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crossing conditions. A controlled border places limitations on what a person crossing the border can do in the new jurisdiction, this is usually manifested in limitations on employment and also it limits the length of time the person can legally remain in the new jurisdiction. A controlled border often requires some type of barrier, such as a river, ocean or fence to ensure that the border controls are not bypassed so that any people wishing to cross the border are directed to authorized border crossing points where any border crossing conditions can be properly monitored. Given the large scale movement of people today for work, holidays, study and other reasons a controlled border also requires internal checks and internal enforcement within the jurisdiction to ensure that any people who have entered the jurisdiction are in fact complying with any border crossing conditions and that they are not overstaying to reside illegally or as an undocumented resident. Most international borders are by legislative intent of the controlled border type. However, where there is a lack of adequate internal enforcement or where the borders are land borders, the border is often controlled only on part of the border, while other parts of the border may remain open to such an extent that it may be considered an open border due to lack of supervision and enforcement.
412:
One's status effects the chances of being permitted to cross a border. "Most states control border crossing by limiting the duration of any visit." Entry qualifications are restrictions based on factors such as health, age, income, religion, race. "Many countries, including Canada and
Singapore, will admit wealthy immigrants who can demonstrate an intention and capacity to invest in the country." Entrants rights and obligations are the restrictions that will be placed on those who have already been permitted to cross a border: you must follow certain rules and regulations given by the government to be allowed to stay in that country. A government may allow you to take up residency but may not allow you to work, and those who are allowed to work may not be able to find work due to the restrictions and forms of employment allowed. Entry quotas are restrictions based on the number of immigrants allowed across a border within a certain frame of time: if you meet all of the qualifications to cross a border, but the country you want to enter has already met its quota for allowing immigrants inside, you may still not be allowed to enter.
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conditions could be defined by a regulation or law of the jurisdiction that the people are claiming the right to enter. Conditionally open borders generally requires a claim to be submitted from the people who are proposing to enter the new jurisdiction stating why they meet the special conditions which allow entry into the new jurisdiction. The new jurisdiction may detain the people until their claim is approved for entry into the new jurisdiction, or they may release them into the new jurisdiction while their claim is being processed. Whenever a conditionally open border is allowed, a considerable effort is often required to ensure that border controls do not break down to such an extent that it becomes an open border situation. An example of a conditionally open border is a border of any country which allows movement of asylum seekers due to application of either the 1951 Refugee
Convention or international law which allows people to cross a border to escape a situation where their lives are directly threatened or in significant danger. Another example is the border between
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claims the more immigrants there are, the bigger the threat there is to the native culture, language, homes, jobs, and even political offices. An analysis of three decadesβ worth of articles in the New York Times found their coverage increased the negative lens of immigration far more than the positive by focusing their articles mostly on negative aspects and images of immigration. It is significant to note studies show white
Americans largely do not distinguish between an American-born Latinos and an immigrant Latinos when thinking about immigration issues, voting, and choosing partisan ties. Native-born individuals report slightly more positive views when asked about impacts an immigrant may have on their country, especially when considering their contribution to cultural life. However, when it comes to the labour market, half of the native-born population hold no particular view when it comes to immigrants taking or creating jobs.
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want immigrants to integrate and the effects of integration on both immigrant and non-immigrant populations are varied. In the United States, for example, integration is successful in terms of education, employment and earnings, occupations, poverty, language, health, crime, and family patterns; however, successful integration does not necessarily entail improvement on well-being. Integration can even lead to further backlash against immigration by non-white populations who have assimilated successfully. It has been found that more than half of
Hispanics support increased security among the border in order to reduce illegal crossings and that countries with a high share of immigrants may be more susceptible to favor right-wing policies such as strict immigration; thus, it has been suggested that successful integration does not guarantee continued patterns for future generations.
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the problematic consequences of contemporary migration practices, including the deaths of migrants in the
Mediterranean Sea, the USβMexico border, and elsewhere. Bauder takes a more pragmatic approach as he hypothetically explores what an open border world would look like. Since open borders would allow for free movement but would not necessarily prevent discrimination on the basis of status, he first argues that the key to a just world with open borders is access to citizenship for all persons within a territory. By looking at different basis for citizenship, he explains that granting citizenship solely based on place of residence, independent of any other factors, would be a step towards a world where cross-border mobility doesnβt result in unfair and unequal treatment.
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428:, where transit across the inter-state frontiers are entirely uncontrolled, and third-country illegal immigration is controlled by internal policing as with any other kind of clandestine entry. Examples of near-open borders include the border between the Common Travel Area (on the one hand) and the Schengen Zone (on the other) which, despite having full passport control, is an internal EU border that EU citizens can pass freely without any conditions, other than an identity card. Non-EU nationals are subject to full passport and visa control measures at airports and some seaports. A hybrid of these two possibilities is the border between
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537:: both are legal systems which afford privilege based on the luck of birthright and maintain inequality by limiting the lower socioeconomic status groups' freedom to move. Carens argues for a critical approach to the current border system as a step towards collective change. He acknowledges that critiques are not the equivalent of a perfect roadmap to establish open borders. However, further utilizing his comparison with feudalism, he explains that while in the past it seemed impossible to overcome such a system now looking back, approaching the system critically was one of the many necessary steps towards change.
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708:). He suggests this shift towards an ethos which sees liberal social reform and economic prosperity as compatible has driven the State's movement towards less punitive immigration reform. This view acknowledges the economic and social value of well-integrated immigrant communities. Pastor makes the point that even in societies where immigration is viewed negatively, values are able to shift, and if the ultra-liberal thriving economic state of California can radically change the perception it has on immigration, then it is quite possible for other states or nations to shift their perceptions.
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and tolerant of immigrants today, much of the state's history has had less favorable views towards immigration. Pastor suggests there is a link between
California's improved domestic economic stability over the past two decades and its attitudes towards immigrants. He argues California has created an environment more accepting of diversity by reducing the economic disparity between cities and the predominantly white suburbs, along with reforming some of the racist economic and educational policies created in the late seventies and early eighties (such as
564:, immigration control is a threat to freedom and national self-determination. He argues, "immigration control is not merely about preventing outsiders from moving across borders. It is about controlling what outsiders do once in a society: whether they work, reside, study, set up businesses, or share their lives with others. But controlling outsiders-immigrants or would-be immigrants-requires regulating, monitoring, and sanctioning insiders, those citizens and residents who might otherwise hire, trade with, house, teach, or generally associate with outsiders."
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migrant populations) containing a combined 51% of the world's migrant population; there are generally more people in favor of deporting immigrants living in their country illegally across the same parameters. While there are more people on the ideological left who have a positive view of immigrants and more people on the ideological right who are in favor of deporting illegal immigrants, there is no necessary correspondence with what most people on each end of the political spectrum are inclined to support.
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266:, though (very rarely) movement between member states may be controlled in exceptional circumstances. Federations, confederations and similar multi-national unions typically maintain external border controls through a collective border control system, though they sometimes have open borders with other non-member states through special international agreements – such as between Schengen Agreement countries as mentioned above.
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515:. He states that a truly open borders policy would result in an altered ratio of low- and high-skilled workers where the productivity effect of immigration negates the negative fiscal impact of older low-skilled migrants. In addition to that, Caplan argued that native-born populations also have a larger fiscal burden than comparable immigrants (partially because immigrants are usually already working and taxpaying age).
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concerned with the social, cultural, and ethnic conservation of the majority, but the need to keep a certain ethnicity as the majority has spawned anti-immigrant beliefs within particular parties; thus, it has been observed that some populist party's views depict immigration as a negative, even as widespread immigration causes the composition of the population to change, due to the ethnic differences that immigrants bring.
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678:(NAFTA) countries be opened. If goods and services and corporations can cross international boundaries without restraint, it is argued, then it does not make sense to restrain on the flow of people who work to make those goods and services. Some estimate that open borders where people are free to move and find work could result in 78 trillion dollars in economic gains.
