1457:
1371:
1399:
2047:
2036:* " must have devoted to his task many years of research among the Vatican archives and elsewhere. As he tells us himself in a characteristic passage: "We continued our search after facts and proofs from country to country, and spared neither labour nor money in order to thoroughly investigate who was Alexander VI., of what he had been accused, and especially what he had done." Whether all this toil has been profitably expended is a matter upon which opinions are likely to differ. But we must in any case do Mgr. de Roo the justice of admitting that he has succeeded in compiling from original and often unpublished sources a much more copious record of the pontiff's creditable activities than has ever been presented to the world before." â
827:
1355:
1526:
1327:
129:
1343:
142:
1415:
1508:
61:
1553:
1489:
79:
972:
1433:
103:
1473:
925:, Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. Before the age of 13, she was engaged to two Spanish princes. After her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the age of 13. It was a typical political marriage to improve Alexander's power; however, when Pope Alexander VI no longer needed the Sforzas, the marriage was annulled in 1497 on the dubious grounds that it had never been consummated.
1383:
116:
90:
959:. After her father died in 1503, she lived a life of freedom in Ferrara with her husband and children. Her pregnancies were difficult and she lost several babies after birth. She died in 1519, 10 days after the birth and death of her last child, Isabella Maria. She was buried in a tomb with Isabella and Alfonso.
928:
Shortly afterwards she was involved in a scandal involving her alleged relationship with Pedro CalderĂłn, a
Spaniard generally known as Perotto. His body was found in the Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body of one of Lucrezia's ladies. It is likely that Cesare had them killed as an affair
860:
Cesare was suspected of murdering his brother
Giovanni, but there is no clear evidence to confirm this. However, Giovanni's death cleared the path for Cesare to become a layman and gain the honors his brother received from their father, Pope Alexander VI. Although Cesare had been a cardinal, he left
798:
were in attendance for the entertainment of the banquet guests. It is alleged not only was the Pope present, but also two of his children, Lucrezia and Cesare. Other researchers however, such as
Monsignor Peter de Roo (1839â1926), have rejected the rumors of the "fifty courtesans" as being at odds
2025:
In 5 volumes totaling nearly 3 thousand pages, and including many unpublished documents,* Msgr. de Roo labors to defend his thesis that Pope
Alexander, far from being a monster of vice (as he has so often been portrayed) was, on the contrary, "a man of good moral character and an excellent Pope."
848:
Cesare was
Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was precisely planned by his father: he was educated by tutors in Rome until his 12th birthday. He grew up to become a charming man skilled at war and politics. He studied law and the humanities at the
838:, from left: Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia, Pope Alexander, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the Borgias â the implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned.
1370:
962:
Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner and she became famous for her skill at political intrigue. However, some recent revisionists have looked at her in a more sympathetic light, claiming her to be a victim of her family's deceptions.
907:'s army of 10,000 men in 1507. In order to attempt to breach the extremely strong, natural fortification of the castle, Cesare counted on a desperate surprise attack. He was killed during the battle, in which his army failed to take the castle.
2033:
1398:
759:, his foremost military representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal. Alexander used the marriages of his children to build alliances with powerful families in Italy and Spain. At the time, the
596:
The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.
2236:
When one of the boys uncovers the shrouded history of the Borgia Bellâan ancient relic connected with murder and said to be in the closed-off belfry of Old
Centralâthe disturbances in town focus their attention on
944:, allowed the Borgias to form an alliance with another powerful family. However, this relationship did not last long either. Cesare wished to strengthen his relations with France and completely break with the
1456:
1525:
1167:(1482â1516), son of Pope Alexander VI and younger brother of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. He married Sancha of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as her dowry both the
952:
was the ruler of the
Kingdom of Naples, the young husband was in great danger. Although the first attempt at murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in his own quarters.
1182:
755:. As Pope, he sought to acquire more personal and papal power and wealth, often ennobling and enriching the Borgia family directly. He appointed his son, Giovanni, as
872:
After
Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare affected the choice of the next Pope. He needed a candidate who would not threaten his plans to create his own principality in
1507:
2413:
Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de
Salazar y Acha, AcadĂ©mico de NĂșmero de la Real Academia Matritense de HerĂĄldica y GenealogĂa
1807:
929:
would have damaged the negotiations being conducted for another marriage. During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that a child born at this time,
1342:
1354:
747:
As
Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician and diplomat. However, he was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending,
1918:
1552:
1060:
2211:
2031:
2400:
1488:
884:. The cardinal promised Cesare that he could keep all of his titles and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became his fiercest enemy.
