2165:, among others. Though, over 95% of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico, live in the United States (US states), there is a significant and growing number of Puerto Ricans, mainly from Puerto Rico itself but to a lesser degree stateside Puerto Ricans as well, living outside the 50 States and the US territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican populations in other countries are very small, not large enough to have dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in Florida and the US Northeast. Unsurprisingly, Puerto Rico's neighbors have the biggest Puerto Rican communities outside Puerto Rico and the US mainland, to the west Dominican Republic with as high as 20,000 Puerto Ricans according to some sources, and to the east US Virgin Islands with 7,759, 8.9% of the territory's population, second highest percentage of any US state or territory, after Puerto Rico (95.5%) and before Connecticut (8.0%). There are small numbers of Puerto Ricans in other countries like Canada, Spain, Mexico, United Kingdom, and other countries in Europe and the Caribbean/Latin America. Due to Puerto Rico being a US territory, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans leaving the island go to the mainland United States, comprising Puerto Ricans of all income brackets and lifestyles. However, majority of the small number of Puerto Ricans living outside of the United States, including outside of Puerto Rico and other territories, are usually financially well-off and entrepreneurial, owning homes and businesses in the countries they choose to settle in. Statistical counts of Puerto Rican populations in other countries usually only center on ethnic Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico. Non-Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico and later moving to target country usually wouldn't be included in a Puerto Rican population count, especially if they have ancestry of at least one parent born in target country, for example people of Dominican, Cuban, or Mexican etc ancestry born in Puerto Rico and later returning to their ancestral country- wouldn't be counted in a Puerto Rican population count, but likely rather counted as a "returning emigrant". Similarly, Puerto Ricans born in the mainland United States would be counted under an
2052:
multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race", a similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population. Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of
Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Small amounts of Puerto Ricans may have additional ancestries from other parts of the world. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European dominant in ancestry, Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described "
2098:
1268:
1246:
1542:
1831:). The Canarian cultural influence in Puerto Rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants, which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond. Many Spaniards, especially Canarians, chose Puerto Rico because of its Hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparison with other former Spanish colonies. They searched for security and stability in an environment similar to that of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico was the most suitable. This began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last significant wave of Spanish or European migration to Puerto Rico.
2455:
457:
1707:
2083:, the Spanish province where most Puerto Ricans draw their European ancestry from, being of partial North African blood. Very few self-identified Black Puerto Ricans are of unmixed African ancestry, while a genetically unmixed Amerindian population in Puerto Rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self-identified Amerindian Puerto Ricans due to a minor Amerindian component in their ancestral mixture. Research data shows that 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin and the typical Puerto Rican has between 5% and 15% Native American admixture.
168:
2114:. Even after the attempted assimilation of Puerto Rico into the United States in the early 20th century, the majority of the people of Puerto Rico feel pride in their Puerto Rican nationality, regardless of the individual's particular racial, ethnic, political, or economic background. Many Puerto Ricans are consciously aware of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the island. This diversity can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many Puerto Ricans such as the profound Latin, African, and Taíno influences regarding food, music, dance, and architecture.
190:
211:
2907:, was held on June 11, 2017, and offered three options: "Statehood", "Independence/Free Association", and "Current Territorial Status." With 23% of registered voters casting ballots, 97% voted for statehood. Benefits of statehood would include an additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.
2129:
migrated to these areas during these times, assimilated and intermixed with the local populations. In the early days of US rule, from 1900 to the 1940s, the Puerto Rican economy was small and undeveloped, it relied heavily on agriculture. At this time, Puerto Rican migration waves were mainly to
Dominican Republic, the Virgin Islands, and US cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Miami, New Orleans, and most importantly metropolitan area surrounding New York City and North Jersey. Over 5,000
2930:
274:
147:
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this more Puerto Ricans started to look at the US more favorably and take full advantage of their US citizenship, huge flows of Puerto Ricans started to arrive in the United States, particularly industrial cities in the
Northeast and Midwest, coinciding with a strong decline in Puerto Ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the US like Baltimore, New Orleans, and Hawaii. From 1940 to 1960, the stateside Puerto Rican population rose from 69,967 to 892,513.
6207:
1685:
there were 14 native women married to
Spaniards, not to mention Spaniards with concubines." Under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, as epitomized by the
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United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".
