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Lenses with 11, 12, or 15 blade iris diaphragms are often claimed to excel in bokeh quality. Because of this, the lenses do not need to reach wide apertures to get better circles (instead of polygons). In the past, wide aperture lenses (f/2, f/2.8) were very expensive, due to the complex mathematical
901:
that corresponds to the image of an out-of-focus point source taken with a real camera. Unlike conventional convolution, this convolution has a kernel that depends on the distance of each image point and – at least in principle – has to include image points that are occluded by objects in
625:
with bokeh. The first, a 20 MP lens, uses a 1/2.78" sensor with f/2.0 aperture, while the second, an 8 MP f/2.0 lens, captures depth information. Bokeh can be made with a combination of both lenses, and shots can be refocused even after they are captured, adding bokeh effects with different depths.
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shape formed by the aperture blades. This is most apparent when a lens produces hard-edged bokeh. For this reason, some lenses have many aperture blades and/or blades with curved edges to make the aperture more closely approximate a circle rather than a polygon. Minolta has been on the forefront of
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Lenses that are poorly corrected for spherical aberration will show one kind of disc for out-of-focus points in front of the plane of focus, and a different kind for points behind. This may actually be desirable, as blur circles that are dimmer near the edges produce less-defined shapes which blend
385:
magazine, when Mike
Johnston, the editor at the time, commissioned three papers on the topic for the May/June 1997 issue; he altered the spelling to suggest the correct pronunciation to English speakers, saying "it is properly pronounced with bo as in bone and ke as in Kenneth, with equal stress on
926:
Some advanced digital cameras have bokeh features which take several images with different apertures and focuses and then manually compose them afterward to one image. More advanced systems of bokeh use a hardware system of 2 sensors, one sensor to take photo as usual while other ones record depth
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An alternative mechanical mechanism has been proposed for generating bokeh in small aperture cameras such as compacts or cellphone cameras, called image destabilisation, in which both the lens and sensor are moved in order to maintain focus at one focal plane, while defocusing nearby ones. This
471:. Good bokeh is also important for medium telephoto lenses (typically 85–150 mm on 35 mm format). When used in portrait photography (for their "natural" perspective), the photographer usually wants a shallow depth of field, so that the subject stands out sharply against a blurred background.
519:
design and manufacturing know-how required, at a time when all computations and glass making were done by hand. Leica could reach a good bokeh at f/4.5. Today it is much easier to make an f/1.8 lens, and a 9-bladed lens at f/1.8 is enough for an 85 mm lens to achieve great bokeh.
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blocks the central part of the aperture opening. Recently, photographers have exploited the shape of the bokeh by creating a simple mask out of card with shapes such as hearts or stars, that the photographer wishes the bokeh to be, and placing it over the lens.
182:
shape cause very different bokeh effects. Some lens designs blur the image in a way that is pleasing to the eye, while others produce distracting or unpleasant blurring ("good" and "bad" bokeh, respectively). Photographers may deliberately use a
482:, the disc may be uniformly illuminated, brighter near the edge, or brighter near the center. A well-known lens that exhibited the latter "soap-bubble" characteristic was that produced by Hugo Meyer & Co., more recently revived by
943:. By using barcodes as small as 3 mm with a small lens over them, if the barcode is viewed out of focus through an ordinary camera focused at infinity, the resulting image is large enough to scan the information in the barcode.
490:
smoothly with the surrounding image. The shape of the aperture has an influence on the subjective quality of bokeh as well. For conventional lens designs (with bladed apertures), when a lens is stopped down smaller than its maximum
560:
filter is used to soften the aperture edges which results in a smooth defocused area with gradually fading circles. Those qualities made it the only lens of this kind on the market from its introduction in 1999 to 2014. In 2014
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may alter the effective shape of the blur. Some graphics editors have a filter to do this, usually called "Lens Blur". Accurate bokeh simulation requires running the blur in linear, HDR space. For low dynamic range images, an
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promoting and introducing lenses with near-ideal circular apertures since 1987, but most other manufacturers now offer lenses with shape-optimized diaphragms, at least for the domain of portraiture photography. In contrast, a
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has a similar effect available. Both of these phones use dual cameras to detect edges and create a "depth map" of the image, which the phone uses to blur the out-of-focus portions of the photo. Other phones, like the
806:
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The 'Sigma YS System
Focusing' 135 mm f/2.8 also has an extra manually-moved component, intended to compensate for aberration at close-focus distances. It can be re-purposed for defocus control.
