Boletus edulis - Knowledge

1739: 1214: 1196: 2183: 44: 1483: 2895: 1715: 1372: 1083: 2005: 1092: 994: 2233: 2013: 372: 97: 607: 284: 391: 335: 72: 408: 8103: 353: 317: 2296:. Here these mushrooms have been collected for centuries and exported commercially. Owing to the globalisation of the mushroom trade most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or exported by Italy no longer originate there. Porcini and other mushrooms are also imported into Italy from various locations, especially China and eastern European countries; these are then often re-exported under the "Italian porcini" label. 8091: 1042:); as they age, they change colour to yellow and later to brown. The spore print is olive brown. The flesh of the fruit body is white, thick and firm when young, but becomes somewhat spongy with age. When bruised or cut, it either does not change colour, or turns a very light brown or light red. Fully mature specimens can weigh about 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz); a huge specimen collected on the 299: 2260:) were sold in France, Italy and Germany in 1988, according to official figures. The true amount consumed far exceeds this, as the official sales figures did not account for informal sales or consumption by collectors. They are widely exported and sold in dried form, reaching countries where they do not occur naturally, such as Australia and New Zealand. The autonomous community of 1122:, but can be distinguished by the reticulation on the stalk; in porcini, it is a whitish, net-like pattern on a brownish stalk, whereas it is a dark pattern on white in the latter. Porcini have whitish pores while the other has pink. If in doubt, tasting a tiny bit of flesh will yield a bitter taste. It can also resemble the "bolete-like" 2085:(insect larvae), and become slimy, soft and less tasty with age. The fruit bodies are collected by holding the stipe near the base and twisting gently. Cutting the stipe with a knife may risk the part left behind rotting and the mycelium being destroyed. Peeling and washing are not recommended. The fruit bodies are highly 1824:, leaf area, and water-holding ability. The fungus forms a sheath of tissue around terminal, nutrient-absorbing root tips, often inducing a high degree of branching in the tips of the host, and penetrating into the root tissue, forming, to some mycologists, the defining feature of ectomycorrhizal relationships, a 838:, literally "hog mushrooms", a term used by the Ancient Romans and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species. The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets, or to the fondness pigs have for eating them. It is also known as "king bolete". The English 2210:

on top of a boiler or hot water tank. Another method is drying in an oven at 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) for two to three hours, then increasing the temperature to 50 °C (122 °F) until crisp or brittle. Once dry, they must be kept in an airtight container. Importantly for commercial

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ectomycorrhizae in New Zealand, suggesting that other fungi may influence the life cycle of porcini. A 2007 field study revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground, even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom; the

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Porcini are sold fresh in markets in summer and autumn in Europe and Russia, and dried or canned at other times of the year, and distributed worldwide to countries where they are not otherwise found. They are eaten and enjoyed raw, sautéed with butter, ground into pasta, in soups, and in many other

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and the subsequent reduction of economic and political barriers, central and eastern European countries with local mushroom harvesting traditions, such as Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia, developed into exporters of porcini, concentrating primarily on the Italian market.

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Italian folklore holds that porcini sprout up at the time of the new moon; research studies have tried to investigate more scientifically the factors that influence the production of fruit bodies. Although fruit bodies may appear any time from summer to autumn (June to November in the UK), their

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is well suited to drying—its flavour intensifies, it is easily reconstituted, and its resulting texture is pleasant. Reconstitution is done by soaking in hot, but not boiling, water for about twenty minutes; the water used is infused with the mushroom aroma and it too can be used in subsequent

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was the greatest, and the fruit bodies ceased growing when the air humidity dropped below 40%. Factors most likely to inhibit the appearance of fruit bodies included prolonged drought, inadequate air and soil humidity, sudden decreases of night air temperatures, and the appearance of the first

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growth is known to be triggered by rainfall during warm periods of weather followed by frequent autumn rain with a drop in soil temperature. Above average rainfall may result in the rapid appearance of large numbers of boletes, in what is known in some circles as a "bolete year". A 2004

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in Spain produces 7,700 tonnes (8,500 tons) annually. In autumn, the price of porcini in the Northern Hemisphere typically ranges between $ 20 and $ 80 per kilogram, although in New York in 1997 the wholesale price rose to more than $ 200 per kilogram due to scarcity.

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Zhang, Huiying; Pu, Dandan; Sun, Baoguo; Ren, Fazheng; Zhang, Yuyu; Chen, Haitao (2018). "Characterization and comparison of key aroma compounds in raw and dry porcini mushroom ( Boletus edulis ) by aroma extract dilution analysis, quantitation and aroma recombination experiments".

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of this mushroom is 7–30 cm (3–12 in) broad at maturity. Slightly sticky to touch, it is convex in shape when young and flattens with age. The colour is generally reddish-brown fading to white in areas near the margin, and continues to darken as it matures. The

1038: in) deep, and whitish in colour when young, but mature to a greenish-yellow. The angular pores, which do not stain when bruised, are small—roughly 2 to 3 pores per millimetre. In youth, the pores are white and appear as if stuffed with cotton (which are actually 2205:

Like other boletes, porcini can be dried by being strung separately on twine and hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen. Alternatively, the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush (washing is not recommended), and then placing them in a wicker basket or

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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appeared to have a negative effect on fruit body production, but previous studies reported contradictory results. A Lithuanian study conducted in 2001 concluded that the maximal daily growth rate of the cap (about 21 mm or 0.8 in) occurred when the

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Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CA, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B (2004). "Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses".

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is considered one of the safest wild mushrooms to pick for the table, as few poisonous species closely resemble it, and those that do may be easily distinguished by careful examination. The most similar poisonous mushroom may be the devil's bolete

5125: 1971:. An unidentified species of virus was reported to have infected specimens found in the Netherlands and in Italy; fruit bodies affected by the virus had relatively thick stems and small or no caps, leading to the name "little-cap disease". 1828:. The ectomycorrhizal fungi are then able to exchange nutrients with the plant, effectively expanding the root system of the host plant to the furthest reaches of the symbiont fungi. Compatible hosts may belong to multiple families of 2165:

they are used in soups and consumed blanched in salads. Porcini can also be frozen, either while raw or after cooking in butter. The colour, aroma, and taste of porcini deteriorate noticeably after being frozen for four months.

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or after canning or bottling, and are thus useful for manufacturers of soups or stews. The addition of a few pieces of dried porcino can significantly add to flavour, and they are a major ingredient of the pasta sauce known as

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following consumption of dried porcini have been attributed to the presence of this mould on the fruit bodies. The mushroom is also used as a food source by several species of mushroom flies, as well as other insects and their

2046:", and hails it as the most rewarding of all fungi in the kitchen for its taste and versatility. Considered a choice edible, particularly in France, Germany, Poland and Italy, it was widely written about by the Roman writers 1892:, although it is unclear whether this is due to a biological association between the species, or because of similarities in growing season, habitat, and ecological requirements. An association has also been reported between 1158:. The basidia are thin-walled, mostly attached to four spores, and measure 25–30 by 8–10 μm. Another cell type present in the hymenium is the cystidia, larger sterile cells that protrude beyond the basidia into the 1832:

that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere; according to one 1995 estimate, there are at least 30 host plant species distributed over more than 15 genera. Examples of mycorrhizal associates include

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by a mature pore surface that is brown to slightly reddish. The cap colour appears to be affected by the amount of light received during its development, and may range from white in young specimens grown under thick

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Porcini and other wild fungi from these countries are also destined for France, Germany and other western European markets, where demand for them exists but collection on a commercial scale does not. Picking

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Martín-Pinto P, Vaquerizo H, Peñalver F, Olaizola J, Oria-de-Rueda J (2006). "Early effects of a wildfire on the diversity and production of fungal communities in Mediterranean vegetation types dominated by

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regions. It is common in Europe—from northern Scandinavia, south to the extremities of Greece and Italy—and North America, where its southern range extends as far south as Mexico. It is well known from the

590:. Available fresh in autumn throughout Europe and Russia, it is most often dried, packaged, and distributed worldwide. It keeps its flavour after drying, and it is then reconstituted and used in cooking. 2299:

In Italy the disconnect with local production has had an adverse effect on quality; for example in the 1990s some of the dried porcino mushrooms exported to Italy from China contained species of genus

1693:, probably on the roots of container-grown beech, birch, and oak in the mid-19th century—around the time exotic trees began to be planted in the Christchurch area. Similarly, it has been collected in 543:, or stem, is white or yellowish in colour, up to 20 cm (8 in), rarely 30 cm (12 in) tall and 10 cm (4 in) thick, and partially covered with a raised network pattern, or 5141: 1010:, or stem, is 8–25 cm (3–10 in) in height, and up to 7 cm (3 in) thick—rather large in comparison to the cap; it is club-shaped, or bulges out in the middle. It is finely 6446:

Collin-Hansen C, Yttri KE, Andersen RA, Berthelsen BO, Steinnes E (2002). "Mushrooms from two metal-contaminated areas in Norway: occurrence of metals and metallothionein-like proteins".

1154:, the spore-bearing cells, are produced in a layer lining the tubes, and arrange themselves so their ends are facing the center of the tube; this layer of cells is known technically as a 5044: 1767:

indicated that fruit body production is enhanced by an open and sunny wood habitat, corroborating an earlier observation made in a Zimbabwean study; removal of the litter layer on the

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The Athlone Press, 1980 p.152-3. Howell doubts the identification, and mentions the view advanced by Augusta A. Imholtz Jr., 'Fungi and piace- names, thè origin of boletus,' in

8467: 1327:, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low. Similar molecular technology has been developed to rapidly and accurately identify 7304: 721:

that does not change colour when exposed to air; a smooth to distinctly raised, netted pattern over at least the uppermost portion of the stem; a yellow-brown or olive-brown

2862:, with amounts varying according to the mushroom component and to soil composition in the geographic region of China where they were sampled. They also have high content of 2756:(table). Fresh mushrooms consist of over 80% moisture, although reported values tend to differ somewhat as moisture content can be affected by environmental temperature and 535:, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface of the 1701:

in South Africa for more than 50 years and is believed to have been introduced with the import of pine trees. It also grows in pine plantations in neighboring Zimbabwe.

637:, which meant the name required sanction by Fries (indicated in the name by a colon) to be considered valid, as Bulliard's work preceded this date. It was thus written 7969:

Csóka, Mariann; Geosel, Andras; Amtmann, Maria; Korany, Kornel (2017). "Volatile Composition of Some Cultivated and Wild Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms from Hungary".

2731: 4184:

Dentinger BT, Ammirati JF, Both EE, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Henkel TW, Moreau PA, Nagasawa E, Soytong K, Taylor AF, Watling R, Moncalvo JM, McLaughlin DJ (2010).