1264:(EFTA) nations share open inter-state borders as part of the Schengen Agreement, allowing free flow of people between nations: controls on entry to the entire Schengen area are carried out at the first country of entry. As of 2024, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, and Romania are members of the EU but not full parties to the Schengen Agreement.
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propose a new meaning and understanding of global citizenship to establish a border global migration system. Migration is under the control and management of local governments and officials, but it is both a domestic political issue, and a global issue which needs joint efforts from different countries.
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It should also be noted that attitudes towards immigrants shift over time, much like any political issue. Using
California as a case study, Manuel Pastor found that the views of immigration in the state have been fluid at best. While many view California as a liberal haven that is accepting
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The media is a major influencing factor for attitudes towards immigrants. It is documented the more the media portrays immigration negatively, the less white
Americans will vote in favor of open borders and the more likely they will continue believing in the immigrant threat narrative. This narrative
681:
Those in favor of a global migration policy advocate the adoption of a migratory regulatory system and new criteria to better guaranteed all rights (civil, social and political) for all immigrants. It is necessary to expand migration policy to create better management of global migratory system. Some
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Open borders cannot be dismissed as merely a utopian idea, argues Harald Bauder, because they do not propose an alternative way to organize human society but rather are a critique of closed or controlled borders. This critique, however, invites the search for practical as well as radical solutions to
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Open borders would help save the lives of people who would otherwise have to wait for countries to decide the fate of refugees. As stated by author Sasha
Polakow-Suransky, countries have enough to care for their citizens and others. Caplan has also shared that not doing anything and being a bystander
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or in some cases may allow a short period of visa free travel in the new jurisdiction. A controlled border always has some method of documenting and recording people movements across the border for later tracking and checking compliance with any conditions associated with the visa or any other border
746:
as
Norwegian nationals. So far, non-treaty nationals have been admitted visa-free as well. "Regulations concerning rejection and expulsion from Svalbard" are in force on a non-discriminatory basis. Grounds for exclusion include lack of means of support, and violation of laws or regulations. Same-day
716:
Integration has been defined as the process of immigrant and native born populations changing to resemble one another as a result of the influx of people into a particular territory. There is a split on the degree to which individuals living in countries with the 18 largest migrant populations would
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has argued that "treating human beings differently, simply because they were born on the opposite side of a national boundary," is inherently unethical. According to Appel, such "birthrights" are only defensible if they serve "useful and meaningful social purposes" (such as inheritance rights, which
525:
From a human rights perspective, free migration may be seen to complement Article 13 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights: (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and
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share open borders under the arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in these countries without any need for identity documents (other than as routinely required for air travel). Controls on entry to the entire Andean Community are carried out at the first country of
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arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in both countries (and dependencies) without any need for identity documents (other than as routinely required for air travel). Controls on entry to the entire Common Travel Area are carried out at the first country of entry. The
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has shifted from a massive white majority to almost an even split with non-white citizens since 1980, which has led some members of the Democratic Party to shift more towards the political right, and until then both political parties had been more or less aligned regarding immigration. The dividing
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There have been sporadic attempts to promote global open borders as a viable policy option. The participants in an 1889 International Emigration Conference in London affirmed βthe right of the individual to the fundamental liberty accorded him by every civilised nation to come and go and dispose of
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Restrictions on mobility can only be justified if it can be shown that those restrictions prevent significant harm. Since research indicates that open borders will be better for both the natives and the migrants, and at the very least have not been shown to cause major harm, those restrictions are
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in place (and enforced). Passport control by police or immigration officers may be in place on some kinds of border but citizens of the destination territory or participating territories are permitted to cross using at most an identity card without any further approval, restrictions or conditions.
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Borders can be open or and closed based on: entry status, entry duration, entry qualifications, entrant rights and obligations, and entry quotas. Entry status refers to the occupation of someone when and if they are allowed to cross a border, whether they are a student, worker, soldier, immigrant.
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is a border that allows movement of people across the border that meet a special set of conditions. This special set of conditions which limits the application of border controls that would normally otherwise apply could be defined by an international agreement or international law, or the special
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The Pew Research Center has indicated that there are generally more people who perceive immigrantsβ effect on their country because of their work and talents as an advantage rather than a disadvantage across 18 countries (including the United States and several European countries with the largest
556:
Refugees who are in danger flee to Western countries which have provided safety and comfort. David Miliband argues that having open borders will rescue the lives of migrants who are constantly struggling to survive in inhabitable areas. According to him, accepting migrants into Western countries
504:
argues that the countries of the world need migration to help global trade and reduce the occurrence of regional wars. Legrain further argues that due to the productivity gap between countries in the Global North and the Global South, open migration would significantly benefit the world economy.
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share open borders under the arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in both countries without any need for identity documents (other than as routinely required for air travel). Controls on entry to the entire CARICOM are carried out at the first country of entry.
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share open borders under the arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in all member countries without any need for identity documents (other than as routinely required for air travel). Controls on entry to the entire Mercosur Community are carried out at the first
592:
In the United States, it has been argued that it may cause increased backlash from the white population who carry 75 percent (but decreasing) of the political vote. This backlash includes preventing immigrants access to basic forms of governmental or community support as well as the creation of
391:
is a border that prevents movement of people between different jurisdictions with limited or no exceptions associated with this movement. These borders normally have fences or walls in which any gates or border crossings are closed and if these border gates are opened they generally only allow
612:
distinct from Americans, and that the implementation of open borders will create and deepen a cultural and economic clash in America due to differing ideals and values. Fear of losing traditional values has also been a contributing factor to the rise of the populist parties, which are greatly
481:
estimates that open borders would result in an increase of 67-147% in GWP (gross world product), with a median estimate of a doubling of world GDP. One estimate placed the economic benefits at 78 trillion. This increase in GWP would occur primarily because open borders allow workers to go to
493:" critiques of migration. Because migrants from developing countries often earn higher wages after moving to a more developed country, they often also send remittances to relatives in their home country to an extent which sometimes negates the originally harmful effect of them leaving. (see
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Border controls persist for travel between the Schengen area and the BritishβIrish 'Common Travel Area' (see below), though these are relatively lightweight for EU/EFTA/Swiss citizens. In each case, there are more exacting entry restrictions on travellers who are not in these categories.
549:
unjustified. The remote control methods used to keep hopeful immigrants out of wealthy nations (such as visa programs, flood lights at borders, or barbed wire fencing for example) slow down the avenues of legal migration and make other avenues of seeking asylum a more perilous endeavor.
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Since richer countries generally have better industrial capital and technology, by allowing migrants from the Global South to access these resources, it would narrow the productivity gap, resulting not only in an increase of economic gains but also in a better distribution of profit.
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The CA4 Border Control Agreement acts similarly to the Schengen Agreement, with full freedom of movement for citizens of the countries and foreign nationals. However, foreign nationals travelling by air must obtain the necessary permits and undergo checks at border checkpoints.
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policies that specifically criminalize immigrants. This trend is based on studies demonstrating the more the Democratic Party shows positivity towards immigration, the more the white vote shifts towards conservative Republicans who support more restrictive immigration policies.
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believe everyone has the right to take employment in any other country, regardless of citizenship. They hold that, except in special circumstances, governments may not forbid citizens from leaving a country, nor may governments forbid foreigners from entering (page
589:" in the source country, where educated professionals leave their home country to live elsewhere, depriving their home countries of an educated workforce. For example, in 2010 there were more Ethiopian doctors living in Chicago than there were in Ethiopia itself.
2665:). The strip of land along the border has many landmines and movement detection equipment. There are two Border Crossings (one road, one rail) between North and South Korea but are mostly closed though they are opened from time to time with strict restrictions.