1768:
775:. He established a second familial link to the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during what was a period of on-again/off-again
763:, which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most powerful in Europe, so Alexander united the two families by marrying Lucrezia to
3135:
2435:
1152:
2508:
1835:
1517:
3085:
2353:
Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1. (Old Catholic Encyclopedia) New York, Robert Appleton Company (a.k.a. The Encyclopedia Press), 1907.
1432:
900:
1650:, a song called "the Borgia Family" was featured in the section 'Radical Renaissance'. The song is a parody of the theme song to
1414:
1579:
The Borgias were infamous in their time, and have inspired numerous references in popular culture. They include novels, such as
3090:
3080:
1326:
1540:
1513:
1260:
1236:
831:
1210:
638:
of 1912. The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the
342:
2895:
2427:
2415:
2357:
1682:
956:
2598:
2398:
Francisco FernĂĄndez de Bethencourt â Historia GenealĂłgica y HerĂĄldica Española, Casa Real y Grandes de España, tomo cuarto
526:
The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes:
1702:
1646:
1158:
1096:
1090:
725:
327:
2110:
2476:. Revista Borja. Centro de Estudios Borjanos. Actas del Congreso Los Borja en el arte, NÂș. 5. España, 2015â2016, p. 15
2471:
626:
descent, and were pretending to be pious Roman Catholics. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others,
1308:
1064:
1056:
941:
444:
3100:
1687:
1633:
1536:
1439:
1256:
1122:
930:
3115:
3105:
1727:
1128:
2658:
2568:
1134:
709:
3125:
2501:
1717:
661:
1558:
1270:
3130:
1472:
1276:
1188:
1146:
2834:
2633:
1926:
1623:
1137:(b. circa 1390 â d. 1436 or 1437), Rodrigo Gil's son; father of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) and Pedro Luis.
2150:
1900:
1747:
1382:
1204:
1039:
Camillo Borgia (1777â1817), Adjutant-General and Field Marshall in Murat's army, married Adelaide Quainson
65:
Arms of Borgia family(Or a bull gules upon a terrace vert in a bordure Or charged with eight flames vert.)
1982:"La permanencia de Rodrigo de Borja (Alejandro VI) en el estudio de Bolonia, segĂșn documentos originales"
1981:
1773:
1581:
1295:(1889â1964), Ecuadorian writer, essayist, playwright, sociologist, poet, novelist, feminist and activist.
971:
623:
2363:
1298:
2350:
Rath, John R. "Borgia", World Book Encyclopedia. 1994 edition. World Book Inc., 1917, pp. 499â500.
2223:
1544:
1264:
1191:(1498 - 1557), daughter of Giovanni Borgia, II Duke of Gandia, nun with the name of Francisca de Jesus.
1077:
680:
2397:
1255:
in Spain who unlike many of his relatives preferred to use the Spanish spelling "Borja". He served as
1230:
3110:
2880:
2860:
2494:
2449:
The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature by EulĂ lia Duran, Institut dâEstudis Catalans
1668:
featured the Borgia family, discussing the well known and lesser known members of the Borgia family.
1531:
1248:
756:
687:
in 1455 as a compromise candidate and reigned as Pope for just three years, until his death in 1458.
826:
802:
Pope Alexander VI died in Rome in 1503 after contracting a disease, generally believed to have been
3120:
3075:
2804:
2517:
2015:
1989:
634:
by political opponents. The rumours have persisted in popular culture for centuries, listed in the
1376:
Coat of arms of Cesare Borgia as Duke of Romagna and Valentinois and Captain-General of the Church
1286:
3095:
3008:
2389:
1866:
1784:
1591:
622:. During this time, there were numerous unsubstantiated claims that the family was of originally
358:
31:
857:
to study theology. As soon as he graduated from the university, his father made him a cardinal.
2905:
2663:
2443:
1712:
1707:
1420:
1304:
1224:
369:
17:
2653:
880:) did become Pope, but he died a month after the selection. Cesare was then forced to support
2799:
2778:
1722:
1628:
850:
721:
627:
2558:
2448:
1692:
949:
787:
676:
611:
545:
Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including
229:
2588:
8:
2921:
1802:
1448:
1361:
1312:
1292:
1242:
1168:
1140:
904:
866:
669:
586:
582:
504:
496:
287:
255:
2829:
2723:
2678:
2638:
2618:
1946:
The Menorah journal, Volumes 20â23, Intercollegiate Menorah Association, 1932, page 163
1617:
1388:
1213:(1510â1572), great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI. Became an effective organizer of the
854:
684:
655:
531:
527:
483:
470:
317:
247:
189:
2728:
1125:(b. 1349), Head of the Borja family, great-grandfather of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI).
740:. Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress,
643:
3013:
2988:
2763:
2718:
2643:
2106:
2012:
Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus
1993:
1697:
1651:
1404:
1086:
945:
701:
696:
639:
570:
539:
535:
508:
322:
134:
108:
2967:
2181:
1788:
720:
Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with
234:
3033:
2708:
2703:
2688:
2573:
2548:
2480:
2381:
1677:
1214:
1176:
768:
665:
491:
478:
466:
461:
412:
279:
2758:
60:
2962:
2952:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2738:
2673:
2593:
2553:
2453:
2419:
2404:
2346:"Mad Dogs and Spaniards: An Interview with Cesare Borgia." World and Image, 1996.
2249:
Donahue, Deirdre (24 March 2011). "Back in time and in crime with Borgias". Life.
1861:
1830:
1601:
1586:
1567:
1462:
1172:
1030:
916:
791:
772:
764:
760:
733:
713:
619:
615:
590:
578:
574:
516:
512:
382:
337:
271:
161:
82:
2412:
1657:
The family lore and artifacts are essential to the plot of the 1959 Disney film
3003:
2972:
2931:
2900:
2885:
2839:
2768:
2743:
2628:
2369:
1499:
1494:
1478:
1424:
1333:
1164:
1102:
1073:
922:
881:
861:
the holy orders to gain power and take over the position Giovanni once held: a
741:
737:
295:
263:
49:
2293:
2271:
78:
3069:
3028:
2926:
2855:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2794:
2773:
2748:
2733:
2668:
2648:
2613:
2578:
2458:
2273:
Horrible Histories â The Borgia Family | Horrible Songs | Radical Renaissance
1997:
1444:
1194:
1046:
873:
843:
729:
716:, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the
332:
2957:
3054:
3018:
2998:
2753:
2698:
2683:
2623:
2603:
2583:
2538:
2345:
2088:
Machiavelli and Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration of Chapter 7 of The Prince
1282:
989:
888:
776:
147:
52:
2370:
BORGIA, Behind The Myth: A New History of the Notorious Papal Family, 2018
3038:
2993:
2936:
2608:
1606:
1252:
1175:(1497). He later married Maria de Mila y AragĂłn, with whom he had a son,
862:
717:
363:
2444:
La mirada sobre los Borja (Notas crĂticas para un estado de la cuestiĂłn)
1029:
Giovanni Paolo Borgia, General in the Pontifical Army, married Alcmena
3023:
2543:
1958:, Vicente Blasco Ibåñez, P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1930, pages 242, 313
1611:
1596:
811:
708:, also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and
1015:
Clemente Erminio Borgia, Governor of Velletri, married Cecilia Carboni
2533:
2042:
1563:
1348:
Coat of arms of Maria Enriquez de Luna widow of Pedro and Juan Borgia
1218:
815:
795:
1408:
Pope Alexander VI, father of Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia and Gioffre.
799:
with Alexander VI's essentially decent but much maligned character.
705:
500:
2486:
2090:(Volume 75 Issue 4 ed.). Review of politics. pp. 539â556.
1285:(1892â1912), Ecuadorian poet who was part of a group known as the "
1245:(1575â1622), great-grandson of Francis and elder brother of Gaspar.
1198:
985:
877:
807:
752:
631:
546:
896:
495:) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the
2890:
2713:
2260:
Snider, Mike. "'Assassin' is back with 'Brotherhood'". USA Today.
1840:
1665:
1638:
892:
803:
790:" is considered one of the most disreputable balls of this kind.
782:
It is reported that under Alexander VI's rule the Borgias hosted
573:). Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the
562:
121:
2436:
La familia Borja: ReligiĂłn y poder. Entrevista a Miguel Batllori
2428:
BoletĂn de la Real Academia Matritense de HerĂĄldica y GenealogĂa
2809:
1778:
748:
683:
before becoming a cardinal. At an advanced age, he was elected
566:
554:
550:
1116:
1022:
Stefano Camillo Borgia (1681â1763), married Madalena Gagliardi
988:
where for many years they served in the administration of the
767:. He also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to
433:
2693:
2328:. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1946, pp. 218, 220, 222.
2073:
The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of the Italian Renaissance
1301:(1903â1927), Ecuadorian poet, pianist, painter, and sculptor.
660:
Alfons de Borja (1378â1458) was born to Francina Llançol and
558:
520:
95:
2474:
Los Borja americanos: su contribuciĂłn al mundo de la cultura
2014:, 1921, F.L. Glaser, ed., New York, N.L. Brown, pp. 154â155.
