3708:
57:
3716:
were already
Chinese in the settle- ment exercising a good control of internal trade and com- merce . These were marked by an interdependent economic system in which the natives happily and readily exchanged their pearls , shells , shark fins , and marine products for Chinese and / or European items , including guns . In addition , the Chinese provided a convenient credit system in which the natives mortgaged their guns and other valuables , including their women . There was no mention of Spanish problems with the system . There was an obvious mutuality and reciprocity of interest in the practice . In addition to the Chinese - native symbiosis
2602:
2593:
workers are migrants and travel between brick kiln locations every few months. Kiln workers often live in extreme poverty and many began work at kilns through repayment of a starting loan averaging $ 150 to $ 200. Kiln owners offer laborers "friendly loans" to avoid being criminalized in breaking bonded labor laws. Bonded brick kiln laborers, including children, work in harsh and unsafe conditions as the heat from the kiln may cause heat stroke and a number of other medical conditions. Laborers are discouraged from defaulting on loans through fear of violence and death from brick kiln owners.
2610:
money from their employers causing them to be tied to the rice mill through debt. For example, in India, the average pay rate per day was $ 0.55 American dollars as recorded in 2006. Though some workers may be able to survive minimally from their compensation, uncontrollable life events such as an illness require loans. Families, including children, work day and night to prepare the rice for export by boiling it, drying it in the sun, and sifting through it for purification. Furthermore, families who live on rice mill production sites are often excluded from access to hospitals and schools.
1783:, is the pledge of a person's services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation. Where the terms of the repayment are not clearly or reasonably stated, or where the debt is excessively large the person who holds the debt has thus some control over the laborer, whose freedom depends on the undefined or excessive debt repayment. The services required to repay the debt may be undefined, and the services' duration may be undefined, thus allowing the person supposedly owed the debt to demand services indefinitely. Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation.
2482:, in that dedicated compensation secured for the aforementioned greatly overestimated market value of their property. They also determined what they would surrender, with partial remains distributed between the serfs. Extortionately priced land meant that peasants only bought narrow areas difficult to preserve with barely any food or revenue. Landowners received additional financial compensation for land plots they yielded to serfs, contrary to the peasants having to pay for their own plots of land. This led to serfs having to borrow loans as well as mortgages off the
2634:
2585:
1955:, persons bonded themselves to an owner who paid their passage to the New World. They worked until the debt of passage was paid off, often for years. Debt peonage was practiced as "an illegal form of contemporary slavery... well into the 1950s" in "Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and other parts of the Deep South." Civil authorities would arrest "colored men off the street and in their homes if they were caught not working," charge them with
2505:
2748:(ILO) estimates that $ 51.2 billion is made annually in the exploitation of workers through debt bondage. Though the employers actively take part in accruing the debt of laborers, buyers of products and services in the country of manufacturing and abroad also contribute to the profitability of this practice. Global supply chains that deliver goods throughout the world are most likely tainted with
2491:
20 years of emancipation, almost all of their peasants had received their land, leading to redemptions becoming mandatory, although allotments were adequate enough. Notwithstanding of this, the domestic population explosion that occurred for the remainder of the 19th century exposed peasants to increased economic difficulties.
3715:
Spanish establishment of its presence in the island . A 1 . French naturalist , Alfred Mar- che , reported in 1882 his visit to the small
Spanish settle- ment in Siasi . His impression of the village was one of peace and order . Relevant to the issue of Chinese integration is Marche's note that there
2654:
on the coasts of South and West Africa including labor exploitation. Exporter fish companies drive smaller businesses and individuals to lower profits, causing bankruptcy. In many cases, recruitment to these companies occurs by luring small business owners and migrant workers through debt bondage. In
2592:
Research by Kara estimates there to be between 55,000 and 65,000 brick kiln workers in South Asia with 70% of them in India. Other research estimates 6,000 kilns in
Pakistan alone. Total revenue from brick kilns in South Asia is estimated by Kara to be $ 13.3 to $ 15.2 billion. Many of the brick kiln
2490:
was entirely absent. Land inventories were seized with allotments and payments calculated, since it legally belonged to the landlord, as peasants with government loans were required to redeem allotments from landlords, although redemption payment durations were almost half a century. Within the first
2447:
in 1861 after decades of subjection, granting over 23 million serfs their freedom as well as obtaining citizenship, marriage without permission, property rights along with business ownership. This was well received amongst the peasantry, whom labelled
Alexander "the Liberator". This act was the first
2338:
by the holder of the debt. In one version, the youth had gone into debt to pay for his father's funeral; in others, he had been handed over by his father. In all versions, he is presented as a model of virtue. Historical or not, the cautionary tale highlighted the incongruities of subjecting one free
2778:
In many of the industries in which debt bondage is common like brick kilns or fisheries, entire families are often involved in paying of the debt of one individual, including children. These children generally do not have access to education thus making it impossible to get out of poverty. Moreover,
2675:
state that between 800,000 and 1.1 million domestic workers are in South Africa. Many of these domestic servants become bonded to labor in a process similar to other industries in Asia. The wages given to servants are often so poor that loans are taken when servants are in need of more money, making
2609:
An essential grain to the South Asian diet, rice is harvested throughout India and Nepal in particular. In India, more than 20% of agricultural land is used to grow rice. Rice mill owners often employ workers who live in harsh conditions on farms. Workers receive such low wages that they must borrow
2459:
Despite that, peasants were enabled to purchase private property, and therefore begin soil cultivation for their own behalf, although this was also somewhat reduced by former tenants being forced to provide land redemption payments for the next several decades, whilst simultaneously being restricted
2153:
sold their child slaves to the
Jesuits during the famine in 1872. Thomas M. McKenna reported that he was told be Datu Adil that Moro Maguidanaons would send their slaves to schools instead of their own children in Cotabato when the Americans opened up schools so these slaves later became bureaucrats
1862:
Debt bondage, that is to say, the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and
2547:
has calculated the number of slaves in the world by type, and determined that at the end of 2011 there were 18 to 20.5 million bonded laborers. Bonded laborers work in industries today that produce goods including but not limited to frozen shrimp, bricks, tea, coffee, diamonds, marble, and apparel.
1974:
in the 1950s. One estate in Peru that existed from the late 16th century until it ended had up to 1,700 people employed and had a prison. They were expected to work for their landlord a minimum of three days a week and more if necessary to complete assigned work. Workers were paid a symbolic two
2756:
that crosses many international borders, ineffective labor laws, corporates claiming plausible deniability, global political-economic restructuring and well-intended consumers. This effort to eradicate modern day slavery resonates with well meaning individuals who purchase fair-trade items, hoping
3077:
defines debt bondage as "the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and
2843:
Labour (Prohibition) Act in 2002. Despite the fact that these laws are in place, debt bondage in South Asia is still widespread. According to the
Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Government of India, there are over 300,000 bonded laborers in India, with a majority of them in the states of
2475:. It has also been documented that many serfs remained heavily indebted, bound by their superior landlords, having acquired no significant liberty irrespective of the abolition reforms that were recently introduced. Nobility privileges were not affected, and, if anything, debatably strengthened.
2148:
The
Cotabato-based Jesuit mission lasted from 1862 until Spanish rule in Cotabato ended and during famine and disease epidemics they bought children from Muslim parents themselves or from Chinese merchants who had bought the children from the Muslim parents and placed them into a "ransomed slave
1928:
in East Africa reflected the need for internal slaves. Furthermore, many of the slaves that were exported were male as brutal and labor-intensive conditions favored the male body build. This created gender implications for individuals in the pawnship system as more women were pawned than men and
2867:
activism, government legislation starting as early as 1949, as well as ongoing work by NGOs and government offices to enforce labour laws and rehabilitate those in debt, appears to have contributed to the reduction of bonded labour there. However, according to research papers presented by the
1867:
When a pledge to provide services to pay off debt is made by an individual, the employer often illegally inflates interest rates at an unreasonable amount, making it impossible for the individual to leave bonded labour. When the bonded labourer dies, debts are often passed on to children.
2129:
Muslims and
Chinese had good relations. The Chinese sold guns to the Moros in exchange for marine products like shark fins, shells and pearls. The native Moros also took out loans from the Chinese creditors and with the Moros putting their women and guns up as collateral for the debts.
