699:
61:
1011:
820:
548:
887:, "defeating every army of Azarmidokht that he met". He then defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and captured the city. Azarmidokht was shortly afterwards blinded and killed by Rostam, who restored Boran to the throne in June 631. Boran complained to him about the state of the empire, which was at that time in a state of frailty and decline. She reportedly invited him to administer its affairs, and so allowed him to assume overall power.
2057:
1866:
960:, who had been dismissed by her. Boran was killed shortly after; she was presumably strangled by Piruz Khosrow. Hostilities were thus resumed between the two factions. Not long afterwards, both Rostam and Piruz Khosrow were threatened by their own men, who had become alarmed by the declining state of the country. Rostam and Piruz Khosrow thus agreed to work together once more, installing Boran's nephew
224:
690:. On 27 April 630, Ardashir III was killed by Shahrbaraz, who in turn was murdered, after a reign of forty days, in a coup by Farrukh Hormizd. Farrukh Hormizd then helped Boran ascend the throne, sometime in late June 630. Her accession was most likely due to her being the only remaining legitimate heir of the empire able to rule, along with Azarmidokht.
991:
was reverted to the design used by her father, due to her notions of the past and her personal respect for him. Her minted coins included some that were more formal in design and were not intended for general use. On her coins, it is declared that Boran was the restorer of her heritage, i.e., the
783:) of the empire. She then attempted to bring stability to Iran by the implementation of justice laws, reconstruction of the infrastructure, and by lowering taxes and minting coins. Her rule was accepted by the nobility and clergy, which is apparent by her coin mints in the provinces of
347:
Albeit her two tenures of rule were shortlived, she did try to bring stability to Iran by the implementation of just laws, reconstruction of the infrastructure, and by lowering taxes and minting coins. Diplomatically, she desired good relations with her western neighbours the
761:
also highlights the role of noblewomen in
Sasanian Iran, stating that "Iranian records of the third century (inscriptions, reliefs, coins) show that the female members of the royal family received an unusual amount of attention and respect". The story of the legendary
1065:
of hair fall from beneath the cap. The diadem consists of two rows of pellets, presumably pearls, tied around Boran's forehead with segments visible. The top her crown terminates in a pair of feathered wings, meant to represent the
Zoroastrian divinity
726:
Boran was the first queen to rule the
Sasanian Empire. However, it was not unusual for royal women to occupy political offices in the management of the country, and many such women before Boran had risen to prominence. A 5th-century Sasanian queen,
1056:
On Boran's silver and bronze coins, double or triple row of pellets surround her portrait and astral signs of a crescent and a star are placed on the outer margin. Boran is depicted wearing a round cap with three jewels or rosettes and a
890:
A settlement was reportedly made between the family of Boran and Rostam: according to Sayf, it stated that the queen should "entrust him with the rule for ten years,” at which point sovereignty would return "to the family of
922:
would prove short-lived, due to the unequal conditions between the two factions, with Rostam's faction having a much more significant portion of power under the approval of Boran. Boran desired a good relationship with the
285:, who also had all Boran's brothers and half-brothers executed, initiating a period of fractionalism within the empire. Kavad II died some months later, and was succeeded by his eight-year-old son
1918:
1074:
of 'victory'. A crescent and globe is depicted between the feathered wings. More astral signs are depicted at the top right (a star and crescent) and left of the crown (a single star).
336:, who restored Boran to the throne, thus making her queen for a second time. During her second reign, power was mostly in the hands of Rostam, which caused dissatisfaction among the
297:, who helped her to overthrow Shahrbaraz. She and her sister were the only legitimate heirs who could rule at the time. Boran inherited a declining empire that was engulfed in a
895:
if they found any of their male offspring, and if not, then to their women". Boran deemed the agreement appropriate, and had the factions of the country summoned (including the
317:) noble-families. She was committed to reviving the memory and prestige of her father, during whose reign the Sasanian Empire had grown to its largest territorial extent.