777:
conflict between France and Spain over the Kingdom of Naples
421:
2463:
1143:(1432â1458), Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia.
984:
One branch of the family established itself in the city of
814:, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since
783:
436:
223:
2103:
Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy
1968:
Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy
1131:(lived late 14th century), Rodrigo's son, jurat of Xativa.
895:, Spain, while besieging the rebellious army of Count de
1808:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2358:
The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature
1185:(1493-1543), son of Giovanni Borgia, II Duke of Gandia.
445:
940:
Lucrezia's second marriage, to wealthy young Prince
427:
418:
2140:
Lucrezia Borgia: A Biography. Rachel Erlanger, 1978
415:
903:at the time it was besieged by Cesare Borgia and
3067:
204:R.N. Borja; took over 2020; direct line extinct
1889:. Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009
2335:. New York, Time-Life Books, 1965, p. 85.
1992:. Departamento de Historia Medieval: 173â205.
1979:
1101:Angela Caterina Borgia (1694â1743), a nun and
675:Alfons de Borja was a professor of law at the
646:, Lord of Borja, who actually died childless.
2502:
2105:(Reprint ed.). Penguin. pp. 67â68.
1898:
630:, and the family was frequently described as
30:"Borgia" redirects here. For other uses, see
2128:The Penguin Biographical Dictionary of Women
865:. He was finally married to French princess
2038:Pope Alexander VI and His Latest Biographer
1986:Acta HistĂłrica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia
1117:Other notable members of the house of Borja
2509:
2495:
2209:
2155:(New York: Modern Library, 1931), 379â408.
1836:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1221:as "Saint Francis Borgia" on 20 June 1670.
2464:Institut Internacional d'Estudis Borgians
2454:Bibliography of heraldry of family Borgia
1801:
1644:In series 4 of the sketch comedy TV show
2173:
2100:
1153:Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of GandĂa
995:Pietro Borgia, married Madonna Filomena
825:
2248:
2203:
955:Lucrezia's third and final husband was
14:
3068:
2085:
1750:. Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation
979:
589:who contributed to the development of
27:Italo-Spanish Renaissance noble family
2490:
2364:The Borgias: The Hidden History, 2013
2321:. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1966.
2291:
1956:The Borgias: or, At the feet of Venus
1574:
1237:Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia
490:
477:
460:
2516:
2210:Parypinski, Joanna (July 13, 2013).
2179:
2075:. London: Thames & Hudson. 2006.
1683:List of popes from the Borgia family
1609:, plays, operas, comics, films like
1518:Real Audiencia de Santa Fe de BogotĂĄ
1008:Camillo Borgia, Governor of Velletri
836:"A glass of wine with Caesar Borgia"
712:. He studied law at Bologna and was
3136:Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
2061:(1969) Granada edition. 1981. p. 9.
1703:Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
1582:City of God: A Novel of the Borgias
1159:Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia
1001:Ettore Borgia, married Porzia Landi
24:
2259:
2046:, April, 1925, Volume 145, p. 289.
1211:Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of GandĂa
1197:(c. 1486 â c. 1520â1522), lady of
970:
724:, with whom he had four children:
714:appointed as cardinal by his uncle
25:
3147:
2483:Tres siglos de Historia dĂa a dĂa
2375:
1988:(in Spanish) (27â28). Barcelona:
1901:"Were the Borgias Really so Bad?"
1065:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
957:Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
806:. Two of Alexander's successors,
757:captain-general of the papal army
668:, which was then situated in the
212:MarĂa Ana, 12th Duchess of GandĂa
3086:1748 disestablishments in Europe
2126:"Borgia, Lucrezia (1480â1519)".
1862:"Borgia Family â Italian family"
1551:
1545:Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples
1524:
1506:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1431:
1413:
1397:
1381:
1369:
1353:
1341:
1325:
1265:Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples
1195:Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja
937:(child of Rome) was Lucrezia's.
605:
411:
140:
127:
114:
101:
88:
77:
59:
2285:
2264:
2253:
2242:
2158:
2143:
2134:
2119:
2094:
2086:Najemy, John (September 2013).
2079:
2064:
2051:
2019:
2004:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1728:Birthplace of Pope Alexander VI
1631:, and video games the likes of
1615:(2006), television series like
1183:Juan Borgia, 3th Duke of Gandia
1129:Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet
1049:(1802â1892), Italian politician
585:, among others. They were also
487:
242:Gained and lost in 16th century
2165:"Francis Borgia (1510â1572)".
2071:"Francis Borgia (1510â1572)".