2779:
if a relative who still is in debt dies, the bondage is passed on to another family member, usually the children. At the
International Labour Organization Convention, this cycle was labeled as the "Worst Forms of Child Labor." Researchers like Basu and Chau link the occurrence of
2719:, especially those transported across the border. They are forced to work off their debt, often with 100 percent interest, and to pay for their room, food and other items. In addition to debt bondage, the women and girls face a wide range of abuses, including illegal confinement;
1897:
Debt bondage only applies to individuals who have no hopes of leaving the labor due to inability to ever pay debt back. Those who offer their services to repay a debt and the employer reduces the debt accordingly at a rate commensurate with the value of labor performed are not in
2183:. The poor or those who had fallen irredeemably in debt might place themselves into bondage "voluntarily"—or more precisely, might be compelled by circumstances to choose debt bondage as a way to anticipate and avoid worse terms that their creditors might impose on them. In the
2680:
are unpredictable, and because many servants are women, their young children are often left under the care of older children or other family members. Moreover, these women can work up to the age of 75 and their daughters are likely to be servants in the same households.
2892:
in which debt bondage is prevalent, there are not laws that either state direct prohibition or specify punishment. In addition, though many of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have laws that vaguely prohibit debt bondage, prosecution of such crimes rarely occurs.
4568:
2783:
through debt bondage with factors like labor rights and the stage of development of an economy. Although minimum age labor laws are present in many regions with child debt bondage, the laws are not enforced especially with regard to the agrarian economy.
1555:
1936:
was rampant within the labor market, making attainment of a sustainable income for former slaves tough. Because of these conditions, many freed slaves lived through slavery-like contracts with their masters in a manner parallel to debt bondage.
3857:... ransom young slaves in 1872, when a smallpox ... famine, causing the Magindanao to sell slaves for greatly reduced prices. Tamontaka became an agricultural colony, supported by donations and the church hierarchy in Manila. The Jesuits ...
1959:, assess fines equal to several weeks of pickers' pay, and compel them "to pick fruit or cut sugarcane to work off the debt.... Those captured were hauled to remote plantations ..., held by force, and beaten or shot if they tried to escape."
1915:
Important to both East and West Africa, pawnship, defined by Wilks as "the use of people in transferring their rights for settlement of debt," was common during the 17th century. The system of pawnship occurred simultaneously with the
3826:
famine . Not able to feed so many mouths , or to obtain money to buy rice and other foodstuffs , some of the Muslim ... Jesuit superior , Father Jose
Fernandez Cuevas , had made his voyage of reconnaissance in southern Mindanao , he
3806:
Jesuit missionaries bought for redemption children from Chinese middlemen who had purchased them from their Muslim owners or parents with the intention of reselling them ( Bernad 1984 ) . An 1890 Jesuit report describes Chinese
2090:
was based on debt bondage by which an estimated two million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labor for plantations. It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920.
3907:
Jesuits could not raise , the plan had to be shelved for a decade . But in the famine of 1872 , slaves and children were being sold cheap . The Jesuits raised funds in Manila and ransomed as many as they could . Many of the
3887:
Jesuits could not raise , the plan had to be shelved for a decade . But in the famine of 1872 , slaves and children were being sold cheap . The Jesuits raised funds in Manila and ransomed as many as they could . Many of the
2761:
industry is estimated to exceed $ 1.2 billion annually (Davenport & Low 2012). Unfortunately, this is barely a dent into the global economy. International labor laws need to be created by various authorities such as the
2704:
The debt is often inflated with additional costs such as housing, food, and medical care, making it nearly impossible for the individuals to repay it. As a result, they remain trapped in a cycle of exploitation and abuse.
2042:
occurred or food was scarce, people willingly chose debt bondage as a means to a secure life. In the early 20th century in Asia, most laborers tied to debt bondage had been born into it. In certain regions, such as in
4583:
1894:, each term is distinct. Debt bondage differs from forced labour and human trafficking in that a person consciously pledges to work as a means of repayment of debt without being placed into labor against will.
1550:
2058:, more workers were needed for the pre-industrial economies of Asia during the 19th century. A greater demand for labor was needed in Asia to power exports to growing industrial countries like the
3007:
6093:
5508:
3682:
2453:
4279:
2000:. Debtors who did not pay up could become their creditors' chattel, as could other members of their families. The problem of debt bondage, in conjunction with the state's ability to levy
2486:
and their landlords, the vast majority of which originating from the former issuer. In order to alleviate the heavy burden, they were tied towards labouring until their debts repaid;
3625:"Indian Ocean Networks and the Transmutations of Servitude: The Protector of Indian Immigrants and the Administration of Freed Slaves and Indentured Labourers in Durban in the 1870s"
4515:
2265:
or debt, but strictly speaking is a form of chattel slavery, not debt bondage. The exact legal circumstances in Greece, however, are more poorly documented than in ancient Rome.
6003:
2051:, meals, and clothing fees were added to the existing debt causing overall debt and interest to increase. These continued added loan values made leaving servitude unattainable.
1975:
cents per year. Workers were unable to travel outside their assigned lands without permission and were not allowed to organise any independent community activity. In the
3038:
2452:
during his reign. However, serfs became obligated towards labouring on the land in order to gain private ownership, thus rendering them heavily indebted. Moreover, the
4126:
1676:
2701:
by forcing them into sex work to pay off an unlawful debt. This debt is usually incurred through their transportation, recruitment, or even their crude "sale".
1932:
After the abolition of slavery in many countries in the 19th century, Europeans still needed laborers. Moreover, conditions for emancipated slaves were harsh.
1540:
1071:
4471:
3764:
3729:
3536:
3475:
Cheesman Herrick, White Servitude in Pennsylvania: Indentured and Redemption Labor in Colony and Commonwealth (New York: Negro University Press, 1969), 26.
3074:
2802:
2456:
of the population from rural areas only made this more difficult to achieve, with peasants enduring similar, albeit greatly reduced, hardship as a result.
2250:
was categorically free, and not a slave, but in practice his freedom was severely constrained by his servitude. Solon's reforms occurred in the context of
2047:, debt bondage was far more common than slavery. Many went into bondage to pay off interest on a loan or to pay taxes, and as they worked, often on farms,
1855:
1818:
1799:
1425:
797:
534:
6187:
1161:
802:
2630:, the country with the highest proportion of slavery in the world as an estimated 20% of its population is enslaved through methods like debt bondage.
2572:
all have laws prohibiting debt bondage, it is estimated by Kara that 84 to 88% of the bonded laborers in the world are in South Asia. Figures by the
6100:
6071:
5515:
494:
4895:
InFocus Programme on Promoting the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work; and International Labour Office, (2005). Forced Labor
2576:
in 1999 are drastically higher estimating 40 million workers, composed mainly of children, are tied to labor through debt bondage in India alone.
1786:
Currently, debt bondage is the most common method of enslavement, with an estimated 8.1 million people bonded to labour illegally as cited by the
3303:
3799:
5003:
4997:
2302:) as surety for a loan. He might also hand over his son as collateral. Although the bondsman might be subjected to humiliation and abuse, as a
849:
4831:
1920:
in Africa. Though the export of slaves from Africa to the Americas is often analyzed, slavery was rampant internally as well. Development of
3147:
6075:
4380:
2449:
1545:
1395:
4779:
4508:
2478:
Regardless of the Tsar's intentions, some have argued that the emancipation enactment merely benefitted the landowners as an extension of
876:
4991:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4154:
2460:
to purchasing less fertile and profitable land without nobility interests. Furthermore, peasants were often overcharged for land beyond
1825:. Lack of prosecution or insufficient punishment of this crime are the leading causes of the practice as it exists at this scale today.
5656:
4875:
1622:
374:
4936:
3921:
2836:
824:
3840:
5795:
5630:
1595:
1415:
588:
1753:
2010:-men', especially in the Levant of the late second millennium. (Although not himself a fugitive from debt bondage, the story of
5987:
2947:
859:
277:
2430:
6191:
5683:
5021:
4354:
4138:
4109:
4004:
3964:
3602:
3519:
3494:
3120:
2997:
2618:
Though there are not reliable estimates of bonded laborers in Western and Southern Africa to date from credible sources, the
2014:
suggests that these groups could be a considerable threat.) The consequences of widespread debt bondage caused many kings to
1952:
1437:
1114:
886:
4679:
4329:
2708:
It is a severe violation of human rights and a significant issue in the fight against human trafficking and modern slavery.
2086:
led farm owners to search for individuals in need of loans for the sake of keeping laborers permanently. In particular, the
5708:
1629:
1590:
1233:
4915:"The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Musahar and Tharu Communities' Assessments of the Haliya and Kamaiya Labour Contracts"
4914:
3926:. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. Vol. 26 (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 312.