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367:, those same citizens may be required to provide evidence at seaports and airports that they are UK or Irish nationals. These checks are by the police, not immigration officers. (As of October 2018, there are no such controls on the highly porous
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That controlled borders encourage responsible policies in relation to population and birth rates for countries by preventing high population and high birth rate countries from disgorging their people onto other low population and low birth rate
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215:, which is becoming controlled. The term "open borders" applies only to the flow of people, not the flow of goods and services, and only to borders between political jurisdictions, not to mere boundaries of privately owned property.
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is a border that allows movement of people between different jurisdictions but places restrictions and sometimes significant restrictions on this movement. This type of border may require a person crossing this border to obtain a
634:
and party identification can be quite mobile based on the issue of immigration, but in the United States, visible stances and differences between parties based solely on immigration and open borders became apparent after the
1420:. However, citizens of the Nordic Passport Union countries enjoy extra rights within the Nordic area, not available under Schengen, such as less paperwork if moving to a different Nordic country, and fewer requirements for
5038:
596:
The influx of low-skill immigrant labor that open borders would bring into higher-skilled economies like the United States is feared to cause the standard for the average worker to decrease. Progressives such as Senator
532:
argues that the social inequality imposed by closed borders is so great it outweighs any challenges to their political or economic feasibility. He argues we should open borders based on the same reasons we reject the
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arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in both countries without any need for identity documents. Controls on entry to the entire GCC are carried out at the first country of entry.
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2617:βwhich India is in the process of turning into a controlled border by the completion of a full border fence between the two countries to control the flow of people and prevent illegal migration.
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and Svalbard are outside both. However, Greenland has an open border with all Nordic countries, and allows Nordic citizens to enter, settle and work without requiring a passport or permits.
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Political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "
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While both countries still have passport requirements, there is a degree of free travel between the two countries. Additionally, most New Zealand citizens in Australia are granted a
1432:) is valid as proof of identity for Nordic citizens because of the Nordic Passport Union, while a national identity card or a passport can be required in other Schengen countries.
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share open borders, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in both countries without any border checking. However this border is totally closed for foreigners.
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is controlled. This border is the most frequently crossed controlled international boundary in the world, with approximately 350 million legal crossings being made annually.
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share open borders, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in all member countries. However, this open border is controlled for foreigners' entry or exit.
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operate in a way that rewards high-skilled work and seeks to avoid bolstering domestic and low-skill work that would make employment more accessible to refugees.
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Grigoryan, Aleksandr; Khachatryan, Knar; Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram (2019-01-02). "Armenia-Turkey border opening: what determines the attitude of Armenians?".
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As seen from the examples below, there are differing degrees of "openness" of a border, the nature of which depends on whether or not there are physical
31:
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reject open border policies, while others support open borders (as shown by the slogan "no human is illegal"). In addition, the population of the
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3042:. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population : XXIV General Population Conference, Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. 24 August 2001
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As recently as January 2018, there have still been difficulties in the open borders agreement due to tariff disputes between member states.
269:
In the past, many states had open international borders either in practice or due to a lack of any legal restriction. Many authors, such as
181:), or a border may be an open border due to a lack of legal controls, a lack of adequate enforcement or adequate supervision of the border (
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Controlled borders restrict migration by non-citizens. Several arguments for controlled borders and against open borders are as follows:
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on arrival, allowing them to reside, travel and work in Australia. This is the only such agreement involving Australia or New Zealand.
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has argued that, in the U.S., increasing immigration with the current ratio of high- and low-skilled workers would have a net positive
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738:. No person requires a visa or residence permit and anyone may live and work in Svalbard indefinitely, regardless of citizenship. The
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Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroadβin Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places
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Open borders allow free migration between nations. Several arguments for open borders and against controlled borders are as follows:
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his person and destinies as he pleases." Currently, immigration is more restricted and harder for low-skilled and low-income people.
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shows the acceptance for those in need and expresses that support and guidance is essential to saving the lives of innocent people.
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Over 80% of the former Soviet republic's borders have been closed for more than 30 years, stunting its economic development.
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Schengen states (officially not members but have no border control on the border with their respective enclaving states).
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encourage mothers and fathers to work and save for their children), but the "birthright of nationality" does not do so.
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363:. The two countries allow unrestricted movement of their own citizens, but in order to enjoy such movement across the
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businesses that can pay them more, and these businesses can pay them more because they help their workers to be more
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175:. A border may be an open border due to intentional legislation allowing free movement of people across the border (
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movement of people in exceptional circumstances. Perhaps the most famous example of an extant closed border is the
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of people (and often of goods) between jurisdictions with no restrictions on movement and is lacking substantive
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from Africa and Asia, identity checks are being enforced at Italy's borders with France, Switzerland and Austria.
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3424:"International student-migrant flows and growth in low- and middle-income countries: brain gain or brain drain?"
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Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden temporarily imposed controls on their borders due to the
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commits the UK to maintaining an open border in Ireland. Foreign nationals can also freely travel within the
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which lacks any physical control but formally foreigners are not permitted to use an uncontrolled crossing.
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State of Resistance: What California's Dizzying Descent and Remarkable Resurgence Mean for America's Future
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5370:"The way home: peculiarities of crossing the border of Ukrainians with Belarus through Mokrany-Domanove"
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reject open borders as a loss for the American worker. Additionally, economic models that resemble the
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3402:"The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers across the U.S. Border β Working Paper 148"
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Clemens, Michael A (2011). "Economics and Emigration : Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?".
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The US-Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year.
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2730:. Since 2021, the airspace between the two countries has been closed at the initiative of Algeria.
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Go Back to Where You Came From: The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy
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4235:"Path to legal status for the unauthorized is top immigration policy goal for Hispanics in U.S."
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2690:. However, as of 2023, Turkey has opened its borders with Armenia for direct air cargo flights.
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is just as harmful to refugees. It is estimated that open borders would allow people to be safe.
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Some, such as Reihan Salam, have argued that low-skilled immigrants in the U.S. have formed a
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1532:, on behalf of which the UK is responsible for foreign affairs) share open borders under the
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5731:"Liberalized Immigration as Free Trade: Economic Welfare and the Optimal Immigration Policy"
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2653:, which has been in operation since the suspension of the Korean War in July 1953 (when the
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arrangement, allowing their citizens unrestricted freedom of movement in EAC member states.
5209:"Π Π‘Π’: ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π°ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π‘ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ"
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2364:
2324:
822:
656:
494:
5546:"Democratic Theory and Border Coercion: No Right to Unilaterally Control Your Own Borders"
5396:"EU Eastern Borders: Finland Closes its Border with Russia Indefinitely Despite Criticism"
5340:"Tensions mount at the Belarus-Ukraine border amid concerns of a Russian spring offensive"
3861:"The Nordic Model May Be the Best Cushion Against Capitalism. Can It Survive Immigration?"
8:
5776:
5164:
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2872:
2753:
2662:
2229:
2173:
2153:
2017:
1521:
1509:
1471:
648:
347:
There are multiple types of national borders in use around the world. Some of these are:
270:
168:
100:
5671:
The Economics of Immigration: Market-Based Approaches, Social Science, and Public Policy
4678:
4233:
Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana; Krogstad, Jens Manuel; Noe-Bustamante, Luis (February 11, 2020).
6019:
5839:
5796:
5758:
5750:
5710:
5565:
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4142:
3976:
3772:
3733:
3673:
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3551:
3451:
3383:
3344:
3265:
1542:
1533:
1517:
1449:
815:
668:
622:
425:
188:
155:. Their border is marked with a simple sign and no passport checks or customs controls.
152:
6023:
5938:
5932:
5874:
5864:
5843:
5621:
5594:
5569:
4755:
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4516:
3980:
3725:
3677:
3655:
3555:
3484:
3455:
3443:
3387:
3348:
3168:
3151:
3132:
3127:
3110:
2924:
2911:
2882:
1681:
775:
630:
The modern debate around open borders is not clearly delineated into the traditional
561:
474:
5762:
5614:
Free Movement: Ethical Issues in the Transnational Migration of People and of Money.
