384:
2518:
396:
36:
325:
Note that the technique depends on the osteoblastic activity during remodelling and repair processes following initial osteolytic activity. This leads to a limitation of the applicability of this imaging technique with diseases not featuring this osteoblastic (reactive) activity, for example with
361:
In a single phase protocol (skeletal imaging alone), which will primarily highlight osteoblasts, images are usually acquired 2–5 hours after the injection (after four hours 50–60% of the activity will be fixed to bones). A two or three phase protocol utilises additional scans at different points
443:, therefore correction for plasma to whole blood ratios is not required unlike NaF. However, disadvantages include higher rates of protein binding (from 25% immediately after injection to 70% after 12 hours leading to the measurement of freely available MDP over time), and less
466:
correction techniques. Patient experience is improved as imaging can be started much more quickly following radiopharmaceutical injection (30–45 minutes, compared to 2–3 hours for MDP/HDP). NaF PET is hampered by high demand for scanners, and limited tracer availability.
40:
A nuclear medicine whole-body bone scan. The nuclear medicine whole-body bone scan is generally used in evaluations of various bone-related pathology, such as for bone pain, stress fracture, nonmalignant bone lesions, bone infections, or the spread of cancer to the
978:
Van den
Wyngaert, T.; Strobel, K.; Kampen, W. U.; Kuwert, T.; van der Bruggen, W.; Mohan, H. K.; Gnanasegaran, G.; Delgado-Bolton, R.; Weber, W. A.; Beheshti, M.; Langsteger, W.; Giammarile, F.; Mottaghy, F. M.; Paycha, F. (4 June 2016).
1496:
Langsteger, Werner; Rezaee, Alireza; Pirich, Christian; Beheshti, Mohsen (November 2016). "18F-NaF-PET/CT and 99mTc-MDP Bone
Scintigraphy in the Detection of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer".
330:. Scintigraphic images remain falsely negative for a long period of time and therefore have only limited diagnostic value. In these cases CT or MRI scans are preferred for diagnosis and staging.
1455:
Beheshti, M.; Mottaghy, F. M.; Payche, F.; Behrendt, F. F. F.; Van den
Wyngaert, T.; Fogelman, I.; Strobel, K.; Celli, M.; Fanti, S.; Giammarile, F.; Krause, B.; Langsteger, W. (23 July 2015).
366:
information. A second phase "blood pool" image following the perfusion (if carried out in a three phase technique) can help to diagnose inflammatory conditions or problems of blood supply.
205:
2554:
644:"Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging versus bone scintigraphy for clinically suspected scaphoid fractures in patients with negative plain radiographs"
435:
measurements, Tc-MDP has some advantages over NaF. MDP renal clearance is not affected by urine flow rate and simplified data analysis can be employed which assumes
1330:
Mettler, Fred A.; Huda, Walter; Yoshizumi, Terry T.; Mahesh, Mahadevappa (July 2008). "Effective Doses in
Radiology and Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine: A Catalog".
2477:
362:
after the injection to obtain additional diagnostic information. A dynamic (i.e. multiple acquired frames) study immediately after the injection captures
2547:
1195:
Donohoe, Kevin J.; Brown, Manuel L.; Collier, B. David; Carretta, Robert F.; Henkin, Robert E.; O'Mara, Robert E.; Royal, Henry D. (20 June 2003).
299:, representing sites of bone growth, where MDP (and other diphosphates) "bind to the hydroxyapatite crystals in proportion to local blood flow and
558:
Livieratos, Lefteris (2012). "Basic
Principles of SPECT and PET Imaging". In Fogelman, Ignac; Gnanasegaran, Gopinath; van der Wall, Hans (eds.).
52:
2540:
338:
In a typical bone scan technique, the patient is injected (usually into a vein in the arm or hand, occasionally the foot) with up to 740
2192:
1876:
2006:
2018:
818:
Fleming, William H.; McIlraith, James D.; Richard King, Capt. E. (October 1961). "Photoscanning of Bone
Lesions Utilizing Strontium 85".