2723:
725:
125:
78:
6867:
253:
1225:
2017:
232:
6877:
6163:
3808:
1489:
2783:. The Jones Act established that Puerto Ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of Puerto Rico, and anyone born after 1898 were U.S. citizens, unless the Puerto Rican expressed his/her intentions to remain a Spanish subject. Since 1948, it was decided by Congress that all Puerto Ricans, whether born within the United States or in Puerto Rico, were naturally born
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at least one year residence in Puerto Rico. The citizenship is internationally recognized by Spain, which considers Puerto Rico to be an Ibero-American nation. Therefore, Puerto Rican citizens have the ability to apply for
Spanish citizenship after only two years residency in Spain (instead of the standard 10 years).
1719:
individuals, although often correlating with their self-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than 10% to over 50%, while
European ancestry ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.
1791:
the total of Puerto Ricans that self-identified as White was 17.1% or 560,592 out of the 3,285,874 people living in Puerto Rico, down from 75.8% in the 2010 Census, reflecting a change in perceptions of race in Puerto Rico. For every United States census until 2010, most Puerto Ricans self identified
1957:
Puerto Rico's self-identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous-identified persons (oftentimes with predominant
Indigenous ancestry, but not always) from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, even when most other Puerto Ricans
1714:
Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is about 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with
European ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and West African ancestry strongest on the east side, and the
1001:
estimates give a total of 3,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified as "Native" Puerto Ricans. It also gives a total of 3,644,515 (91.9%) of the population being born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 (5.1%) born in the United States. The total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773 (8.1%). Of the 108,262
2868:
Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State
Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican-born parent; or be an American citizen with
2178:
Spanish and
English are the official languages of the entire Commonwealth. A 1902 English-only language law was abolished on April 5, 1991. Then on January 28, 1993, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico approved Law Number 1 again making Spanish and English the official languages of Puerto Rico.
2133:
from 1900 to 1901. Puerto Rican migration to the US northeast started as early as the 1890s; however, it was a very, very small flow at the time. During the 1940s, Puerto Rican desire for independence slowly started to decline while desire for statehood and dependence on the US started rise, due to
2078:
In genetic terms, even many of those of pure Spanish origin would have North and, in some cases, West African ancestry brought from founder populations, particularly in the Canary Islands. Along with European, West African, and Taino, many Puerto Ricans have small amounts of North African blood due
1718:
A study of a sample of 96 healthy self-identified White Puerto Ricans and self-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on
1684:
The native Taino population began to dwindle, with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, through disease and intermarriage. Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. "By 1530
2194:
Public school instruction in Puerto Rico is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully
2899:
occurred on November 6, 2012. The result a 54% majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island's territorial political status, and in favor of a new status. Of votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood. This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood
1953:
Indigenous people make up the third largest racial identity among Puerto Ricans, comprising 0.5% of the population. Although this self-identification may be ethno-political in nature since unmixed Tainos no longer exist as a discrete genetic population. Native American admixture in Puerto Ricans
957:
The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with most living on the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. Within the United States, Puerto Ricans are present in all states of the Union, and the states with the largest
2891:
The UN's Special Committee has referred often to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the
2051:
Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed-race, few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so. They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as
5399:
Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), p. 588-589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial," 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and
2190:
Puerto Rican Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island. The US Census Bureau's 2015 update provides the following: 94.1% of adults speak Spanish, 5.8% speak only English and little to no Spanish, 78.3% do not speak English "very well", 15.8% are fully
2128:
During the Spanish colonial period, there was significant migration from Puerto Rico to Santo Domingo (DR), Cuba, the Virgin Islands, and Venezuela, and vice versa, because migration between neighboring colonies especially under the same European power, was common. Nearly all Puerto Ricans who
5783:
2245:
has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. While the Spanish spoken in all Iberian, Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish Maritime Provinces was brought to the island over the centuries, the most profound regional
3732:
1583:. In fact, it was estimated that the majority of all the Amerindian inhabitants of the New World died out due to contact and contamination with those Old World diseases, while those that survived were further reduced through deaths by warfare with Spanish colonizers and settlers.