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9 Lite smartphone was released with quad cameras (two dual-lens). Both the front and back cameras have a 13 MP main lens and a 2 MP lens for capturing bokeh depth information.
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An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 85 mm prime f/1.8 lens. The polygonal shapes are due to the 8-bladed aperture diaphragm being slightly closed. At its full aperture (
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campaign to produce the
Trioplan f2.9/50, a new lens based on one originally produced by Hugo Meyer & Co.; both lenses exhibit a characteristic "soap-bubble" bokeh.
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The Nikon 105 mm DC-Nikkor and 135 mm DC-Nikkor lenses (DC stands for "Defocus
Control") have a control ring that permits the overcorrection or undercorrection of
1632:
1388:
1818:
Zhang, Xuaner; Matzen, Kevin; Nguyen, Vivien; Yao, Dillon; Zhang, You; Ng, Ren (2019-05-21). "Synthetic
Defocus and Look-Ahead Autofocus for Casual Videography".
202:, which is why it is often associated with such areas. However, bokeh is not limited to highlights; blur occurs in all regions of an image which are outside the
594:
lenses will cause bokeh to appear differently along the horizontal and vertical axes of the lens, becoming ellipsoidal compared to those in a spherical lens.
478:. In out-of-focus areas, each point of light becomes an image of the aperture, generally a more or less round disc. Depending on how a lens is corrected for
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556:) is a lens specifically designed to produce pleasing bokeh. It is possible to choose between two diaphragms: one with 9 and another with 10 blades. An
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From left to right: an original photo with no bokeh or blur; the same photo with synthetic bokeh effect applied to its background; the same photo with
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Though difficult to quantify, some lenses have subjectively more pleasing out-of-focus areas. "Good" bokeh is especially important for
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Some photographers incorrectly restrict use of the term bokeh to the appearance of bright spots in the out-of-focus area caused by
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the foreground. Also, bokeh is not just any blur. To a first approximation, defocus blur is convolution by a uniform
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have both been in use since at least 1996, when
Merklinger had suggested "or Bokeh if you prefer." The term
163:
parts of an image, whether foreground or background or both. It is created by using a wide aperture lens.
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Potmesil, M.; Chakravarty, I. (1982), "Synthetic Image
Generation with a Lens and Aperture Camera Model",
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1600:"Meyer Optik brings back legendary Trioplan f2.8/100 'soap bubble' bokeh lens with Kickstarter campaign"
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with doughnut-shaped background bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on foreground.
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information. Bokeh effect and refocusing can then be applied to an image after the photo is taken.
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with doughnut-shaped foreground bokeh, due to the use of a catadioptric system. Focus on background
340:
1899:
1093:
Dictionary of
Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer
910:; the former produces sharp circles around highlights whereas the latter is a much softer effect.
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technique to create images with prominent out-of-focus regions, accentuating their lens's bokeh.
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make lenses designed with specific controls to change the rendering of the out-of-focus areas.
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The opposite of bokeh—an image in which multiple distances are visible and all are in focus—is
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is a verb denoting the actions or condition of someone who is half-asleep, or nodding off.
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spellings refer to being mentally hazy, befuddled, childish, senile, or playing stupid.
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1544:"Neu von Sony: E-Mount-Objektive 100 mm F2.8 STF GM, FE 85 mm F1.8; Blitz HVL-F45RM"
443:
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means intentional blurring or gradation; that is a noun form of the transitive verb
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showed that the bokeh effect can be used to make imperceptibly small barcodes, or
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An example of the bokeh produced by the Canon 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 IS II lens.