2346:
355:
2947:
1618:
1245:
2899:
2454:
351:
1984:
1989:
1135:"The Accuracy of Imaging Techniques in the Assessment of Periprosthetic Hip Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
957:
905:
575:
3064:
3059:
2805:
1830:
2956:
2800:
2382:
2261:
2001:
1910:
1840:
1279:
1226:
930:
493:
184:(PET) for imaging of abnormal metabolism in bones, but is considerably less expensive. Bone scintigraphy has higher
2859:
2854:
1825:
1820:
1703:
383:
343:
20:
458:
There are several advantages of the PET technique, which are common to PET imaging in general, including improved
358:(SPECT) images. In order to view small lesions SPECT imaging technique may be preferred over planar scintigraphy.
1905:
1888:
1367:"Quantitative Measurements of Bone Remodeling Using 99mTc-Methylene Diphosphonate Bone Scans and Blood Sampling"
1134:
2751:
2266:
2113:
2013:
1996:
2209:
1531:
Beheshti, Mohsen (October 2018). "18F-Sodium
Fluoride PET/CT and PET/MR Imaging of Bone and Joint Disorders".
1414:
Segall, G.; Delbeke, D.; Stabin, M. G.; Even-Sapir, E.; Fair, J.; Sajdak, R.; Smith, G. T. (4 November 2010).
2392:
2246:
1845:
1720:
1712:
1611:
417:
Although bone scintigraphy generally refers to gamma camera imaging of Tc radiopharmaceuticals, imaging with
779:"An Introduction to Na18F Bone Scintigraphy: Basic Principles, Advanced Imaging Concepts, and Case Examples"
2503:
2437:
2369:
2359:
2337:
2108:
2076:
1707:
418:
395:
181:
1057:
Brenner, Arnold I.; Koshy, June; Morey, Jose; Lin, Cheryl; DiPoce, Jason (January 2012). "The Bone Scan".
2167:
2135:
2118:
185:
2788:
2241:
1976:
1716:
370:
2892:
2482:
2150:
2140:
3069:
2914:
2705:
2521:
2472:
2251:
2130:
2103:
1864:
1649:
1604:
432:
193:
2420:
2256:
2197:
2182:
2071:
1893:
1869:
1094:"Dynamic Bone Imaging with 99mTc-Labeled Diphosphonates and 18F-NaF: Mechanisms and Applications"
284:
2824:
2695:
2663:
2291:
2160:
2091:
1898:
452:
225:
1271:
1214:
642:
Mallee, WH; Wang, J; Poolman, RW; Kloen, P; Maas, M; de Vet, HC; Doornberg, JN (5 June 2015).
3079:
2793:
2155:
2086:
1952:
1835:
1754:
1661:
947:
252:
2971:
1263:
853:
Subramanian, G.; McAfee, J. G. (April 1971). "A New
Complex of 99mTc for Skeletal Imaging".
693:
Pecher, Charles (1941). "Biological
Investigations with Radioactive Calcium and Strontium".
2882:
2602:
2498:
2187:
2125:
1947:
412:
141:
imaging technique used to help diagnose and assess different bone diseases. These include
8:
3034:
2844:
2766:
2444:
2322:
2145:
1881:
1578:
463:
280:
256:
173:
2532:
1196:
921:
Biersack, Hans-Jürgen; Freeman, Leonard M.; Zuckier, Lionel S.; Grünwald, Frank (2007).
3074:
2976:
2909:
2710:
2658:
2574:
2432:
2281:
2276:
2177:
2060:
1915:
1666:
1556:
1162:
1007:
980:
718:
670:
643:
619:
592:
535:
510:
459:
142:
3012:
2966:
2761:
2756:
2607:
2236:
2231:
2172:
1920:
1769:
1548:
1513:
1509:
1478:
1437:
1396:
1388:
1347:
1312:
1275:
1264:
1222:
1154:
1115:
1074:
1070:
1039:
1012:
953:
926:
901:
870:
835:
800:
759:
710:
675:
624:
571:
540:
489:
189:
47:
1560:
722:
2952:
2877:
2098:
1957:
1729:
1681:
1540:
1505:
1468:
1427:
1378:
1339:
1304:
1166:
1146:
1105:
1066:
1002:
992:
893:
862:
827:
790:
749:
702:
665:
660:
655:
614:
604:
563:
530:
522:
448:
327:
221:
138:
96:
77:
2937:
2932:
2715:
2307:
1759:
1725:
1698:
1693:
1627:
1295:
Schauwecker, D S (January 1992). "The scintigraphic diagnosis of osteomyelitis".