914:
because of the fragility and decline of Iran, and also because their
Mihranid collaborators had been temporarily defeated by Rostam. However, the cooperation between the
631:
swept through the western
Sasanian provinces. Half the population, including Kavad II himself, perished. He was succeeded by his eight-year-old son, who became
421:
to more easily differentiate a female's name from that of a male. The suffix should not be taken too literally. Her name appears as Boran (and similar) in the
615:, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian (
698:
584:, better known by his dynastic name of Kavad II, who proceeded to have all Boran's brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir
78:
2248:
2773:
1882:
2763:
2753:
2047:
2023:
1970:
1891:
1856:
1772:
996:). Her claim of being descended from the gods had not been used since the 4th-century, when it was used by the Sasanian shah
2793:
2257:
2758:
592:
reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad II for his barbaric actions, which caused him to become remorseful. According to
2778:
612:
298:
992:
race of gods. The translated inscription on her coins reads: "Boran, restorer of the race of Gods" (Middle
Persian:
948:
In the following year a revolt broke out in
Ctesiphon. While the imperial army was occupied with other matters, the
2783:
2140:
2004:
1818:
2798:
2768:
1053:
is depicted together with two attendants. Boran's gold issue depicts her facing out instead of being in profile.
627:) noble-families were also resumed, which broke up the wealth of the nation. A few months later, the devastating
2034:
2241:
952:, dissatisfied with the regency of Rostam, called for the overthrow of Boran and the return of the prominent
803:, the son of Shahrbaraz and a sister of Khosrow II, was made shah of Iran. When he was not recognized by the
788:
1034:). Between the reigns of Khosrow II and Yazdegerd III, Boran appears to have been the only ruler who minted
2084:
1756:
585:
2068:
2788:
1039:
577:
263:
192:
69:
2036:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
2426:
670:
clan, began supporting Boran as the new ruler of Iran, who subsequently started minting coins in the
340:
and led to a revolt, during which Boran was killed by strangulation. She was succeeded by her nephew
651:
withdrew their support for the king, and started to conspire with the distinguished
Iranian general
2234:
2096:
1135:'s slaughter of his brothers. This king remains obscure, and none of his coins have yet been found.
1071:
784:
462:
418:
971:
632–651) on the throne, and so putting an end to the civil war. According to the Muslim historian
883:. In order to avenge his father, he left for Ctesiphon, in the words of the 9th century historian
719:
588:. This dealt a heavy blow to the empire, from which it would never recover. Boran and her sister
1798:(1999). "The Coinage of Queen Bōrān and Its Significance for Late Sāsānian Imperial Ideology".
903:
faction agreed, with Piruz
Khosrow being entrusted to administer the country alongside Rostam.
899:), where she declared Rostam as both the leader of the country and its military commander. The
594:
423:
975:(died 923 AD), Boran reigned for a total of sixteen months. The name of the Iranian appetizer
1981:
1960:
1943:
1103:
945:
and other dignitaries of the Iranian church. Her embassy was amicably received by Heraclius.
442:
289:, who after a rule of nigh two years, was killed and usurped by the Iranian military officer
60:
1905:
Like Father, Like Daughter: Late Sasanian Imperial Ideology & the Rise of Bōrān to Power
2226:
1010:
819:
8:
2748:
2626:
2191:
2100:
1116:
800:
512:
321:
106:
777:
When Boran ascended the throne, she appointed Farrukh Hormizd as the chief minister (or
758:
2129:
1993:
1914:
1807:
450:
437:
241:
from 630 to 632, with an interruption of some months. She was the daughter of king (or
2080:
2064:
2056:
1865:
779:
2120:
Kuntz, Roger; Warden, William B. (1983). "A Gold Dinar of the Sasanian Queen Buran".
2043:
2019:
1966:
1887:
1852:
1768:
872:
487:
333:
1931:
853:
nominee) to marry him. Not daring to refuse, she had him killed with the aid of the
799:. No opposition was voiced towards her gender. However, she was deposed in 630, and
344:, the last Sasanian ruler, making her the penultimate ruler of the Sasanian Empire.