5208:
4146:
3534:
Carens, Joseph H (2000). "Open Borders and Liberal Limits: A Response to Isbister".
3269:
218:
Open borders are the norm for borders between subdivisions within the boundaries of
6011:
5906:
5902:
5890:
5831:
5742:
5714:
5702:
5686:
5674:
5609:
5590:
5557:
5186:
4735:
4134:
3968:
3647:
3543:
3476:
3435:
3375:
3336:
3257:
3163:
3122:
3014:
2985:
2786:
is totally closed for foreigners despite being totally open for their own citizens.
1789:
1399:
501:
473:
Open border advocates argue that free migration would be the most effective way to
416:
4739:
3439:
3379:
3019:
3006:
2990:
2973:
585:
Large-scale immigration from poorer countries into richer countries can create a "
5786:
5726:
5318:
4905:
3999:"Trump has spread more hatred of immigrants than any American in history (Op-Ed)"
3880:
Melting Pot or Civil War? A Son of Immigrants Makes the Case Against Open Borders
1429:
739:
626:
Anarchists protesting against borders with banner reading "No border, no nations"
478:
380:
356:
219:
5718:
3423:
2586:
1600:
5991:
5958:
5886:
5856:
5541:
5285:"Entering Ukraine from russia during the war: who can cross the border and how"
4775:
3994:
3547:
2906:
For example, inter-state travel in Australia was restricted in 2020 due to the
2867:
2629:
1513:
1488:
1421:
1257:
906:
743:
705:
659:
598:
541:
453:
360:
255:
200:
172:
5835:
5706:
4138:
4073:
3972:
6035:
6002:
Wellman, Christopher Heath (2008). "Immigration and Freedom of Association".
5878:
5852:
5561:
5187:"Belarusian Border Committee Knows Not What Happens At Belarus-Russia Border"
4747:
4632:
In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs.
3729:
3447:
3340:
3235:
3136:
1436:
1417:
1039:
534:
529:
421:
243:
5534:
3669:
3641:
5812:
3470:
3007:"The open borders debate, migration as settlement, and the right to travel"
2838:
2746:
2705:
2360:
2338:
2312:
1250:
1237:
748:
652:
602:
508:
3480:
5968:
5605:
3955:"Only libertarianism can provide a robust justification for open borders"
3651:
2646:
2642:
2573:
2516:
2452:
2217:
2117:
1725:
1550:
1529:
1425:
1374:
The Nordic Passport Union is one of the earliest open border agreements.
1225:
1093:
640:
586:
490:
449:
437:
405:
401:
397:
274:
5973:
The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State.
5663:
Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America.
4809:"Ukraine blocks access to exit from Transdniestria for Russian citizens"
4218:
National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS) (2015).
3737:
3713:
3422:
Rasamoelison, Jean Donovan; Averett, Susan; Stifel, David (2021-07-21).
3261:
2167:
5986:
5978:
5754:
5648:
5072:
2749:
coordinated discussions to reopen the border between the two countries.
2493:
2209:
1439:
are part of the Nordic Passport Union but not the Schengen Area, while
1165:
1068:
609:
319: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
263:
208:
5781:
Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law.
5669:
Caplan, Bryan; Naik, Vipul (2015). "A Radical Case for Open Borders".
4843:"From War Zone to Conflict Region: Ukrainian Refugees in Transnistria"
4232:
3954:
3036:
Plenary Debate no 4. Friday 24 August 2001: Why borders cannot be open
1368:
4185:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2018).
2561:
1974:
1914:
1764:
1737:
1440:
1056:
364:
235:
5863:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire & New York: Routledge. pp. 377β89.
5771:
Philosophies of Exclusion: Liberal Political Theory and Immigration.
5746:
5234:"ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΠ‘ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π°ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ"
4771:"Ghosts of the past haunt Turkish-Armenian border | DW | 23.04.2015"
4455:"Travelling to the UK from Ireland, Isle of Man, Guernsey or Jersey"
4165:"Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden"
3895:
Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities
3524:
Carens, Joseph. 2018. "Open Borders?" Janus Forum, Brown University.
2974:"Should we open borders? Yes, but not in the name of global justice"
1428:. Within the Nordic area, any Nordic identity documentation (e.g. a
754:
294:
42:
6015:
5806:
Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues.
5065:"Israel, Hezbollah exchange fire amid fears of regional escalation"
2907:
2520:
2465:
2225:
2189:
2181:
2141:
2053:
2029:
1982:
1942:
1892:
1875:
1823:
1752:
1503:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1189:
1177:
1141:
882:
731:
183:
148:
4725:
1416:
Since 25 March 2001, these five states have also been part of the
5429:
2820:
2805:
2761:
2723:
2719:
2701:
2697:
2504:
2399:
2344:
2260:
2205:
2193:
2177:
2089:
2065:
1986:
1954:
1879:
1871:
1839:
1811:
1606:
1572:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1153:
1002:
990:
966:
942:
930:
918:
894:
870:
858:
846:
433:
177:
27:
Border that enables free movement of people between jurisdictions
3368:
Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
3011:
Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
5656:
The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership.
5458:
4898:"Ukraine war opens door for Moldova to end its frozen conflict"
4876:
4820:
4462:
2772:
2757:
2675:
2524:
2512:
2477:
2423:
2348:
2272:
2197:
2185:
2077:
2041:
1978:
1926:
1687:
1644:
1610:
1587:
1391:
1387:
1354:
1342:
1213:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1026:
978:
954:
429:
164:
5091:"Restive border area in Golan Heights closed off to civilians"
139:
5622:"Equality, Justice, and the Problem of International Borders"
4694:"A Plea for Compromise β Reconnecting Armenia With the World"
4485:"EAC states' reluctance to open borders hurts regional trade"
2850:
2776:
2508:
2411:
2356:
2300:
2201:
1695:
1691:
1668:
1656:
1545:, however they need a valid visa for the country they visit.
1201:
1081:
1014:
751:
is possible when travelling on non-stop flights to Svalbard.
239:
212:
144:
5923:
Miller, David. 2005. "Immigration: The Case for Limits." In
655:
oppose them. Similarly, some figures on the left wing, like
5013:"Clashes at Lebanon-Israel border raise fears of wider war"
4816:
3152:"Open Borders: Absurd Chimera or Inevitable Future Policy?"
3111:"Open Borders: Absurd Chimera or Inevitable Future Policy?"
2738:
2352:
2284:
1883:
1851:
685:
560:
According to London School of Economics political theorist
247:
273:, have identified the early 20th century and particularly
5616:
University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
5347:
5020:
4961:"Border Closed Between Chad and Central African Republic"
3421:
5996:
Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality.
5817:"Immigration, Multiculturalism, and the Social Contract"
4158:
4156:
4098:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer"
3827:
White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics
3605:
3603:
3284:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer"
262:). Open borders are also usual between member states of
4578:"US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years"
5039:"Israel-Hamas War Intensifies: Live News and Analysis"
4025:"Bernie Sanders says he does not support open borders"
3912:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42, 50, 119, 125.
3594:
Refuge Beyond Reach: How Rich Democracies Repel Asylum
3364:"More open borders and deep structural transformation"
1271:
Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City are
5927:
ed. A. I. Cohen and C. H. Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell.
5918:
Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives.