3222: 2170:(or soaking and blanching) as a processing step before freezing can extend the freezer life to 12 months. They are also one of the few species sold commercially as 5298:

Baar J, Ter Braak CJ (1996). "Ectomycorrhizal sporocarp occurrence as affected by manipulation of litter and humus layers in Scots pine stands of different age".

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Baar J, de Vries FW (1995). "Effects of manipulation of litter and humus layer on ectomycorrhizal colonization potential in Scots pine stands of different age".

1962:, known as the bolete eater, which manifests itself as a white, yellow, or reddish-brown cottony layer over the surface of the mushroom. Some reported cases of 3204: 7489:

Ribeiro B, Andrade PB, Silva BM, Baptista P, Seabra RM, Valento P (2008). "Comparative study on free amino acid composition of wild edible mushroom species".

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Collin-Hansen C, Pedersen SA, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2007). "First report of phytochelatins in a mushroom: induction of phytochelatins by metal exposure in

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region of Australia in association with three species of introduced trees. It has been growing plentifully in association with pine forests in the southern

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which on occasion can reach 30 cm (12 in), rarely 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and 3 kg (6 lb 10 oz) in weight. Like other

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that contribute to the mushroom's aroma. Chemical analysis has shown that the odour of the dried mushroom is a complex mixture of 53 volatile compounds.

7817:"Antioxidant capacity and the correlation with major phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and tocopherol content in various extracts from the wild edible 1944:

with the metal; in this state, the metal cannot normally react with other elements or ions and is stored in a detoxified form in the mushroom tissue.

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has eluded cultivation attempts for years. The results of some studies suggest that unknown components of the soil microflora might be required for

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analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as

3648: 3517:, Bk. 16, 11, 31: "Such is the multiplicity of products in addition to the acorn that are borne by hard-oaks; but they also produce edible fungi ( 1170:, and measure 30–45 by 7–10 μm; the "stuffed" feature of the hymenium is caused by cheilocystidia—cells found on the edges of the pores. The 8280: 5045:"Mycorrhization between Cistus ladanifer L. and Boletus edulis Bull is enhanced by the mycorrhiza helper bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula" 5711:

Agueda B, Parlade J, Fernandez-Toiran LM, Cisneros O, de Miguel AM, Modrego MP, Martinez-Pena F, Pera J (2008). "Mycorrhizal synthesis between

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Pedneault K, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ (2006). "Fatty acid composition of lipids from mushrooms belonging to the family Boletaceae".

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The flavour of porcini has been described as nutty and slightly meaty, with a smooth, creamy texture, and a distinctive aroma reminiscent of

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Melgar MJ, Alonson J, Garcia MA (2009). "Mercury in edible mushrooms and underlying soil: Bioconcentration factors and toxicological risk".

4602: 2305:, which are rather similar in appearance and when dried are difficult for both mushroom labourers and mycologists alike to distinguish from 2093:

activity, and the presence of a flora of microorganisms. Caution should be exercised when collecting specimens from potentially polluted or

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is known to be able to tolerate and even thrive on soil that is contaminated with toxic heavy metals, such as soil that might be found near

8422: 8179: 1074: in) wide, and weighed 3.2 kg (7 lb 1 oz). A similarly sized specimen found in Poland in 2013 made international news. 642: 7087: 6614:

Grodzinskaya AA, Berreck M, Haselwandter K, Wasser SP (2003). "Radiocesium contamination of wild-growing medicinal mushrooms in Ukraine".

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on the upper portion, but smooth or irregularly ridged on the lower part. The under surface of the cap is made of thin tubes, the site of

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Binder M, Besl H, Bresinsky A (1997). "Agaricales oder Boletales? Molekularbiologische Befunde zur Zuordnung einiger umstrittener Taxa".

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species are ecologically important as fungal reservoirs, maintaining an inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi for trees that appear later in the

1116:), which has a similar shape, but has a red stem and stains blue on bruising. It is often confused with the very bitter and unpalatable 283: 7232:

Fitter AH, Garbaye J (1994). "Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and other organisms". In Robson AD, Abbott LK, Malajczuk N (eds.).

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Sitta N, Floriani M (2008). "Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (

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Bruns TD. (1984). "Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat". In Wheeler Q, Blackwell M (eds.).

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Su, Jiuyan; Zhang, Ji; Li, Jieqing; Li, Tao; Liu, Honggao; Wang, Yuanzhong (6 April 2018). "Determination of mineral contents of wild

7332:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 626: 207: 8254: 7296: 1228:

Several similar brownish-coloured species are sometimes considered subspecies or forms of this mushroom. In Europe, in addition to

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Mello A, Ghignone S, Vizzini A, Sechi C, Ruiu P, Bonfante P (2006). "ITS primers for the identification of marketable boletes".

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Misharina TA, Muhutdinova SM, Zharikova GG, Terenina MB, Krikunova NI (2009). "The composition of volatile components of cepe (

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status there. The European distribution extends north to Scandinavia and south to southern Italy and Morocco. In the American

8080: 7408: 7337: 7241: 6005: 5019: 4870: 4720: 4579: 4185: 633:

had been set as January 1, 1821, to coincide with the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist

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associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. The fungus produces

5762:Águeda B, Parladé J, de Miguel AM, Martínez-Peña F (2006). "Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of 1909:

study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies were more complex.

1546:. In California, porcini have been collected in a variety of forests, such as coastal forests, dry interior oak forests and 1494:

can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens. The mushroom's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine (

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Mediavilla, Olaya; Olaizola, Jaime; Santos-del-Blanco, Luis; Oria-de-Rueda, Juan Andrés; Martín-Pinto, Pablo (2015-07-26).

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Bozinovic F, Muñoz-Pedreros A (1995). "Nutritional ecology and digestive responses of an omnivorous-insectivorous rodent (

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Oria-de-Rueda J, Martin-Pinto P, Olaizola J (2008). "Bolete productivity of cistaceous scrublands in northwestern Spain".

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to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be

1277:, it is less appreciated by gourmets than the two other kinds of porcini, but remains a mushroom rated above most others. 7260:

of Turkish specimens, conducted by Çaglarlrmak and colleagues at the Agricultural Faculty, Food Engineering Department,

682:, and he apparently was unfamiliar with the earlier works of Fries when he published his arrangement of bolete species. 8487: 7620:"Composition and antioxidant properties of wild mushrooms Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius prepared for consumption" 7427:

Kalač P. (2009). "Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: a review".

3207:, but the reference is to plate 419 with textual description on page 697. Sowerby described the same modern species as 2313:

species typically have a very bitter taste, which is imparted to the flavour of the porcini with which they are mixed.

7162: 7033: 6905: 6872: 6833: 6781: 6741: 6658: 6567:

Marzano FN, Bracchi PG, Pizzetti P (2001). "Radioactive and conventional pollutants accumulated by edible mushrooms (

6318: 6293: 5251: 4810: 4569: 4552: 4084: 3967: 3935: 3877: 3852: 3827: 3772: 3747: 3716: 3613: 3449: 3399: 3361: 3293: 3181: 1403:, and California (and possibly elsewhere), is named after its discoverer Chuck Barrows. It is lighter in colour than 465:

across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been

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Jaworska G, Bernaś E (2008). "The effect of preliminary processing and period of storage on the quality of frozen

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Gross E, Thomazini-Casagrande LI, Caetano FH (1998). "A scanning electron microscopy study of ectomycorrhizae on

4894: 1611: 4948:

Adhikary RK, Baruah P, Kalita P, Bordoloi D (1999). "Edible mushrooms growing in forests of Arunachal Pradesh".

8472: 7121: 4468: 3679: 3010: 725:; white tubes that later become yellowish then greenish, which initially appear to be stuffed with cotton; and 6489:

Collin-Hansen C, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2005). "Molecular defense systems are expressed in the king bolete (

6254: 1411:, it tends to grow in areas where there is less rainfall. Some find its flavour as good as if not better than 8452: 8332: 3419: 2727: 1166:

has pleurocystidia (cystidia located on the face of a pore) that are thin-walled, roughly spindle-shaped to

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Ouzouni PK, Riganakos KA (2006). "Nutritional value and metal content profile of Greek wild edible fungi".

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an uncommon mushroom of northeastern North America, is another recognized look-alike known to cause severe

881: 8166: 6021:

Huttinga H, Wichers HJ, Dieleman van Zaayen A (1975). "Filamentous and polyhedral virus-like particle in

4387: 3385: 2024: 1898: 903:, although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species. In France, it is more fully 7917:

Ribeiroa B; Lopesa R; Andradea PB; Seabraa RM; Gonçalvesa, Baptistab P; Quelhasa I; Valentão P. (2008).

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early stage shrub that is adapted for growth in degraded areas, such as burned forests. These and other

7919:"Comparative study of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of wild edible mushroom caps and stipes" 3645: 3381: 3141: 2798:-like carbohydrates—all indigestible by humans—contribute to the high proportion of insoluble fibre in 1623: 954: 4062:: Comments on its toxicity with diagnostic images of its field characteristics and staining reactions" 1428:, to dark-brown, red-brown or yellow brown in those specimens receiving more light. The queen bolete ( 8360: 8246: 7025:

Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People (Non-Wood Forest Products)

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The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research

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with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete (

96: 8447: 8437: 8157: 4749:

Hall IR, Lyon AJ, Wang Y, Sinclair L (1998). "Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies 2.

1639: 711: 8324: 4603:"California porcini: three new taxa, observations on their harvest, and the tragedy of no commons" 2198:

cooking. Dried porcini have more protein than most other commonly consumed vegetables, apart from

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Three divergent lineages found in Yunnan province in China that are commonly marketed and sold as

717:, a grouping of about 30 related boletes united by several characteristics: a mild-tasting, white 8482: 7918: 7094:[One ton of mushrooms a day are being submitted to purchasing stations in Belogradchik]. 4998:

Wang, Yun; Chen, Ying Long (2014), Solaiman, Zakaria M.; Abbott, Lynette K.; Varma, Ajit (eds.),

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Beugelsdijk DC, van der Linde S, Zuccarello GC, den Bakker HC, Draisma SG, Noordeloos ME (2008).

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Beugelsdijk DCM; van der Linde S; Zuccarello GC; den Bakker; Draisma SGA; Noordeloos ME. (2008).

3529:, 10 vols., tr. H. Rackham, Harvard University Press/Heinemann, (1945) 1968, vol. 4, pp. 408–409. 3391: 3001: 2357: 2004: 1985: 1958: 1618:, it can be found from May to October. In China, the mushroom can be found from the northeastern 1350: 730: 3708: 3702: 3637: 2348:

to establish a mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant. Successful attempts at cultivating

8442: 8298: 8285: 8119: 8095: 7780:

Ey J, Schömig E, Taubert D (2007). "Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine".