1940:
1911:
1892:
1880:
1854:
1823:
1795:
1762:
1740:
1718:Tower and walls of the Borgias
1155:(1458 or 1460 â 1488 or 1491).
1061:Lieutenant of the Grand Master
975:Borja or Borgia genealogy tree
966:
13:
1:
3091:Families of post-ancient Rome
3081:1455 establishments in Europe
2382:Centropolis.homestead_Library
2311:
2292:Baker, Matt (April 8, 2023).
1980:Nadal Cañellas, Juan (2006).
1811:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
1634:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
1466:Duchess of Ferrara and Modena
1095:Fabrizio Borgia (1689â1754),
42:
2459:History of the Borgia Family
1919:"In a nutshell: the Borgias"
1899:Alexander Lee (1 Oct 2013).
1887:Arsenic: A Murderous History
1748:"Mariana de Borja y CĂłrdoba"
1498:Saint Francis Borgia, S.J.,
786:in the Vatican Palace. The "
173:; 569 years ago
7:
2629:Gossler (Berenberg-Gossler)
1671:
1559:Francisco de Borja y AragĂłn
1289:" (Decapitated Generation).
1271:Francisco de Borja y AragĂłn
910:
614:with origin in the town of
10:
3152:
2342:. London: Macdonald, 1981.
2169:. London: Routledge. 2001.
2152:The History of the Borgias
1925:. Oct 2015. Archived from
1514:Juan Buenaventura de Borja
1318:
1277:Fernando de Borja y AragĂłn
1147:Roderic de Borja i EscrivĂ
914:
841:
773:Crown of Aragon and Naples
694:
690:
679:, then a diplomat for the
653:
600:
581:, and the Dominican friar
29:
3047:
2981:
2945:
2914:
2848:
2787:
2524:
2326:The Timetables of History
2167:Who's Who in Christianity
1532:Gaspar de Borja y Velasco
1249:Gaspar de Borja y Velasco
1205:Enrique de Borja y AragĂłn
1169:Principality of Squillace
899:. The castle was held by
821:
649:
388:
378:
351:
310:
216:
208:
200:
185:
167:
160:From the Spanish town of
156:
70:
58:
48:
39:
2130:. London: Penguin. 1998.
2101:Bradford, Sarah (2005).
1990:Universidad de Barcelona
1733:
1299:Luz Elisa Borja MartĂnez
887:Cesare died in 1507, at
704:(1431â1503) was born in
3101:Roman Catholic families
2030:, vol. 1, preface, xi.
1867:Encyclopedia Britannica
1785:Oxford University Press
1440:Portrait of a Gentleman
1231:TomĂĄs de Borja y Castro
1135:JofrĂ© Llançol i EscrivĂ
710:JofrĂ© Llançol i EscrivĂ
618:(Zaragoza) in the then
359:Supreme Order of Christ
32:Borgia (disambiguation)
3116:Italian noble families
3106:Spanish noble families
2481:Diario Borja â Borgia
2472:GarcĂa Rivas, Manuel:
1713:Oratory of the Borgias
1708:Ducal Palace of Gandia
1305:Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
1225:Juan de Borja y Castro
976:
876:. Cesare's candidate (
839:
751:, lasciviousness, and
749:sale of Church offices
569:(especially murder by
534:during 1455â1458, and
507:, the surname being a
474:
370:Order of Saint Michael
3126:French noble families
2190:Historicalnovels.info
1781:UK English Dictionary
1723:Palace of the Borgias
1541:Archbishop of Seville
1287:GeneraciĂłn decapitada
1261:Archbishop of Seville
1251:(1580â1645), born at
1161:(1474 or 1476 â 1497)
974:
921:Lucrezia was born in
882:Giuliano della Rovere
851:University of Perugia
829:
722:Vannozza dei Cattanei
628:Giuliano della Rovere
536:Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia
3131:Route of the Borgias
2294:"Borgia Family Tree"
2220:joannaparypinski.com
1693:Route of the Borgias
1362:dukes of Valentinois
1360:Coat of arms of the
1332:Coat of arms of the
933:, also known as the
788:Banquet of Chestnuts
677:University of Lleida
542:, during 1492â1503.
230:Co-Prince of Andorra
2226:on October 20, 2021
2186:by Cecelia Holland"
1970:, by Sarah Bradford
1516:, President of the
1482:Prince of Squillace
1449:Duke of Valentinois
1313:Republic of Ecuador
1293:Rosa Borja de Ycaza
1141:Pedro Luis de Borja
1097:Bishop of Ferentino
1091:Archbishop of Fermo
980:Borgias of Velletri
853:, then went to the
794:reports that fifty
670:Kingdom of Valencia
587:patrons of the arts
583:Girolamo Savonarola
505:Kingdom of Valencia
497:Italian Renaissance
288:Duke of Valentinois
256:Prince of Squillace
2418:2012-07-03 at the
2403:2019-04-01 at the
2317:Fusero, Clemente.