1947:
1783:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1131:, as reigning before Boran. If true, it would mean that Juvansher managed to avoid
988:
924:
876:
763:
628:
520:
349:
324:, whose reign was even briefer than hers, being replaced by Azarmidokht, who was a
1830:
2646:
2261:
2156:
2013:
1877:
1760:
1015:
854:
824:
663:
492:
428:
294:
271:
267:
228:
1161:
1873:
1842:
1826:
1795:
1047:
892:
792:
767:
599:
474:
414:
302:
218:
202:
172:
835:
Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a harmonious
547:
2742:
2686:
2546:
2218:
2012:
Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992).
1846:
961:
957:
884:
862:
837:
808:
536:
341:
134:
2586:
2446:
1046:
and bronze issues depict her turned to the right, while on the reverse the
703:
632:
500:
384:
293:. Boran shortly ascended the throne with the aid of the military commander
286:
29:
22:
2636:
2606:
2456:
2406:
2376:
2356:
2201:
1067:
942:
736:
715:
667:
589:
275:
124:
2133:
1997:
1984:(1998). "History and Coinage of the Sasanian Queen Bōrān (AD 629-631)".
1811:
2706:
2666:
2656:
2596:
2556:
2536:
2526:
2386:
2346:
2326:
2276:
2174:
1325:
1120:
1099:
1050:
939:
858:
707:
652:
562:
555:
551:
290:
248:
182:
96:
65:
1279:
1026:
As with all Sasanian rulers, Boran's main denomination was the silver
281:
In 628, her father was overthrown and executed by her brother-husband
2696:
2516:
2416:
2396:
2366:
2316:
2296:
2015:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641
1128:
1091:
997:
972:
928:
828:
796:
732:
687:
573:
401:
353:
259:
150:
320:
She was however not long afterwards replaced by Khosrow II's nephew
2576:
2436:
2306:
2286:
2208:
2181:
1903:
1207:
1132:
679:
604:
581:
392:
328:
nominee. She was in turn deposed soon afterwards and killed by the
282:
233:
160:
51:
731:, had temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital,
2716:
2566:
2506:
2486:
2466:
1962:
The Persian Empire [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1124:
1019:
867:
771:
747:
711:
620:
310:
167:
1649:
1526:
1403:
1379:
1352:
598:, Boran was also Kavad II's wife, demonstrating the practice in
2496:
2476:
2336:
1767:. Vol. V. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
1559:
1514:
1490:
1095:
1058:
1035:
976:
811:, he was deposed in favor of Azarmidokht, the sister of Boran.
735:, during the dynastic struggle for the throne between her sons
683:
580:. Khosrow II was overthrown and executed in 628 by his own son
524:
380:
223:
36:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1369:
1367:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1391:
1062:
728:
352:, sending them an embassy which was well received by emperor
1038:
coins. Only one gold issue of Boran is known, stored at the
2256:
1634:
1617:
1583:
1538:
1502:
1364:
675:
561:
Boran was the daughter of the last prominent shah of Iran,
532:
243:
238:
1717:
1700:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
2018:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
1607:
1605:
1603:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1420:
1418:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1149:
774:
probably also helped with the approval of Boran's rule.
1342:
1340:
1308:
1600:
1571:
1185:
1183:
2011:
1800:
Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies)
1661:
1466:
1415:
1291:
1213:
927:, therefore she dispatched an embassy to its emperor
417:), meaning 'daughter', was a new development made in
1337:
1688:
1478:
1454:
1442:
1195:
1180:
982:
511:in the works of the 10th-century Persian historian
266:. She is the second of only three women to rule in
1902:
1430:
1267:
871:) and briefly shah of Iran. Farrukh Hormizd's son
391:('having many horses'). The medieval Persian poet
635:. Ardashir's ascension was supported by both the
2740:
1942:
1848:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1261:
28:"Poran" redirects here. For the 2022 film, see
1755:
1285:
1174:
2242:
2085:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"
2069:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Sasanian Period"
1913:
1655:
379:) on her coinage, which is considered by the
2032:
1643:
1628:
1594:
1565:
1553:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1358:
1331:
1249:
1237:
1225:
831:, the residence of the monarch, was located.