5506:"Qatar-Gulf crisis: How it all got started on June 5"
4401:"The Nordic Passport Convention β Nordic cooperation"
4187:
Settling in 2018: Indicators of Immigrant Integration
4153:
3627:
Rescue: Refugees and the Political Crisis of Our Time
3600:
639:. Some groups traditionally seen as right-wing, like
420:
Examples of the most open type of border include the
5422:"Finland extends Russia border closure indefinitely"
5402:. The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE)
4849:. Centre for East European and International Studies
4613:"The United StatesβMexico Border Region at a Glance"
1402:
to travel and reside in another Nordic country (and
519:
4220:
The Integration of Immigrants into American Society
3102:
2793:has been closed by Egypt after Israel's seizure of
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
32:
Open Borders: the Science and Ethics of Immigration
5983:Nomad Century: How to Survive the Climate Upheaval
5157:"Hebrew press sees thaw in Syria-Israel relations"
4983:"Chad, CAR reach agreement to reestablish borders"
4120:
467:
4504:
4431:"Brexit and Northern Ireland, a challenging deal"
3307:
2602:
755:List of groups of states with common open borders
572:
6033:
5691:"Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders"
5132:"Israeli Druze to go on historic visit to Syria"
4927:"Algeria closes airspace to all Moroccan planes"
4162:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3609:
3184:"Orbis | Foreign Policy Research Institute"
2609:The border between the United States and Mexico
5930:
5801:2006. Volume 4.1. Special issue on immigration.
3232:Migrants risk their lives to move on from Italy
277:as the point when such controls became common.
4768:
4691:
4586:. Washington. January 12, 2010. Archived from
3993:
3953:Freiman, Christopher; Hidalgo, Javier (2022).
3952:
3824:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
690:
674:It has been proposed that borders between the
5480:"Georgia border crossings and border permits"
4620:United States-Mexico Border Health Commission
4071:
3811:
3212:
3210:
2712:since 2022, and closed completely since 2024.
2636:
730:Uniquely, the Norwegian special territory of
459:
408:could also have been called a closed border.
4980:
4379:"Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control"
669:libertarian-authoritarian political spectrum
443:
4671:"North Korea fully reopens border crossing"
4213:
4211:
3910:Libertarianism, What Everyone Needs to Know
3294:
2971:
2930:
2779:, but there have been some legal crossings.
1406:) without any travel documentation (e.g. a
720:
5920:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5668:
4692:Sascha Sheehan, Ivan (September 3, 2021).
4549:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 457.
3714:"The Possibilities of Open and No Borders"
3591:
3207:
1619:Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship
5824:Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence
5679:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190258788.003.0008
5311:"The last Russia-Ukraine border crossing"
4347:
3825:Abrajano, Marisa; Hajnal, Zoltan (2017).
3404:. Cgdev.org Center For Global Development
3325:"More open borders for those left behind"
3308:Caplan, Brian; Weinersmith, Zach (2019).
3167:
3126:
3018:
2989:
2771:is closed due to the hostilities between
2756:is closed due to the hostilities between
2649:share a militarized border, known as the
2632:for US citizens requires a return ticket.
1623:Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
335:Learn how and when to remove this message
203:). An example of the latter has been the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5861:The Routledge Handbook of Libertarianism
5665:Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
5643:Blake, Michael. 2003. "Immigration." In
5540:
5113:"One way ticket for Druze Syrian Brides"
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4208:
4163:Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (March 14, 2019).
3920:
3892:
3829:. Princeton University Press. p. 8.
3639:
3624:
3004:
686:Variables informing the political debate
621:
138:
6001:
5925:Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics,
5850:
4542:
4500:
4498:
4127:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
3926:
3907:
3858:
3792:
3468:
3247:
2910:epidemic, for the first time since the
2878:Libertarian perspectives on immigration
14:
6034:
5975:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5955:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5885:
5783:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5773:Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
5685:
5658:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5619:
5498:
4199:
3842:"Bernie Sanders: The Vox Conversation"
3711:
3568:
3533:
3361:
3322:
3189:. Fpri.org. 2014-05-08. Archived from
3095:The Economic Consequences of the Peace
3088:
2743:land borders between the two countries
246:and the unincorporated territories of
5965:New York: Cambridge University Press.
5934:Let Them In: The Case for Open Border
5811:
5735:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
5725:
5651:and C. H. Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell.
5576:
5533:ACME. 2003. Vol. 2.2, themed issue: "
5129:
4324:
4048:
4022:
3877:
3773:"The Road to Overpopulation is Roads"
3571:"Why Should We Restrict Immigration?"
3219:Citizenship, borders, and human needs
3216:
3149:
3108:
5535:Engagements: Borders and Immigration
4989:. Daily Post Nigeria. Archived from
4704:from the original on October 4, 2022
4495:
4051:"The Left Case Against Open Borders"
3960:Politics, Philosophy & Economics
3927:Brennan, Jason (February 16, 2016).
3839:
2548:
2386:
2247:
2004:
1901:
1798:
1712:
1631:
1559:
1458:
1290:
833:
758:
477:. A literature summary by economist
317:adding citations to reliable sources
288:
222:, though some countries do maintain
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4505:Golson, Barry; Thia Golson (2008).
4428:
3859:Goodman, Peter S. (July 11, 2019).
3221:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2615:Bangladesh and India share a border
676:North American Free Trade Agreement
667:line accords more closely with the
617:
284:
187:). An example of the former is the
24:
5526:
4121:Raffaele Marchetti (Summer 2008).
3536:The International Migration Review
3507:. Oxford; New York: Berghahn Books
2795:the only crossing along the border
25:
6058:
6047:Expedited border crossing schemes
5916:, and Hashmi, Sohail, eds. 2001.
5023:. 16 October 2023. Archived from
4123:"Toward a World Migratory Regime"
3897:. Penguin Books. pp. 66β136.
2737:'s state of civil war has caused
1996:CARICOM Single Market and Economy
520:Arguments from ethical obligation
5891:"Is There a Right to Immigrate?"
5595:10.1111/j.1351-0487.2005.00420.x
3610:Polakow-Suransky, Sasha (2017).
3469:Legrain, Philippe (2007-01-01).
3312:. First Second. pp. 33, 69.
3250:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3169:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00514.x
3128:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00514.x
2923:As of November 2018, because of
2628:, and entry to the territory of
2585:
2566:
2554:
2501:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2492:
2470:
2458:
2445:
2436:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2337:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2166:
2146:
2134:
2130:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2122:
2110:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1967:
1947:
1935:
1919:
1907:
1864:
1844:
1832:
1816:
1804:
1776:
1757:
1745:
1730:
1718:
1680:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1599:
1580:
1565:
1502:
1481:
1464:
1367:
1347:
1335:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1249:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1061:
1049:
1032:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
762:
647:unrestricted immigration, while
448:For impact of immigration, see "
293:
41:
5951:Schwartz, Warren F., ed. 1995.
5472:
5443:
5414:
5388:
5362:
5332:
5303:
5277:
5250:
5226:
5201:
5179:
5149:
5130:Einav, Hagai (6 October 2010).
5123:
5105:
5083:
5057:
5031:
5005:
4974:
4953:
4919:
4890:
4861:
4835:
4801:
4790:
4762:
4719:
4685:
4663:
4637:
4605:
4570:
4536:
4477:
4447:
4422:
4393:
4371:
4306:
4271:
4244:
4226:
4193:
4178:
4114:
4090:
4065:
4042:
4023:Morin, Rebecca (8 April 2019).
4016:
3987:
3946:
3901:
3886:
3871:
3852:
3833:
3793:Tulenko, Kate (June 11, 2010).
3786:
3765:
3744:
3705:
3684:
3633:
3618:
3585:
3562:
3527:
3518:
3497:
3462:
3415:
3394:
3355:
3316:
3276:
3241:
3225:
2917:
2855:2017β21 Qatar diplomatic crisis
2540:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
1262:European Free Trade Association
468:Arguments from economic benefit
304:needs additional citations for
52:needs additional citations for
5907:10.5840/soctheorpract201036323
5645:A Companion to Applied Ethics,
5263:Institute for the Study of War
5097:. 27 June 2017. Archived from
4769:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
4429:Col, Martino Da (2021-04-04).
3646:. Princeton University Press.
3475:. Princeton University Press.