5320:
3294:
3633:
Via, Mark; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsey; Fejerman, Laura; Galander, Joshua; Choudhry, Shweta; Toro-Labrador, Gladys; Viera-Vera, Jorge; Oleksyk, Taras K.; Beckman, Kenneth; Ziv, Elad; Risch, Neil; González Burchard, Esteban; Nartínez-Cruzado, Juan Carlos (2011).
5410:
3749:
2822:, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The Resident Commissioner is elected by Puerto Ricans to a four-year term and does serve on
945:
natives that inhabited the island at the time European colonizers arrived in 1493. Recent studies in population genetics have concluded that Puerto Rican gene pool is on average predominantly European, with a significant Sub-Saharan African, North African
3730:
1730:
ancestry, a North African Berber ethnic group who were the original inhabitants before Spanish conquest. This means that by extension, many Puerto Ricans have minuscule amounts of North African blood through the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands.
6059:
2900:
advocates. In all earlier referendum, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum.
2425:
article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent of identify themselves as Catholic". The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other.
4482:
2420:
In 1998, a news report stated that "Puerto Rico no longer predominantly Catholic". Pollster Pablo Ramos wrote that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches. However, an
3190:
2806:, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with state-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in
5414:
3747:
5838:
5789:
2202:, the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source data. A 1986 estimate places the Puerto Rican deaf population to be between 8,000 and 40,000. Due to ongoing colonization from the US mainland, the larger
933:. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia as well as from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. Puerto Rico has also been influenced by
3523:
Indigenous Puerto Rico: DNA evidence upsets established history: DNA evidence shows that most Puerto Ricans are a blending of Taino (Indian), Spanish and African according to studies by Dr. Juan Martinez-Cruzado.
1590:
during the 18th and 19th centuries, so many so that whole Puerto Rican villages and towns were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their descendants would later form a majority of the population on the island.
1563:, the negative impact on the numbers of Amerindian people, especially in Puerto Rico, was almost entirely the result of Old World diseases that the Amerindians had no natural/bodily defenses against, including
2105:
The Puerto Rico of today has come to form some of its own social customs, cultural matrix, historically rooted traditions, and its own unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions within the
6069:
2169:
statistic, so the Puerto Rican populations abroad may be slightly larger as some may be stateside-born and counted as "American" rather than "Puerto Rican" on local government statistics on immigrants.
5350:
3324:
3280:
4490:
1750:
4798:
5839:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
5790:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
6926:
5666:
4402:
3536:
5112:
2915:
2454:
2187:
of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population.
456:
5900:
5194:
2137:
In the modern day, there are about 5.9 million Puerto Ricans in the US mainland. Large concentrations can be found in the Northeast region and in Florida, in the metropolitan areas of
2888:
and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization." In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.
4911:
6822:
5166:
2075:, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA."
6375:
4784:
2978:
5484:
4994:
5955:
1633:(though the island was French since 1768 the population spoke an Italian dialect similar to Tuscan Italian) during the 19th century immigrated to Puerto Rico, along with
6832:
2973:
6033:
4715:
6395:
6005:
5842:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
5793:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
5282:
5065:
3216:
2895:
Puerto Rico has held four referendums to determine whether to retain its status as a territory or to switch to some other status such as statehood. The fourth, the
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1499:
5345:
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influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico has been from that spoken in the present-day Canary Islands. The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes occasional
6696:
3168:
2778:
2484:
486:
5599:
2413:
denominations has increased under U.S. sovereignty, making modern Puerto Rico an inter-denominational, multi-religious community. The Afro-Caribbean religion
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5658:
3718:
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5268:
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2250:
words, typically in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West
1002:
who were foreign born outside the United States (2.7% of Puerto Ricans), 92.9% were born in Latin America, 3.8% in Europe, 2.7% in Asia, 0.2% in
5871:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico"
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4585:
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There are many religious beliefs represented in the island. Religious breakdown in Puerto Rico (as of 2006) is given in the table on the right.
1510:
6732:
4298:
4151:
3902:
3554:
950:, and Indigenous American substrate, the latter two originating in the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico's pre-Columbian
5202:
4380:
3584:
Tang, Hua; Choudhry, Shweta; Mei, Rui; Morgan, Martin; Rodríguez-Clintron, William; González Burchard, Esteban; Risch, Neil (August 1, 2007).