702:Mid-19th century drawing of rock reliefs at
542:
2119:
1979:
1738:
1711:
770:and veneration towards the Iranian goddess
757:) in 457–459. The German classical scholar
2249:
2235:
2128:. The American Numismatic Society: 133–5.
59:
611:The fall of Khosrow II culminated in the
2095:
2079:
2063:
1936:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2
1781:
1757:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
1346:
1319:
1201:
1189:
1009:
818:
697:
546:
1929:
1923:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 5
1883:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1872:
1841:
1825:
1794:
1788:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
1694:
1682:
1670:
1611:
1577:
1472:
1424:
1302:
1155:
849:families, asked Azarmidokht (who was a
2741:
1900:
1484:
1460:
1448:
643:, and a third major faction named the
2230:
1992:. Royal Numismatic Society: 113–129.
1102:. However, according to Chaumont and
879:, succeeded him as the leader of the
405:('The Book of Kings'). The suffix of
2042:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
875:, who was at that time stationed in
1958:
1886:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1436:
1273:
1214:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
13:
2113:
14:
2810:
865:, the famous military commander (
479:History of the House of Artsrunik
2055:
1864:
983:Coin mints and imperial ideology
807:faction of the powerful general
647:. However, sometime in 629, the
301:between two major factions, the
222:
2033:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1782:Chaumont, Marie Louise (1989).
1109:
1084:
1002:
966:
933:
814:
752:
741:
567:
358:
253:
2774:Women from the Sasanian Empire
1880:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
693:
457:(12th-Century), as Βοράνη(ς) (
1:
2764:7th-century murdered monarchs
2754:7th-century Sasanian monarchs
1142:
1090:According to the 7th-century
1040:Museum of Fine Arts in Boston
823:The southwestern part of the
613:Sasanian civil war of 628–632
21:For the breed of cattle, see
994:Bōrān ī yazdān tōhm winārdār
332:under Farrukh Hormizd's son
79:Queen of the Sasanian Empire
7:
2794:People of Byzantine descent
2731:usurpers or rival claimants
1909:. University of California.
979:may be derived from Boran.
70:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
10:
2815:
2759:7th-century queens regnant
1915:Ghanoonparvar, Mohammad R.
1748:
1334:, p. 205 (note 1139).
1177:, v. 5: p. 404 (note 996).
1115:The 9th-century historian
987:During her reign, Boran's
861:, who was the grandson of
383:historian Gignoux to be a
34:
27:
20:
2779:Murdered Persian monarchs
2729:
2271:
2215:
2206:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2150:
1042:. The obverse of Boran's
710:, flanked by the goddess
706:, showing Boran's father
608:, or close-kin marriage.
543:Background and early life
441:(9th-Century ?), in
198:
188:
178:
166:
156:
144:
140:
130:
120:
112:
102:
92:
84:
77:
58:
49:
44:
2213:June 631–June 632
1986:The Numismatic Chronicle
1765:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
1098:, Boran was the wife of
1077:
910:agreed to work with the
469:(9th-Century), as Բորն (
463:Theophanes the Confessor
419:Middle Iranian languages
371:Boran's name appears as
116:June 631 – June 632
35:Not to be confused with
2784:Deaths by strangulation
2209:Queen of Queens of Iran
2182:Queen of Queens of Iran
1739:Malek & Curtis 1998
1712:Malek & Curtis 1998
827:, where its capital of
720:New York Public Library
366:
52:Queen of Queens of Iran
2799:Children of Khosrow II
2769:Queens regnant in Asia
1982:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh
1944:Howard-Johnston, James
1901:Emrani, Haleh (2009).