1774:"Borgia, Lucrezia"
1769:"Borgia, Lucrezia"
1647:Horrible Histories
1575:In popular culture
1500:4th Duke of Gandia
1425:2nd Duke of Gandia
1392:Pope Callixtus III
1283:Arturo Borja PĂ©rez
1031:Baglioni-Malatesta
977:
867:Charlotte d'Albret
855:University of Pisa
840:
685:Pope Callixtus III
656:Pope Callixtus III
532:Pope Callixtus III
318:Pope Callixtus III
248:Prince of Piombino
190:Pope Callixtus III
3063:
3062:
2338:Johnson, Marion.
2180:Maclaine, David.
2149:Frederick Rolfe,
2010:Johann Burchard,
1698:Borgia Apartments
1652:the Addams Family
1087:Alessandro Borgia
1057:Alessandro Borgia
946:Kingdom of Naples
942:Alfonso of Aragon
901:Louis de Beaumont
697:Pope Alexander VI
640:Kingdom of Aragon
571:arsenic poisoning
540:Pope Alexander VI
511:from the town of
499:. They were from
492:[ËbÉÉŸdÊa]
462:[ËbÉrdÊa]
403:
402:
383:Roman Catholicism
323:Pope Alexander VI
135:Kingdom of Naples
109:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
3143:
3111:Italian families
2518:Banking families
2511:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2470:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2411:
2396:
2388:
2368:Chaplin, Danny,
2356:Duran, EulĂ lia:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2222:. Archived from
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1923:History Revealed
1915:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1787:. Archived from
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1678:Grandee of Spain
1664:UsefulCharts on
1555:
1537:Primate of Spain
1528:
1510:
1495:Francisco Borgia
1491:
1475:
1459:
1435:
1417:
1401:
1385:
1373:
1357:
1345:
1329:
1257:Primate of Spain
1215:Society of Jesus
1177:Francesco Borgia
1123:Rodrigo de Borja
950:Alfonso's father
769:Sancha of Aragon
662:Domingo de Borja
610:The Borja was a
494:
481:
479:[ËboÉŸxa]
464:
459:
452:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
430:
429:
424:
423:
420:
417:
399:
397:
300:
292:
284:
280:Duke of Camerino
276:
268:
260:
252:
226:(non-hereditary)
181:
179:
174:
146:
144:
143:
133:
131:
130:
120:
118:
117:
107:
105:
104:
96:Kingdom of Spain
94:
92:
91:
81:
63:
37:
36:
21:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3121:French families
3076:House of Borgia
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3043:
2977:
2941:
2910:
2844:
2783:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2468:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2420:Wayback Machine
2409:
2405:Wayback Machine
2394:
2386:
2378:
2324:Grun, Bernard.
2314:
2309:
2308:
2303:. UsefulCharts.
2296:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2229:
2227:
2214:Summer of Night
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2009:
2005:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1800:
1796:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1674:
1602:Summer of Night
1587:Cecelia Holland
1577:
1570:
1568:Viceroy of Peru
1561:
1556:
1547:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1463:Lucrezia Borgia
1460:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1421:Giovanni Borgia
1418:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1389:Alfons de Borja
1386:
1377:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1334:dukes of GandĂa
1330:
1321:
1307:(1935), former
1217:. Canonized by
1173:Duchy of Alvito
1171:(1494) and the
1119:
982:
969:
931:Giovanni Borgia
919:
917:Lucrezia Borgia
913:
846:
824:
792:Johann Burchard
765:Giovanni Sforza
699:
693:
681:Kings of Aragon
664:in La Torreta,
658:
652:
644:Pedro de Atarés
620:Crown of Aragon
608:
603:
591:Renaissance art
530:, who ruled as
528:Alfons de Borja
517:Crown of Aragon
457:
450:
446:
432:
426:
414:
410:
407:House of Borgia
395:
393:
374:
347:
338:Lucrezia Borgia
328:Giovanni Borgia
306:
303:
298:
290:
282:
274:
272:Duke of Romagna
266:
258:
250:
244:
243:
177:
175:
172:
152:
141:
139:
128:
126:
115:
113:
102:
100:
89:
87:
83:Crown of Aragon
66:
44:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Papal families
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2407:
2392:
2390:Borja o Borgia
2384:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:Hale, John R.