1671:
1308:
968:
819:
615:
524:
3769:. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. Vol. 26 (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 79.
6128:
6067:
3931:
3900:
3870:
3819:
3774:
3088:
2464:, often varying from every location, with almost all the peasantry whom obtained greater land amounts being within the
1691:
1385:
1139:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5057:
4800:
4720:
Basu, Arnab; Chau, Nancy (2003). "Targeting Child Labor in Debt Bondage: Evidence, Theory, and Policy Implications".
3460:
3205:
2763:
2745:
2672:
2540:
1843:
1787:
1513:
1390:
814:
583:
450:
3801:
Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of Domination and Dissent in Cotabato, Southern Philippines
6042:
2647:
2483:
2145:
after Cotabato was hit by famine and smallpox in 1872. Jesuits stepped in by buying the children from the Chinese.
2102:
when taking out loans since they were too poor to pay in anything else. The Sindhi Hindus used the Uighur women as
1644:
854:
839:
785:
470:
460:
455:
284:
140:
3373:
Brown, Carolyn; van der Linden, Marcel (2010). "Shifting Boundaries between Free and Unfree Labor: Introduction".
1360:
6169:
6086:
5904:
5501:
4479:
1639:
1410:
216:
4447:
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. "An Iron Law of Interconnectedness of Child Labour, Bonded Labour, and Human Trafficking".
3624:
2868:
International Labour Organization, there are still many obstacles to the eradication of bonded labour in India.
5975:
5969:
5703:
5262:
5112:
5075:
3880:
3850:
3739:
3692:
3039:"SLAVERY, FORCED LABOR, DEBT BONDAGE, AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING: FROM CONCEPTIONAL CONFUSION TO TARGETED SOLUTIONS"
2959:
2805:. It persists nonetheless especially in developing countries, which have few mechanisms for credit security or
2655:
recruiting individual fishers, fees are sometimes charged by a broker to use ports which opens the debt cycle.
1109:
1097:
677:
489:
135:
3274:
Androff, D.K. "The problem of contemporary slavery: An international human rights challenge for social work".
2671:
pushing black women to work as domestic workers, largely to other black people. Currently, estimates from the
5930:
5899:
4860:
3842:
The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines
2797:
Debt bondage has been described by the United Nations as a form of "modern day slavery" and is prohibited by
2472:
2320:
in 326 BC, in part to prevent abuses to the physical integrity of citizens who had fallen into debt bondage.
1681:
1464:
325:
17:
3687:. Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–8.
5826:
4693:
2810:
2373:, when plebeians were struggling to establish their rights in relation to the hereditary privileges of the
2195:, which included enslavement as a result of defaulting on debt. Many forms of debt bondage existed in both
1686:
1530:
1400:
1061:
829:
809:
369:
337:
2339:
citizen to another's use, and the legal response was aimed at establishing the citizen's right to liberty
2004:
for labour, led many to flee their homes. Some of these fugitives formed bands of roving warriors called '
56:
6143:
6138:
6133:
4654:
3226:
2444:
1746:
1696:
1420:
1338:
465:
246:
66:
4533:
4229:
6220:
6164:
6148:
6109:
5992:
5841:
5821:
5395:
5048:
4600:
4406:
Ercelawn, A; Nauman, M (2004). "Unfree Labour in South Asia: Debt Bondage at Brick Kilns in Pakistan".
4304:
3296:
2298:. Though the terms of the contract would vary, essentially a free man pledged himself as a bond slave (
1605:
1457:
1442:
1333:
529:
199:
4425:
Madheswaran, S.; Paik, Saswati (2010). "Labour Vulnerability and Debt Bondage in Contemporary India".
3255:
von Lilienfeld-Toal, Ulf; Mookherjee, Dilip (1 August 2010). "The Political Economy of Debt Bondage".
2809:, and where fewer people hold formal title to land or possessions. According to some economists, like
5570:
4569:"A New Form of Bonded Labour: A Comparative Study between Domestic Workers of South Africa and India"
3734:. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. Vol. 26. University of California Press. p. 79.
3563:
2440:
1701:
1600:
1131:
1119:
709:
682:
187:
4955:
2626:, it is estimated that 85% of people enslaved are tied to labor. Additionally, this region includes
6225:
5920:
5847:
5831:
3089:"Global Report on Forced Labour in Asia: debt bondage, trafficking and state-imposed forced labour"
2767:
2381:
was abolished as a way to secure a loan, debt bondage might still result after a debtor defaulted.
2374:
1839:
1481:
1350:
903:
692:
177:
78:
2030:
were bonded to labor due to a variety of reasons ranging from farmers mortgaging harvests to drug
357:
6026:
5963:
5431:
5342:
4373:
4015:
maintained "serf" was an incorrect term to apply to the social structures of classical antiquity.
3155:
2937:
2753:
2344:
2087:
1666:
1405:
1355:
1283:
1056:
834:
778:
761:
192:
2663:
After countries began to formally abolish slavery, unemployment was rampant for black people in
2141:
sold their children and slaves to Chinese merchants so the Chinese could later sell them in the
5879:
5635:
5246:
2839:. Less than two decades later, Pakistan also passed a similar act in 1992 and Nepal passed the
2622:
estimates the total number of those enslaved in this region is 6.25 million. In countries like
2436:
2426:
2370:
2235:, the limited evidence indicates that debt bondage had replaced outright enslavement for debt.
2015:
1739:
1708:
1213:
954:
866:
714:
438:
404:
399:
4935:
Giri, B.R. (2010). The Haliya and Kamaiya Bonded Child Labourers in Nepal, in G. Craig (ed.),
2835:
India was the first country to pass legislation directly prohibiting debt bondage through the
6215:
6210:
5436:
4854:
2970:
2922:
2830:
2055:
1575:
1430:
1343:
1328:
1010:
998:
744:
729:
514:
289:
211:
182:
3923:
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines
3766:
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines
3731:
Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines
5688:
5625:
5600:
5575:
5524:
5257:
5237:
2818:
2619:
2323:
2316:
2243:
2192:
2111:
1795:
1713:
1617:
1580:
1508:
1452:
1321:
1278:
1092:
1022:
697:
477:
379:
263:
170:
4179:
2633:
2601:
2261:
The selling of one's own child into slavery is likely in most cases to have resulted from
2254:
that required clearer distinctions between "free" and "slave"; as a perverse consequence,
8:
6048:
5997:
5957:
5925:
5693:
5565:
5370:
3997:
The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests
3002:
2975:
2716:
2565:
2307:
2180:
1201:
1181:
1066:
1051:
920:
891:
881:
771:
719:
687:
484:
342:
310:
305:
258:
115:
4780:"Practices of Bonded Labour in India: Forms of Exploitation and Human Rights Violations"
4204:
2518:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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4254:
3684:
The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama
3644:
3390:
2980:
2912:
2770:, Interpol and the United Nations that have teeth to adequately punish the wrongdoers.
2584:
2573:
2487:
2251:
2232:
1946:
1917:
1447:
1293:
1268:
1258:
1223:
1218:
1186:
1151:
1144:
1085:
1078:
935:
754:
749:
739:
509:
362:
320:
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268:
236:
226:
163:
384:
330:
5981:
5852:
5790:
5775:
5765:
5493:
5462:
5337:
5197:
5017:
4810:
4796:
4134:
4105:
4000:
3960:
3937:
3927:
3876:
3846:
3780:
3770:
3745:
3735:
3688:
3648:
3598:
3515:
3490:
3456:
3394:
3201:
3116:
2927:
2798:
2519:
2414:
2335:
2303:
2184:
2159:
2142:
1997:
1976:
1887:
1877:
1535:
1253:
1248:
1191:
1176:
1156:
978:
973:
908:
871:
704:
670:
499:
352:
241:
120:
4180:"The Economic Effects of the Abolition of Serfdom: Evidence from the Russian Empire"
5836:
5615:
4943:
4925:
4898:
4788:
3636:
3382:
2479:
2402:
2099:
2039:
1858:
in 1956. The convention in 1956 defined debt bondage under Article 1, section (a):
1725:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1263:
1228:
1196:
1166:
1039:
1027:
1005:
983:
930:
766:
734:
36:
3640:
6123:
5894:
5785:
5755:
5698:
5482:
5400:
5375:
5307:
5302:
5277:
5154:
5011:
3110:
2677:
2465:
2406:
2262:
2255:
2228:
1846:, which included 187 parties, sought to bring organised attention to eradicating
1814:
1634:
1525:
1520:
1273:
1243:
1238:
961:
925:
724:
642:
347:
93:
3347:
Wilks, I. (1988). "Pawnship in Africa. Debt bondage in historical perspective".