3176:
3143:
3082:
3053:
3027:
2998:
2965:
2900:
2603:Examples of controlled borders
742:grants treaty nationals equal
711:
573:Arguments against open borders
232:special administrative regions
13:
1:
5486:. OunTravela. 12 January 2023
5049:. 16 Oct 2023. Archived from
4740:10.1080/23761199.2018.1499298
4622:. New Mexico State University
4353:"Countries With Open Borders"
3752:"Optimism and Overpopulation"
3440:10.1080/00036846.2021.1886237
3380:10.1080/13698230.2019.1565566
3109:Casey, John P. (2010-09-14).
3061:"Definition of "open border""
3020:10.1080/13698230.2022.2040202
2991:10.1080/16544951.2022.2081398
2958:
2888:Criticism of multiculturalism
2837:From June 2017βJanuary 2021,
2527:share open borders under the
2367:share open borders under the
632:leftβright political spectrum
5791:On Immigration and Refugees.
5451:"South Ossetia and Abkhazia"
4981:Odile Gbayah (23 May 2024).
4359:. WorldAtlas. 22 August 2019
4314:"Immigrants warmly welcomed"
4072:Tim Cavanaugh (2006-04-16).
4049:Nagle, Angela (2018-11-20).
3840:Klein, Ezra (July 28, 215).
3795:"Countries Without Doctors?"
3569:Caplan, Bryan (2012-01-01).
2978:Ethics & Global Politics
2949:2015 European migrant crisis
2832:GeorgiaβSouth Ossetia border
2728:completely closed since 1994
2222:Saint Vincent and Grenadines
1704:CA4 Border Control Agreement
191:between most members of the
7:
5579:"The Ethics of Immigration"
5258:"IRAN UPDATE, MAY 16, 2024"
4546:Guinness World Records 2009
4222:. National Academies Press.
3692:"Migration Borders Freedom"
3640:Kukathas, Chandran (2021).
3629:. Simon & Schuster Ltd.
3505:"Migration Without Borders"
3098:. New York: Harcourt Brace.
2972:NiΓ±o Arnaiz, Borja (2022).
2861:
2672:has been closed since 1991.
2622:U.S. minor outlying Islands
725:
691:Attitudes toward immigrants
10:
6063:
5895:Social Theory and Practice
5808:New York: Greenwood Press.
5661:Brubaker, W. R, ed. 1989.
5638:Migration Borders Freedom.
4798:retrieved 12 January 2023
3596:. Oxford University Press.
3592:FitzGerald, David (2019).
3548:10.1177/019791830003400232
2655:Korean Armistice Agreement
2637:Examples of closed borders
2626:United States Armed Forces
460:Arguments for open borders
228:People's Republic of China
29:
5836:10.1017/s0841820900001569
5707:10.1017/s0034670500033817
5189:. Charter 97. 12 Oct 2016
4139:10.2979/gls.2008.15.2.471
3973:10.1177/1470594X221091278
2688:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
2670:ArmeniaβAzerbaijan border
2659:Korean Demilitarized Zone
2651:Military Demarcation Line
2624:requires permission from
1539:Northern Ireland Protocol
1414:) or a residence permit.
526:to return to his country.
444:Arguments for and against
352:conditionally open border
226:(for example between the
5931:Riley, Jason L. (2008).
5851:Hidalgo, Javier (2018).
5804:Gibney, Mark, ed. 1988.
5562:10.1177/0090591707310090
4935:Al Jazeera Media Network
3625:Miliband, David (2018).
3341:10.1177/1468796819866351
3065:dictionary.cambridge.org
2925:illegal onward migration
2893:
2847:Gulf Cooperation Council
2735:Central African Republic
2369:Gulf Cooperation Council
2239:Gulf Cooperation Council
721:Examples of open borders
369:land border between them
252:Northern Mariana Islands
224:internal border controls
5953:Justice in Immigration.
5855:; van der Vossen, Bas;
5620:Bauder, Harald (2003).
4543:Glenday, Craig (2009).
4200:Pastor, Manuel (2018).
3908:Brennan, Jason (2012).
3893:Kaufmann, Eric (2019).
3712:Bauder, Harald (2012).
3643:Immigration and Freedom
3156:International Migration
3150:Casey, John P. (2009).
3115:International Migration
3005:Altundal, Ugur (2022).
2814:its border with Belarus
2745:. On May 22, 2024, the
2680:its border with Armenia
736:entirely visa-free zone
637:Hart-Cellar Act of 1965
5695:The Review of Politics
5654:Bosniak, Linda. 2006.
5636:Bauder, Harald. 2017.
4511:. New York, New York:
3878:Salam, Reihan (2018).
3362:Tebble, A. J. (2019).
3323:Tebble, A. J. (2020).
3217:Smith, Rogers (2013).
2825:its border with Russia
2810:its border with Russia
2802:its invasion by Russia
2686:for Azerbaijan in the
2682:in April 1993, out of
2620:Entry into any of the
2529:East African Community
2378:East African Community
1412:national identity card
627:
456:" for more arguments.
260:Minor Outlying Islands
193:European Economic Area
156:
5963:Debating Immigration.
5798:Ethics and Economics.
5769:Cole, Phillip. 2000.
5376:. Visit Ukraine Today
5291:. Visit Ukraine Today
4651:on September 14, 2015
4381:. European Commission
4252:"Entry and residence"
3481:10.1515/9781400865413
2784:BelarusβRussia border
2754:IsraelβLebanon border
2710:Russian male citizens
2594:Special Category Visa
2214:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2102:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1282:Nordic Passport Union
747:visa-free transit at
625:
540:American bioethicist
500:Economist and writer
142:
5777:Dauvergne, Catherine
5577:Bader, Veit (2005).
4513:Simon & Schuster
4257:Governor of Svalbard
3997:(November 7, 2019).
3929:"Immigration Rights"
3652:10.2307/j.ctv16rdcgw
3090:Keynes, John Maynard
2365:United Arab Emirates
2325:United Arab Emirates
776:adding missing items
657:democratic socialist
495:Human capital flight
475:reduce world poverty
313:improve this article
61:improve this article
5213:Tourism.interfax.ru
5047:Wall Street Journal
4823:on 12 November 2020
4435:European Generation
4286:www.sysselmannen.no
4238:Pew Research Center
4172:Pew Research Center
3775:. Culturechange.org
3694:. London: Routledge
3262:10.1257/jep.25.3.83
3234: –
3121:(5). Wiley: 14β62.
2873:Freedom of movement
2769:IsraelβSyria border
2230:Trinidad and Tobago
2174:Antigua and Barbuda
2154:Trinidad and Tobago
2018:Antigua and Barbuda
1516:(together with the
271:John Maynard Keynes
18:Border abolitionism
5998:Oxford: Blackwell.
5793:London: Routledge.
5640:London: Routledge.
5374:visitukraine.today
5350:. 15 February 2023
5289:visitukraine.today
5167:on 24 October 2014
5119:on April 11, 2009.
4465:. 23 November 2021
4189:. OECD Publishing.
4074:"Open the Borders"
3933:Libertarianism.org
3865:The New York Times
3724:(4 (130)): 76β96.
3614:. Bold Type Books.
3558:– via JSTOR.
1990:country of entry.
1666:
1543:Common Travel Area
1534:Common Travel Area
1518:Crown Dependencies
1450:Common Travel Area
816:Schengen Agreement
774:; you can help by
628:
426:Common Travel Area
394:Demilitarized Zone
189:Schengen Agreement
157:
153:Schengen Agreement
30:For the book, see
6042:International law
5944:978-1-59240-349-3
5610:Goodin, Robert E.
5510:www.aljazeera.com
5095:timesofisrael.com
5027:on 14 April 2024.
4698:Real Clear Energy
4645:"How To Get Here"
4556:978-0-553-59256-6
4522:978-0-7432-9701-1
4318:www.aljazeera.com
3754:. Theatlantic.com
3661:978-0-691-18968-0
3490:978-1-4008-6541-3
3434:(34): 3913β3930.