7154: 6825: 6819: 6186:

Grönwall O, Pehrson Å (1984). "Nutrient content in fungi as a primary food of the Red Squirrel

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Vol.98, 1977 pp.71f., that the Latin word may derive from the Spanish town Boletum, modern-day

1781:. Plots facing north tend to produce more mushrooms compared to equivalent plots facing south. 1698: 1293: 795: 482: 3173: 3111: 2640: 8462: 7099: 5933: 5360:

Kasparavicius, J. (2001). "Influence of climatic conditions on the growth of fruit bodies of

2666: 1874: 1850: 1773: 1557:, to an altitude of 3,500 m (11,500 ft). In northwestern Spain, they are common in 1253:, is more highly regarded by gourmets, and consequently more expensive. Usually smaller than 668: 252: 191: 8386: 7146: 4794: 4684: 3472: 3165: 1360:. The classification has since been updated and expanded. All lineages are still members of 8215: 7618:

Jaworska, Grażyna; Pogoń, Krystyna; Skrzypczak, Aleksandra; Bernaś, Emilia (12 July 2015).

6580: 6455: 6412: 6199: 5850:

Peintner U, Iotti M, Klotz P, Bonuso E, Zambonelli A (2007). "Soil fungal communities in a

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Fu SC, Tan Q, Chen MJ, Shang XD, Cai LY, Zhang MY (2009). "Mycorrhizal synthesis involving

5208: 4658: 2692: 2337:. A lack of control of the harvest has led to heavy exploitation of the mushroom resource. 2122: 1941: 1738: 1674: 1324: 1112: 20: 7268:"Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey" 3066: 997:

Cross-section showing white flesh, broad stem, and spore tubes on the underside of the cap

8: 6104:

Keller HW, Snell KL (2002). "Feeding activities of slugs on Myxomycetes and macrofungi".

3993: 3739: 3733: 3538: 2809:, or crude fat, content makes up 3% of the dry matter of the mushroom. The proportion of 2730:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

2317: 2167: 1809: 1797: 1470: 1285: 1124: 622: 462: 61: 6584: 6459: 6416: 6203: 2261: 2202:. Some of their protein is indigestible, though digestibility is improved with cooking. 2153:

is a traditional Italian autumn dish. Porcini are a feature of many cuisines, including

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Lunghini D, Onofri S, Zucconi L (1984). "Some cases of intoxication probably caused by

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Hall IR, Wang Y, Amicucci A (2003). "Cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms".

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analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are

466: 216: 91: 52: 7766: 5828: 4917:"Some Higher Fungi from Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) and its adjoining areas, Nepal" 3909: 516: 8381: 8202: 8184: 8076: 8068: 8038: 8030: 7994: 7986: 7951: 7860: 7842: 7797: 7731: 7708: 7696: 7657: 7639: 7592: 7584: 7506: 7471: 7404: 7343: 7333: 7237: 7158: 7149:

Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact

7147: 7068: 7029: 6952: 6901: 6868: 6829: 6777: 6737: 6705: 6654: 6631: 6627: 6596: 6549: 6510: 6475: 6428: 6314: 6289: 6258: 6215: 6129: 6080: 6001: 5978: 5914: 5875: 5871: 5832: 5797: 5736: 5651: 5596: 5569: 5518: 5487: 5440: 5373: 5311: 5247: 5101:

Orlovich D, Stringer A, Yun W, Hall I, Prime G, Danell E, Weden C, Bulman S (2004). "

5075: 5067: 5015: 4999: 4968: 4866: 4806: 4795: 4716: 4575: 4548: 4449: 4398: 4368: 4315: 4280: 4216: 4166: 4126: 4109: 4080: 3963: 3931: 3873: 3848: 3823: 3768: 3743: 3712: 3609: 3445: 3395: 3357: 3289: 3177: 3166: 2757: 2531: 2273: 2269: 2171: 2129:

analysis can be used to identify the origin of imported specimens, and for long-term

2102: 2039: 1888: 1643: 1615: 1468:

tends to fruit in clusters, and, as its common name suggests, appears in the spring.

1448: 1387: 1344: 1118: 1002: 970: 651: 528: 505: 322: 7003: 6964: 6424: 6270: 6227: 6172: 6061: 6046: 5748: 5346: 4847: 4774: 4629: 4495: 4354: 3687: 8427: 8050: 8026: 8022: 7978: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7899: 7850: 7832: 7789: 7762: 7749:

Mattila P, Lampi AM, Ronkainen R, Toivo J, Piironen V (2002). "Sterol and vitamin D

7688: 7647: 7631: 7604: 7576: 7549: 7545: 7498: 7463: 7440: 7436: 7381: 6991: 6944: 6695: 6687: 6623: 6588: 6541: 6502: 6463: 6420: 6389: 6385: 6343: 6250: 6207: 6164: 6160: 6113: 6034: 5906: 5867: 5824: 5787: 5779: 5728: 5682: 5643: 5409: 5334: 5307: 5280: 5224: 5186: 5087: 5059: 5007: 4928: 4835: 4762: 4617: 4483: 4439: 4429: 4358: 4350: 4307: 4270: 4262: 4208: 4156: 4148: 4038: 4012: 3905: 3675: 3258: 3084: 3040: 2653: 2548: 2256:) was between 20,000 and 100,000 tons. Approximately 2,700 tonnes (3,000 2212: 2052: 1882: 1862: 1858: 1834: 1821: 1746: 1659: 1567: 1430: 1179: 1007: 993: 893: 790: 718: 540: 501: 470: 358: 8207: 8171: 7580: 5190: 4467:

Cui, Yang-Yang; Feng, Bang; Wu, Gang; Xu, Jianping; Yang, Zhu L. (November 2016).

4311: 4224: 4017: 3466: 1646:. In West Asia, the species has been reported from the northwest forests of Iran. 486: 8368: 7467: 6241:

Schiller AM, Larson KW (2006). "Fox Sparrow foraging on a king bolete mushroom".

5413: 5284: 5011: 4710: 3652: 3510: 3288:(4th rev. ed.). Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 779. 2930: 2883: 2220:(carter's sauce). The drying process is known to induce the formation of various 2098: 2047: 1866: 1817: 1805: 1724: 1714: 1576: 1356: 1320: 1159: 908: 742: 655:. Hence, the name no longer requires the ratification of Fries' authority. Early 579: 555: 414: 8337: 5042: 4212: 2008:

A porcini mushroom and noodle soup served in a bread bowl at a Polish restaurant

1011: 544: 8241: 7385: 7327: 7257: 6506: 5925: 5910: 5267:

Salerni E, Perini C (2004). "Experimental study for increasing productivity of

2776: 2761: 2207: 2126: 2031: 1963: 1925: 1829: 1694: 1678: 1551: 1408: 1257:, it is also distinctively darker in colour. It is especially suited to drying. 1245: 861: 138: 7903: 7692: 7635: 7399:

Crisan EV, Sands A (1978). "Nutritional value". In Chang ST, Hayes WA (eds.).

7267: 7028:. Rome, Italy: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. pp. 96–97. 6995: 6948: 6545: 6528:

Collin-Hansen C, Andersen RA, Steinnes E (2005). "Damage to DNA and lipids in

5783: 5732: 5063: 4839: 4621: 4487: 3956:

Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 2. Non-gilled Hymenomycetes

3493: 2976:

mushrooms their characteristic fragrance include some 100 components, such as

8416: 8293: 8034: 7990: 7846: 7643: 7588: 7072: 6635: 6262: 6084: 5982: 5655: 5600: 5573: 5522: 5491: 5444: 5377: 5228: 5071: 5006:, vol. 41, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 384, 4402: 4372: 4266: 4152: 4113: 3633: 3377: 3075: 2985: 2950: 2922: 2914: 2879: 2822: 2814: 2791: 2330: 2086: 2081:. Young, small porcini are most appreciated, as the large ones often harbour 1929: 1904: 1800:

relationship with the roots of plants (hosts), in which the fungus exchanges

1425: 848:(stone mushroom) refers to the species' firm flesh. In Austria, it is called 761: 664: 646: 583: 474: 448: 240: 128: 81: 76: 8399: 6467: 4240: 4057: 3870:

Canoe Country Flora: Plants and Trees of the North Woods and Boundary Waters

1808:

from the host. Other benefits for the plant are evident: in the case of the

558:

held in high regard in many cuisines, and is commonly prepared and eaten in

8142: 8042: 7998: 7955: 7864: 7801: 7700: 7661: 7596: 7510: 7475: 7347: 6956: 6709: 6691: 6600: 6592: 6553: 6514: 6432: 6219: 6133: 5918: 5879: 5836: 5801: 5740: 5079: 4453: 4319: 4284: 4220: 4170: 2954: 2934: 2826: 2749: 2705: 2395: 2334: 2211:

production, porcini retain their flavour after industrial preparation in a

2130: 2118: 1989: 1933: 1838: 1768: 1686: 1619: 1554: 1443: 1143: 1043: 1015: 689: 587: 567: 539:

fruit body is whitish when young, but ages to a greenish-yellow. The stout

520: 452: 7837: 7735: 7291: 5427:

Quan L, Lei ZP (2000). "A study on effect of ectomycorrhizae on promoting

4521:. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Archived from 4418:"What's for dinner? Undescribed species of porcini in a commercial packet" 2325:

has become an annual seasonal income earner and pastime in countries like

1371: 826: 8373: 8319: 8267: 8194: 8151: 7878:

Shu-Yao T, Hui-Li T, Jeng-Leun Mau LW (2007). "Antioxidant properties of

4969:"Macrofungi of Arasbaran 2. Boletes (families Boletaceae and Suillaceae)" 4933: 4916: 3629: 2942: 2938: 2379: 2240:

A 1998 estimate suggested that the total annual worldwide consumption of

1993: 1978: 1846: 1764: 1598: 1538: 1523: 1213: 1060: in), with a stipe 18 cm (7 in) in height and 14 cm ( 809: 733:

analysis published in 1997 established that the bolete mushrooms are all

722: 699: 524: 497:) is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007. 398: 378: 7090:По 1 тон гъби на ден се предават в изкупвателните пунктове в Белоградчик 4334: 2089:, due largely to the high water content (around 90%), the high level of 1936:

whose production is induced after exposure to metal. Phytochelatins are

8259: 7916: 6211: 6125: 6038: 5792: 5694: 5338: 4766: 3270: 2981: 2946: 2926: 2918: 2867: 2863: 2833: 2818: 2810: 2565: 2514: 1854: 1842: 1825: 1793: 1532: 1396: 1167: 1147: 1146:

are elliptical to spindle-shaped, with dimensions of 12–17 by 5–7

768:/βῶλος "lump", "clod", and, metaphorically, "mushroom". The βωλίτης of 764:βωλίτης, "terrestrial fungus". Ultimately, this last word derives from 707: 509: 158: 7946: 7793: 7502: 6355: 5460:

Smith, Sally; Read, David. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic press, 1996

5004:

Mycorrhizal Fungi: Use in Sustainable Agriculture and Land Restoration

4715:. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 217. 4676: 4434: 4363: 3872:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 189. 3423: 2232: 1407:, having a cream-coloured cap with pink tones; often mycorrhizal with 1091: 876:; "white mushroom" as opposed to less valuable "black mushrooms") and 645:

set the starting date at May 1, 1753, the date of publication of

8311: 8272: 8228: 6926: 6613: 5892: 5710: 5390: 4863:

Menu from the Midi: A Gastronomic Journey through the South of France

4650: 4100:

Vizzini A, Mello A, Ghignone S, Sechi C, Ruiu P, Bonfante P (2008). "

2859: 2836:

composition of eleven Portuguese wild edible mushroom species showed

2787: 2772: 2598: 2301: 2257: 2187: 2078: 1937: 1603: 1594: 1562: 1558: 1082: 840: 785: 738: 734: 513: 148: 108: 8113: 6445: 6117: 5686: 5614:

Froidevaux L, Amiet R (1975). "Ecto mycorrhizae endo mycorrhizae of

5158:

Eicker A. (1990). "Commercial mushroom production in South Africa".