2191:
might fall, in theory temporarily, distinguished from the pervasive practice of
2166:
would also not send their own children to school and instead send their slaves.
5889:
5805:
5770:
5760:
5750:
5595:
5415:
5385:
5365:
5267:
5207:
5159:
5144:
5136:
3070:
2991:
2728:
2698:
2544:
2410:
2285:
2220:
2216:
2196:
2163:
2155:
1933:
1791:
1718:
1612:
504:
145:
103:
5053:
3386:
6204:
5884:
5735:
5640:
5620:
5560:
5477:
5445:
5441:
5360:
5177:
5098:
4792:
4758:
Gopal, Meena (2012). "Caste, sexuality and labour: The troubled connection".
3941:
3784:
3749:
2965:
2814:
2118:
2095:
2059:
1883:
1821:. It is estimated that 84 to 88% of the bonded labourers in the world are in
1656:
1585:
1032:
1015:
790:
620:
610:
394:
44:
3048:. Washington College of Law: Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law.
2801:. It is specifically dealt with by article 1(a) of the United Nations 1956
5800:
5410:
5405:
5390:
5380:
5332:
5284:
4255:"The Social and Economic Impact of the Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia"
4012:
2907:
2877:
2720:
2690:
2664:
2516:
about this practice among Guatemalan migrant children in the United States.
2461:
2200:
2188:
1851:
1661:
1498:
1474:
1380:
1373:
1104:
632:
605:
568:
546:
433:
150:
130:
108:
98:
83:
73:
5580:
4280:"Ending Feudalism: The 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Serfs"
2813:, this is a major barrier to development in these countries. For example,
1945:
Further information on indentured servitude in the American colonies:
913:
6078:
5555:
5449:
5352:
5327:
5242:
5192:
4694:"How profitable is the exploitation of people? Sadly, extraordinarily so"
4097:
3872:
Tradition & Discontinuity: Essays on Philippine History & Culture
2780:
2749:
2126:
2103:
1971:
1810:
1503:
1491:
844:
647:
637:
595:
409:
3008:
United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5605:
5590:
5550:
5467:
5297:
5227:
5187:
4625:
3297:"Swept Under the Rug: Abuses against Domestic Workers around the World"
2885:
2845:
2806:
2758:
2627:
2569:
2294:
1921:
1822:
1806:
1651:
948:
652:
519:
4902:
2330:
with a traditional story that varied in its particulars; basically, a
5780:
5322:
5149:
3487:
The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration
2917:
2849:
2817:
do not dare to take risks and cannot get credit because they hold no
2694:
2417:), debt bondage (and slavery) provided other forms of unfree labour.
2394:
2289:
2067:
2031:
896:
561:
423:
4841:. United Nations: 51–62. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018
2110:
took Uighur Muslim women as concubines, unlike Russian officials in
578:
5472:
5292:
3078:
nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined".
2985:
2712:
2561:
2469:
2138:
2134:
2107:
1956:
1925:
1486:
1044:
988:
940:
600:
445:
300:
206:
4680:"Trafficking of Burmese Women and Girls into Brothels in Thailand"
4104:. Ancient culture and society. Chatto and Windus. pp. 56–57.
1863:
nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined;
5528:
5009:
4205:"Freed Serfs without Free People: Manumission in Imperial Russia"
3713:. Philippine-China Development Resource Center. 1991. p. 6.
2932:
2881:
2840:
2668:
2651:
2390:
2348:
2063:
2048:
1980:
1891:
1847:
1469:
551:
231:
48:
4092:
4090:
2504:
5182:
5044:
4928:: 'The Promise of Education' as a Magnet of Child Bondedness?"
3323:
Weitzer, Ronald. "Human Trafficking and Contemporary Slavery".
2902:
2853:
2398:
2354:
2227:. Both enslavement for debt and debt bondage were practiced in
2187:, debt bondage was a distinct legal category into which a free
2071:
2011:
2006:
1171:
993:
573:
556:
418:
253:
221:
4876:"Caste-based Slavery - International Dalit Solidarity Network"
3845:(illustrated ed.). Univ of California Press. p. 66.
2114:, where the Sindhi Hindu merchants did not marry local women.
1854:, formal opposition to debt bondage in particular came at the
1817:, although most countries in these regions are parties to the
5202:
5054:
Profile on forced labor, modern slavery and human trafficking
4785:
The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery
4087:
3254:
2942:
2889:
2864:
2860:
2623:
2557:
2364:
2280:
2274:
2224:
2212:
2122:
2075:
2044:
2035:
428:
414:
389:
3512:
Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia
2637:
A worker preparing fish caught off the coast of South Africa
2361:
primarily a political maneuver to appease the common people
5169:
5121:
4355:"Small Change: Bonded Child Labor in India's Silk Industry"
2724:
2150:
2094:
Poor Uighur peasants gave their own women as collateral to
2079:
2027:
2001:
1967:
1963:
1779:
295:
125:
5086:
ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)
4998:
Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009
4986:
Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004
4981:
ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)
4919:
Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences
3198:
Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia
5076:
ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
4959:, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 257–261.
4953:
Giri, B.R. (2007). "Modern Slavery", in: R. Ennals (ed.)
3710:
PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2
2083:
5010:
Edward H. Lawson; Mary Lou Bertucci (1 September 1996).
4330:"Property Rights, Serfdom, and Institutional Divergence"
2211:
Debt bondage was widespread in ancient Greece. The only
5090:
5004:
Lists of Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009
2715:
reports compulsory indebtedness is common for girls in
2431:
Emancipation Reform of 1861 § Effects on the serfs
5523:
5060:, with links to statistical data and other information
3588:
3586:
3584:
1979:, debt peonage is an important aspect of contemporary
4946:: Perspectives of Haliya and Kamaiya Child Workers",
2397:
was the predominant political and economic system in
4050:
4048:
4035:
4033:
3075:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2803:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1856:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1819:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1800:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1426:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
4566:
3595:
A History of the Ancient Near East: Ca. 3000-323 BC
3581:
3372:
2238:The most onerous debt bondage was various forms of
5064:
4891:"Bonded Labor in India: Its Incidence and Pattern"
4832:"Untouchability Today: The Rise of Dalit Activism"
4778:
4777:Acharya, Arun Kumar; Naranjo, Diego López (2019),
3905:. Ateneo de Manila University. 2001. p. 184.
3662:Vink, Marcus (2014). "Indian Ocean Debt Slavery".
2676:it impossible to escape. The hours of working for
4534:"The Irish Times: Shackled, Whipped and Beheaded"
4472:"Sub- Saharan Africa - Global Slavery Index 2016"
4045:
4030:
3902:Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture, Volumi 5-6
3514:. Gainesville, Fla: University Press of Florida.
3450:
2821:and may burden families for generations to come.
2334:who was a handsome but upstanding youth suffered
6202:
3453:Bonded Labour and debt in the Indian Ocean World
1790:in 2005. Debt bondage has been described by the
1541:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4567:Seedat-Khan, Mariam; Gunasekharan, Dharmaraja.
4424:
2106:, this was accepted since Chinese officials in
4776:
4405:
3999:. Cornell University Press. pp. 136–137.
3592:
3537:"Slave and Master in Ancient Near Eastern Law"
3451:Campbell, Gwyn; Stanziani, Alessandro (2013).
2613:
6094:
5509:
5106:
4739:Belser, P. (2003). "Forced labour nowadays".
4305:"The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861"
4054:
4039:
4024:
3994:
3564:"How Bronze Age Rulers Simply Canceled Debts"
3375:International Labor and Working-Class History
3046:Program on Human Trafficking and Forced Labor
2246:." As a matter of law, a person subjected to
1805:The practice is still prevalent primarily in
1747:
4576:Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology
4509:"Forced labour and trafficking in fisheries"
2539:Though the figures differ from those of the
1546:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
5071:ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
4787:, SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 126–138,
4648:
4646:
3959:. University of Chicago Press. p. 47.
3108:
3104:
3102:
1996:Severe personal debt was widespread in the
1970:system existed from the 16th century until
6108:
6101:
6087:
5516:
5502:
5113:
5099:
5081:ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
5016:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 345–346.
4939:, pp. 227–241, Bristol (UK): Policy Press.
4427:Journal of Social and Economic Development
3957:The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece
3095:. International Labour Organization. 2005.
2752:. The reason for this includes convoluted
1890:are all defined as forms or variations of
1754:
1740:
4125:Wright, Thomas Edmund Farnsworth (2015).