567:
440:
425:
220:
Some of the earliest investigations into skeletal metabolism were carried out by
213:
169:
165:
897:
3027:
2942:
2887:
2746:
2700:
2449:
1544:
1031:
292:
268:
260:
229:
154:
1473:
1456:
1432:
1415:
1383:
1366:
1343:
1308:
1110:
1093:
997:
754:
737:
706:
287:(MDP). Other bone radiopharmaceuticals include Tc with HDP, HMDP and DPD. MDP
3053:
2837:
2736:
2679:
2597:
2081:
2050:
2038:
2033:
1791:
1686:
1392:
777:
Bridges, R. L.; Wiley, C. R.; Christian, J. C.; Strohm, A. P. (11 May 2007).
714:
444:
374:
315:
307:
244:
64:
795:
778:
486:
Combined scintigraphic and radiographic diagnosis of bone and joint diseases
2997:
2961:
2904:
2653:
2638:
2623:
2464:
2317:
2312:
2219:
2043:
2028:
1962:
1552:
1517:
1482:
1441:
1400:
1351:
1158:
1119:
1078:
1043:
1016:
839:
804:
679:
628:
544:
436:
347:
271:
or similar agents, as in the modern technique, was first proposed in 1971.
236:
177:
150:
1316:
1150:
874:
763:
609:
3007:
3002:
2832:
2648:
2633:
2387:
1942:
1774:
1764:
1744:
1734:
1676:
1671:
1640:
422:
303:
activity and are therefore markers of bone turnover and bone perfusion".
248:
164:
Nuclear medicine provides functional imaging and allows visualisation of
158:
71:
526:
3022:
2992:
2849:
2643:
2628:
2023:
1786:
1781:
1749:
300:
296:
209:
146:
1416:"SNM Practice Guideline for Sodium 18F-Fluoride PET/CT Bone Scans 1.0"
2780:
2741:
2731:
2350:
2286:
1739:
1170:
866:
831:
363:
339:
319:
264:
204:
2373:
977:
511:"New imaging techniques in reumathology: MRI, scintigraphy and PET"
240:
1596:
1213:
Kane, Tom; Kulshrestha, Randeep; Notghi, Alp; Elias, Mark (2013).
2402:
1805:
59:
695:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
35:
2397:
288:
1495:
1454:
1133:
Verberne, SJ; Raijmakers, PG; Temmerman, OP (5 October 2016).
920:
2815:
2424:
1635:
1413:
311:
235:
In the 1950s and 1960s calcium-45 was investigated, but as a
1457:"18F-NaF PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for bone imaging"
817:
2582:
2564:
1217:. In Wyn Jones, David; Hogg, Peter; Seeram, Euclid (eds.).
1194:
776:
129:
123:
1461:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
1329:
1212:
985:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
2562:
1365:
Moore, A. E.B.; Blake, G. M.; Fogelman, I. (2008-02-20).
488:(2nd ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 3.
117:
114:
102:
888:
Fogelman, I (2013). "The Bone Scan—Historical Aspects".
1139:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1038:. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
641:
188:
but lower specificity than CT or MRI for diagnosis of
172:, which most other imaging techniques (such as X-ray
126:
105:
99:
1056:
981:"The EANM practice guidelines for bone scintigraphy"
120:
111:
310:, the more radioactive material will be seen. Some
108:
1364:
852:
3051:
1266:Imaging of arthritis and metabolic bone disease
949:Imaging of Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease
439:conditions. It has negligible tracer uptake in
590:
2548:
1612:
1215:"Clinical Utility (Applications) of SPECT/CT"
1036:Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database
738:"A Glance At The History Of Nuclear Medicine"
1270:. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. p.
1294:
1202:(Report). Society of Nuclear Medicine. 3.0.
648:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2555:
2541:
1619:
1605:
1246:"Clinical Guideline for Bone Scintigraphy"
557:
389:Person undergoing a bone scan on the skull
356:single photon emission computed tomography
295:mineral of bone. Mineralisation occurs at
2948:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
1472:
1431:
1382:
1197:Procedure Guideline for Bone Scintigraphy
1109:
1091:
1006:
996:
794:
753:
669:
659:
618:
608:
534:
2900:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
2455:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1530:
1261:
1240:
1238:
1126:
1092:Wong, K. K.; Piert, M. (12 March 2013).