4545:

North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi

3262: 2292:

have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed

2182: 2073:("You eat the choice boletus, I have mushrooms that swine grub up.") 1482: 678:

was later determined to be inconsistent with the rules of botanical

527:

above ground in summer and autumn. The fruit body has a large brown

43: 8394: 8306: 8233: 8136: 8102: 7676: 7524:

Tsai SY, Tsai HL, Mau JL (2008). "Non-volatile taste components of

7234:

Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry

6347: 5761: 3427: 2989: 2958: 2875: 2779: 2768: 2760:

during growth and storage. The carbohydrate component contains the

2497: 2326: 2162: 2154: 2114: 1921: 1801: 1583:

after the town from which they are traded to the north and abroad.

1519: 1392: 1155: 961:

in Sweden after 1818, and is honoured in the local vernacular name

726: 340: 308: 289: 6020: 5998:

Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution

5536:

Ceruti A, Tozzi M, Reitano G (1987–88). "Micorrize di sintesi tra

2038:) indicates, is an edible mushroom. Italian chef and restaurateur 16:

Species of mushroom, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere

6313:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 92. 5173:

Marais LJ, Kotzé JM (1977). "Notes on ectotrophic mycorrhizae of

4825: 3227:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Paternoster-Row. p. 647 2992:

having increased aroma effect and elevated content after drying.

2903: 2855: 2764: 2753: 2477: 2199: 2150: 2110: 2106: 1547: 1400: 1151: 1039: 777: 694: 595: 575: 563: 457: 168: 6821:

Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi

5504: 5000:"Recent Advances in Cultivation of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushrooms" 3315:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 221 3146:(in French). Paris, France: P.F. Didot. pp. 49–96, plate 60 2988:

was the most prevalent chemical detected in raw mushrooms, with

2894: 8220: 8090: 7722:

Mutanen M. (1986). "Bioavailability of selenium in mushrooms".

7453: 5244:

Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi)

4104:

complex: from phylogenetic relationships to specific primers".

3820:

Catalan cuisine: vivid flavors from Spain's Mediterranean coast

2851: 2795: 2783: 2581: 2158: 2097:

sites, as several studies have shown that the fruit bodies can

2090: 2082: 1968: 1870: 629:

and still bears its original name. The starting date of fungal

532: 118: 7201:

Ceruti A, Tozzi M, Reitano G (1988). "Micorize di sintesi tra

7085: 4183: 3822:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Harvard Common Press. p. 88. 7617: 6527: 6488: 5587:

Gobl F. (1977). "Mycorrhiza in Austrian Douglas fir stands".

3700: 2977: 2806: 1778: 1627: 1607: 1527: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1381:

Western North America has several species closely related to

1171: 915: 852:, the "noble mushroom", while in Mexico, the Spanish name is 769: 753: 749: 606: 559: 6000:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 91–129. 4947: 3249:

and the question of superfluous names (Fungi: Boletaceae)".

2786:, which accounts for up to 80–90% of dry matter in mushroom 1460:, is found throughout western North America. In contrast to 1162:

of the hymenium, and act as air traps, regulating humidity.

586:. Although it is sold commercially, it is very difficult to 7488: 7318: 4793:

Hall IR, Stephenson SR, Buchanan PK, Yun W, Cole A (2003).

2969: 1419:) can reach massive proportions, and is distinguished from 7877: 7748: 7297:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3680:

10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[S111:EWMOTC]2.0.CO;2

3104: 2352:

have been made by Spanish scientists by mycorrhization of

1100:

Stem shape can range from club-shaped to centrally bulbous

6255:

10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[252:FSFOAK]2.0.CO;2

4792: 4574:. Boulder, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 157. 4297: 4099: 3664: 2419: 1543: 969:. The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence, 7968: 7724:

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

7153:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6311:

Food in Antiquity: a Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples

5849: 5162:(418). Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Development. 4074: 3694: 1438:, is also a choice edible. It is generally smaller than 6776:. Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia. p. 238. 6146: 5100: 3845:

Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment

3628: 3464: 1804:

and other nutrients extracted from the environment for

7236:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 6566: 6059: 4571:

Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains

4469:"Porcini mushrooms (Boletus sect. Boletus) from China" 3557:

Nature knowledge: ethnoscience, cognition, and utility

1128:, which is generally smaller, and has a browner stem. 844:

refers to its rounded brownish shape. The German name

8468:

Italian products with protected designation of origin

6900:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 25. 5960: 5669:

Vozzo JA, Hackskaylo E (1961). "Mycorrhizal fungi on

5535: 4005:

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

8478:

Taxa named by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard

7265: 5123: 4748: 4335:"PCR-based sensitive detection of the edible fungus 3991: 3608:. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. p. 96. 3416:

A Commentary on Book One of the Epigrams of Martial,

3376: 2782:, and the water-insoluble structural polysaccharide 2137:

dishes. In France, they are used in recipes such as

2042:

has described it as representing "the wild mushroom

550:

Prized as an ingredient in various culinary dishes,

7681:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

7569:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

6402: 4079:. New York City: John Wiley and Sons. p. 495. 3762: 3332: 3090:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090234A222968388.en