3680:
3622:
3597:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
3557:
3555:
3534:
3484:
3257:American Economic Journal: Microeconomics
2837:Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976
2284:was a debt bondage contract in the early
5796:Social determinants of health in poverty
5631:Social determinants of health in poverty
4719:
4652:
4643:
4066:
3979:
3954:
3489:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 152.
3099:
2711:A 1994 report of Burmese prostitutes in
2632:
2600:
2588:Child labor in brick kilns in South Asia
2583:
2021:
1991:
1551:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1416:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1396:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
6158:National (subject specific deprivation)
6072:Measurements and definitions of poverty
4976:A global alliance against forced labour
3919:
3824:. Xavier University. 1991. p. 12.
3797:
3762:
3727:
3200:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3141:
3139:
2384:
2054:Moreover, after the development of the
14:
6203:
5988:Scottish index of multiple deprivation
5676:
4738:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4442:
4440:
4124:
4102:Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic
3868:
3838:
3804:. University Microfilms. p. 121.
3618:
3616:
3614:
3561:
3552:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3318:
3316:
3036:
2948:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
2174:
2154:and teachers for the Magindanaons. In
6082:
5684:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
5497:
5094:
4974:International Labour Office. (2005).
4873:
4757:
4601:"Domestic workers (Domestic workers)"
4514:. International Labour Organization.
4466:
4464:
4462:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4096:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3291:
3289:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3145:
2998:The State of Bonded Labor in Pakistan
2871:
2792:
2787:
2650:found human rights violations in the
2605:Workers storing rice in India in 1952
2223:under the debt reform legislation of
1953:colonial history of the United States
1438:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1115:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
5709:Social determinants of mental health
5263:Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing
4948:Journal of Asian and African Studies
4926:"The Bonded Labour Practice in Nepal
4829:
4521:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4386:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4379:. HUMAN RIGHTS & HUMAN WELFARE.
4155:"The 1861 Emancipation of the Serfs"
4078:
3875:. National Book Store. p. 178.
3661:
3562:Hudson, Michael (15 November 2018).
3509:
3309:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3195:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3148:"The Bondage of Debt: A Photo Essay"
3136:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2498:
1630:Slave marriages in the United States
1234:Human trafficking in the Middle East
6129:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)
6076:Social responsibility organizations
4704:
4551:
4494:
4437:
4081:Slavery and economy in ancient Rome
3629:Journal of Southern African Studies
3611:
3322:
3313:
3273:
3263:(3). American Economic Association.
2179:Debt bondage was "quite normal" in
969:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
6188:Information graphics about poverty
4889:Srivastava, Ravi S. (April 2005).
4531:
4459:
4449:Indian Journal of Labour Economics
4446:
4390:
4131:Oxford Dictionary of World History
3401:
3359:
3335:
3286:
3214:
3146:Gupta, Shilpi (13 February 2002).
2757:they are making a difference. The
2658:
2596:
2494:
2468:, in order to weaken the dominant
2427:Serfdom in Russia § Abolition
2306:he was supposed to be exempt from
2078:and exploitation of minerals like
1623:last survivors of American slavery
25:
6237:
5058:International Labour Organization
5038:
4944:The Bonded Labour System in Nepal
4874:Pasic, Damir (14 November 2014).
4698:International Labour Organization
4011:, noting that economic historian
3635:(3). Humanities Source: 443–461.
3241:
3162:
3112:New slavery: a reference handbook
3093:Promoting Jobs, Protecting People
3052:
3019:
2773:
2746:International Labour Organization
2673:International Labour Organization
2541:International Labour Organization
2420:
2206:
2121:wrote that on his home island of
1844:International Labour Organization
1788:International Labour Organization
584:Field slaves in the United States
451:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6043:Gender-related Development Index
4839:Human Rights & Human Welfare
4371:
2764:International Labor Organization
2648:Environmental Justice Foundation
2503:
2369:: the law was passed during the
2149:children" orphanage. The Muslim
1871:
461:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
456:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
285:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
55:
5065:International legal instruments
4882:
4867:
4823:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4686:
4672:
4618:
4593:
4525:
4418:
4365:
4347:
4322:
4297:
4272:
4247:
4222:
4197:
4172:
4147:
4118:
4072:
4060:
4018:
3988:
3973:
3948:
3913:
3893:
3869:Bernad, Miguel Anselmo (1983).
3862:
3832:
3812:
3791:
3756:
3721:
3701:
3674:
3655:
3528:
3503:
3478:
3469:
2824:
2734:
2684:
2268:
2117:Chinese-Moro mestizo historian
2026:In the 19th century, people in
1802:seeks to abolish the practice.
1411:Committee of Experts on Slavery
962:East, Southeast, and South Asia
6117:National (general deprivation)
5976:Physical Quality of Life Index
5970:Multidimensional Poverty Index
4722:The World Bank Economic Review
4655:"Introduction to Debt Bondage"
3995:de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (1981).
3331:(1). Business Source Complete.
3267:
3081:
2960:Bonded Labour Liberation Front
2876:In many of the countries like
2579:
2215:known to have abolished it is
1110:Slave raiding in Easter Island
13:
1:
6004:Progress out of Poverty Index
5931:Disability-adjusted life year
5900:Social determinants of health
4970:The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009
4888:
4408:Economic and Political Weekly
4159:www.courses.lumenlearning.com
3641:10.1080/03057070.2016.1173896
3593:van de Mieroop, Mark (2011).
3037:Jordan, Ann (February 2011).
3013:
2551:
2326:illuminated the abolition of
2252:democratic politics at Athens
1833:
5827:Homeless Vulnerability Index
5013:Encyclopedia of human rights
4259:www.publications.essex.ac.uk
4083:. Brainy Bookstore Mckrause.
3821:Kinaadman: Wisdom, Volume 13
3302:. Human Rights Watch. 2006.
3115:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 15–18.
2641:
2357:considered the abolition of
2343:, as distinguished from the
2018:on ascending to the throne.
1401:Temporary Slavery Commission
1062:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
6170:Department of Environment's
4992:Stopping Forced Labour 2001
4956:From Slavery to Citizenship
4133:. Oxford University Press.
3920:McKenna, Thomas M. (2023).
3798:McKenna, Thomas M. (1990).
3763:McKenna, Thomas M. (2023).
3728:McKenna, Thomas M. (1998).
3535:Westbrook, Raymond (1995).
3282:(2). Social Sciences Index.
2896:
2614:Western and Southern Africa
1940:
1828:
1421:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
466:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
6242:
6165:Underprivileged area score
5993:Townsend deprivation index
5842:Genuine progress indicator
5822:Below Poverty Line (India)
5049:Anti-Slavery International
3955:Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2004).
3681:Markovits, Claude (2000).
3664:Journal of African History
3623:Kaarsholm, Preben (2016).
3510:Dean, Bartholomew (2009).
3485:Wilkerson, Isabel (2010).
3455:. Pickering & Chatto.
3325:Annual Review of Sociology
3229:. U.S. Department of State
2828:
2739:
2424:
2272:
1944:
1929:often sexually exploited.
1905:
1875:
1606:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1443:Anti-Slavery International
1208:North Africa and West Asia
6184:
6157:
6144:Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)
6139:Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)
6134:Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)
6116:
6068:Income inequality metrics
6061:
6035:
6019:
6012:
5950:
5913:
5872:
5865:
5814:
5728:
5721:
5704:Poverty and mental health
5669:
5649:
5571:Environmental degradation
5543:
5536:
5458:
5424:
5351:
5276:
5220:
5168:
5135:
5128:
4859:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4653:rachelwp (27 June 2019).
4284:www.carnegieendowment.org
3387:10.1017/S0147547910000086
3276:International Social Work
2169:
2133:Moro Muslim parents from
1910:
1702:Emancipation Proclamation
1374:Opposition and resistance
1132:Sex trafficking in Europe
1120:Blackbirding in Polynesia
683:Trans-Saharan slave trade
5921:India State Hunger Index
5848:Legatum Prosperity Index
5832:Misery index (economics)
5120:
4830:Hart, Christine (2010).
4793:10.4135/9781526436146.n6
3839:Salman, Michael (2003).
3349:African Economic History
3196:Kara, Siddharth (2012).
