(VOC)
3234:(SBS)
3223:(IAQ)
3180:CIBSE
3175:BSRIA
3078:(BIM)
3022:(STP)
2986:(NTP)
2608:Freon
2378:(VRF)
2372:(VAV)
2230:(HRV)
2204:(ERV)
2178:(DCV)
2151:(CAV)
1717:Flash
1626:Wagon
1611:Flued
1120:in a
939:valve
431:or CO
321:steam
299:, or
285:fuels
253:plate
219:brass
177:steel
135:, or
123:In a
87:) is
85:water
81:fluid
3195:LEED
3155:AMCA
3150:AHRI
2683:HEPA
2603:Flue
2528:Duct
1829:Stay
1537:ISBN
1503:2020
1390:2018
1299:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1110:fuel
982:pump
920:out.
751:pump
692:and
496:low.
399:8200
378:Hg,
345:ASME
307:use
293:coal
289:wood
179:(or
171:The
129:coal
93:boil
65:and
3205:UMC
3190:IIR
3170:BRE
2563:Fan
1596:Box
800:or
778:bar
774:kPa
770:psi
485:or
455:GCV
420:, S
311:or
297:oil
217:or
206:In
151:or
133:oil
3307::
1520::
1494:.
1379:.
1368:^
1321:.
1108:A
1019:pH
901:,
712:.
688:,
335:.
303:.
295:,
291:,
213:,
187:.
163:.
131:,
115:.
107:,
103:,
99:,
71:A
57:).
43:).
1929:e
1922:t
1915:v
1574:e
1567:t
1560:v
1545:.
1505:.
1454:.
1440:.
1406:.
1392:.
1362:.
1348:.
1307:.
1282:.
1081::
1075::
1069::
1037::
1021:.
1005:.
984::
891:.
885::
508:.
489:/
433:2
429:2
422:2
418:2
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