1956:can be infected by the parasitic mould-like fungus 1880:The mushroom has been noted to often co-occur with 1861:. The fungus has also been shown to associate with 1816:increases the ability of plant seedlings to resist 1673:grows in some areas where it is not believed to be 7329:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 7200: 6761:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 139–40. 6308: 5965:spp. infecting fruiting-bodies of some species of 4333:Lian B, Zang JP, Hou WG, Yuan S, Smith DL (2008). 3867: 2813:(expressed as a % of total fatty acids) are: 1579:, they are especially favoured and locally called 7753:contents in some wild and cultivated mushrooms". 6867:. Los Angeles, California: HP Books. p. 61. 6824:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 5359: 5038: 5036: 3896:Kozikowski GR. (1996). "Foray Report from Skye". 3891: 3889: 2630: 2487: 1442:, and unlike that species, is typically found in 1368:, the sensu sticto "porcini clade" of the genus. 953:is another term in Catalan. The French-born King 8414: 7779: 7371: 7250: 7178:Veselkov IM. (1975). "Artificial propagation of 6448:Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 6367: 6365: 5854:(chestnut) forest producing large quantities of 5814: 5246:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. p. 100. 3949: 3947: 2050:and Martial, although ranked below the esteemed 2016:A porcini mushroom sandwich in Stockholm, Sweden 760:"mushroom", which was borrowed in turn from the 7401:The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms 7285: 6847: 6845: 6571:sp.) are useful indicators of species origin". 6185: 5858:(porcini): where is the mycelium of porcini?". 5668: 5613: 5117: 4708: 4332: 4186:"Molecular phylogenetics of porcini mushrooms ( 3356:(5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 78. 1689:, New Zealand, where it is likely to have been 914:"trunk" for its fat stalk, ultimately from the 7113: 6774:Charmaine Solomon's Encyclopedia of Asian Food 6648: 6371: 6240: 5469: 5033: 4409: 4379: 3895: 3886: 3847:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 11. 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 2889: 2840:to have the highest total amino acid content. 2374:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1654:Some steps have been made towards cultivating 1642:in Nepal, as well as in the Indian forests of 1046:, Scotland, in 1995 bore a cap of 42 cm ( 8067: 8011: 7742: 7482: 7422: 7420: 7403:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 727–93. 7231: 7079: 6977: 6920: 6673: 6362: 6334:Morford M. (1977). "Juvenal's Fifth Satire". 5706: 5704: 5456: 5454: 5297: 5266: 5241: 5217:Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa 5213:) production in pine plantations in Zimbabwe" 5202: 5200: 4547:. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 392. 4075:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). 4055: 3992:Wang Y, Sinclair L, Hall IR, Cole AL (1995). 3944: 3930:. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 73–75. 3925: 3842: 3792:. Vol. 4–6. L. Bonvecchiato. p. 10. 3787: 3439: 3201:. Vol. 4. London: J. Davis. p. 199. 3139: 7971:International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 7674: 7567:mushroom and its edible safety assessment". 7365: 7177: 7059:into dried "Porcini" mushrooms from China". 6842: 6616:International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 5324: 4542: 4415: 3921: 3919: 3802: 3763:J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "cepe". 3603: 3471:. London: Moon, Boys & Graves. pp. 3433: 3370: 3064: 2340:Like many other strictly mycorrhizal fungi, 1992:, and, as noted in one isolated report, the 1912: 1474:is edible but considered inferior in taste. 868:means "squirrel's bread". Russian names are 643:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 566:. The mushroom is low in fat and digestible 7562: 7523: 7398: 7119: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6860: 6813: 6811: 6642: 6103: 5172: 5107:Australasian Mycological Society Newsletter 4993: 4991: 4989: 4801:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 4797:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World 4788: 4786: 4784: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4567: 4466: 4385: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3953: 3562: 3351: 3308: 1784: 1665: 1477: 816:vary by region. The standard Italian name, 7814: 7782:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 7721: 7491:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 7417: 7293:United States Food and Drug Administration 7144: 6771: 6756: 6333: 6283: 6060:Pisi A, Bellardi ME, Bernicchia A (1988). 5701: 5451: 5431:resistance to drought and its mechanism". 5206: 5197: 4536: 3731: 3707:. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3465:Jamieson A, Ainsworth R, Morell T (1828). 3430:, which is still famous for its mushrooms. 3196: 3163: 3038:was also thought to encompass the related 1518:spp.) trees, although other hosts include 1338:(and are actually more closely related to 710:mushrooms, it is also the type species of 70: 42: 19:"Cep" redirects here. For other uses, see 7945: 7854: 7836: 7651: 7611: 6699: 5995: 5791: 5157: 5130:(Boletaceae), a new record for Australia" 4932: 4443: 4433: 4362: 4274: 4160: 4064:. North American Mycological Association. 4016: 3998:sensu lato: a new record for New Zealand" 3916: 3767:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3283: 3277: 3244: 3172:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. 3088: 2069:sunt tibi boleti; fungos ego sumo suillos 1977:is a food source for animals such as the 860:, means "small round boulder", while the 856:, meaning "belly". Another Spanish name, 788:, is often identified as the much prized 7426: 7054: 7010: 6817: 6808: 6765: 6731: 4997: 4986: 4966: 4914: 4781: 4729: 4600: 3976: 3220: 2893: 2231: 2181: 2011: 2003: 1757: 1481: 1370: 1331:and other commercially important fungi. 992: 605: 7815:Vamanu, Emanuel; Nita, Sultana (2013). 7808: 7266:Çaglarlrmak N, Ünal K, Ötles S (2001). 6893: 6653:. Koln, Germany: Könemann. p. 28. 5589:Centralblatt für das Gesamte Forstwesen 5586: 5426: 4682: 4656: 4561: 4508: 4460: 3817: 3606:Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook 3590: 3444:. London, England: Collins. p. 6. 3224:A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 3122:. International Mycological Association 1928:is conferred by a biochemical called a 1677:. It is often found underneath oak and 8415: 8005: 7962: 7624:Journal of Food Science and Technology 7021: 6027:Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 5235: 5134:Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 4860: 4709:Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). 4177: 3701:Schalkwijk-Barendsen H. M. E. (1991). 3555:. See Glauco Sanga, Gherardo Ortalli, 3211:on plate 111 (description on page 57). 2921:per 100 g of dried mushroom, and 2902:resistance to toxic heavy metals like 2236:Porcini can vary considerably in size. 1947: 1289:), also less common and found earlier. 801:in Latin means "eatable" or "edible". 8118: 8117: 6937:Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 5548:" [Mycorrhizal synthesis between 5124:Catcheside PS, Catcheside DE (2011). 4950:Advances in Horticulture and Forestry 4887:"Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms" 4201:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3468:Latin Dictionary: Morell's Abridgment 3390:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 2886:of mushroom-derived selenium is low. 2227: 1924:. The mushroom's resistance to heavy- 1630:. It has been recorded growing under 1273:) grows among pine trees. Rarer than 1018:production; they are 1 to 2 cm ( 945:are names from Italian dialects, and 888:—"pine forest"). The vernacular name 8361:9eb0af3e-906f-4a22-9739-959592c2878c 7122:"The Macromycetes Fungi of Bulgaria" 7086:Focus Information Agency, Bulgaria. 6736:. London: Pavilion. pp. 31–32. 5636:European Journal of Forest Pathology 3807:. Edizioni Studio Tesi. p. 180. 2925:. The fruit bodies contain numerous 2276:of northern Italy, the four species 1812:, the formation of mycorrhizae with 1662:shrubs enhanced by helper bacteria. 1577:the Midi region of south-west France 1452:), formerly considered a variety of 1434:), formerly considered a variety of 674:. Gray's transfer of the species to 8423:IUCN Red List least concern species 7556: 6651:The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms 6309:Brothwell DR, Brothwell P (1998) . 4594: 4343:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 3494:"porcino in Vocabolario – Treccani" 3076:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3058: 13: 7983:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v19.i5.50 5648:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1975.tb00935.x 4712:Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest 2119:radioactive fission decay products 1185: 594:is also one of the few fungi sold 14: 8499: 6336:The American Journal of Philology 5931: 3868:Stensaas M, Sonstegard J (2004). 3286:The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy 3199:Coloured Figures of English Fungi 2984:. In a study of aroma compounds, 2362:bacteria helping the mycorrhiza. 2064:, the disgruntled Martial wrote: 641:Bull.:Fr. A 1987 revision of the 8101: 8089: 7910: 7871: 7773: 7715: 7668: 7517: 7447: 7392: 7275:Micologia Aplicada International 7256:Nutritional values are based on 7225: 7194: 7171: 7138: 7048: 6971: 6897:The Top One Hundred Pasta Sauces 6887: 6854: 6799: 6790: 6750: 6725: 6716: 6667: 6628:10.1615/InterJMedicMush.v5.i1.90 6607: 6560: 6521: 6493:) growing near metal smelters". 6482: 6439: 6405:Science of the Total Environment 6396: 6327: 6288:. New York: Dover. p. 287. 5872:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01208.x 5105:Bull. Ex Fries in New Zealand". 4039:"Giant mushroom found in Poland" 2874:contains appreciable amounts of 1999: 1737: 1713: 1316:, are now known to be part of a 1212: 1194: 1090: 1081: 729:that are not strongly coloured. 610:Pierre Bulliard first described 406: 389: 370: 351: 333: 315: 297: 282: 95: 7354:from the original on 2024-05-09 7307:from the original on 2024-03-27 6649:Lamaison JL, Polese JM (2005). 6425:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.001 6302: 6286:The Romance of the Fungus World 6277: 6234: 6179: 6140: 6097: 6053: 6014: 5989: 5954: 5886: 5843: 5808: 5755: 5715:species complex and rockroses ( 5662: 5607: 5580: 5529: 5498: 5463: 5420: 5384: 5353: 5318: 5291: 5260: 5166: 5151: 5094: 4960: 4941: 4908: 4879: 4854: 4819: 4702: 4502: 4386:Dentinger B (12 October 2013). 4355:10.2225/vol11-issue3-fulltext-4 4326: 4291: 4234: 4120: 4093: 4068: 4049: 4031: 3861: 3836: 3811: 3796: 3781: 3756: 3725: 3658: 3622: 3532: 3504: 3486: 3458: 3408: 3345: 3326: 3028: 2929:, especially a high content of 2186:A pile of dried porcini at the 1417:Boletus edulis var. grandedulis 804: 625:in 1782 by the French botanist 8061: 8027:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.056 7938:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.054 7677:"Selenium in edible mushrooms" 7550:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.080 7441:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077 7098:(in Bulgarian). Archived from 7055:Sitta N. (2000). "Presence of 6390:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.023 6165:10.1086/physzool.68.3.30163780 5179:South African Forestry Journal 4519:Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month 3926:Grund DW, Harrison AK (1976). 3843:Spoerke DG, Rumack BH (1994). 3302: 3238: 3214: 3190: 3157: 3133: 3011:List of North American boletes 2384:342.4 kJ (81.8 kcal) 2133:monitoring of polluted areas. 2121:are like chemical signatures: 1658:, including mycorrhization of 1649: 1415:. The California king bolete ( 988: 834:, in Italian, echoes the term 745:separate from the Agaricales. 735:derived from a common ancestor 55:, Abetina Reale forest, Italy 1: 7825:BioMed Research International 7767:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00275-8 7581:10.1080/03601234.2018.1455361 5829:10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00204-X 5402:Forest Ecology and Management 5273:Forest Ecology and Management 5191:10.1080/00382167.1977.9629436 4861:Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). 4543:Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). 4312:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.08.022 4018:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513892 3910:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80022-X 3559:, Berghahn Books, 2003 p. 78. 3016: 2913:fruit bodies contain diverse 2244:and closely related species ( 965:, as well as the Danish name 7468:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.006 7184:Растительньіе Ресурсы России 6073:Phytopathologia Mediterranea 5414:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.006 5312:10.1016/0929-1393(96)00097-2 5285:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.027 5242:Nilson S, Persson O (1977). 