941:
of unmixed African descent are only a significant minority. Also present in today's Puerto Ricans are traces (about 10-15%) of the aboriginal
6880:
6870:
6412:
6361:
6304:
2834:
6173:
5138:
4483:"Department of Literatures in English | Department of Literatures in English | the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica"
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4903:
2711:
713:
5721:
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4653:
3767:
3693:
1715:
levels of Taino ancestry (which, according to some research, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.
1559:; however, as in other parts of the Americas, the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of Spanish settlers. Besides
888:
4444:
3521:
5466:
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has been the main Christian denomination among Puerto Ricans since the arrival of the Spanish in the 15th century, but the presence of
799:
793:
787:
775:
632:
5926:
6827:
6806:
6782:
6906:
5922:
4675:
4259:
5977:
5768:
3982:
958:
populations of Puerto Ricans relative to the national population of Puerto Ricans in the United States at large are the states of
6400:
5479:
5066:
https://www.americansall.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/ethnic-and-cultural/9.9_Puerto_Ricans_Immigrants_and_Migrants.pdf}
5009:
3115:, but the term is not considered offensive by Puerto Ricans. It has been most famously used by Puerto Rican musicians, including
2751:
753:
5874:
6921:
6754:
6167:
5948:
2846:
2811:
6097:, by Edna Acosta-Belen, et al. (Albany, New York: Center for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies, SUNY-Albany, 2000)
4329:"Latino populations: a unique opportunity for the study of race, genetics, and social environment in epidemiological research"
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5896:
5854:
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2823:
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fluent in English. English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school.
1411:
6002:
4969:
6701:
4711:
4555:
4064:
3013:
2904:
2896:
2819:
861:
4611:
4125:
6769:
6764:
6722:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6266:
6188:
2818:. However, Puerto Rico is represented in the House of Representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the
2791:
2525:
2097:
1940:
1835:
527:
370:
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and have been included in the compulsory draft when it has been in effect. Puerto Ricans have fully participated in all
2826:. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.S. states have all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in the states.
6727:
6309:
6243:
5113:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
4135:
3358:
3243:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
3018:
3008:
2658:
2547:
2515:
2479:
2130:
1985:
1971:
1069:
851:
660:
549:
517:
481:
365:
3929:
6774:
6749:
6739:
6337:
6288:
6273:
6261:
4539:
4425:
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3217:"B03001 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin - Puerto Rico - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
2795:
2552:
2532:
2520:
2166:
1855:
1839:
1770:
1649:
1634:
1599:
1528:
554:
534:
522:
400:
385:
380:
5823:
3282:
El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana: Cuadro 2.4. Los Haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes
3160:
895:. The population of Puerto Ricans is between 9 and 10 million worldwide, with the overwhelming majority residing in
6794:
6744:
6717:
6278:
5607:
5481:
Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.
3395:
2850:
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2537:
1859:
1638:
884:
819:
650:
539:
390:
5365:
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as that is a right reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the District of Columbia through the
4403:"La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte"
3537:"La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte"
6789:
6181:
5821:
XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15.
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of 1917. Since this law was the result of Congressional legislation, and not the result of an amendment to the
2681:
2489:
1626:
683:
491:
5152:
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6801:
6384:
6203:
4943:
2842:
2784:
2494:
1980:
For its 2020 census, the U.S. Census Bureau listed the following groups to constitute "Asian": Asian Indian,
1699:, which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white, which was the opposite of "
496:
6901:
4082:
2838:
2653:
1779:, taken the year Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following its invasion and annexation in the
892:
655:
173:
4642:. middle of second paragraph under 'Africans in Puerto Rico': by Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
4014:
1645:, immigrated to Puerto Rico. They were followed by smaller waves from other European countries and China.
6332:
3824:
3194:
3164:
2943:
2744:
2639:
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like ASL. Indeed, there is a hesitancy amongst Puerto Rican Deaf to even mention LSPR after heavy handed
2069:
2044:
People of "Some other race alone" or "Two or more races" constituted 75.3% of the population in the 2020
1665:
912:
746:
641:
5749:
Francisco H. Vazquez. Page 372. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
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1722:
The majority of the European ancestry in Puerto Ricans comes from southern Spain, more specifically the
1541:
2769:
2207:
2138:
1661:
1427:
5400:
VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma," 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).