1023:
832:
723:
714:and the supreme deity
558:
449:(10th-Century) and in
435:(8th-Century), in the
424:Chronicle of Khuzestan
399:in his epic poem, the
18:Sasanian queen of Iran
2141:registration required
2105:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2089:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2073:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2005:registration required
1959:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1952:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1930:Gignoux, Ph. (1987).
1835:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1819:registration required
1013:
938:610–641), led by the
822:
701:
662:, under their leader
550:
443:Agapius of Hierapolis
274:, and Boran's sister
1980:Malek, Hodge Mehdi;
1535:, pp. 206, 210.
1412:, pp. 185, 205.
1388:, pp. 181, 209.
1361:, pp. 178, 209.
1262:Howard-Johnston 2010
521:7th-century Armenian
2627:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2192:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2097:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1925:. pp. 554–555.
1658:, pp. 554–555.
1568:, pp. 209–210.
1523:, pp. 205–206.
1499:, pp. 204–205.
1286:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1175:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1119:mentioned a son of
1106:, this is unlikely.
801:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
531:by the 8th-century
499:(11th-Century) and
322:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
270:, the others being
107:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2789:Women in Shahnameh
2101:"Sasanian dynasty"
1656:Ghanoonparvar 1989
1158:, pp. 78, 81.
1024:
833:
724:
655:to overthrow him.
559:
497:Synopsis historion
451:Michael the Syrian
438:Chronicle of Seert
2736:
2735:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2266:
2225:
2224:
2216:Succeeded by
2189:Succeeded by
2049:978-1-84511-645-3
2025:978-0-521-20160-5
1972:978-1-61069-391-2
1893:978-0-19-866277-8
1858:978-0-85771-666-8
1774:978-0-7914-4355-2
1685:, pp. 35–36.
1644:Pourshariati 2008
1629:Pourshariati 2008
1595:Pourshariati 2008
1566:Pourshariati 2008
1554:Pourshariati 2008
1533:Pourshariati 2008
1521:Pourshariati 2008
1509:Pourshariati 2008
1497:Pourshariati 2008
1410:Pourshariati 2008
1400:, pp. 182–3.
1398:Pourshariati 2008
1386:Pourshariati 2008
1374:Pourshariati 2008
1359:Pourshariati 2008
1332:Pourshariati 2008
1250:Pourshariati 2008
1238:Pourshariati 2008
1226:Pourshariati 2008
1061:; her bejewelled
1030:(Middle Persian:
873:Rostam Farrokhzad
595:Guidi's Chronicle
488:Chronicle of 1234
395:refers to her as
334:Rostam Farrokhzad
208:
207:
2806:
2722:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2547:Bahram VI Chobin
2542:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2264:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2199:Preceded by
2172:Preceded by
2167:
2157:Sasanian dynasty
2148:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2108:
2092:
2081:Schmitt, Rüdiger
2076:
2065:Schmitt, Rüdiger
2060:
2059:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2008:
2001:
1976:
1955:
1939:
1926:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1838:
1822:
1815:
1791:
1778:
1761:Ehsan Yar-Shater
1742:
1736:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1153:
1136:
1113:
1107:
1088:
1006:
1004:
970:
968:
937:
935:
925:Byzantine Empire
759:Josef Wiesehöfer
756:
754:
745:
743:
629:Plague of Sheroe
571:
569:
513:Muhammad Bal'ami
507:(13th-Century),
362:
360:
257:
255:
226:
63:
42:
41:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2647:Farrukh Hormizd
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2267:
2262:Sasanian Empire
2255:
2221:
2212:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2116:
2114:Further reading
2111:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2026:
2002:
1973:
1894:
1874:Daryaee, Touraj
1863:
1859:
1843:Daryaee, Touraj
1827:Daryaee, Touraj
1816:
1796:Daryaee, Touraj
1775:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1288:, v. 5: p. 399.