191:
59:
1436:"AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2D Single Focal Length FX Auto Focus Lenses NIKKOR Lenses"
239:
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has appeared in photography books as early as 1998. It is sometimes pronounced
203:
40:
27:
1959:
Bokode: Imperceptible Visual Tags for Camera Based
Interaction from a Distance
605:
which can take pictures with "Portrait Mode" (a bokeh like effect). Samsung's
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A bokeh created with Nikon D3300 Camera 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 G VR II Lens.
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611:
1958:
1881:"Image Destabilization: Programmable Defocus using Lens and Sensor Motion"
1748:
271:, which is written in several ways, with additional meanings and nuances:
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614:, only use a single camera and machine learning to create the depth map.
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Tool allowing to compare background blur of different lenses and cameras
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1684:"vivo V5 Plus becomes official with dual front camera, Snapdragon 625"
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Ankit Mohan and
Douglas Lanman and Shinsaku Hiura and Ramesh Raskar.
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467:, because they are typically used in situations that produce shallow
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Coarse bokeh on a photo shot with an 85 mm lens and 70 mm
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1655:"How Portrait Mode Works and How It Compares to an $ 8,000 Camera"
1154:
Practical Artistry: Light & Exposure for Digital Photographers
369:, which means to make something blurry, rather than to be blurry.
54:
3114:
2268:
2214:
906:, a more computationally intensive operation than the "standard"
499:
474:
Bokeh characteristics may be quantified by examining the image's
265:, the "blur quality". This is derived as a noun form of the verb
1851:"Next-generation cameras bring photography tricks to the masses"
1625:"Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to Everyone"
1515:"Fujifilm introduces XF 56mm F1.2 R APD with apodization filter"
1333:
Real World Modo: The Authorized Guide: In the Trenches with Modo
2666:
2088:
2038:
940:
622:
565:
announced a lens utilizing a similar apodization filter in the
16:
Aesthetic quality of blur in the out-of-focus parts of an image
1993:
3329:
2209:
523:
1022:
1020:
310:(literally, "time difference fog") is the term for jet lag.
419:
413:
171:
134:
128:
100:
94:
1280:"The Sunday Morning Photographer, 2004: Bokeh in Pictures"
279:
refers to being blurry, hazy or out-of-focus, whereas the
1017:
1777:
1597:
1035:(2nd ed.). Princeton Architectural Press. pp.
1646:
1066:
Hollywood Portraits: Classic Shots and How to Take Them
1957:
Mohan, A., Woo, G, Hiura, S, Smithwick, Q, Raskar, R.
1323:
332:
326:
266:
174:
renders out-of-focus points of light". Differences in
428:
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143:
131:
109:
97:
1817:
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Bokeh is often most visible around small background
125:
91:
1733:
407:
159:) is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in
122:
88:
1028:
923:effect currently generates blur in only one axis.
1408:
725:) these shapes would be smooth and not polygonal.
621:released a smartphone with dual front lenses for
510:renders bokehs resembling doughnuts, because its
3630:
752:An example of the creative application of bokeh.
541:to change the bokeh in front of and behind the
355:
338:
311:
296:
251:
226:
1710:"Honor 9 Lite review: four lenses on a budget"
1303:
1277:
362:
347:
318:
303:
289:
281:
273:
258:
233:
170:. Bokeh has also been defined as "the way the
2009:
1707:
1329:
1171:
1063:Roger Hicks and Christopher Nisperos (2000).
1026:
455:is less than the resolution of the human eye.
1150:
498:), out-of-focus points are blurred into the
3561:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1900:"HTC launches One M8 with new 'Duo Camera'"
1803:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
919:may be used to reconstruct the HDR light.