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3786:
2154:
2045:
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in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, when thousands of
998:
5444:
4302:
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3562:
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4376:
3003:
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597:
476:
4127:
Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-century Puerto Rico
1607:
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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31:
17:
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1642:
835:
831:
739:
689:
568:
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4637:
4202:"History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico"
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3636:"History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico"
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5515:
5377:
Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. 1986. Page 466. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
4442:
2983:
2625:
2580:
2542:
2214:). Although assumed to be a dialect or variant of ASL, it is currently unknown the degree of
1843:
1629:
with the intention of attracting non-Spanish Europeans to settle in the island, thousands of
1395:
627:
582:
544:
6101:
Boricua Hawaiiana: Puerto Ricans of Hawaii—Reflections of the Past and Mirrors of the Future
5088:
6857:
The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.
6606:
6591:
6586:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6521:
5647:
The San Juan Star, Sunday, April 12, 1998: "Study reflects growing numbers of churchgoers".
4213:
3647:
2935:
2815:
2706:
2663:
2615:
2605:
2590:
2585:
2438:
2242:
2219:
2111:
872:
708:
665:
617:
607:
592:
587:
440:
304:
299:
5491:
Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (May 8, 2012). Retrieved December 4, 2012.
8:
6601:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6488:
6253:
6235:
2600:
2180:
2072:
2024:
1967:
1766:
1545:
Crowd gathering on a street in Puerto Rico in 1939, photographed by Robert Yarnall Richie
1379:
1347:
1101:
602:
350:
82:
4686:
4270:
4217:
3651:
2772:, the current U.S. citizenship of Puerto Ricans can be revoked by Congress, as they are
6647:
6637:
6627:
6596:
6566:
6526:
6327:
6225:
5981:
5760:
5659:"Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation"
5606:. International Association for Language Education Policy Studies. 2013. Archived from
5116:
5047:
4854:
4829:
4353:
4328:
4236:
4201:
3989:
3959:
3670:
3635:
3610:
3585:
3246:
3220:
2727:
2510:
1912:
1891:
1603:
1506:
1363:
1132:
839:
729:
512:
355:
195:
6642:
6622:
6576:
6450:
6095:"Adiós, Borinquen querida": The Puerto Rican Diaspora, Its History, and Contributions
5870:
5850:
5801:
5574:
5562:
5269:"Empresarios de Puerto Rico buscan oportunidades de negocios en República Dominicana"
5092:
5051:
4859:
4643:
4358:
4241:
4131:
4090:
3675:
3615:
3375:
2764:
Puerto Ricans became citizens of the United States as a result of the passage of the
2394:
2251:
2184:
2001:
1847:
1824:
938:
934:
425:
5728:
The White House. Washington, D.C. Appendix E. December 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
5028:"Building an Occupation: Puerto Rican Laborers in the Dominican Republic, 1916–1924"
3526:
Rick Kearns Updated: Sep 13, 2018. Original: Sep 6, 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
3116:
6632:
6405:
6126:
5084:
5039:
4849:
4841:
4348:
4340:
4231:
4221:
3951:
3927:
Dr. Lynne Guitar. KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology.
3665:
3655:
3605:
3597:
3079:
2697:
2575:
2422:
2402:
2231:
2107:
2080:
2068:
very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and Dominican Republic. According to the
1812:
1554:
1003:
959:
780:
770:
699:
577:
6142:
6103:, by Blase Camacho Souza (Honolulu: Puerto Rican Heritage Society of Hawaii, 1982)
5181:"Puertorriqueños buscan nuevas oportunidades en República Dominicana | Video"
4828:
Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM (October 2009).
4200:
Via, Marc; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsay A.; et al. (January 2011).
3124:
2020:
1958:
of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed-race or even as white.
1318:
6483:
6064:
6009:
5840:
5827:
5791:
5746:
5725:
5636:
5519:
5488:
5374:
5354:
4543:
4448:
4226:
4068:
4050:
3933:
3831:
3812:
3793:
3771:
3753:
3660:
3461:
3409:
3328:
3100:
2146:
2142:
1993:
1863:
1820:
1816:
1804:
1615:
918:
858:
6353:
4559:
4184:"Cerca del 40% de los puertorriqueños con genes europeos descienden de Canarias"
4061:
4015:"Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland"
2829:
As statutory U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico may enlist in the
1954:
ranges between about 5% and 35%, with around 15% being the approximate average.