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1114:
1110:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1001:
985:
965:
932:
825:Sasanian Empire
817:
780:wuzurg framadār
751:
740:
696:
664:Farrukh Hormizd
566:
545:
493:George Kedrenos
481:(9th-Century),
447:Kitab al-'Unwan
429:Jacob of Edessa
427:(7th-Century),
369:
357:
295:Farrukh Hormizd
272:Musa of Parthia
268:Iranian history
252:
149:
73:
40:
33:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2077:
2061:
2048:
2030:
2024:
2009:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1940:
1938:. p. 190.
1927:
1911:
1898:
1892:
1870:
1857:
1851:. I.B.Tauris.
1839:
1823:
1792:
1790:. p. 366.
1779:
1773:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:, p. 117.
1716:
1714:, p. 116.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1660:
1648:
1646:, p. 219.
1633:
1631:, p. 218.
1616:
1614:, p. 258.
1599:
1597:, p. 211.
1582:
1580:, p. 190.
1570:
1558:
1556:, p. 210.
1537:
1525:
1513:
1511:, p. 204.
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1439:, p. 248.
1429:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1376:, p. 209.
1363:
1351:
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 366.
1307:
1290:
1278:
1276:, p. 284.
1266:
1254:
1252:, p. 203.
1242:
1240:, p. 184.
1230:
1228:, p. 183.
1218:
1216:, p. 246.
1206:
1194:
1179:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1108:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1005: 309–379
984:
981:
816:
813:
768:Humay Chehrzad
755: 459–484
744: 457–459
695:
692:
600:Zoroastrianism
570: 590–628
544:
541:
475:Tovma Artsruni
415:Middle Persian
368:
365:
256: 590–628
219:Middle Persian
213:(also spelled
206:
205:
203:Zoroastrianism
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
173:House of Sasan
170:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
75:
74:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2728:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:Yazdegerd III
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2219:Yazdegerd III
2211:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:"Āzarmīgduxt"
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(1985–2007).
1758:
1754:
1753:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1673:, p. 35.
1672:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 59.
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1427:, p. 36.
1426:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1347:Shahbazi 2005
1343:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1320:Chaumont 1989
1316:
1314:
1312:
1305:, p. 77.
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1202:Schmitt 2005b
1198:
1191:
1190:Schmitt 2005a
1186:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
999:
995:
990:
980:
978:
974:
963:
962:Yazdegerd III
959:
958:Bahman Jaduya
955:
951:
946:
944:
941:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
888:
886:
885:Sayf ibn Umar
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
863:Bahram Chobin
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
838:modus vivendi
830:
826:
821:
812:
810:
809:Piruz Khosrow
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
749:
738:
734:
730:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
557:
553:
549:
540:
538:
537:Sayf ibn Umar
534:
530:
529:Dukht-i Zabān
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
355:
351:
345:
343:
342:Yazdegerd III
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
216:
212:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:Yazdegerd III
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
57:
54:
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
24:
16:
2676:
2616:
2587:Ardashir III
2447:Yazdegerd II
2207:
2180:
2163:
2155:
2125:
2122:Museum Notes
2121:
2104:
2088:
2072:
2035:
2014:
1989:
1985:
1965:. ABC-CLIO.
1961:
1951:
1935:
1922:
1904:
1881:
1847:
1834:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1764:
1695:Daryaee 2009
1690:
1683:Daryaee 2014
1678:
1671:Daryaee 2014
1651:
1612:Daryaee 2018
1578:Gignoux 1987
1573:
1561:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1487:, p. 6.
1480:
1473:Daryaee 2014
1468:
1463:, p. 5.
1456:
1451:, p. 4.