5012:10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_23 4891:Central Oregon Mushroom Club 4416:Dentinger B, Suz LM (2014). 3309:Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). 2740: 2726:Percentages estimated using 2359:Pseudomonas fluorescens 1550:and interior high-elevation 1342:) were described in 2013 as 461:. Widely distributed in the 7: 7892:Food Science and Technology 7145:Chang ST, Miles PG (2004). 6680:The British Medical Journal 6284:Rolfe RT, Rolfe EW (1974). 4213:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.004 3738:. London: Penguin. p. 3704:Mushrooms of Western Canada 3143:Herbier de la France. Vol 2 2995: 2917:, including 500 mg of 2890:Phytochemicals and research 2832:A comparative study of the 2117:. Bioaccumulated metals or 601: 290:Mycological characteristics 10: 8504: 8073:The Complete Mushroom Book 7386:10.1556/AAlim.36.2007.1.11 6861:Gates L, Delong D (1992). 6532:exposed to heavy metals". 6507:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.973 5911:10.3852/mycologia.99.2.161 5860:Environmental Microbiology 3442:Mushrooms & Toadstools 3354:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 3164:Esser K, Lemke PA (1994). 3083:: e.T122090234A222968388. 2846:mushrooms are rich in the 1704: 1446:. The spring king bolete ( 1137:gastrointestinal disorders 18: 8488:Fungi used for fiber dyes 8126: 7904:10.1016/j.lwt.2006.10.001 7693:10.1080/10590500802350086 7636:10.1007/s13197-015-1933-x 6996:10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4 6949:10.1134/S0003683809020124 6546:10.1017/S0953756205004016 6062:"Virus-like particles in 5856:Boletus edulis sensu lato 5784:10.3852/mycologia.98.1.23 5733:10.1007/s00572-008-0192-3 5634:formed in pure culture". 5064:10.1007/s00572-015-0657-0 4840:10.1007/s12231-008-9031-x 4622:10.1007/s12231-008-9050-7 4488:10.1007/s13225-015-0336-7 4388:"Nomenclatural novelties" 4243:"A phylogenetic study of 4129:"A phylogenetic study of 3960:University of Idaho Press 3818:Andrews, Colman (1999) . 3765:Oxford English Dictionary 3335:Zeitschrift für Mykologie 3205:available in Commons here 2725: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2597: 2580: 2564: 2547: 2530: 2513: 2496: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2373: 2190:porcino festival in Italy 1913:Heavy-metal contamination 1591:cosmopolitan distribution 1385:. The white king bolete ( 1236:), the most popular are: 752:name is derived from the 405: 388: 368: 350: 332: 314: 296: 277: 222: 215: 197: 190: 92:Scientific classification 90: 68: 59: 50: 41: 34: 7262:Gaziosmanpaşa University 6931:) and oyster mushrooms ( 6376:(Bull: Fr.) mushrooms". 5229:10.4314/jassa.v2i2.16877 4515:, Chuck Barrows' bolete" 4339:from rDNA ITS sequences" 4300:Journal of Biotechnology 4267:10.3767/003158508X283692 4153:10.3767/003158508X283692 2964: 2318:fall of the Iron Curtain 2177: 2101:toxic heavy metals like 1785:Mycorrhizal associations 1666:Non-native introductions 1640:Sagarmatha National Park 1478:Habitat and distribution 8433:Fungi described in 1782 7120:Drumeva M, Gyosheva M. 6468:10.1144/1467-787302-015 6243:Northwestern Naturalist 5936:Hypomyces chrysospermus 5817:Trends in Biotechnology 5209:"Dynamics of mushroom ( 4915:Giri A, Rana P (2007). 4509:Volk T. (August 2004). 3674:(Suppl. S): S111–S115. 3392:Oxford University Press 3387:A Greek–English Lexicon 3312:The Boletes of Michigan 2728:US recommendations 1986:long-haired grass mouse 1982:(Ariolimax columbianus) 1959:Hypomyces chrysospermus 1593:, concentrated in cool- 8458:Fungi of North America 6982:and allied species)". 6692:10.1136/bmj.2.4520.304 6674:Ramsbottom J. (1947). 6593:10.1006/enrs.2001.4233 6573:Environmental Research 6151:) feeding on fungus". 6066:Bull. ex Fr. in Italy" 5140:: 5–10. Archived from 4056:Bill Bakaitis (2019). 3788:Naccari N. L. (1827). 3440:Ramsbottom J. (1953). 3140:Bulliard JBF. (1782). 3065:Dahlberg, A. (2022) . 2907: 2732:the National Academies 2329:, especially for many 2237: 2191: 2075: 2035: 2017: 2009: 1727:and may co-occur with 1699:KwaZulu-Natal Midlands 1624:Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau 1487: 1378: 1294:Molecular phylogenetic 998: 973:. The Finnish name is 776:of Latin writers like 737:, and established the 663:by English naturalist 615: 483:molecular phylogenetic 481:have been shown using 8473:Fungi of Western Asia 8075:. London: Quadrille. 7675:Falandysz J. (2008). 6153:Physiological Zoology 5511:Naturalia (Rio Claro) 4077:Introductory Mycology 3958:. Moscow, Idaho: The 3803:Zeitlmayr L. (1977). 3604:Zeitlmayr L. (1976). 3587:Carluccio, pp. 36–38. 3521:) and hog mushrooms ( 3352:Simpson DP. (1979) . 2897: 2462:Vitamins and minerals 2235: 2185: 2139:cèpes à la Bordelaise 2066: 2056:. When he was served 2015: 2007: 1940:, capable of forming 1875:forest regrowth cycle 1820:, and increases leaf 1774:relative air humidity 1758:Fruit body production 1485: 1391:), found in parts of 1374: 1302:B. chippewaensis 996: 609: 8453:Fungi of New Zealand 8098:at Wikimedia Commons 7884:Agrocybe cylindracea 7530:Agrocybe cylindracea 7456:Mycological Research 6534:Mycological Research 6149:Abrothrix longipilis 5509:Schiede and Deppe". 5300:Applied Soil Ecology 4934:10.3126/sw.v5i5.2659 4568:Evenson VS. (1997). 3954:Tylukti EE. (1987). 3928:Nova Scotian Boletes 3639:Deutsches Wörterbuch 3203:This entire work is 2898:Phytochelatins give 2333:communities and the 1952:The fruit bodies of 1839:Mexican weeping pine 1490:The fruit bodies of 1113:Rubroboletus satanas 892:is derived from the 500:The fungus grows in 263:(Bull.) Forq. (1890) 21:Cep (disambiguation) 7838:10.1155/2013/313905 7126:World Wildlife Fund 6933:Pleurotus ostreatus 6772:Solomon C. (1996). 6757:Philpot R. (1965). 6676:"Some edible fungi" 6585:2001ER.....85..260M 6460:2002GEEA....2..121C 6417:2009ScTEn.407.5328M 6204:1984Oecol..64..230G 5429:Castanea mollissima 5366:Botanica Lithuanica 5207:Masuka AJ. (1996). 4685:"California Fungi: 4683:Wood M, Stevens F. 4659:"California Fungi: 4657:Wood M, Stevens F. 4106:Pagine di Micologia 3732:Grigson J. (1975). 3245:Šutara J. (1985). " 3197:Sowerby J. (1809). 2549:Pantothenic acid (B 2370: 2268:In the vicinity of 2254:B. reticulatus 2222:volatile substances 1948:Pests and predators 1573:Halimium lasianthum 1471:B. fibrillosus 1286:Boletus reticulatus 1249:), much rarer than 1125:Gyroporus castaneus 907:, derived from the 899:or its French name 463:Northern Hemisphere 62:Conservation status 7462:(Pt 10): 1179–83. 7061:Micologia Italiana 6722:Carluccio, p. 166. 6212:10.1007/BF00376875 6039:10.1007/BF01999860 5971:Micologia Italiana 5942:MushroomExpert.Com 5632:Suillus variegatus 5339:10.1007/BF00204960 5177:in South Africa". 4767:10.1007/BF02861294 4060:Boletus huronensis 3735:The Mushroom Feast 3651:2011-07-19 at the 3642:. Leipzig: Hirzel. 3284:Singer R. (1986). 2908: 2365: 2294:Fungo di Borgotaro 2290:B. pinophilus 2286:B. aestivalis 2250:B. pinophilus 2238: 2228:Commercial harvest 2192: 2018: 2010: 1488: 1458:B. pinophilus 1379: 1351:B. meiweiniuganjun 1310:B. quercicola 1298:B. betulicola 1266:Boletus pinophilus 1263:("pine tree cep"; 1131:Boletus huronensis 999: 635:Elias Magnus Fries 616: 506:coniferous forests 226:Ceriomyces crassus 53:Apennine Mountains 8410: 8409: 8382:Open Tree of Life 8120:Taxon identifiers 8094:Media related to 8082:978-1-84400-040-1 7794:10.1021/jf071328f 7630:(12): 7944–7953. 7503:10.1021/jf802076p 7410:978-0-12-168050-3 7339:978-0-309-48834-1 7258:chemical analysis 7243:978-0-7923-2700-4 7096:Belogradchik.info 6851:Carluccio, p. 97. 6818:Arora D. (1986). 6805:Carluccio, p. 96. 6796:Carluccio, p. 99. 6734:A Provençal Table 6732:Olney R. (1995). 6686:(4250): 304–305. 6007:978-0-231-05695-3 5480:Acta Edulis Fungi 5021:978-3-662-45369-8 4967:Asef MR. (2008). 4872:978-1-80046-496-4 4722:978-0-88192-935-5 4687:Boletus rex-veris 4601:Arora D. (2008). 4581:978-1-56579-192-3 4513:Boletus barrowsii 4435:10.7717/peerj.570 3962:. pp. 9–10. 3221:Gray SF. (1821). 2972:compounds giving 2758:relative humidity 2752:, 3% fat, and 7% 2748:mushrooms are 9% 2738: 2737: 2721: 2720: 2274:Province of Parma 2172:pickled mushrooms 2040:Antonio Carluccio 2023:, as the species 1889:A. rubescens 1851:Coast Douglas-fir 1644:Arunachal Pradesh 1616:Pacific Northwest 1610:, Italy, and has 1561:dominated by the 1466:B. rex-veris 1449:Boletus rex-veris 1388:Boletus barrowsii 1306:B. persoonii 1180:clamp connections 1119:Tylopilus felleus 971:Rosersberg Palace 931:ceppatello bianco 866:eekhoorntjesbrood 652:Species Plantarum 422: 421: 272:Species of fungus 270: 269: 264: 256: 244: 233: 85: 8495: 8403: 8402: 8390: 8389: 8377: 8376: 8364: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8341: 8340: 8338:NHMSYS0001475937 8328: 8327: 8315: 8314: 8302: 8301: 8289: 8288: 8276: 8275: 8263: 8262: 8250: 8249: 8237: 8236: 8224: 8223: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8175: 8174: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8115: 8114: 8106:Data related to 8105: 8093: 8086: 8055: 8054: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7923: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7898:(8): 1392–1402. 7875: 7869: 7868: 7858: 7840: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7655: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7497:(22): 10973–79. 7486: 7480: 7479: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7374:Acta Alimentaria 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7272: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7215:Allionia (Turin) 7207:Pinus sylvestris 7198: 7192: 7191: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7019: 7008: 7007: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6894:Seed D. (1987). 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6864:How to Dry Foods 6858: 6852: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6815: 6806: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6759:Viennese Cookery 6754: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6188:Sciurus vulgaris 6183: 6177: 6176: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6070: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6018: 6012: 6011: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5977:(1): 1/37–1/38. 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5768:Cistus ladanifer 5759: 5753: 5752: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5671:Pinus virginiana 5666: 5660: 5659: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5562:Allionia (Turin) 5554:Pinus sylvestris 5542:Pinus sylvestris 5533: 5527: 5526: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5476:Pinus massoniana 5467: 5461: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5408:(1–3): 296–305. 5394:Cistus ladanifer 5388: 5382: 5381: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5271:s.l. in Italy". 5264: 5258: 5257: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 4995: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4921:Scientific World 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4893:. Archived from 4883: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4800: 4790: 4779: 4778: 4746: 4727: 4726: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4661:Boletus regineus 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4632:. Archived from 4607: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4476:Fungal Diversity 4473: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4437: 4428:(2:e570): e570. 4413: 4407: 4406: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4223:. Archived from 4207:(3): 1276–1292. 4198: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4002: 3989: 3974: 3973: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3662: 3656: 3643: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3588: 3585: 3560: 3536: 3530: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3218: 3212: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3171: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3062: 3045: 3041:Leccinum scabrum 3032: 2848:dietary minerals 2634: 2585: 2569: 2552: 2535: 2518: 2501: 2491: 2458: 2457: 2371: 2364: 2262:Castile and León 2147:cèpe aux tomates 2053:Amanita caesarea 1938:chelating agents 1883:Amanita muscaria 1835:Chinese red pine 1810:Chinese chestnut 1747:Amanita muscaria 1741: 1717: 1581:cèpe de Bordeaux 1568:Cistus ladanifer 1506:spp.), hemlock ( 1431:Boletus regineus 1314:B. venturii 1271:Boletus pinicola 1234:cèpe de Bordeaux 1216: 1198: 1094: 1085: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1022: 981:'delicacy', and 967:Karl Johan svamp 955:Charles XIV John 927:ceppatello buono 905:cèpe de Bordeaux 796:specific epithet 791:Amanita caesarea 451:fungus, and the 410: 409: 393: 392: 374: 373: 355: 354: 337: 336: 319: 318: 301: 300: 286: 275: 274: 262: 260:Dictyopus edulis 250: 239: 228: 203: 100: 99: 79: 74: 73: 51:In the northern 46: 32: 31: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8448:Fungi of Europe 8438:Fungi of Africa 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8398: 8393: 8385: 8380: 8372: 8369:Observation.org 8367: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8344: 8336: 8331: 8323: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8240: 8232: 8227: 8219: 8214: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8170: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8122: 8083: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8010: 8006: 7967: 7963: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7880:Agaricus blazei 7876: 7872: 7813: 7809: 7788:(16): 6466–74. 