2768:World Trade Organization
2435:Throughout the reign of
1840:Forced Labour Convention
1482:Compensated emancipation
693:Indian Ocean slave trade
6027:Feminization of poverty
5964:Human Development Index
5432:Consumer leverage ratio
5343:Tax refund interception
4659:Stop Modern Day Slavery
4374:"Bonded Labor in India"
3541:Chicago-Kent Law Review
3152:journalism.berkeley.edu
2938:Trafficking of children
2754:supply chain management
2454:outward urban migration
2088:Indian indenture system
1986:
1882:Although debt bondage,
1406:1926 Slavery Convention
1162:Germany in World War II
779:North and South America
301:Contract of manumission
6110:Indices of Deprivation
5880:Disability and poverty
5636:Violence against women
4964:Organisational Reports
4230:"This land is my land"
2638:
2606:
2589:
2514:is missing information
2448:and most paramount of
2371:Conflict of the Orders
1865:
887:British Virgin Islands
439:Circassian slave trade
405:Safavid imperial harem
400:Ottoman Imperial Harem
5699:psychological poverty
5657:Social Progress Index
5437:Debt levels and flows
2971:Debt bondage in India
2923:Involuntary servitude
2831:Debt bondage in India
2636:
2604:
2587:
2450:major reforms enacted
2314:was abolished by the
2056:international economy
2034:in need for opium in
2022:From the 19th century
1992:The ancient Near East
1860:
1126:Europe and North Asia
1086:Australia and Oceania
786:Pre-Columbian America
358:Slave raid of Suðuroy
290:Slavery in al-Andalus
212:Black Sea slave trade
141:21st-century jihadism
6192:Poverty-related maps
6186:Commons categories:
5905:Poverty and violence
5689:Learned helplessness
5626:Social vulnerability
5601:Relative deprivation
5576:Environmental racism
5258:Debt snowball method
4942:Giri, B.R. (2009). "
4589:on 20 December 2016.
4476:Global Slavery Index
4433:. Business Insights.
4334:www.broadstreet.blog
4309:www.historytoday.com
4209:www.academic.oup.com
4079:McKrause, Stanford.
3109:Kevin Bales (2004).
3069:Article 1(a) of the
2620:Global Slavery Index
2441:dominated by reforms
2405:, persisting in the
2385:European Middle Ages
2317:Lex Poetelia Papiria
2112:Russian Central Asia
1581:Indentured servitude
1509:Underground Railroad
1309:United Arab Emirates
698:Zanzibar slave trade
665:By country or region
478:Atlantic slave trade
380:Ma malakat aymanukum
264:Venetian slave trade
6049:Gender Parity Index
5998:Living Planet Index
5958:Human Poverty Index
5926:Global Hunger Index
5694:Psychological abuse
5566:Diseases of poverty
4930:South Asia Research
4924:Giri, B.R. (2010).
4913:Giri, B.R. (2012).
3003:Syeda Ghulam Fatima
2976:Debt-trap diplomacy
2717:forced prostitution
2308:corporal punishment
2292:, it was a form of
2181:classical antiquity
2175:Classical antiquity
1667:Slave Route Project
798:Americas indigenous
688:Red Sea slave trade
678:Contemporary Africa
541:Topics and practice
311:Crimean slave trade
306:Bukhara slave trade
259:Genoese slave trade
136:Contemporary Africa
116:Forced prostitution
5937:Global Peace Index
5741:Culture of poverty
5611:Social deprivation
5586:Governance failure
4682:. 31 January 1994.
4361:. 23 January 2003.
4359:Human Rights Watch
4055:de Ste. Croix 1981
4040:de Ste. Croix 1981
4025:de Ste. Croix 1981
2981:Modern day slavery
2872:Sub-Saharan Africa
2793:The United Nations
2788:Policy initiatives
2689:In the context of
2639:
2607:
2590:
2574:Human Rights Watch
2488:Debt consolidation
2409:till 1848 and the
2290:Roman legal system
2233:Hellenistic period
2219:, as early as the
1947:Indentured servant
1796:modern day slavery
1448:Blockade of Africa
755:Somali slave trade
671:Sub-Saharan Africa
363:Turkish Abductions
321:Khivan slave trade
316:Khazar slave trade
269:Balkan slave trade
227:Prague slave trade
6221:Commercial crimes
6198:
6197:
6178:
6177:
6057:
6056:
5982:Laeken indicators
5946:
5945:
5861:
5860:
5853:Poverty gap index
5791:Secondary poverty
5776:Poverty threshold
5766:Human trafficking
5717:
5716:
5665:
5664:
5491:
5490:
5338:Strategic default
5303:Collection agency
5216:
5215:
5198:Predatory lending
5023:978-1-56032-362-4
4950:, 44(6): 599–623.
4937:Child Slavery Now
4760:Current Sociology
4140:978-0-19-176572-8
4111:978-0-7011-1630-9
4006:978-0-8014-1442-8
3966:978-0-226-70101-1
3604:978-1-444-32709-0
3521:978-0-8130-3378-5
3496:978-0-679-76388-8
3122:978-1-85109-815-6
2928:Predatory lending
2799:international law
2678:domestic servants
2537:
2536:
2437:Tsar Alexander II
2336:sexual harassment
2185:Greco-Roman world
2160:Dutch East Indies
2066:. Cultivation of
1998:ancient Near East
1888:human trafficking
1878:Human trafficking
1850:through forms of
1764:
1763:
1714:Freedmen's Bureau
1536:Third Servile War
1531:International law
1098:Human trafficking
860:Human trafficking
535:Thirteen colonies
353:Sack of Baltimore
121:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
6233:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6017:
6016:
5951:Complex measures
5870:
5869:
5837:Gini coefficient
5726:
5725:
5674:
5673:
5616:Social exclusion
5541:
5540:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5183:Consumer lending
5133:
5132:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5045:Official website
5034:
5032:
5030:
4921:, 4(2): 518–551.
4907:
4906:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4836:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4782:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4717:
4702:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4582:. Archived from
4573:
4564:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4482:on 25 April 2018
4478:. Archived from
4468:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4043:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3399:
3398:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3193:
3160:
3159:
3158:on 4 March 2016.
3154:. Archived from
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3034:
2811:Hernando de Soto
2532:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2499:
2403:High Middle Ages
2324:Roman historians
2244:indentured labor
2040:natural disaster
1769:, also known as
1756:
1749:
1742:
1726:Emancipation Day
1559:
1526:Slave Trade Acts
217:Byzantine Empire
59:
32:
31:
21:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6226:Slavery by type
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6153:
6112:
6107:
6053:
6031:
6008:
5942:
5909:
5895:Sex trafficking
5885:Food insecurity
5857:
5810:
5786:Precarious work
5756:Extreme poverty
5713:
5661:
5645:
5532:
5522:
5492:
5487:
5483:Promissory note
5454:
5420:
5401:Deposit account
5347:
5318:Debtors' prison
5272:
5238:Management plan
5212:
5164:
5124:
5119:
5067:
5041:
5028:
5026:
5024:
4932:, 30(2): 145-64
4910:
4887:
4883:
4872:
4868:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4803:
4775:
4771:
4756:
4752:
4737:
4733:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4630:www.stopvaw.org
4624:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4538:The Irish Times
4530:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4419:
4404:
4391:
4383:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4095:
4088:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4007:
3993:
3989:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3953:
3949:
3934:
3918:
3914:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3796:
3792:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3742:
3726:
3722:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3660:
3656:
3621:
3612:
3605:
3591:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3560:
3553:
3547:(4): 1631–1676.
3533:
3529:
3522:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3449:
3402:
3371:
3360:
3345:
3336:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3272:
3268:
3253:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3194:
3163:
3144:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3107:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3068:
3053:
3041:
3035:
3020:
3016:
2913:Debtor's prison
2899:
2874:
2833:
2827:
2795:
2790:
2776:
2742:
2737:
2687:
2661:
2659:Domestic labour
2644:
2616:
2599:
2597:Rice harvesting
2582:
2554:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2497:
2495:Modern practice
2473:power structure
2470:Polish nobility
2466:Congress Poland
2433:
2423:
2407:Austrian Empire
2387:
2277:
2271:
2263:extreme poverty
2256:chattel slavery
2229:Ptolemaic Egypt
2209:
2177:
2172:
2119:Samuel Kong Tan
2024:
1994:
1989:
1977:Peruvian Amazon
1949:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1880:
1874:
1842:of 1930 by the
1836:
1831:
1815:Southern Africa
1760:
1731:
1730:
1635:Slave narrative
1591:Fugitive slaves
1571:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1521:Slave rebellion
1376:
1366:
1365:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1136:United Kingdom
1072:Yankee princess
666:
658:
657:
385:Avret Pazarları
331:Avret Pazarları
200:Medieval Europe
166:
156:
155:
94:Forced marriage
69:
28:
27:Form of slavery
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6083:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5890:Physical abuse
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5806:Water scarcity
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Income deficit
5768:
5763:
5761:Housing stress
5758:
5753:
5751:Energy poverty
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Mental illness
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5416:Securitization
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5268:Loan guarantee
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5208:Vendor finance
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5040:
5039:External links
5037:
5036:
5035:
5022:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4951:
4940:
4933:
4922:
4909:
4908:
4881:
4866:
4822:
4801:
4769:
4750:
4731:
4703:
4700:. 28 May 2014.