1444:
1432:
1425:Daryaee 2014
1405:
1393:
1381:
1354:
1327:
1303:Daryaee 1999
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1156:Daryaee 1999
1151:
1111:
1104:Pourshariati
1086:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1025:
993:
986:
953:
949:
947:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
900:
896:
889:
880:
866:
850:
846:
842:
841:between the
836:
834:
815:Second reign
804:
778:
776:
725:
704:Taq-e Bostan
671:
659:
657:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:Ardashir III
624:
616:
610:
603:
593:
560:
528:
516:
508:
504:
501:Bar Hebraeus
496:
486:
482:
478:
470:
466:
458:
454:
446:
436:
432:
422:
410:
406:
400:
396:
388:
385:hypocoristic
376:
372:
370:
346:
337:
329:
325:
319:
314:
306:
287:Ardashir III
280:
242:
232:
214:
210:
209:
50:
30:Poran (film)
23:Boran cattle
15:
2720:(pretender)
2710:(pretender)
2700:(pretender)
2637:Azarmidokht
2607:Khosrow III
2510:(498/9–531)
2500:(496–498/9)
2457:Hormizd III
2407:Yazdegerd I
2377:Ardashir II
2357:Adur Narseh
2202:Azarmidokht
1948:"Ḵosrow II"
1485:Emrani 2009
1461:Emrani 2009
1449:Emrani 2009
1068:Verethragna
1048:Zoroastrian
943:Ishoyahb II
857:aristocrat
737:Hormizd III
716:Ahura Mazda
694:First reign
668:Ispahbudhan
590:Azarmidokht
509:Tūrān Dukht
276:Azarmidokht
125:Azarmidokht
121:Predecessor
93:Predecessor
2749:632 deaths
2743:Categories
2707:Bahram VII
2667:Khosrow IV
2657:Hormizd VI
2597:Shahrbaraz
2557:Khosrow II
2537:Khosrow II
2527:Hormizd IV
2387:Shapur III
2347:Hormizd II
2327:Bahram III
2277:Ardashir I
2175:Shahrbaraz
1831:"Šāpur II"
1143:References
1121:Khosrow II
1100:Shahrbaraz
1094:historian
1072:hypostasis
1051:fire altar
1018:of Boran,
940:catholicos
859:Siyavakhsh
708:Khosrow II
653:Shahrbaraz
586:Mardanshah
572:) and the
563:Khosrow II
556:Khosrow II
552:Gold dinar
535:historian
523:historian
397:Pūrāndokht
363:610–641).
350:Byzantines
291:Shahrbaraz
258:) and the
249:Khosrow II
183:Khosrow II
97:Shahrbaraz
68:of Boran (
66:Gold dinar
2697:Peroz III
2690:(632–651)
2680:(631–632)
2670:(630–636)
2660:(630–632)
2650:(630–631)
2640:(630–631)
2590:(628–630)
2570:(591–596)
2560:(591–628)
2550:(590–591)
2530:(579–590)
2520:(531–579)
2517:Khosrow I
2490:(488–496)
2480:(484–488)
2470:(459–484)
2460:(457–459)
2450:(438–457)
2440:(420–438)
2417:Shapur IV
2410:(399–420)
2400:(388–399)
2397:Bahram IV
2390:(383–388)
2380:(379–383)
2370:(309–379)
2367:Shapur II
2350:(303–309)
2340:(293–303)
2320:(274–293)
2317:Bahram II
2310:(271–274)
2300:(270–271)
2297:Hormizd I
2290:(240–270)
2280:(224–242)
2265:(224–651)
2083:(2005b).
2067:(2005a).
1806:: 77–82.
1129:Juvansher
998:Shapur II
973:al-Tabari
929:Heraclius
829:Ctesiphon
797:Abarshahr
789:Khuzestan
733:Ctesiphon
674:areas of
605:Khwedodah
576:princess
574:Byzantine
517:Queen Bor
505:Chronicle
467:Chronicle
455:Chronicle
433:Chronicle
402:Shahnameh
389:*baurāspa
354:Heraclius
299:civil war
262:princess
260:Byzantine
151:Ctesiphon
131:Successor
113:2nd Reign
103:Successor
85:1st Reign
2577:Kavad II
2437:Bahram V
2307:Bahram I
2287:Shapur I
2166:June 632
2134:43573666
2099:(2005).