973:
971:
969:
952:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 17.
945:
887:
203:
157:(that may not be visible in traditional
1190:
1188:
735:
593:"Imaging of bone metastasis: An update"
421:(PET) scanners is also possible, using
401:A patient undergoing a SPECT bone scan.
161:), and bone infection (osteomyelitis).
3052:
1219:Practical SPECT/CT in nuclear medicine
1029:
783:Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
692:
508:
322:show up as areas of increased uptake.
239:proved difficult to image. Imaging of
2536:
1600:
1235:
966:
1185:
560:Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging
483:
2806:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
1626:
406:
373:obtained during a bone scan is 6.3
13:
2957:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
2801:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
2262:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
892:. London: Springer. pp. 1–6.
890:Bone Scanning in Clinical Practice
16:Nuclear medicine imaging technique
14:
3091:
1571:
1297:American Journal of Roentgenology
1221:. London: Springer. p. 197.
925:. Berlin: Springer. p. 243.
562:. Berlin: Springer. p. 345.
283:for bone scintigraphy is Tc with
2517:
2516:
1510:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.07.003
1071:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.07.005
394:
382:
208:Bone scan showing multiple bone
95:
34:
21:Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
2019:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1524:
1489:
1448:
1407:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1255:
1206:
1085:
1050:
1023:
939:
914:
881:
846:
2267:Radioactive iodine uptake test
811:
770:
729:
686:
661:10.1002/14651858.CD010023.pub2
635:
584:
551:
502:
477:
1:
2247:Radionuclide ventriculography
1721:Lower gastrointestinal series
1713:Upper gastrointestinal series
1262:Weissman, Barbara N. (2009).
736:Carlson, Sten (8 July 2009).
591:O'Sullivan, Gerard J (2015).
470:
2438:Optical coherence tomography
2360:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1948:Dental panoramic radiography
1498:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
1059:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
1030:Chopra, A (24 August 2009).
946:Weissman, Barbara N (2009).
568:10.1007/978-3-642-02400-9_12
509:Ćwikła, Jarosław B. (2013).
419:positron emission tomography
333:
274:
182:positron emission tomography
7:
1420:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1371:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1098:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
898:10.1007/978-1-4471-1407-9_1
515:Polish Journal of Radiology
451:than NaF, leading to lower
10:
3096:
3065:2D nuclear medical imaging
3060:3D nuclear medical imaging
2789:Articular cartilage repair
2242:Ventilation/perfusion scan
1717:Small-bowel follow-through
1545:10.1016/j.cpet.2018.05.004
597:World Journal of Radiology
410:
199:
18:
2985:
2925:
2870:
2823:
2814:
2779:
2724:
2688:
2672:
2616:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2512:
2491:
2483:Dynamic angiothermography
2463:
2419:
2368:
2345:
2335:
2300:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2151:Abdominal ultrasonography
2059:
1975:
1935:
1854:
1813:
1804:
1657:
1648:
1634:
1474:10.1007/s00259-015-3138-y
1433:10.2967/jnumed.110.082263
1384:10.2967/jnumed.107.048595
1344:10.1148/radiol.2481071451
1309:10.2214/ajr.158.1.1727365
1111:10.2967/jnumed.112.114298
1032:"Tc-Methyl diphosphonate"
998:10.1007/s00259-016-3415-4
923:Clinical Nuclear Medicine
755:10.3109/02841869509127236
707:10.3181/00379727-46-11899
70:
58:
46:
33:
28:
2915:Finger joint replacement
2706:Distraction osteogenesis
2473:Non-contact thermography
2252:Radionuclide angiography
2104:Doppler echocardiography
484:Bahk, Yong-Whee (2000).