4685:
4671:
4642:
4626:"Debt Bondage"
4617:
4592:
4550:
4524:
4493:
4458:
4436:
4417:
4389:
4364:
4346:
4321:
4296:
4271:
4246:
4234:www.aeaweb.org
4221:
4196:
4184:www.aeaweb.org
4171:
4146:
4139:
4117:
4110:
4086:
4071:
4059:
4044:
4029:
4027:, pp. 137, 162
4017:
4005:
3987:
3972:
3965:
3947:
3933:978-0520210165
3932:
3912:
3892:
3881:
3861:
3851:
3831:
3811:
3790:
3776:978-0520210165
3775:
3755:
3740:
3720:
3700:
3693:
3673:
3654:
3610:
3603:
3580:
3551:
3527:
3520:
3502:
3495:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3400:
3358:
3334:
3312:
3285:
3266:
3240:
3227:"South Africa"
3213:
3206:
3161:
3135:
3121:
3098:
3080:
3071:United Nations
3051:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:Siddharth Kara
2989:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2873:
2870:
2863:, the rise of
2826:
2823:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2775:
2774:On-going cycle
2772:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:physical abuse
2686:
2683:
2660:
2657:
2643:
2640:
2615:
2612:
2598:
2595:
2581:
2578:
2553:
2550:
2545:Siddharth Kara
2535:
2534:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2422:
2421:Russian Empire
2419:
2411:Russian Empire
2386:
2383:
2349:social outcast
2286:Roman Republic
2273:Main article:
2270:
2267:
2221:Archaic period
2208:
2207:Ancient Greece
2205:
2197:ancient Greece
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2156:South Sulawesi
2143:Sulu Sultanate
2023:
2020:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1942:
1939:
1934:Discrimination
1924:like those in
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1873:
1870:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1794:as a form of "
1792:United Nations
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:List of slaves
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Dutch Republic
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
952:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
807:
806:
805:
795:
794:
793:
782:
781:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
758:
757:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
616:Child soldiers
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Spanish Empire
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Middle Passage
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
326:Ottoman Empire
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
202:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
146:Sexual slavery
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
112:
111:
106:
104:Child marriage
101:
91:
86:
81:
79:Child soldiers
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:Asset poverty
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:Psychological
5668:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5641:Vulnerability
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:Social stigma
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Disadvantaged
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Interest rate
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:Restructuring
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Consolidation
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Business loan
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4856:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4802:9781473978553
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4681:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4647:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4539:
4535:
4532:Urbina, Ian.
4528:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4382:
4375:
4372:Finn, Devin.
4368:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4067:Raaflaub 2004
4063:
4057:, p. 169
4056:
4051:
4049:
4042:, p. 165
4041:
4036:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3982:, pp. 32, 47
3981:
3980:Raaflaub 2004
3976:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3464:
3462:9781848933781
3458:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3207:9780231158480
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Chukri System
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:entrepreneurs
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2785:
2782:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:exploit women
2696:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2543:, researcher
2542:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2512:This article
2510:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:was abolished
2442:
2439:, Russia was
2438:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:legal citizen
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:. Within the
2287:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:, the native
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:bankers from
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:, cocoa, and
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:United States
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:forced labour
1879:
1872:Usage of term
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:and parts of
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:bonded labour
1772:
1768:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Slave catcher
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Forced labour
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Abolitionists
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
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1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1183:
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1175:
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1168:
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1129:
1125:
1124:
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1118:
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1111:
1108:
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1103:
1099:
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1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:comfort women
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:Chukri System
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
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977:
975:
972:
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967:
966:
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959:
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953:
950:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
905:
904:Latin America
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
855:interregional
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:prison labour
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:United States
808:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
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689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
622:
621:White slavery
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Slave raiding
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
580:
579:Corvée labour
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
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493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
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475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
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454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Abbasid harem
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:Barbary Coast
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
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286:
283:
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279:
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176:
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119:
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107:
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100:
97:
96:
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92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:Forced labour
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Bonded labour
6216:Child labour
6211:Debt bondage
6066:Categories:
5801:Survival sex
5746:Debt bondage
5745:
5448: /
5444: /
5411:Money market
5406:Fixed income
5333:Phantom debt
5313:Debt bondage
5312:
5281:
5027:. Retrieved
5012:
4954:
4947:
4929:
4918:
4894:
4884:
4869:
4855:cite journal
4843:. Retrieved
4838:
4825:
4814:, retrieved
4784:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4725:
4721:
4697:
4688:
4674:
4662:. Retrieved
4658:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:
4620:
4608:. Retrieved
4604:
4595:
4584:the original
4579:
4575:
4541:. Retrieved
4537:
4527:
4484:. Retrieved
4480:the original
4475:
4452:
4448:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4411:
4407:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4333:
4324:
4312:. Retrieved
4308:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4283:
4274:
4262:. Retrieved
4258:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4130:
4120:
4101:
4080:
4074:
4069:, p. 49
4062:
4020:
4013:Moses Finley
3996:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3956:
3950:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3886:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3765:
3758:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3632:
3628:
3594:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3511:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3452:
3378:
3374:
3352:
3348:
3328:
3324:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3231:. Retrieved
3197:
3156:the original
3151:
3126:. Retrieved
3111:
3092:
3083:
3045:
2954:Contemporary
2908:Coolie trade
2878:South Africa
2875:
2858:
2834:
2796:
2777:
2743:
2735:Consequences
2731:; and more.
2721:forced labor
2710:
2707:
2703:
2691:prostitution
2688:
2685:Prostitution
2665:South Africa
2662:
2645:
2617:
2608:
2591:
2555:
2538:
2525:
2513:
2480:the nobility
2477:
2462:market value
2458:
2434:
2413:until 1861 (
2388:
2378:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2269:Ancient Rome
2260:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2210:
2201:ancient Rome
2178:
2147:
2137:in mainland
2132:
2116:
2096:Sindhi Hindu
2093:
2053:
2025:
2005:
1995:
1961:
1950:
1931:
1914:
1900:debt bondage
1899:
1896:
1881:
1866:
1861:
1852:forced labor
1837:
1804:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1771:debt slavery
1770:
1767:Debt bondage
1766:
1765:
1662:Slave patrol
1499:Freedom suit
1475:Sierra Leone
1465:Colonization
1381:Abolitionism
1361:Baháʼí Faith
1334:Christianity
1284:Saudi Arabia
1140:Penal Labour
1105:Blackbirding
1011:Debt bondage
999:penal system
825:Contemporary
815:Field slaves
803:U.S. Natives
762:South Africa
633:Galley slave
606:Slave market
596:House slaves
569:Blackbirding
547:Conscription
471:21st century
434:Umm al-walad
278:Muslim world
247:Emancipation
151:Wage slavery
131:Penal labour
109:Wife selling
99:Bride buying
88:
84:Conscription
74:Child Labour
67:Contemporary
29:
5556:Child abuse
5525:Deprivation
5450:Odious debt
5328:Garnishment
5193:Payday loan
5129:Instruments
4664:8 September
4635:8 September
4605:www.ilo.org
4098:Brunt, P.A.
3381:(1): 4–11.
2781:child labor
2750:slave labor
2695:traffickers
2580:Brick kilns
2377:. Although
2258:increased.
2016:annul debts
1972:land reform
1951:During the
1922:plantations
1918:slave trade
1838:Though the
1798:", and the
1677:court cases
1554: [
1504:Slave Power
1492:Manumission
1339:Catholicism
1214:Afghanistan
955:Puerto Rico
867:The Bahamas
845:Slave codes
648:Shanghaiing
638:Impressment
530:Slave Coast
410:Qajar harem
370:Concubinage
343:slave trade
6205:Categories
5606:Self-image
5591:Hikikomori
5551:Acting out
5531:indicators
5468:Insolvency
5376:Government
5308:Compliance
5298:Charge-off
5278:Collection
5228:Bankruptcy
5221:Management
5188:Loan shark
5155:Government
5006:ILO/SAP-FL
5000:ILO/SAP-FL
4903:1813/99630
4845:2 February
4610:28 October
4543:20 October
4486:28 October
3984:et passim.