3428:Applied Economics
3238:, 1 November 2018
2912:1918 flu pandemic
2883:National security
2843:closed its border
2791:EgyptβGaza border
2600:
2599:
2581:
2580:
2488:
2487:
2333:
2332:
2162:
2161:
1963:
1962:
1860:
1859:
1772:
1771:
1676:
1675:
1595:
1594:
1498:
1497:
1363:
1362:
1245:
1244:
825:with open borders
792:
791:
562:Chandran Kukathas
417:passport controls
376:controlled border
345:
344:
337:
242:, or between the
230:mainland and the
151:, parties to the
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6054:
6027:
5948:
5910:
5882:
5847:
5821:
5787:Dummett, Michael
5766:
5722:
5717:. Archived from
5687:Carens, Joseph H
5682:
5633:
5602:
5597:. Archived from
5573:
5550:Political Theory
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5163:. Archived from
5161:Maan News Agency
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5115:. Archived from
5109:
5103:
5102:
5101:on 29 June 2022.
5087:
5081:
5080:
5075:. Archived from
5061:
5055:
5054:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4941:on 13 March 2024
4937:. Archived from
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4869:"Regional risks"
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4819:. Archived from
4805:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4677:. Archived from
4675:english.sina.com
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:. Archived from
4641:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4489:The East African
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:. Archived from
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4288:. Archived from
4283:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4055:American Affairs
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3290:. July 13, 2017.
3280:
3274:
3273:
3245:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3067:. Archived from
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2969:
2952:
2945:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2904:
2657:established the
2589:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2496:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2341:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2170:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1868:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1790:Andean Community
1780:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1684:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1603:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1506:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1400:Nordic countries
1371:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1253:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1001:
999:
998:
989:
987:
986:
977:
975:
974:
965:
963:
962:
953:
951:
950:
941:
939:
938:
929:
927:
926:
917:
915:
914:
905:
903:
902:
893:
891:
890:
881:
879:
878:
869:
867:
866:
857:
855:
854:
845:
843:
842:
834:
826:
819:
794:
793:
787:
784:
766:
765:
759:
664:Democratic Party
618:Political debate
610:racialized class
502:Philippe Legrain
340:
333:
329:
326:
320:
297:
289:
285:Types of borders
220:sovereign states
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6032:
6031:
6030:
5992:Walzer, Michael
5959:Swain, Carol M.
5945:
5887:Huemer, Michael
5871:
5819:
5747:10.2307/3312665
5741:(5): 1147β244.
5727:Chang, Howard F
5542:Abizadeh, Arash
5529:
5527:Further reading
5524:
5523:
5514:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5344:edition.cnn.com
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5319:Financial Times
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5240:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5128:
5124:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5079:on 29 May 2024.
5063:
5062:
5058:
5053:on 16 Oct 2023.
5037:
5036:
5032:
5017:edition.cnn.com
5011:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4906:Financial Times
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4767:
4763:
4728:Caucasus Survey
4724:
4720:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4593:
4591:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4503:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4231:
4227:
4216:
4209:
4198:
4194:
4183:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4119:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4003:Washington Post
3992:
3988:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3921:
3906:
3902:
3891:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3857:
3853:
3838:
3834:
3823:
3812:
3803:
3801:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3710:
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3695:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3662:
3638:
3634:
3623:
3619:
3608:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3567:
3563:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3467:
3463:
3420:
3416:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3360:
3356:
3321:
3317:
3306:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3148:
3144:
3107:
3103:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3003:
2999:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2864:
2819:In April 2024,
2716:The land border
2639:
2605:
2582:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1773:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1677:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1596:
1581:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1430:driving license
1364:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1265:
1246:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1005:
996:
994:
993:
984:
982:
981:
972:
970:
969:
960:
958:
957:
948:
946:
945:
936:
934:
933:
924:
922:
921:
912:
910:
909:
900:
898:
897:
888:
886:
885:
876:
874:
873:
864:
862:
861:
852:
850:
849:
840:
838:
821:
820:
814:
788:
782:
779:
763:
757:
740:Svalbard Treaty
728:
723:
714:
693:
688:
620:
575:
522:
479:Michael Clemens
470:
462:
446:
341:
330:
324:
321:
310:
298:
287:
143:Border between
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6029:
6028:
6016:10.1086/592311
5999:
5989:
5976:
5966:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5928:
5921:
5911:
5883:
5869:
5857:Scmidtz, David
5853:Brennan, Jason
5848:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5784:
5774:
5767:
5723:
5721:on 2010-01-19.
5683:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5641:
5634:
5617:
5603:
5601:on 2011-10-06.
5583:Constellations
5574:
5538:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5497:
5484:ountravela.com
5471:
5442:
5413:
5387:
5361:
5331:
5302:
5276:
5249:
5238:Deutsche Welle
5225:
5200:
5178:
5148:
5122:
5104:
5082:
5056:
5030:
5004:
4993:on 5 June 2024
4973:
4952:
4918:
4889:
4860:
4847:zois-berlin.de
4834:
4800:
4789:
4776:Deutsche Welle
4761:
4718:
4684:
4681:on 2016-08-07.
4662:
4636:
4604:
4569:
4555:
4535:
4521:
4515:. p. 75.
4494:
4491:. 5 July 2020.
4476:
4446:
4421:
4405:www.norden.org
4392:
4370:
4357:worldatlas.com
4323:
4305:
4270:
4243:
4225:
4207:
4192:
4177:
4152:
4133:(2): 471β487.
4113:
4089:
4064:
4041:
4015:
3995:Tyler Anbinder
3986:
3967:(3): 269β290.
3945:
3919:
3900:
3885:
3870:
3851:
3832:
3810:
3799:Foreign Policy
3785:
3764:
3743:
3718:Social Justice
3704:
3683:
3660:
3632:
3617:
3599:
3584:
3561:
3526:
3517:
3496:
3489:
3461:
3414:
3393:
3374:(4): 510β531.
3354:
3335:(2): 353β379.
3315:
3293:
3275:
3240:
3224:
3206:
3175:
3142:
3101:
3081:
3052:
3026:
2997:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2929:
2916:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Free migration
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2798:
2787:
2780:
2765:
2750:
2731:
2713:
2708:was closed to
2691:
2673:
2666:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:American Samoa
2618:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2440:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2289:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2106:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1931:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1828:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1741:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1576:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1514:United Kingdom
1507:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:United Kingdom
1476:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1422:naturalization
1372:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1331:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1258:European Union
1254:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1045:
907:Czech Republic
832:
830:
827:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
790:
789:
769:
767:
756:
753:
744:right of abode
727:
724:
722:
719:
713:
710:
706:Proposition 13
692:
689:
687:
684:
660:Bernie Sanders
619:
616:
615:
614:
606:
599:Bernie Sanders
594:
590:
583:
574:
571:
570:
569:
565:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:Jacob M. Appel
538:
527:
521:
518:
517:
516:
506:
498:
487:
469:
466:
461:
458:
454:Free migration
445:
442:
361:United Kingdom
343:
342:
301:
299:
292:
286:
283:
256:American Samoa
173:border control
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6059:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5914:Miller, David
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:(3): 429β61.
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5870:9780367870591
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:(2): 343β61.
5829:
5825:
5818:
5814:
5813:Heath, Joseph
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5701:(2): 251β73.
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5615:
5612:, eds. 1992.
5611:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5589:(3): 331β61.
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5188:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:aljazeera.com
5066:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4962:
4956:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4931:aljazeera.com
4928:
4922:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4793:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4590:on 2014-02-28
4589:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4411:on 2018-07-11
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4380:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4295:on 2017-08-28
4291:
4287:
4280:
4279:"Regulations"
4274:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4239:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4214:
4212:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4103:
4102:The Economist
4099:
4093:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:(2): 636β43.
3541:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:The Economist
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:(3): 83β106.
3255:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3236:The Economist
3233:
3228:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3196:on 2014-05-27
3192:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:(1920). "2".