350:, which captures planar
346:and then scanned with a
259:was more useful. Use of
19:Not to be confused with
2257:Radioisotope renography
796:10.2967/jnmt.106.032870
285:methylene diphosphonate
2696:Femoral head ostectomy
2664:Vertebral augmentation
2292:Gastric emptying study
1132:
453:capillary permeability
217:
2893:Weaver–Dunn procedure
2794:Microfracture surgery
2563:Procedures involving
1953:X-ray motion analysis
1836:X-ray microtomography
1755:Hysterosalpingography
1662:Pneumoencephalography
1151:10.2106/jbjs.15.00898
610:10.4329/wjr.v7.i8.202
291:onto the crystalline
253:isotopes of strontium
207:
2883:Shoulder replacement
2845:Intervertebral discs
2603:Orthognathic surgery
2478:Contact thermography
2188:Emergency ultrasound
2126:Transcranial Doppler
1877:Abdominal and pelvis
413:PET for bone imaging
306:The more active the
257:rectilinear scanners
224:in the 1930s, using
3035:Arthroscopic lavage
2767:Tension band wiring
2445:Confocal microscopy
2323:Indium-111 WBC scan
2146:Echoencephalography
1882:Virtual colonoscopy
1173:on 16 December 2016
527:10.12659/PJR.889138
462:and more developed
281:radiopharmaceutical
192:following negative
176:, CT) cannot. Bone
174:computed tomography
149:, location of bone
2977:Triple arthrodesis
2972:Broström procedure
2910:Brunelli procedure
2711:Ilizarov apparatus
2659:Vertebral fixation
2575:Orthopedic surgery
2433:Optical tomography
2282:Dacryoscintigraphy
2277:Immunoscintigraphy
1916:Whole body imaging
1667:Dental radiography
1251:. BNMS. July 2014.
460:spatial resolution
344:technetium-99m-MDP
218:
190:scaphoid fractures
143:cancer of the bone
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3013:Joint replacement
2967:Ankle replacement
2775:
2774:
2762:External fixation
2757:Internal fixation
2608:Chin augmentation
2530:
2529:
2492:Target conditions
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2331:
2330:
2272:Bone scintigraphy
2237:Scintimammography
2232:Cholescintigraphy
2077:contrast-enhanced
1971:
1970:
1931:
1930:
1921:Full-body CT scan
1821:General operation
1800:
1799:
1770:Angiocardiography
1467:(11): 1767–1777.
1426:(11): 1813–1820.
1145:(19): 1638–1645.
959:978-0-323-04177-5
907:978-1-4471-1409-3
577:978-3-642-02399-6
354:and posterior or
194:plain radiography
92:bone scintigraphy
84:
83:
29:Bone scintigraphy
3087:
2953:Knee replacement
2878:Shoulder surgery
2821:
2820:
2588:
2587:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2343:
2342:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2099:Echocardiography
1958:Hounsfield scale
1811:
1810:
1730:Cholecystography
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:. Archived from
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
991:(9): 1723–1738.
975:
964:
963:
943:
937:
936:
918:
912:
911:
885:
879:
878:
867:10.1148/99.1.192
850:
844:
843:
832:10.1148/77.4.635
815:
809:
808:
798:
774:
768:
767:
757:
748:(8): 1095–1102.
733:
727:
726:
690:
684:
683:
673:
663:
639:
633:
632:
622:
612:
588:
582:
581:
555:
549:
548:
538:
506:
500:
499:
481:
449:molecular weight
407:PET bone imaging
398:
386:
328:multiple myeloma
279:The most common
222:George de Hevesy
139:nuclear medicine
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
80:
38:
26:
25:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3070:Medical imaging
3050:
3049:
3048:
3039:
2981:
2938:Hip replacement
2933:Hip resurfacing
2921:
2866:
2810:
2771:
2720:
2716:Phemister graft
2684:
2668:
2612:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2531:
2526:
2508:
2487:
2459:
2407:
2393:PET mammography
2364:
2327:
2313:Gallium-67 scan
2308:Octreotide scan
2296:
2204:
2055:
1967:
1927:
1850:
1831:High-resolution
1796:
1760:Skeletal survey
1726:Cholangiography
1639:
1630:
1628:Medical imaging
1625:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1529:
1525:
1494:
1490:
1453:
1449:
1412:
1408:
1363:
1359:
1328:
1324:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1131:
1127:
1090:
1086:
1055:
1051:
1028:
1024:
976:
967:
960:
944:
940:
933:
919:
915:
908:
886:
882:
851:
847:
816:
812:
775:
771:
742:Acta Oncologica
734:
730:
691:
687:
654:(6): CD010023.