3288:Comparison of digital and film photography
2016:
2002:
1571:
1490:"AF DC-NIKKOR 135 mm f/2D from Nikon"
1382:
3513:Photographs considered the most important
1897:
1823:
1747:
1031:How to photograph buildings and interiors
337:refers to a poker face. The related term
1308:. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from
1282:. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from
1271:
880:
442:
438:
65:
53:
34:
1652:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1089:
70:How the bokeh varies with the aperture.
3631:
1927:
1997:
1855:New Scientist (Subscription required)
996:
930:
788:Subtle swirly bokeh in the background
154:
1465:"AF DC-NIKKOR 105mm f/2D from Nikon"
1139:
451:is the region where the size of the
3508:Museums devoted to one photographer
571:Sony FE 100 mm F2.8 STF GM OSS
550:Minolta/Sony STF 135 mm f/2.8
58:An example of a portrait photo (of
13:
3050:Timeline of photography technology
522:Some lens manufacturers including
14:
3655:
1975:
1848:
1359:"How to Create Soap Bubble Bokeh"
3611:
3601:
3600:
1738:, ACM Transactions on Graphics,
1409:Karsten Stroemvig (2007-04-25).
1356:
860:
841:
823:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
730:
714:
698:
674:
658:
638:
403:
118:
84:
3612:
2023:
1951:
1940:from the original on 2022-12-07
1930:"Barcode replacement shown off"
1928:Fildes, Jonathan (2009-07-27).
1921:
1910:from the original on 2015-10-03
1891:
1872:
1861:from the original on 2011-11-14
1842:
1811:
1771:
1727:
1716:from the original on 2018-03-30
1701:
1690:from the original on 2017-02-08
1676:
1665:from the original on 2018-06-04
1653:Simpson, Jayphen (2017-12-11).
1635:from the original on 2017-12-12
1617:
1591:
1580:from the original on 2013-10-14
1565:
1554:from the original on 2017-02-11
1536:
1525:from the original on 2015-05-31
1507:
1496:from the original on 2013-10-20
1482:
1471:from the original on 2013-10-20
1457:
1446:from the original on 2016-03-05
1428:
1417:from the original on 2009-12-07
1402:
1391:from the original on 2016-05-27
1376:
1350:
1297:
1260:from the original on 2021-03-08
1246:
1235:from the original on 2021-03-08
1210:from the original on 2021-03-08
1185:from the original on 2021-03-08
1128:from the original on 2018-12-26
1007:from the original on 2019-07-24
567:Fujinon XF 56mm F1.2 R APD lens
43:diameter, which corresponds to
1778:Adobe Photoshop CS3 Livedocs.
1598:Meyer-Optik-Görlitz / net SE.
1221:
1196:
1157:. O'Reilly Media. p. 62.
1110:
1083:
1069:. Amphoto Books. p. 132.
1056:
990:
1:
3100:Painted photography backdrops
3032:Golden triangle (composition)
2312:35 mm equivalent focal length
1411:"DIY — Create your own Bokeh"
1278:Johnston, Mike (2004-04-04).
983:
935:In 2009, a research group at
372:
1708:ABHISHEK BAXI (2018-02-08).
1574:"Cheap DC Nikkor Substitute"
1336:. Focal Press. p. 198.
876:
709:(also called a mirror lens).
216:
7:
2810:Intentional camera movement
946:
851:background/bokeh shot with
381:was popularized in 1997 in
356:
339:
333:
327:
312:
297:
267:
252:
227:
62:). Note the 'swirly' bokeh.
10:
3660:
3639:Japanese words and phrases
3503:Most expensive photographs
2855:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1831:SIGGRAPH 2019 project page
893:Bokeh can be simulated by
740:bokeh seen in more detail.
25:
18:
3596:
3553:
3495:
3395:
3338:
3244:
3128:
3040:
2992:
2737:
2504:
2304:
2031:
1742:(2 (1982)), ACM: 85–108,
1550:(in German). 2017-02-07.