1998:42668553
1946:(2010).
1919:"Būrānī"
1917:(1989).
1876:(2018).
1845:(2014).
1829:(2009).
1812:24048959
1437:Kia 2016
1274:Kia 2016
1133:Kavad II
1127:, named
1117:Dinawari
1092:Armenian
877:Khorasan
855:Mihranid
764:Kayanian
680:Nishapur
621:Parthian
393:Ferdowsi
311:Parthian
283:Kavad II
234:banbishn
229:Sasanian
199:Religion
161:Kavad II
148:June 632
2717:Narsieh
2567:Vistahm
2507:Kavad I
2487:Kavad I
2467:Peroz I
2427:Khosrow
2260:of the
1878:"Boran"
1784:"Bōrān"
1763:(ed.).
1749:Sources
1125:Gordiya
1044:drachms
1020:Arrajan
1016:drachma
1014:Silver
989:coinage
969:
956:figure
936:
868:spahbed
772:Anahita
748:Peroz I
712:Anahita
666:of the
649:Nimruzi
645:Nimruzi
519:by the
485:in the
459:Boránes
361:
303:Persian
231:queen (
2497:Jamasp
2477:Balash
2337:Narseh
2258:Rulers
2162:
2152:Boran
2132:
2046:
2022:
1996:
1969:
1890:
1855:
1810:
1771:
1096:Sebeos
1070:, the
1063:braids
1059:diadem
1036:bronze
1028:drachm
977:Borani
954:Parsig
950:Parsig
920:Pahlav
916:Parsig
912:Pahlav
908:Parsig
901:Parsig
897:Parsig
881:Pahlav
851:Parsig
847:Parsig
843:Pahlav
805:Parsig
795:, and
766:queen
746:) and
684:Gurgan
672:Pahlav
660:Pahlav
641:Parsig
637:Pahlav
625:Pahlav
619:) and
617:Parsig
582:Sheroe
527:, and
525:Sebeos
411:-dukht
381:French
338:Parsig
330:Pahlav
326:Parsig
315:Pahlav
309:) and
307:Parsig
227:) was
189:Mother
179:Father
157:Spouse
37:Borane
2677:Boran
2630:(630)
2620:(630)
2617:Boran
2610:(630)
2600:(630)
2580:(628)
2540:(590)
2430:(420)
2420:(420)
2360:(309)
2330:(293)
2164:Died:
2130:JSTOR
2040:(PDF)
1994:JSTOR
1808:JSTOR
1078:Notes
1032:drahm
1022:mint.
893:Sasan
793:Media
729:Denag
578:Maria
483:Baram
473:) in
461:) in
407:dokht
387:from
377:Burān
373:Bōrān
264:Maria
237:) of
215:Buran
211:Boran
193:Maria
168:House
45:Boran
2186:630
2044:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1123:and
918:and
906:The
845:and
785:Pars
686:and
676:Amol
658:The
533:Arab
471:Born
375:(or
367:Name
244:shah
239:Iran
145:Died
1990:158
1007:).
688:Ray
602:of
554:of
503:'s
495:'s
477:'s
465:'s
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431:'s
413:in
88:630
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2126:28
2124:.
2103:.
2087:.
2071:.
1988:.
1950:.
1934:.
1921:.
1833:.
1804:13
1802:.
1786:.
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1702:^
1663:^
1636:^
1619:^
1602:^
1585:^
1540:^
1417:^
1366:^
1339:^
1310:^
1293:^
1182:^
1163:^
1003:r.
967:r.
934:r.
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742:r.
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682:,
678:,
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515:,
491:,
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278:.
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2250:e
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2139:(
2136:.
2107:.
2091:.
2075:.
2052:.
2028:.
2007:)
2003:(
2000:.
1975:.
1954:.
1896:.
1861:.
1837:.
1821:)
1817:(
1814:.
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1000:(
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72:)
39:.
32:.
25:.
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