3091:
3085:
3071:on 2016-05-03
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2853:, due to the
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2827:indefinitely.
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:to close all
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
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1437:Faroe Islands
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1418:Schengen Area
1413:
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1028:
1016:
1004:
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770:This list is
768:
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536:
535:feudal system
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530:Joseph Carens
528:
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514:
513:fiscal impact
510:
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422:Schengen zone
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389:closed border
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302:This section
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244:United States
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167:that enables
166:
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2313:Saudi Arabia
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653:Donald Trump
641:Libertarians
629:
576:
509:Bryan Caplan
463:
447:
414:
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375:
373:
351:
349:
346:
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322:
311:Please help
306:verification
303:
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59:Please help
54:verification
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5979:Vince, Gaia
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5426:reuters.com
5218:16 December
4655:November 8,
4626:December 3,
4594:December 3,
4385:16 February
4061:(4): 17β30.
4008:January 11,
3882:. Sentinel.
3329:Ethnicities
2816:completely.
2647:South Korea
2643:North Korea
2574:New Zealand
2517:South Sudan
2453:South Sudan
2218:Saint Lucia
2118:Saint Lucia
1726:El Salvador
1551:Union State
1530:Isle of Man
1426:citizenship
1226:Switzerland
1094:Netherlands
823:microstates
712:Integration
587:brain drain
491:brain-drain
450:immigration
438:Union State
406:Berlin Wall
402:South Korea
398:North Korea
275:World War I
264:federations
161:open border
117:August 2020
6036:Categories
6010:: 109β41.
5987:Allen Lane
5937:. Gotham.
5649:R. G. Frey
5515:2019-08-05
5243:2019-06-24
5073:Al Jazeera
4440:2022-05-04
4415:2016-06-25
4299:2019-06-24
4107:2017-07-17
4083:2016-04-11
4078:Reason.com
4034:17 January
3804:2018-11-27
3779:2014-05-26
3758:2014-05-26
3698:2016-05-23
3581:(1): 5β24.
3511:2016-04-11
3472:Immigrants
3408:2016-04-11
3200:2014-05-26
3075:2017-09-09
3046:2016-04-11
2959:References
2834:is closed.
2694:The border
2684:solidarity
2210:Montserrat
1166:San Marino
1069:Luxembourg
797:Agreement
772:incomplete
582:countries.
497:for more).
484:productive
325:April 2017
258:, and the
209:Bangladesh
87:newspapers
6024:145343884
5879:978902248
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5570:145809568
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2562:Australia
1975:Argentina
1915:Argentina
1765:Nicaragua
1738:Guatemala
1441:Greenland
1260:(EU) and
1057:Lithuania
649:nativists
365:Irish Sea
236:Hong Kong
5994:. 1983.
5981:. 2022.
5971:. 2000.
5889:(2010).
5859:(eds.).
5815:(1997).
5789:. 2001.
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5141:17 April
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4813:tass.com
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4562:March 9,
4528:March 9,
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4029:Politico
3738:24361623
3270:59507836
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2908:COVID-19
2862:See also
2718:between
2696:between
2521:Tanzania
2466:Tanzania
2226:Suriname
2190:Dominica
2182:Barbados
2142:Suriname
2054:Dominica
2030:Barbados
1983:Paraguay
1943:Paraguay
1893:Mercosur
1876:Colombia
1824:Colombia
1753:Honduras
1526:Guernsey
1512:and the
1408:passport
1404:Svalbard
1396:citizens
1273:de facto
1190:Slovenia
1178:Slovakia
1142:Portugal
883:Bulgaria
732:Svalbard
726:Svalbard
452:". See "
424:or the
396:between
359:and the
207:between
199:and the
184:de facto
149:Portugal
5755:3312665
5715:9264696
5430:Reuters
5043:wsj.com
4966:9 April
4782:11 July
4708:June 8,
4263:20 June
2849:member
2823:closed
2821:Finland
2808:closed
2806:Ukraine
2762:Lebanon
2724:Morocco
2720:Algeria
2702:Moldova
2698:Ukraine
2678:closed
2505:Burundi
2400:Burundi
2345:Bahrain
2261:Bahrain
2206:Jamaica
2194:Grenada
2178:Bahamas
2090:Jamaica
2066:Grenada
1987:Uruguay
1985:, and
1955:Uruguay
1887:entry.
1882:, and
1880:Ecuador
1872:Bolivia
1840:Ecuador
1812:Bolivia
1607:Belarus
1573:Belarus
1510:Ireland
1472:Ireland
1398:of the
1394:allows
1384:Iceland
1380:Finland
1376:Denmark
1328:Iceland
1316:Finland
1304:Denmark
1154:Romania
1003:Iceland
991:Hungary
967:Germany
943:Finland
931:Estonia
919:Denmark
895:Croatia
871:Belgium
859:Austria
847:Andorra
803:States
645:support
436:in the
434:Belarus
357:Ireland
178:de jure
101:scholar
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5464:8 June
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5354:7 June
5324:7 June
5315:ft.com
5295:7 June
5269:17 May
5193:20 Nov
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4877:GOV.UK
4873:gov.uk
4853:7 June
4827:5 June
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2523:, and
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2478:Uganda
2475:
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2421:
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2363:, and
2349:Kuwait
2328:
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2078:Guyana
2075:
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2042:Belize
2039:
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1979:Brazil
1958:
1952:
1940:
1927:Brazil
1924:
1912:
1855:
1849:
1837:
1821:
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1750:
1735:
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1671:
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1645:Bhutan
1642:
1611:Russia
1590:
1588:Russia
1585:
1570:
1522:Jersey
1493:
1486:
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1392:Sweden
1390:, and
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1358:
1355:Sweden
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1343:Norway
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1313:
1301:
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1211:
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1118:Norway
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1106:Monaco
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1027:Latvia
1024:
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1000:
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734:is an
430:Russia
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250:, the
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103:
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6020:S2CID
5840:S2CID
5820:(PDF)
5759:S2CID
5751:JSTOR
5711:S2CID
5566:S2CID
4752:S2CID
4616:(PDF)
4293:(PDF)
4282:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4143:S2CID
3977:S2CID
3734:JSTOR
3674:S2CID
3666:JSTOR
3552:S2CID
3452:S2CID
3384:S2CID
3345:S2CID
3266:S2CID
3194:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
3040:(PDF)
2894:Notes
2851:Qatar
2777:Syria
2663:38Β° N
2661:near
2544:1973
2509:Kenya
2412:Kenya
2382:2000
2357:Qatar
2301:Qatar
2243:1981
2202:Haiti
2000:2009
1897:1991
1794:2007
1708:2006
1696:Nepal
1692:India
1669:Nepal
1657:India
1627:1950
1555:1996
1454:1923
1286:1952
1256:Most
1202:Spain
1082:Malta
1015:Italy
829:1995
651:like
240:Macau
213:India
163:is a
145:Spain
108:JSTOR
94:books
5939:ISBN
5875:OCLC
5865:ISBN
5647:ed.
5626:ACME
5492:2024
5466:2024
5437:2024
5408:2024
5382:2024
5356:2024
5326:2024
5297:2024
5271:2024
5220:2017
5195:2016
5173:2016
5143:2016
4999:2024
4968:2022
4947:2024
4913:2024
4884:2024
4855:2024
4829:2024
4817:TASS
4784:2020
4744:ISSN
4710:2023
4657:2015
4628:2012
4596:2012
4564:2011
4551:ISBN
4530:2011
4517:ISBN
4471:2024
4387:2016
4365:2024
4265:2016
4036:2020
4010:2019
3940:2016
3915:42).
3726:ISSN
3656:ISBN
3485:ISBN
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3133:ISSN
2830:The
2812:and
2789:The
2782:The
2775:and
2767:The
2760:and
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5591:doi
5558:doi
5348:CNN
5021:CNN
4736:doi
4583:AFP
4135:doi
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3846:Vox
3648:doi
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