1254:"wwwjdic: tobokeru entry"
1229:"wwwjdic: nebokeru entry"
1204:"wwwjdic: jisaboke entry"
917:artificial neural network
889:applied to its background
363:
348:
319:
304:
290:
282:
274:
259:
234:
3437:Digital image processing
1898:Lars Rehm (2014-03-25).
705:The bokeh produced by a
331:means playing dumb, and
250:or "haze", resulting in
221:The term comes from the
26:Not to be confused with
3545:Photography periodicals
3105:Photography and the law
1179:"wwwjdic: bokeru entry"
552:(with STF standing for
3644:Science of photography
3457:Gelatin silver process
2481:Science of photography
2466:Photographic processes
2444:Perspective distortion
1964:July 30, 2009, at the
1330:Wes McDermott (2009).
1027:Gerry Kopelow (1998).
890:
456:
71:
63:
51:
21:Bokeh (disambiguation)
2910:Schlieren photography
2454:Photographic printing
2377:Exposure compensation
1749:10.1145/357299.357300
1385:"Understanding Bokeh"
1151:Harold Davis (2008).
884:
867:Bokeh created by the
649:, a common effect in
645:An extremely shallow
446:
439:Bokeh and lens design
377:The English spelling
69:
57:
38:
2699:Straight photography
2337:Chromatic aberration
1968:. ACM SIGGRAPH 2009.
1306:"Understanding Boke"
1304:Merklinger, Harold.
997:Nikon (2017-03-30),
581:Meyer Optik USA Inc.
539:spherical aberration
480:spherical aberration
196:specular reflections
168:circles of confusion
19:For other uses, see
3571:photographic plates
3246:Digital photography
2429:Hyperfocal distance
2342:Circle of confusion
1000:Bokeh for Beginners
653:, emphasizes bokeh.
629:In early 2018, the
484:Meyer Optik Görlitz
476:circle of confusion
453:circle of confusion
3065:Autochrome Lumière
3060:Analog photography
2885:Pigeon photography
2679:Social documentary
2158:discontinued films
1987:2020-07-29 at the
1836:2023-03-24 at the
1096:. Watson–Guptill.
958:Light-field camera
931:Other applications
891:
869:Samsung Galaxy A54
853:Samsung Galaxy S22
554:smooth trans focus
457:
386:either syllable".
72:
64:
52:
3626:
3625:
3417:Collodion process
3353:Chromogenic print
3340:Color photography
2850:Multiple exposure
2825:Lo-fi photography
2357:Color temperature
1736:ACM Trans. Graph.
1343:978-0-240-81199-4
1164:978-0-596-52988-8
1118:"PhotoWords/Lens"
1076:978-0-8174-4020-6
1046:978-1-56898-097-3
963:Mandelbaum effect
897:the image with a
738:Catadioptric lens
707:catadioptric lens
691:Catadioptric lens
685:
569:. Sony added the
3651:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3477:Print permanence
3422:Cross processing
3380:CMYK color model
3365:Color management
3318:Foveon X3 sensor
3313:Three-CCD camera
2957:Miniature faking
2915:Sabattier effect
2532:Astrophotography
2387:Zebra patterning
2018:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1827:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1775:
1769:
1768:
1751:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1602:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1572:Markus Keinath.
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1440:europe-nikon.com
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1383:Todd Vorenkamp.
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1122:PhotoGuide Japan
1114:
1108:
1107:
1090:Tom Ang (2002).
1087:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1034:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
994:
864:
855:Ultra smartphone
845:
827:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
734:
718:
702:
693:bokeh in motion.