7778: 7774: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7720: 7716: 7673: 7669: 7616: 7612: 7561: 7557: 7526:Agaricus blazei 7522: 7518: 7487: 7483: 7452: 7448: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7397: 7393: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7340: 7323: 7319: 7310: 7308: 7290: 7286: 7270: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7230: 7226: 7199: 7195: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7143: 7139: 7130: 7128: 7118: 7114: 7105: 7103: 7084: 7080: 7053: 7049: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7022:Boa E. (2004). 7020: 7011: 6984:Economic Botany 6976: 6972: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6770: 6766: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6647: 6643: 6612: 6608: 6565: 6561: 6540:(12): 1386–96. 6526: 6522: 6487: 6483: 6444: 6440: 6401: 6397: 6370: 6363: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6282: 6278: 6239: 6235: 6184: 6180: 6145: 6141: 6118:10.2307/3761690 6102: 6098: 6089: 6087: 6068: 6058: 6054: 6019: 6015: 6008: 5994: 5990: 5959: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5930: 5926: 5891: 5887: 5852:Castanea sativa 5848: 5844: 5813: 5809: 5760: 5756: 5709: 5702: 5687:10.2307/3756310 5667: 5663: 5612: 5608: 5585: 5581: 5534: 5530: 5503: 5499: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5433:Forest Research 5425: 5421: 5389: 5385: 5358: 5354: 5323: 5319: 5296: 5292: 5279:(2–3): 161–70. 5265: 5261: 5254: 5240: 5236: 5205: 5198: 5171: 5167: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5122: 5118: 5099: 5095: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5024: 5022: 4996: 4987: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4828:Economic Botany 4824: 4820: 4813: 4791: 4782: 4755:Economic Botany 4747: 4730: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4692: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4610:Economic Botany 4605: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4507: 4503: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4414: 4410: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4331: 4327: 4296: 4292: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4125: 4121: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4073: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4000: 3990: 3977: 3970: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3924: 3917: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3816: 3812: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3699: 3695: 3668:Economic Botany 3663: 3659: 3653:Wayback Machine 3627: 3623: 3616: 3602: 3591: 3586: 3563: 3537: 3533: 3527:Natural History 3515:Natural History 3509: 3505: 3498:www.treccani.it 3492: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3426:, south of the 3413: 3409: 3402: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3350: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3282: 3278: 3263:10.2307/1222214 3243: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3019: 2998: 2967: 2931:rosmarinic acid 2892: 2884:bioavailability 2882:, although the 2762:monosaccharides 2743: 2712: 2699: 2686: 2673: 2660: 2647: 2635: 2605: 2592: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2525: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2492: 2463: 2452: 2447: 2428: 2423: 2404: 2399: 2230: 2213:pressure cooker 2180: 2131:radioecological 2072: 2048:Pliny the Elder 2002: 1950: 1915: 1899:Amanita excelsa 1830:vascular plants 1787: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1725:ectomycorrhizal 1718: 1707: 1668: 1652: 1512:spp.) and fir ( 1500:spp.), spruce ( 1480: 1321:species complex 1283:("summer cep"; 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1199: 1188: 1186:Related species 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019: 991: 963:Karljohanssvamp 807: 661:Boletus solidus 657:alternate names 627:Pierre Bulliard 604: 556:edible mushroom 517:ectomycorrhizal 424: 423: 407: 390: 375: 371: 352: 334: 316: 298: 292: 287: 273: 237:Boletus solidus 211: 205: 199: 186: 94: 86: 75: 71: 64: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8501: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8483:Fungus species 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8391: 8378: 8365: 8355: 8342: 8329: 8316: 8303: 8290: 8277: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8189: 8176: 8163: 8158:Boletus edulis 8148: 8132: 8130: 8128:Boletus edulis 8124: 8123: 8112: 8111: 8110:at Wikispecies 8108:Boletus edulis 8099: 8096:Boletus edulis 8087: 8081: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8015:Food Chemistry 8004: 7977:(5): 433–443. 7961: 7926:Food Chemistry 7909: 7888:Boletus edulis 7870: 7819:Boletus edulis 7807: 7772: 7755:Food Chemistry 7750: 7741: 7730:(3): 297–301. 7714: 7667: 7610: 7575:(7): 454–463. 7565:Boletus edulis 7555: 7538:Food Chemistry 7534:Boletus edulis 7516: 7481: 7446: 7429:Food Chemistry 7416: 7409: 7391: 7364: 7338: 7317: 7284: 7249: 7242: 7224: 7217:(in Italian). 7203:Boletus edulis 7193: 7180:Boletus edulis 7170: 7163: 7137: 7112: 7078: 7063:(in Italian). 7047: 7034: 7009: 6980:Boletus edulis 6970: 6929:Boletus edulis 6919: 6906: 6886: 6873: 6853: 6841: 6834: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6782: 6764: 6749: 6742: 6724: 6715: 6666: 6659: 6641: 6606: 6559: 6530:Boletus edulis 6520: 6491:Boletus edulis 6481: 6438: 6411:(1): 5328–34. 6395: 6378:Food Chemistry 6374:Boletus edulis 6361: 6348:10.2307/293772 6326: 6319: 6301: 6294: 6276: 6233: 6178: 6139: 6096: 6064:Boletus edulis 6052: 6033:(3): 102–106. 6023:Boletus edulis 6013: 6006: 5988: 5973:(in Italian). 5953: 5924: 5895:Boletus edulis 5885: 5842: 5823:(10): 433–38. 5807: 5764:Boletus edulis 5754: 5713:Boletus edulis 5700: 5661: 5620:Boletus edulis 5606: 5579: 5564:(in Italian). 5550:Boletus edulis 5538:Boletus edulis 5528: 5497: 5472:Boletus edulis 5462: 5450: 5435:(in Chinese). 5419: 5398:Pinus pinaster 5383: 5362:Boletus edulis 5352: 5317: 5290: 5269:Boletus edulis 5259: 5252: 5234: 5211:Boletus edulis 5196: 5165: 5150: 5147:on 2014-05-17. 5128:Boletus edulis 5116: 5103:Boletus edulis 5093: 5058:(2): 161–168. 5032: 5020: 4985: 4959: 4940: 4907: 4878: 4871: 4853: 4818: 4811: 4780: 4751:Boletus edulis 4728: 4721: 4701: 4675: 4649: 4593: 4580: 4560: 4553: 4535: 4501: 4482:(1): 189–212. 4459: 4408: 4395:Index Fungorum 4378: 4337:Boletus edulis 4325: 4290: 4233: 4230:on 2013-05-23. 4176: 4119: 4102:Boletus edulis 4092: 4085: 4067: 4048: 4030: 3996:Boletus edulis 3975: 3968: 3943: 3936: 3915: 3885: 3878: 3860: 3853: 3835: 3828: 3810: 3795: 3780: 3773: 3755: 3748: 3724: 3717: 3693: 3657: 3621: 3614: 3589: 3561: 3531: 3503: 3485: 3457: 3450: 3432: 3414:Peter Howell, 3407: 3400: 3369: 3362: 3344: 3325: 3301: 3294: 3276: 3237: 3213: 3189: 3182: 3156: 3132: 3114:Boletus edulis 3103: 3069:Boletus edulis 3056: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 2997: 2994: 2966: 2963: 2915:phytochemicals 2911:Boletus edulis 2891: 2888: 2872:B. edulis 2838:Boletus edulis 2800:B. edulis 2777:polysaccharide 2746:Boletus edulis 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2367:Boletus edulis 2356:species, with 2350:B. edulis 2346:B. edulis 2342:B. edulis 2323:B. edulis 2282:B. aereus 2278:Boletus edulis 2246:B. aereus 2242:Boletus edulis 2229: 2226: 2208:bamboo steamer 2195:Boletus edulis 2179: 2176: 2044:par excellence 2021:Boletus edulis 2001: 1998: 1975:Boletus edulis 1954:B. edulis 1949: 1946: 1942:multiple bonds 1926:metal toxicity 1922:metal smelters 1918:Boletus edulis 1914: 1911: 1894:B. edulis 1814:B. edulis 1790:Boletus edulis 1786: 1783: 1759: 1756: 1743: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1719: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1695:Adelaide Hills 1671:Boletus edulis 1667: 1664: 1656:Boletus edulis 1651: 1648: 1587:Boletus edulis 1492:Boletus edulis 1479: 1476: 1462:B. edulis 1454:B. edulis 1440:B. edulis 1436:B. aereus 1421:B. edulis 1413:B. edulis 1409:Ponderosa pine 1405:B. edulis 1383:B. edulis 1329:B. edulis 1318:B. edulis 1291: 1290: 1278: 1275:B. edulis 1258: 1255:B. edulis 1251:B. edulis 1246:Boletus aereus 1230:B. edulis 1218: 1211: 1210: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1176:B. edulis 1164:B. edulis 1107:Boletus edulis 1099: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 990: 987: 959:B. edulis 935:giallo leonato 806: 803: 704:classification 686:Boletus edulis 672:Leccinum edule 639:Boletus edulis 619:Boletus edulis 612:B. edulis 603: 600: 592:B. edulis 570:, and high in 552:B. edulis 537:B. edulis 491:Boletus edulis 479:B. edulis 428:Boletus edulis 420: 419: 411: 403: 402: 394: 386: 385: 376: 369: 366: 365: 356: 348: 347: 338: 330: 329: 320: 312: 311: 302: 294: 293: 288: 281: 279:Boletus edulis 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 257: 248:Leccinum edule 245: 234: 220: 219: 213: 212: 206: 201:Boletus edulis 195: 194: 188: 187: 183:B. edulis 180: 178: 174: 173: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139:Agaricomycetes 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 88: 87: 69: 66: 65: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 39: 38: 36:Boletus edulis 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8500: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8443:Fungi of Asia 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8069:Carluccio, A. 8066: 8065: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7761:(3): 293–98. 7760: 7756: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7687:(3): 256–99. 7686: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7544:(3): 977–83. 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7380:(1): 99–110. 7379: 7375: 7368: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7321: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7211:Picea excelsa 7208: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7182:in forests". 7181: 7174: 7166: 7164:0-8493-1043-1 7160: 7156: 7151: 7150: 7141: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7102:on 2011-07-21 7101: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7037: 7035:92-5-105157-7 7031: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6990:(3): 307–22. 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943:(2): 187–93. 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6909: 6907:0-89815-232-1 6903: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6876: 6874:1-55788-050-6 6870: 6866: 6865: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6837: 6835:0-89815-169-4 6831: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6812: 6802: 6793: 6785: 6783:0-85561-688-1 6779: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6743:1-85793-632-9 6739: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6660:3-8331-1239-5 6656: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579:(3): 260–64. 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6501:(5): 973–83. 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6454:(2): 121–30. 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6384:(4): 936–43. 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6342:(3): 219–45. 6341: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6320:0-8018-5740-6 6316: 6312: 6305: 6297: 6295:0-486-23105-4 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198:(2): 230–31. 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6159:(3): 474–89. 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6112:(5): 757–60. 6111: 6107: 6100: 6086: 6082: 6079:(2): 115–18. 6078: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5905:(2): 161–74. 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5866:(4): 880–89. 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5727:(8): 443–49. 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5681:(5): 538–39. 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5595:(4): 185–94. 5594: 5591:(in German). 5590: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558:Picea excelsa 5555: 5551: 5547: 5546:Picea excelsa 5543: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5517:(1): 93–101. 