640:
636:
589:
585:
578:
556:
552:
507:
503:
496:
482:
478:
473:
441:red blood cells
426:sodium fluoride
415:
409:
402:
399:
390:
387:
336:
277:
214:prostate cancer
202:
170:bone remodeling
166:bone metabolism
98:
94:
76:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:Arthrocentesis
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2945:
2943:Rotationplasty
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:Bankart repair
2885:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Epiphysiodesis
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Astragalectomy
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Endomicroscopy
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1573:
1572:External links
1570:
1567:
1566:
1539:(4): 477–490.
1523:
1504:(6): 491–501.
1488:
1447:
1406:
1377:(3): 375–382.
1357:
1338:(1): 254–263.
1322:
1287:
1280:
1254:
1234:
1227:
1205:
1184:
1125:
1104:(4): 590–599.
1084:
1049:
1022:
965:
958:
938:
931:
913:
906:
880:
861:(1): 192–196.
845:
826:(4): 635–636.
810:
769:
728:
685:
634:
583:
576:
550:
501:
494:
475:
474:
472:
469:
447:due to higher
411:Main article:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
393:
391:
388:
381:
371:effective dose
335:
332:
293:hydroxyapatite
276:
273:
269:diphosphonates
263:(Tc) labelled
261:technetium-99m
245:gamma emitters
232:in the 1940s.
230:Charles Pecher
201:
198:
180:competes with
82:
81:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
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2968:
2965:
2963:
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2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:Spinal fusion
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Bone grafting
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2680:Acromioplasty
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Jaw reduction
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Intravascular
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2051:Synthetic MRI
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Electron beam
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1792:Orbital x-ray
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:Bronchography
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1281:9780323041775
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1228:9781447147039
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
974:
972:
970:
961:
955:
951:
950:
942:
934:
932:9783540280255
928:
924:
917:
909:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
681:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
630:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
603:(8): 202–11.
602:
598:
594:
587:
579:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
546:
542:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
497:
495:9783662041062
491:
487:
480:
476:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:diffusibility
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
424:
420:
414:
397:
392:
385:
380:
379:
378:
376:
375:millisieverts
372:
367:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:bone turnover
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:phosphorus-32
223:
215:
211:
206:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
93:
89:
79:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
51:
49:
45:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3080:Scintigraphy
3017:
2998:Arthroplasty
2962:Ankle fusion
2905:Hand surgery
2860:Arthroplasty
2855:Annuloplasty
2654:Foraminotomy
2639:Laminoplasty
2624:Coccygectomy
2499:Acute stroke
2465:Thermography
2271:
2220:scintigraphy
2210:Radionuclide
2198:pre-hospital
2044:Tractography
1963:Radiodensity
1865:calcium scan
1826:Quantitative
1586:. Retrieved
1582:
1579:"Bone scans"
1536:
1532:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1265:
1257:
1218:
1208:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1142:
1138:
1128:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1065:(1): 11–26.
1062:
1058:
1052:
1035:
1025:
988:
984:
948:
941:
922:
916:
889:
883:
858:
854:
848:
823:
819:
813:
789:(2): 64–76.
786:
782:
772:
745:
741:
731:
701:(1): 86–91.
698:
694:
688:
651:
647:
637:
600:
596:
586:
559:
553:
521:(3): 48–56.
518:
514:
504:
485:
479:
457:
437:steady state
433:quantitative
430:
416:
368:
360:
348:gamma camera
337:
324:
305:
301:osteoblastic
278:
237:beta emitter
234:
219:
178:scintigraphy
163:
159:X-ray images
151:inflammation
91:
87:
85:
60:OPS-301 code
3008:Arthroscopy
3003:Synovectomy
2833:Arthrodesis
2649:Facetectomy
2634:Laminectomy
2388:Cardiac PET
2161:renal tract
2136:Gynecologic
2068:Techniques
2039:restriction
2014:Angiography
1997:Neurography
1943:Fluoroscopy
1889:Angiography
1870:angiography
1814:Techniques:
1775:Aortography
1765:Angiography
1745:Cystography
1735:Mammography
1677:Myelography
1672:Sialography
1641:radiography
1533:PET Clinics
1303:(1): 9–18.