1550:
6028:
4607:
4377:"Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana"
2953:
2914:
would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the
2235:
2227:
2199:
2162:
2158:
1975:
1875:
1867:
1808:
1800:
1723:
1619:
1611:
1587:
930:
869:
420:
405:
395:
375:
6148:
5539:
5509:
5283:"Empresarios de Puerto Rico llegan a RD en busca de oportunidades de negocios"
5195:"U.S. Census Shows V.I. Aging, Growing More Hispanic | St. Thomas Source"
3963:
2810:
being held in Puerto Rico. U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect
6895:
5578:
5043:
4344:
4327:
González Burchard, E; Borrell, LN; Choudhry, S; et al. (December 2005).
4094:
3736:
3435:
3191:"Cumulative Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 for Puerto Rico"
3104:
2830:
2790:
Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in
2398:
2027:
1920:
1915:
taking place from many groups in the African continent, but particularly the
1879:
1828:
1726:, this is also true for many Dominicans and Cubans. Canarians are of partial
1700:
1653:
1560:
975:
332:
152:
3111:
to refer to Puerto Ricans or Puerto Rico. It is occasionally mistaken for a
3057:
are male-specific when ending in «o» and female-specific when ending in «a».
1749:
1710:
Two men sit by the side of a road with the ocean behind them in Puerto Rico.
4863:
4362:
4245:
4156:
3955:
3923:
3679:
3619:
3492:
Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española: Diccionario de Americanismos
3108:
1989:
1981:
1948:
1928:
1904:
1871:
1851:
1784:
1673:
1333:
Self-identified racial and ethnic composition in Puerto Rico - 2020 Census
971:
847:
843:
804:
4775:
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
4536:
4429:
4043:
6428:
6206:
5820:
4995:"Teaching Guide for The History of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. - Part Two:
4845:
2406:
2039:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1580:
1568:
1152:
979:
896:
865:
823:
360:
327:
279:
130:
95:
6115:, by Frances Negrón-Muntaner (New York: New York University Press, 2004)
4799:"Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History"
3487:
2414:
6445:
6139:
Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City
5544:
5511:
Puerto Rican Sign Language: A Creole Language or an Endangered Dialect?
3112:
2998:
2370:
2279:
1997:
1602:
masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the
983:
967:
880:
6109:, by Lisa Sénchez González (New York: New York University Press, 2001)
4322:
4320:
3586:"Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans"
3362:(in Dutch). January 1, 2019. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022
1586:
Thousands of Spanish settlers also immigrated to Puerto Rico from the
77:
6498:
6145:
and Félix Matos Rodríguez (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004)
4293:
4291:
4018:
3132:
2948:
2374:
2303:
2016:
1630:
1576:
926:
917:
The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred to as a
808:
309:
258:
6024:"23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood"
4741:
4639:
A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents
3977:
3975:
3973:
3512:
The Atlantic. Ed Yong. September 18, 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
1900:, 7.0% of people self-identified as Black. Africans were brought by
1224:
937:, with many Puerto Ricans partially descended from Africans, though
6113:
Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture
6107:
Boricua Literature: A Literary History of the Puerto Rican Diaspora
4685:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. February 7, 2006. Archived from
4582:"MANUEL MORA MORALES: Canarios en Puerto Rico. CANARIAS EMIGRACIÓN"
4317:
4269:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. February 7, 2006. Archived from
3601:
2862:
2854:
2390:
2355:
2191:
bilingual in both English and Spanish, 0.1% speak other languages.
2060:
1727:
987:
947:
876:
827:
415:
410:
104:
6314:
5437:"Puerto Rico 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"
4830:"The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)"
4288:
3083:
2557:
2247:
2004:, and Other Asian. Though, the largest groups come from China and
951:
854:
559:
27:
People from Puerto Rico or who identify culturally as Puerto Rican
6467:
6455:
5167:"En aumento emigración de puertorriqueños a República Dominicana"
4904:"Reconnecting The Circuit Of Puerto Rican Identity Through Music"
4772:
2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico.