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5439:(3): 249–56. 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5333:(4): 267–72. 5332: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5255: 5253:0-14-063005-8 5249: 5245: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4978:(in Arabic). 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4897:on 2024-03-31 4896: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834:(3): 323–30. 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4812:0-88192-586-1 4808: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4639:on 2012-03-12 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616:(3): 356–75. 4615: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4554:0-7627-3109-5 4550: 4546: 4539: 4525:on 2008-10-03 4524: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306:(3): 318–29. 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4108:(30): 49–52. 4107: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4086:0-471-52229-5 4082: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4019: 4014: 4011:(2): 227–31. 4010: 4006: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3969:0-89301-097-9 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3937:3-7682-1062-6 3933: 3929: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3904:(4): 183–84. 3903: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3879:1-57025-121-5 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3854:0-8493-0194-7 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3829:1-55832-329-5 3825: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3774:0-19-861186-2 3770: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3749:0-14-046273-2 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3720: 3718:0-919433-47-2 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3636:(1838–1961). 3635: 3631: 3625: 3617: 3615:0-584-10324-7 3611: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3451:1-870630-09-2 3447: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3401:0-19-910207-4 3397: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3363:0-304-52257-0 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3295:3-87429-254-1 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3257:(4): 678–86. 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3183:3-540-66493-9 3179: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986:1-octen-3-one 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2955:fumaric acids 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:organic acids 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:ergothioneine 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880:trace mineral 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823:palmitic acid 2820: 2816: 2815:linoleic acid 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:hemicellulose 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750:carbohydrates 2747: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2515:Riboflavin (B 2512: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396:Carbohydrates 2391: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2127:radiochemical 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:bioaccumulate 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071:(Ep. iii. 60) 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2006: 2000:Culinary uses 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:phytochelatin 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905:Pinus radiata 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:Virginia pine 1856: 1855:mountain pine 1852: 1848: 1847:Norway spruce 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1730: 1729:Pinus radiata 1726: 1722: 1716: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:mixed forests 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444:mixed forests 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325:morphological 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261:Cèpe des pins 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1243:("dark cep"; 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1215: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1045: 1041: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 995: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917: 913: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:ru:белый гриб 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842: 837: 833: 832:fungo porcino 830: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 802: 800: 797: 793: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:Ancient Greek 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696: 692:of the genus 691: 687: 683: 681: 677: 673: 670: 667:in 1809, and 666: 665:James Sowerby 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 613: 608: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:dietary fibre 581: 577: 573: 569: 568:carbohydrates 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 545:reticulations 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 455:of the genus 454: 450: 449:basidiomycete 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429: 418: 417: 413:Edibility is 412: 404: 401: 400: 395: 387: 384: 380: 377: 367: 364: 360: 357: 349: 346: 342: 339: 331: 328: 324: 321: 313: 310: 306: 303: 295: 291: 285: 280: 276: 261: 258: 254: 249: 246: 242: 238: 235: 231: 227: 224: 223: 221: 218: 214: 209: 204: 202: 196: 193: 192:Binomial name 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129:Basidiomycota 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 89: 83: 78: 77:Least Concern 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8463:Edible fungi 8127: 8072: 8018: 8014: 8007: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7932:(1): 47–56. 7929: 7925: 7912: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7810: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7627: 7623: 7613: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7432: 7428: 7400: 7394: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7356:. Retrieved 7328: 7320: 7309:. Retrieved 7300: 7287: 7278: 7274: 7252: 7233: 7227: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7148: 7140: 7129:. Retrieved 7125: 7115: 7104:. Retrieved 7100:the original 7095: 7089: 7081: 7067:(1): 96–99. 7064: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7039:. Retrieved 7024: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6911:. Retrieved 6896: 6889: 6878:. Retrieved 6863: 6856: 6820: 6801: 6792: 6773: 6767: 6758: 6752: 6733: 6727: 6718: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6650: 6644: 6622:(1): 61–86. 6619: 6615: 6609: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6310: 6304: 6285: 6279: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6088:. Retrieved 6076: 6072: 6063: 6055: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6016: 5997: 5991: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5945:. Retrieved 5941: 5935: 5927: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5778:(1): 23–30. 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5642:(1): 57–61. 5639: 5635: 5631: 5628:Pinus cembra 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5507:Pinus patula 5506: 5500: 5486:(1): 31–41. 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5372:(1): 73–78. 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5306:(1): 61–73. 5303: 5299: 5293: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5243: 5237: 5223:(2): 69–76. 5220: 5216: 5210: 5182: 5178: 5175:Pinus patula 5174: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5142:the original 5137: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5055: 5051: 5025:, retrieved 5003: 4982:(2): 210–29. 4979: 4975: 4962: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4927:(5): 67–74. 4924: 4920: 4910: 4899:. Retrieved 4895:the original 4890: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4796: 4761:(1): 44–56. 4758: 4754: 4750: 4711: 4704: 4693:. Retrieved 4686: 4678: 4667:. Retrieved 4660: 4652: 4641:. Retrieved 4634:the original 4613: 4609: 4596: 4585:. Retrieved 4570: 4563: 4544: 4538: 4527:. Retrieved 4523:the original 4518: 4512: 4504: 4479: 4475: 4462: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4394: 4381: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4225:the original 4204: 4200: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4076: 4070: 4059: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4022:. Retrieved 4008: 4004: 3995: 3955: 3927: 3901: 3897: 3869: 3863: 3844: 3838: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3790:Flora veneta 3789: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3734: 3727: 3703: 3696: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3638: 3624: 3605: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3477:. Retrieved 3467: 3460: 3441: 3435: 3415: 3410: 3386: 3372: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3317:. Retrieved 3311: 3304: 3285: 3279: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3229:. Retrieved 3223: 3216: 3208: 3198: 3192: 3167: 3159: 3148:. Retrieved 3142: 3135: 3124:. Retrieved 3119: 3113: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3080: 3074: 3068: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3003: 2973: 2968: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2871: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2827:stearic acid 2804: 2799: 2745: 2744: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2442: 2418: 2394: 2366: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2217: 2204: 2194: 2193: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2095:contaminated 2076: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2027: 2020: 2019: 1990:red squirrel 1981: 1974: 1973: 1964:stomach ache 1957: 1953: 1951: 1934:oligopeptide 1917: 1916: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1863:gum rockrose 1818:water stress 1813: 1806:fixed carbon 1796:—it is in a 1789: 1788: 1769:forest floor 1761: 1745: 1728: 1720: 1687:Christchurch 1679:silver birch 1670: 1669: 1655: 1653: 1635: 1631: 1620:Heilongjiang 1586: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1537: 1531: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1486:In Lithuania 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376:B. rex-veris 1375: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1345:B. bainiugan 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1323:with a wide 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1219: 1205: 1201: 1178:do not have 1175: 1163: 1141: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1044:Isle of Skye 1000: 985:, 'bolete'. 982: 978: 974: 966: 962: 958: 957:popularised 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 911: 904: 900: 896: 889: 885: 877: 869: 865: 857: 853: 849: 845: 839: 835: 831: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810:Common names 808: 805:Common names 798: 789: 773: 765: 757: 747: 714: 693: 690:type species 685: 684: 680:nomenclature 675: 671: 660: 650: 649:' work, the 638: 618: 617: 611: 591: 562:, pasta, or 551: 549: 536: 525:fruit bodies 499: 494: 490: 478: 456: 453:type species 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 426: 425: 415: 397: 382: 362: 344: 326: 304: 278: 259: 247: 236: 225: 200: 198: 182: 181: 169: 35: 29: 25: 8320:NatureServe 8268:iNaturalist 8152:Wikispecies 8062:Cited texts 8021:: 260–268. 7435:(1): 9–16. 5793:10171/18758 5400:in Spain". 4865:. Matador. 3525:)." Pliny, 3116:Bull. 1782" 2982:fatty acids 2927:polyphenols 2868:tocopherols 2811:fatty acids 2498:Thiamine (B 2451:7.39 g 2427:1.70 g 2403:9.23 g 2218:carrettiera 2060:instead of 1994:fox sparrow 1979:banana slug 1798:mutualistic 1794:mycorrhizal 1765:field study 1685:in central 1683:Hagley Park 1650:Cultivation 1599:subtropical 1539:Lithocarpus 1241:Cèpe bronzé 1220:B. regineus 1206:grandedulis 989:Description 975:herkkutatti 772:, like the 723:spore print 700:Rolf Singer 510:plantations 495:grandedulis 487:conspecific 399:mycorrhizal 396:Ecology is 379:Spore print 8417:Categories 7947:10198/4404 7358:2024-06-21 7311:2024-03-28 7264:. Source: 7131:2009-11-27 7106:2009-11-02 7041:2009-10-30 6913:2010-11-06 6880:2009-10-06 6249:(3): 252. 6090:2009-11-03 5963:Sepedonium 5947:2009-11-02 5721:Mycorrhiza 5616:Pinus mugo 5568:: 117–24. 5327:Mycorrhiza 5052:Mycorrhiza 5027:2022-10-03 4901:2024-03-31 4695:2009-11-03 4669:2009-11-02 4643:2009-11-04 4587:2009-10-20 4529:2008-09-23 4364:1807/48975 4349:(3): 1–8. 4251:in Europe" 4147:(1): 1–7. 4137:in Europe" 4024:2009-12-06 3898:Mycologist 3539:Neapolitan 3479:2009-11-02 3378:Liddell HG 3341:: 189–196. 3319:2010-12-02 3231:2009-11-24 3150:2009-11-24 3126:2010-10-21 3017:References 2919:ergosterol 2864:B vitamins 2834:amino acid 2819:oleic acid 2805:The total 2790:. Chitin, 2788:cell walls 2680:Phosphorus 2335:unemployed 2316:After the 2149:. 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