1177:20 November
464:attenuation
423:fluorine-18
297:osteoblasts
249:fluorine-18
186:sensitivity
72:MedlinePlus
3054:Categories
3023:Arthrogram
2993:Arthrotomy
2850:Discectomy
2644:Corpectomy
2629:Laminotomy
2567:and joints
2301:Full body:
2087:endoscopic
2061:Ultrasound
1990:functional
1787:Lymphogram
1782:Venography
1750:Arthrogram
471:References
369:A typical
320:infections
265:phosphates
210:metastases
147:metastasis
3075:Radiology
2781:Cartilage
2752:Reduction
2742:Osteotomy
2732:Ostectomy
2504:Pregnancy
2383:Brain PET
2351:gamma ray
2287:DMSA scan
2141:Obstetric
2034:diffusion
2029:Sequences
2007:perfusion
1899:Pulmonary
1846:Cone beam
1740:Pyelogram
1393:0161-5505
1332:Radiology
855:Radiology
820:Radiology
715:0037-9727
364:perfusion
334:Technique
316:fractures
275:Principle
155:fractures
88:bone scan
3018:imaging:
2522:Category
2374:positron
1894:Coronary
1561:52280057
1553:30219183
1518:27825429
1483:26201825
1442:21051652
1401:18287266
1352:18566177
1159:27707850
1120:23482667
1079:22117809
1044:20641923
1017:27262701
840:13893538
805:17496010
723:88173163
680:26045406
629:26339464
545:24115960
352:anterior
247:such as
241:positron
48:ICD-9-CM
2986:General
2725:General
2421:Optical
2403:PET-MRI
2183:Carotid
2178:Scrotal
2072:doppler
2002:Cardiac
1911:Thyroid
1855:Targets
1806:CT scan
1588:July 9,
1317:1727365
1167:9202184
1008:4932135
875:5548678
764:8608034
671:6464799
620:4553252
536:3789933
428:(NaF).
377:(mSv).
289:adsorbs
228:and by
200:History
2816:Joints
2398:PET-CT
2173:Breast
2168:Rectal
2092:duplex
2024:Breast
1861:Heart
1559:
1551:
1516:
1481:
1440:
1399:
1391:
1350:
1315:
1278:
1225:
1165:
1157:
1118:
1077:
1042:
1015:
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956:
929:
904:
873:
838:
803:
762:
721:
713:
678:
668:
627:
617:
574:
543:
533:
492:
312:tumors
78:003833
2825:Spine
2617:Spine
2583:Bones
2565:bones
2425:Laser
2347:SPECT
2156:renal
1985:Brain
1936:Other
1636:X-ray
1583:WebMD
1557:S2CID
1249:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1163:S2CID
719:S2CID
255:with
212:from
137:is a
65:3-705
53:92.14
41:bone.
2591:Face
2193:FAST
1906:Head
1590:2008
1549:PMID
1514:PMID
1479:PMID
1438:PMID
1397:PMID
1389:ISSN
1348:PMID
1313:PMID
1276:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1179:2016
1155:PMID
1116:PMID
1075:PMID
1040:PMID
1013:PMID
954:ISBN
927:ISBN
902:ISBN
871:PMID
836:PMID
801:PMID
760:PMID
711:ISSN
676:PMID
652:2015
625:PMID
572:ISBN
541:PMID
490:ISBN
431:For
318:and
251:and
243:and
153:and
2926:Leg
2871:Arm
2689:Leg
2673:Arm
2370:PET
2338:ECT
2336:3D/
2218:2D/
2119:ICE
2114:TEE
2109:TTE
1977:MRI
1708:DXR
1704:DXA
1699:KUB
1694:AXR
1682:CXR
1541:doi
1506:doi
1469:doi
1428:doi
1379:doi
1340:doi
1336:248
1305:doi
1301:158
1147:doi
1106:doi
1067:doi
1003:PMC
993:doi
894:doi
863:doi
828:doi
791:doi
750:doi
703:doi
666:PMC
656:doi
615:PMC
605:doi
564:doi
531:PMC
523:doi
342:of
340:MBq
168:or
145:or
90:or
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