2329:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2284:
2263:
2252:
2241:
2212:"Book Review:
2202:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2133:
2118:
2112:978-0143035954
2111:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2050:
2018:
2003:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1939:
1910:
1891:
1879:
1853:
1831:"Borgias, the"
1822:
1794:
1791:on 2022-08-26.
1761:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Borgia castles
1685:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1659:The Shaggy Dog
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1479:Gioffre Borgia
1477:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1246:
1243:Ăñigo de Borja
1240:
1239:(1564* â 1628)
1234:
1228:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1165:Gioffre Borgia
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:Servant of God
1099:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:Stefano Borgia
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
981:
978:
968:
965:
935:Infans Romanus
915:Main article:
912:
909:
842:Main article:
823:
820:
742:Giulia Farnese
702:Rodrigo Borgia
695:Main article:
692:
689:
654:Main article:
651:
648:
607:
604:
602:
599:
515:, then in the
401:
400:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
373:
372:
367:
361:
355:
353:
349:
348:
346:
345:
343:Francis Borgia
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
312:
308:
307:
305:
304:
302:
301:
296:Count of Diois
293:
285:
277:
269:
264:Duke of Urbino
261:
253:
241:
240:
239:
237:
235:Duke of GandĂa
232:
227:
220:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
187:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
137:
124:
111:
98:
85:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3148:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:South America
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:British Isles
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:GoldmanâSachs
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:United States
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Liechtenstein
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Bischoffsheim
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2362:Meyer, G.J.,
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1929:on 2021-07-27
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1905:History Today
1902:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:Cesare Borgia
1442:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:Rodrigo Borja
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:Isabel Borgia
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:(1682â1764),
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:(1731â1804),
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1059:(1783â1871),
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:Ettore Borgia
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
987:
973:
964:
960:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
926:
924:
918:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:Central Italy
870:
868:
864:
858:
856:
852:
845:
844:Cesare Borgia
837:
833:
828:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Sforza family
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:Early history
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
455:
454:
441:
408:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
371:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Cesare Borgia
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
313:
309:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
246:
245:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
149:
138:
136:
125:
123:
112:
110:
99:
97:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:
73:
69:
62:
57:
54:
51:
47:
38:
33:
19:
2779:Van Lanschot
2654:Königswarter
2563:
2525:Continental
2473:
2469:(in Spanish)
2441:(in Spanish)
2433:(in Spanish)
2425:(in Spanish)
2410:(in Spanish)
2395:(in Spanish)
2387:(in Spanish)
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2300:
2287:
2277:, retrieved
2272:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2219:
2213:
2205:
2195:September 5,
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2057:Mallett, M.
2053:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2006:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1922:
1913:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1846:28 September
1844:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1806:
1797:
1789:the original
1777:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1742:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1438:
994:
990:Papal States
983:
961:
954:
939:
934:
927:
920:
886:
871:
859:
847:
835:
832:John Collier
830:Painting by
801:
781:
746:
700:
674:
659:
635:
609:
595:
544:
525:
406:
404:
352:Distinctions
201:Current head
193:
148:Papal States
53:noble family
2946:Middle East
2830:Rockefeller
2679:Mendelssohn
2639:Hochstetter
2619:Goldschmidt
2609:Frescobaldi
2589:EtcheverrĂa
2340:The Borgias
2333:Renaissance
2319:The Borgias
2301:Youtube.com
2184:City of God
2059:The Borgias
1624:The Borgias
1621:(2011) and
1607:Dan Simmons
1279:(1583â1665)
1273:(1581â1658)
1253:Villalpando
1233:(1551â1610)
1227:(1533â1606)
1207:(1518â1540)
967:Family tree
863:condottiero
718:regnal name
612:noble house
389:Dissolution
364:Golden Rose
259:(1494â1728)
209:Final ruler
3070:Categories
3014:Jagat Seth
2982:South Asia
2896:Rothschild
2764:Wallenberg
2719:Rothschild
2659:Kronenberg
2644:Hottinguer
2544:Benveniste
2312:References
2279:2021-12-21
1933:2019-02-11
1873:2020-02-09
1637:(2010) by
1627:(2011) on
1612:The Borgia
1605:(1991) by
1597:Mario Puzo
1595:(2001) by
1592:The Family
1585:(1979) by
1562:Prince of
1535:Cardinal,
1149:(? â 1478)
891:Castle in
812:Urban VIII
796:courtesans
636:Semi-Gotha
379:Traditions
50:Pontifical
3034:S. Rm. M.