687:
686:
662:
651:macrophotography
642:
512:secondary mirror
465:telephoto lenses
431:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
383:Photo Techniques
368:
366:
365:
359:
353:
351:
350:
344:
336:
330:
324:
322:
321:
315:
309:
307:
306:
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294:
293:
292:
286:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:
270:
264:
262:
261:
255:
245:
243:
242:
230:
176:lens aberrations
158:
153:
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
49:
47:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3592:
3549:
3491:
3482:Push processing
3398:
3391:
3385:RGB color model
3334:
3240:
3124:
3036:
3002:Diagonal method
2988:
2733:
2637:Photojournalism
2500:
2332:Black-and-white
2300:
2279:Slide projector
2274:Movie projector
2153:available films
2027:
2022:
1989:Wayback Machine
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:Wayback Machine
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1843:
1838:Wayback Machine
1816:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1780:"Add lens blur"
1776:
1772:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
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1596:
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1570:
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1247:
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1227:
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1222:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1008:
995:
991:
986:
949:
933:
879:
872:
865:
856:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
798:
789:
786:
777:
774:
765:
762:
753:
750:
741:
735:
726:
719:
710:
703:
694:
688:
675:
670:
665:200 mm lens at
663:
654:
643:
441:
429:
406:
402:
375:
360:
345:
316:
301:
288:
280:
272:
256:
231:
219:
151:
144:
121:
117:
110:
87:
83:
60:Katherine Maher
45:
44:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3657:
3647:
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3641:
3624:
3623:
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3609:
3597:
3594:
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3591:
3590:
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3580:
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3573:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3254:Digital camera
3250:
3248:
3242:
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3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
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3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Camera obscura
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Rule of thirds
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
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2981:
2976:
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2892:
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2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Harris shutter
2787:
2785:Hand-colouring
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Red-eye effect
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Exposure value
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Depth of focus
2364:
2362:Depth of field
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1977:
1976:External links
1974:
1971:
1970:
1950:
1920:
1890:
1887:on 2009-09-24.
1871:
1841:
1810:
1770:
1726:
1700:
1686:. 2017-01-18.
1675:
1645:
1631:. 2016-10-24.
1616:
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1564:
1535:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1427:
1401:
1375:
1349:
1342:
1322:
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1270:
1245:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1163:
1138:
1109:
1102:
1082:
1075:
1055:
1045:
1016:
988:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
978:Special effect
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
948:
945:
932:
929:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:'s main camera
866:
859:
857:
849:Silicon Valley
847:
840:
838:
829:
822:
820:
811:
804:
802:
799:
792:
790:
787:
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736:
729:
727:
720:
713:
711:
704:
697:
695:
689:
673:
671:
664:
657:
655:
647:depth of field
644:
637:
508:telephoto lens
494:size (minimum
469:depth of field
449:depth of field
440:
437:
389:The spellings
374:
371:
246:, which means
218:
215:
204:depth of field
156:[boke]
41:entrance pupil
28:Depth of field
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3656:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3619:
3610:
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3599:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
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3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:Photographers
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
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3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Bleach bypass
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:primary color
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Reversal film
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Image sharing
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
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3277:
3274:
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3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:United States
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
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3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
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3159:
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3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Daguerreotype
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
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2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Stopping down
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Rephotography
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Long-exposure
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
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2801:
2798:
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2778:
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2653:
2650:
2648:
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2640:
2638:
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2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
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2613:
2610:
2608:
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2600:
2598:
2595:
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2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Architectural
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Shutter speed
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Metering mode
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
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2408:
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2398:
2395:
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2352:Color balance
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2317:Angle of view
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2264:Manufacturers
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1786:on 2014-05-23
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1606:on 2016-08-18
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1365:on 2016-07-25
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1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1312:on 2013-04-09
1311:
1307:
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1286:on 2015-01-03
1285:
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1103:0-8174-3789-4
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937:MIT Media Lab
928:
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920:
918:
913:
909:
908:Gaussian blur
905:
900:
896:
888:
887:Gaussian blur
883:
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608:
607:Galaxy Note 8
604:
603:iPhone 7 Plus
601:released the
600:
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207:
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201:
200:light sources
197:
193:
188:
186:
185:shallow focus
181:
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149:
148:
139:
115:
114:
105:
81:
77:
68:
61:
56:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3583:Polaroid art
3472:K-14 process
3467:Instant film
3462:Gum printing
3412:C-41 process
3397:Photographic
3298:Image sensor
3293:Film scanner
2947:Sun printing
2880:Print toning
2749:
2672:space selfie
2642:Pictorialism
2572:Ethnographic
2552:Conservation
2424:Guide number
2419:Focal length
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1885:the original
1874:
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1849:Giles, Jim.
