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512:
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797:). Also, the end of the occupation regime in West Germany technically did not extend to Berlin (indeed the continuation of the presence of the Western Allies in West Berlin was necessary and even desired by West Germany given the Cold War context), and the occupation of Berlin by the Allies was only finalized in 1994 under the terms of the Two Plus Four Treaty.
833:
must be conceded that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and
Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty."
832:
agrees with this analysis: "In the
October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it
805:
Article 1 of
Schedule I of the Settlement Convention provides that the Federal Republic of Germany is accorded "the full authority of a sovereign State over its internal and external affairs". However, Article 2 provides that the Three Powers retain their rights "relating to Berlin and to Germany as
1189:
3. Letters with reference to the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice from, respectively, the Governments of the Federal Republic and of Italy to the other Governments signatory of the Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels
809:
Miriam Aziz of The Robert
Schumann Centre, of the European University Institute, makes the point that there is a difference between the wording of the Settlement Convention "the full authority of a sovereign State" and the wording in the
618:
and the removal of the references to the
European Defense Community in the Bonn–Paris conventions. The revised treaty was signed at a ceremony in Paris on 23 October 1954. The conventions came into force during the last meeting of the
792:
became a fully trusted partner of the western allies and with the second draft of the
General Treaty, West Germany largely regained its sovereignty. The Allies, however, retained some controls over Germany until 1991 (see further
806:
a whole, including the reunification of
Germany and a peace settlement". Article 2 was designed to prevent acts undertaken by the Allies during the German occupation from being questioned retroactively by West German courts.
25:
Map of the occupation and administrative zones of
Germany after the Second World War. The states of the American, British and French occupation zones founded the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, commonly known as West
764:(EDC). Because the EDC Treaty was not approved by France's Parliament on 30 August 1954, the General Treaty could not come into effect. After this failure, the EDC Treaty had to be reworked and the nations at the London
957:
15 November 1954 "I transmit herewith for the consideration of the Senate a certified copy of the
Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany, signed at Paris on October 23,
1049:
702:
760:
Attaining sovereignty had become necessary in light of the rearmament efforts of the FRG. For this reason, it was agreed that the Treaty would only come to force when West Germany also joined the
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Reply to the Letters from the Governments of the Federal Republic and of Italy to the Other Governments Signatory of the Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty
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of 1990 in which Germany is referred to as having "full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs", gives rise to a distinction between
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Press release issued by the Registrar on the judgement in Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v. Germany (application number 42527/98)
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were signed in May 1952 and came into force after the 1955 ratification. The conventions put an end to the Allied occupation of
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745:) on 26 May 1952 but which took effect, with some slight changes, only in 1955. It formally ended Germany's status as an
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4 Resolution on Hesulis of the Four and Nine Power Meetings (Adopted by the North Atlantic Council on 22 October 1954)
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4. Resolution on Production and Standardization of Armaments (Adopted by the Nine-Power Conference on 21 October 1954)
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The delay between the signing and the ratification was due to the French failure to ratify the related treaty on the
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Draft Declaration and Draft Protocol Inviting Italy and the German Federal Republic to Accede to the Brussels Treaty
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Convention on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Forces and Their Members in the Federal Republic of Germany
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Approval by Western Military Governors: THE BONN CONSTITUTION (BASIC LAW FOR THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)
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Special Message to the Senate Transmitting Protocols to Treaties Relating to the Federal Republic of Germany
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Sovereignty Lost, Sovereignty Regained? Some Reflections on the Bundesverfassungsgericht’s Bananas Judgment
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Aziz, Miriam. 'The Impact of European Rights on National Legal Cultures' (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004)
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Joint Resolution To Terminate the State of War Between the United States and the Government of Germany
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U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany /Public Affairs/ Information Resource Centers Updated: August 2001
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2. Resume of the Five Schedules Attached to the Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime
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Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers
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1. Declaration involving Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany to accede to the Brussels Treaty
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3. Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955)
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Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955)
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Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955)
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Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany
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Declaration by the Governments of United States of America, United Kingdom and France
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Protocol No. IV on the Agency of Western European Union for the Control of Armaments
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Convention on relations between the Three Powers and the Federal Republic of Germany
1080:
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The Peacetime Use of Foreign Military Installations Under Modern International Law
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Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising Out of the War and the Occupation
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Convention on the presence of Foreign Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany
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1 Resolution to Implement Section IV of the Final Act of the London Conference
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668: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Miriam Aziz, (Robert Schumann Centre, European University Institute)
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816:
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21:
1235:
Declaration by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson,
849:, the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Declaration by the Governments of U.S.A., U.K. and France
753:, with certain restrictions that remained in place until
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2. Protocol modifying and completing the Brussels Treaty
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The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War
995:"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany"
865:(Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany)
1083:
Public Law 181, 82nd Congress, Approved 19 October 1951
997:. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. 12 September 1990
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of November 1949. Signed between the three Allies and
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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
16:
1952 treaty giving limited sovereignty to West Germany
1259:
Federal Chancellor's List – Declaration by the Powers
1035:. See Section "THE PRESENCE OF THE PAST" paragraph 9.
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Declaration of the Federal Republic on Aid to Berlin
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Protocol No. II on Forces of Western European Union
1268:German Membership of NATO – Powers' Recommendation
623:, that took place in the United States Embassy in
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614:proposing that West Germany become a member of
1255:Final Act of the London Conference (3 October)
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1280:European Unity – Close Association of Britain
1271:Principles of UN Charter – German Acceptance
1177:Protocol No. III on the Control of Armaments
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1274:Declaration by the German Federal Republic
1213:, Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p.
1150:, Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p.
1107:, Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p.
1021:, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series:
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1087:Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement
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1146:"Appendix C—Nine powers conference",
1103:"Appendix B—Four powers conference",
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911:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
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863:Two Plus Four Agreement
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721:“Germany Treaty”) is a
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1265:Canadian Affirmation
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942:Dwight D. Eisenhower
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492:5 May 1955
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655:verification
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138:West Germany
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1077:12 May 1949
504:Signatories
362:Signatories
220:Signatories
81:Signatories
1298:Categories
1043:References
982:References
969:References
496:1955-05-05
471:1954-10-21
354:1955-05-05
329:1952-05-26
212:1955-05-05
187:1952-05-26
73:1955-05-05
48:1952-05-26
1283:Annex 1.
870:Footnotes
757:in 1990.
703:‹See Tfd›
589: 253
570:Citations
489:Effective
428:Citations
347:Effective
305: 219
286:Citations
205:Effective
166: 327
147:Citations
66:Effective
958:1954..."
950:Archived
929:92-20901
837:See also
817:de facto
790:Cold War
634:Overview
479:Location
337:Location
195:Location
56:Location
26:Germany.
1217:–
1154:–
1111:–
1001:8 April
971:pp. 5,6
823:de jure
780:or the
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293:
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1219:62II
1029:ISBN
1003:2018
984:p. 6
925:LCCN
915:ISBN
820:and
770:NATO
696:The
625:Bonn
616:NATO
595:The
587:UNTS
583:TIAS
579:4117
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437:4278
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299:TIAS
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664:by
575:UST
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