2989:Asaf Jahi
2922:Li family
2915:East Asia
2704:Pierleoni
2689:Oppenheim
2549:Berenberg
2534:Abravanel
2230:April 17,
2043:The Month
1998:0212-2960
1771:(US) and
1564:Squillace
1309:President
1219:Clement X
905:King John
816:St. Peter
509:toponymic
484:Valencian
471:Aragonese
299:(1498â53)
291:(1498â53)
283:(1501â48)
275:(1501â53)
267:(1501â03)
251:(1501â03)
157:Etymology
2953:Kadoorie
2932:Sumitomo
2876:Guinness
2871:Grindlay
2866:Goldsmid
2861:Clifford
2835:Seligman
2729:Schröder
2599:Erlanger
2594:Ephrussi
2554:Bethmann
2416:Archived
2401:Archived
2028:Material
1803:"Borgia"
1672:See also
1629:Showtime
1199:Sassuolo
1078:cardinal
986:Velletri
911:Lucrezia
878:Pius III
808:Sixtus V
753:nepotism
734:Lucrezia
726:Giovanni
632:marranos
547:adultery
458:Italian:
366:(papacy)
194:de facto
3009:Hinduja
2968:Sabancı
2901:Sassoon
2891:Mocatta
2840:Warburg
2769:Warburg
2744:Sozzini
2714:Peruzzi
2709:Pereire
2684:Metzler
2574:Camondo
2297:(video)
1841:Longman
1666:Youtube
1639:Ubisoft
1319:Gallery
1311:of the
1063:of the
923:Subiaco
893:Navarre
804:malaria
771:of the
738:Gioffre
691:Rodrigo
601:History
563:bribery
467:Spanish
394: (
311:Members
186:Founder
176: (
168:Founded
122:Andorra
71:Country
3029:M. Ct.
3019:Khanna
2973:Shihab
2937:Yasuda
2927:Mitsui
2856:Baring
2825:Morgan
2820:Mellon
2815:Lehman
2810:Lazard
2800:Drexel
2795:Barney
2774:Welser
2759:ThurzĂł
2749:Speyer
2739:Solaro
2734:Seyler
2724:Ruffer
2699:Pictet
2674:Medici
2669:Mallet
2649:Imhoff
2634:Hambro
2614:Fugger
2579:Cerchi
2564:Borgia
2527:Europe
2109:
1996:
1815:14 May
1779:Lexico
1754:4 July
1618:Borgia
1599:, and
1543:, and
1263:, and
822:Cesare
784:orgies
736:; and
730:Cesare
706:XĂ tiva
666:Canals
650:Alfons
624:Jewish
579:Sforza
577:, the
575:Medici
567:murder
565:, and
555:simony
551:incest
501:XĂ tiva
449:-zhÉ,
217:Titles
145:
132:
119:
106:
93:
40:Borgia
18:Borgia
3055:Safra
3024:Kotak
3004:Habib
2999:Birla
2906:Smith
2886:Miles
2881:Lloyd
2754:Stern
2694:Pazzi
2624:Gondi
2604:Fould
2584:Chigi
2569:Botin
2539:Bardi
2040:, in
1734:Notes
948:. As
897:LerĂn
889:Viana
616:Borja
559:theft
538:, as
521:Spain
519:, in
513:Borja
488:Borja
475:Borja
162:Borja
43:Borja
3039:Tata
2994:Bose
2963:Maan
2237:him.
2232:2021
2197:2014
2107:ISBN
1994:ISSN
1848:2019
1817:2019
1756:2016
1566:and
810:and
469:and
405:The
396:1748
392:1748
224:Pope
178:1455
171:1455
2958:Koç
453:-jÉ
451:BOR
447:BOR
422:ÉËr
3072::
2299:.
2234:.
2218:.
2188:.
1984:.
1921:.
1903:.
1864:.
1839:.
1833:.
1805:.
1783:.
1776:.
1661:.
1654:.
1641:.
1589:,
1539:,
1443:,
1259:,
992:.
869:.
834:,
818:.
779:.
744:.
732:;
728:;
672:.
642:,
593:.
561:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
523:.
503:,
486::
482:;
473::
465:;
456:;
2510:e
2503:t
2496:v
2216:"
2199:.
2182:"
2115:.
2000:.
1936:.
1907:.
1876:.
1850:.
1819:.
1758:.
1364:.
1336:.
1267:.
1201:.
1179:.
440:/
437:É
434:Ê
431:)
428:d
425:(
419:b
416:Ë
413:/
409:(
398:)
196:)
192:(
180:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