1844:
1813:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1773:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1518:
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1498:. Retrieved
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1352:
1332:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1173:
1153:
1130:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1058:
1051:bokeh focus.
1050:
1030:
1009:, retrieved
999:
992:
968:Orb (optics)
934:
925:
921:
892:
831:
813:
800:Swirly bokeh
628:
616:
612:Google Pixel
596:
589:
578:
575:
553:
547:
536:
521:
517:
505:catadioptric
488:
473:
461:macro lenses
458:
398:
394:
390:
388:
382:
378:
376:
334:toboketa kao
220:
208:
189:
165:
161:out-of-focus
79:
73:
32:
3588:Stereoscopy
3447:E-6 process
3442:Dye coupler
3370:color space
3283:Digiscoping
3276:camera back
3191:Philippines
3120:Visual arts
3110:Glass plate
3095:Heliography
2994:Composition
2969:Ultraviolet
2925:Stereoscopy
2920:Slow motion
2905:Scanography
2820:Kite aerial
2765:Contre-jour
2657:Post-mortem
2647:Pornography
2627:Neues Sehen
2562:Documentary
2496:Zone System
2471:Reciprocity
2397:Film format
2327:Backscatter
2305:Terminology
2175:beauty dish
2079:rangefinder
2044:light-field
2025:Photography
912:Diffraction
830:Picture of
812:Picture of
590:The use of
585:Kickstarter
583:launched a
558:apodization
543:focal plane
76:photography
3633:Categories
3578:Lomography
3399:processing
3348:Print film
3264:comparison
3231:Uzbekistan
3181:Luxembourg
3141:Bangladesh
3090:Dufaycolor
3070:Box camera
3027:Simplicity
2984:Zoom burst
2979:Xerography
2974:Vignetting
2964:Time-lapse
2952:Tilt–shift
2845:Mordançage
2835:Luminogram
2800:Holography
2795:High-speed
2775:Fill flash
2760:Burst mode
2738:Techniques
2719:Vernacular
2714:Underwater
2709:Toy camera
2689:Still life
2617:Monochrome
2607:High-speed
2557:Cloudscape
2547:Conceptual
2449:Photograph
2434:Lens flare
2414:Film speed
2296:Zone plate
2242:wide-angle
2227:long-focus
1944:2012-02-19
1914:2014-03-27
1865:2011-04-04
1825:1905.06326
1790:2014-05-23
1720:2018-03-30
1694:2017-02-07
1669:2017-12-11
1639:2017-11-28
1610:2016-08-03
1584:2013-10-29
1558:2017-02-10
1548:Photoscala
1529:2015-05-16
1500:2013-10-29
1475:2013-10-29
1450:2015-05-01
1421:2009-11-18
1395:2016-08-03
1369:2016-08-03
1316:2009-07-03
1290:2009-07-03
1264:2020-03-04
1239:2020-03-04
1214:2020-03-04
1189:2020-03-04
1132:2009-10-30
1011:2019-07-24
984:References
973:Soft focus
895:convolving
599:Apple Inc.
592:anamorphic
373:Use abroad
211:deep focus
194:, such as
192:highlights
3523:Norwegian
3487:Stop bath
3432:Developer
3427:Cyanotype
3055:Ambrotype
3017:Lead room
2940:Slit-scan
2875:Photogram
2870:Panoramic
2780:Fireworks
2612:Landscape
2257:telephoto
2205:reflector
2200:monolight
2195:lens hood
2180:cucoloris
2121:safelight
2032:Equipment
1758:0730-0301
1659:PetaPixel
1629:PetaPixel
953:Airy disk
877:Emulation
833:Forsythia
815:Forsythia
617:In 2017,
597:In 2016,
579:In 2015,
573:in 2017.