3882:9710802607
3852:0520240715
3741:0520210166
3694:1139431277
3573:2 February
3549:, p. 1635.
3233:29 October
3014:References
2886:Mauritania
2846:Tamil Nadu
2829:See also:
2825:South Asia
2819:collateral
2807:bankruptcy
2759:fair trade
2628:Mauritania
2570:Bangladesh
2552:South Asia
2484:State Bank
2443:; Serfdom
2425:See also:
2375:patricians
2341:(libertas)
2295:mancipatio
2213:city-state
2104:concubines
2068:cash crops
1876:See also:
1834:Definition
1823:South Asia
1807:South Asia
1692:J.Q. Adams
1682:Washington
1652:Slave name
1601:convention
1576:Common law
949:Encomienda
745:Seychelles
730:Mauritania
653:Slave ship
520:Panyarring
515:New France
164:Historical
6124:Carstairs
6036:Measures:
5914:Measures:
5815:Measures:
5781:Precariat
5650:Measures:
5581:Fushūgaku
5425:Economics
5386:Municipal
5371:Diplomacy
5366:Corporate
5323:Distraint
5160:Municipal
5150:Debenture
5145:Corporate
5056:from the
4811:169418671
4339:22 August
4314:22 August
4289:22 August
4264:22 August
4239:22 August
4214:22 August
4189:22 August
4164:22 August
3942:1051-0354
3785:1051-0354
3750:1051-0354
3649:148502882
3568:evonomics
3395:145707441
2918:Indenture
2850:Karnataka
2652:fisheries
2642:Fisheries
2556:Although
2520:talk page
2395:feudalism
2231:. By the
2100:Shikarpur
2038:. When a
1983:society.
1687:Jefferson
1344:Mormonism
1279:Palestine
1093:Australia
1023:Indonesia
914:Lei Áurea
897:Code Noir
877:Caribbean
850:Treatment
589:Treatment
562:Devshirme
424:Odalisque
242:In Russia
183:Babylonia
171:Antiquity
6149:Townsend
5866:Physical
5722:Economic
5473:Interest
5446:Internal
5442:External
5361:Consumer
5293:Bad debt
5029:10 March
4516:Archived
4381:Archived
4100:(1971).
3908:children
3888:children
3304:Archived
3128:11 March
2994:, Author
2986:Restavek
2897:See also
2713:Thailand
2562:Pakistan
2528:May 2024
2248:paramonē
2240:paramonē
2162:, elite
2139:Mindanao
2135:Cotabato
2108:Xinjiang
1957:vagrancy
1941:Americas
1926:Zanzibar
1829:Overview
1719:Iron bit
1709:40 acres
1672:breeding
1487:Freedman
1322:Religion
1182:Portugal
1067:Thailand
1057:Maldives
1052:Malaysia
1045:Kwalliso
989:Booi Aha
941:Restavek
921:Colombia
892:Trinidad
882:Barbados
772:Zanzibar
720:Ethiopia
601:Saqaliba
495:Database
446:Saqaliba
207:Ancillae
37:a series
35:Part of
6020:Topics:
5933:(DALYs)
5873:Topics:
5729:Topics:
5677:Topics:
5544:Topics:
5529:poverty
5463:Default
5391:Venture
5381:Medical
5353:Markets
5285:Evasion
5247:history
3807:traders
3073:' 1956
2988:, Haiti
2962:, India
2933:Serfdom
2882:Nigeria
2841:Kamaiya
2740:Revenue
2669:Nigeria
2415:details
2401:in the
2391:serfdom
2193:slavery
2158:in the
2064:Germany
2049:lodging
2032:addicts
1981:Urarina
1968:peonage
1906:History
1892:slavery
1848:slavery
1811:Western
1780:peonage
1697:Lincoln
1570:Related
1470:Liberia
1356:Judaism
1294:Tunisia
1269:Morocco
1259:Lebanon
1224:Bahrain
1219:Algeria
1187:Romania
1152:Denmark
1145:Slavery
1079:Vietnam
750:Somalia
740:Nigeria
715:Comoros
643:Pirates
552:Ghilman
485:Bristol
375:history
348:pirates
237:History
126:Peonage
49:slavery
6013:Gender
5978:(PQLI)
5537:Social
5280:
5243:Relief
5020:
4809:
4799:
4741:Pensee
4137:
4127:"serf"
4108:
4003:
3963:
3940:
3930:
3879:
3849:
3783:
3773:
3748:
3738:
3691:
3647:
3601:
3518:
3493:
3459:
3393:
3204:
3119:
2903:Coolie
2888:, and
2854:Odisha
2852:, and
2697:often
2429:, and
2399:Europe
2393:under
2389:While
2355:Cicero
2217:Athens
2189:person
2170:Europe
2164:Toraja
2072:coffee
2012:Idrimi
2007:habiru
1911:Africa
1886:, and
1618:owners
1254:Kuwait
1249:Jordan
1202:Sweden
1192:Russia
1177:Poland
1172:Norway
994:Laogai
979:Brunei
974:Bhutan
936:revolt
909:Brazil
872:Canada
835:partus
820:female
705:Angola
574:Coolie
557:Mamluk
510:Nantes
490:Brazil
419:Cariye
254:Thrall
222:Kholop
188:Greece
6062:Other
6045:(GDI)
6000:(LPI)
5972:(MPI)
5966:(HDI)
5960:(HPI)
5939:(GPI)
5844:(GPI)
5396:Buyer
5203:Usury
5170:Loans
5137:Bonds
4994:- ILO
4988:- ILO
4835:(PDF)
4816:3 May
4807:S2CID
4587:(PDF)
4572:(PDF)
4519:(PDF)
4512:(PDF)
4414:(22).
4384:(PDF)
4377:(PDF)
3645:S2CID
3391:S2CID
3307:(PDF)
3300:(PDF)
3042:(PDF)
2943:Usury
2890:Ghana
2865:Dalit
2861:India
2624:Ghana
2566:Nepal
2558:India
2379:nexum
2365:plebs
2359:nexum
2345:slave
2332:nexus
2328:nexum
2312:Nexum
2300:nexus
2281:Nexum
2275:Nexum
2225:Solon
2151:datus
2123:Siasi
2076:sugar
2070:like
2045:Burma
2036:China
2002:serfs
1777:, or
1645:songs
1640:films
1558:]
1514:songs
1351:Islam
1329:Bible
1304:Yemen
1299:Qatar
1289:Syria
1264:Libya
1229:Egypt
1197:Spain
1167:Malta
1040:Korea
1028:Japan
1006:India
984:China
931:Haiti
791:Aztec
767:Sudan
735:Niger
627:Naval
500:Dutch
429:Qiyan
415:Jarya
390:Harem
232:Serfs
178:Egypt
5984:(EU)
5527:and
5122:Debt
5031:2011
5018:ISBN
4861:link
4847:2012
4818:2020
4797:ISBN
4666:2024
4637:2024
4612:2016
4545:2019
4488:2016
4455:(1).
4341:2024
4316:2024
4291:2024
4266:2024
4241:2024
4216:2024
4191:2024
4166:2024
4135:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3938:ISSN
3928:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3847:ISBN
3781:ISSN
3771:ISBN
3746:ISSN
3736:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3670:(3).
3599:ISBN
3575:2021
3516:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3457:ISBN
3235:2016
3202:ISBN
3130:2011
3117:ISBN
2744:The
2725:rape
2667:and
2646:The
2568:and
2199:and
2127:Moro
2082:and
2080:gold
2062:and
2028:Asia
1987:Asia
1966:, a
1964:Peru
1813:and
1596:laws
1458:U.S.
1453:U.K.
1391:U.S.
1386:U.K.
1274:Oman
1244:Iraq
1239:Iran
926:Cuba
830:maps
725:Mali
710:Chad
296:Baqt
193:Rome
89:Debt
47:and
5047:of
4899:hdl
4789:doi
4745:336
4726:255
3827:had
3637:doi
3383:doi
2859:In
2347:or
2242:, "
2084:tin
1962:In
6207::
6190:·
6074:·
6070:·
4917:,
4897:.
4893:.
4857:}}
4853:{{
4837:.
4805:,
4795:,
4783:,
4762:.
4743:.
4724:.
4706:^
4696:.
4657:.
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4628:.
4603:.
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4536:.
4496:^
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4232:.
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