500:polygonal
463:and long
217:Etymology
152:Japanese:
3607:Category
3303:CMOS APS
3201:Slovenia
3129:Regional
3075:Calotype
3012:Headroom
2890:Redscale
2805:Infrared
2755:Brenizer
2729:Wildlife
2652:Portrait
2597:Forensic
2587:Fine-art
2522:Aircraft
2512:Abstract
2392:F-number
2372:Exposure
2347:Clipping
2322:Aperture
2190:hot shoe
2116:enlarger
2111:Darkroom
1985:Archived
1962:Archived
1938:Archived
1934:BBC News
1908:Archived
1904:Dpreview
1859:Archived
1834:Archived
1799:cite web
1714:Archived
1688:Archived
1663:Archived
1633:Archived
1578:Archived
1552:Archived
1523:Archived
1519:DPReview
1494:Archived
1469:Archived
1444:Archived
1415:Archived
1389:Archived
1258:Archived
1233:Archived
1208:Archived
1183:Archived
1126:Archived
1005:archived
947:See also
563:Fujifilm
496:f-number
492:aperture
328:Tobokeru
313:Nebokeru
298:Jisaboke
253:boke-aji
223:Japanese
180:aperture
3618:Outline
3554:Related
3236:Vietnam
3221:Ukraine
3156:Denmark
3136:Albania
3115:Tintype
3042:History
3007:Framing
2900:Rollout
2865:Panning
2815:Kirlian
2724:Wedding
2602:Glamour
2582:Fashion
2567:Eclipse
2537:Banquet
2459:Albumen
2269:Monopod
2247:fisheye
2215:softbox
2069:pinhole
2059:instant
2049:digital
1766:9253049
941:bokodes
623:selfies
528:Minolta
341:bokashi
3616:
3605:
3533:street
3528:Polish
3216:Turkey
3211:Taiwan
3196:Serbia
3186:Norway
3161:Greece
3146:Canada
2745:Afocal
2704:Street
2684:Sports
2667:Selfie
2622:Nature
2577:Erotic
2542:Candid
2517:Aerial
2505:Genres
2407:medium
2284:Tripod
2252:swivel
2165:Filter
2143:holder
2138:format
2039:Camera
1764:
1756:
1357:Blog.
1340:
1161:
1100:
1073:
1043:
1039:–119.
899:kernel
530:, and
357:bokasu
268:bokeru
248:"blur"
3538:women
3496:Lists
3452:Fixer
3330:Pixel
3259:D-SLR
3206:Sudan
3176:Korea
3171:Japan
3166:India
3151:China
2935:Strip
2860:Night
2840:Macro
2750:Bokeh
2694:Stock
2662:Ruins
2402:large
2232:prime
2210:snoot
2170:Flash
2148:stock
2089:still
2074:press
2064:phone
2054:field
1820:arXiv
1762:S2CID
723:f/1.8
631:Honor
524:Nikon
399:bokeh
391:bokeh
379:bokeh
225:word
80:bokeh
3566:film
3271:MILC
2770:ETTR
2632:Nude
2592:Fire
2491:Sync
2289:head
2237:zoom
2222:Lens
2185:gobo
2133:base
2128:Film
2104:view
1805:link
1754:ISSN
1338:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1041:ISBN
904:disk
619:Vivo
548:The
532:Sony
447:The
395:boke
393:and
320:寝ぼける
305:時差ボケ
287:and
228:boke
198:and
178:and
172:lens
147:-kay
3308:CCD
2099:toy
2094:TLR
2084:SLR
1744:doi
1037:118
667:f/2
432:-kə
430:BOH
349:暈かし
291:呆ける
283:惚ける
275:暈ける
260:ボケ味
145:BOH
116:or
113:-kə
111:BOH
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