3970:
3354:"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond"
2223:
2054:
2035:
1944:
1657:
1564:
1065:
1007:
963:
5897:"Puerto Rico votes for U.S. statehood in non-binding referendum"
4326:
6927:
Multiracial ethnic groups in insular areas of the United States
6162:
3950:(in Spanish). Vol. 54. Colegio de Mexico. pp. 79–82.
3719:
US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010
3466:
Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española
3440:
Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española
3414:
Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española
2910:
Even with the Puerto Ricans' vote for statehood, action by the
2378:
2342:
2316:
1319:
Current population and its self-identified racial makeup (2020)
815:
237:
216:
5139:"Migración a la inversa: Boricuas se establecen en Dominicana"
4114:
Falcón in Falcón, Haslip-Viera and Matos-Rodríguez 2004: Ch. 6
5718:
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status.
5077:
Thomas, Lorrin (2015). "Puerto Ricans in the United States".
2979:
List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
2382:
2329:
2183:
for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. The
2101:"A Puerto Rican family lives here" sign on a wall in San Juan
2005:
1901:
1595:
1572:
1267:
1245:
991:
942:
922:
6060:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood"
3806:
An Account of the Present State of the Island of Puerto Rico
2218:
between Puerto Rican Sign Language nor whether it is even a
4083:"Why Some Black Puerto Ricans Choose 'White' on the Census"
3721:
Retrieved March 25, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu
2974:
List of Puerto Rican Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
1799:
ancestry of Puerto Ricans comes primarily from one source:
1669:
1606:
and settled in the west coast of the island, especially in
1500:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3161:"Nevada and Idaho Are the Nation's Fastest-Growing States"
6053:
6051:
5436:
4827:
2386:
1652:
began to settle in Puerto Rico. The first large group of
1622:
who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1023:
The populations during Spanish rule of Puerto Rico were:
3741:
2872:
2254:
were adopted in the contexts of foods, music or dances.
1907:. The vast majority of the Africans who were brought to
2881:
6048:
5845:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
5796:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
5255:"De moda el que boricuas hagan negocios en Dominicana"
4152:"Mapping Puerto Rican Heritage with Spit and Genomics"
3632:
5970:
5403:
3583:
2429:
164:
5514:(Master of Arts). Northeastern Illinois University.
2925:
2916:
Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution
2000:, Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Taiwanese, Thai,
186:
5563:"Puerto Rican and Deaf: A View from the Borderland"
3946:Santullano, Luis A. (March 10, 2019). "El jíbaro".
3276:
3274:
2008:. These groups represented 0.1% of the population.
1758:
was a Puerto Rican military officer and politician.
1689:. Under Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such as
5390:, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.
5297:"Boricuas viven su retiro en República Dominicana"
5153:"Puertorriqueños emigran en masa hacia Dominicana"
4513:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
4453:
4420:
4418:
4416:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
6383:
6135:, by Roberto Santiago (New York: One World, 1995)
5739:Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society.
5225:"Dominican Economy Lures Puerto Ricans in Crisis"
6893:
5978:"An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate"
5656:
5388:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
5321:"2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations"
5080:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
3758:
3380:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3295:"2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations"
3271:
2369:The majority of Puerto Ricans in the island are
1549:The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico are the
5996:
5105:
4944:"History of Puerto Ricans In the US - PART TWO"
4413:
4299:"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations"
3837:
3555:"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations"
143:
5411:"U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007"
4735:
4733:
4475:
4199:
3871:. Department of Commerce. 2016. Archived from
3834:Census of "Porto Rico" (Old Spelling) Page 57.
3209:
1703:" in US society after the American Civil War.
1029:Ethnic composition of Puerto Rico 1765 - 1897
6369:
6189:
2745:
1301:Indigenous: Taino people, Also Arawak people.
747:
270:
121:
63:
47:
6003:Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time
5949:"Puerto Rico vote could change ties to U.S."
5765:The North American Congress on Latin America
5705:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%
4970:"Puerto Rican Migration Before World War II"
4896:
4007:
3529:
850:society, descending in varying degrees from
6133:Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings
4730:
4631:
4629:
3818:
3686:
249:
6376:
6362:
6196:
6182:
5600:"Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico"
4936:
4740:Rivera, Melvin Gonzalez (August 3, 2015).
4123:
4108:
3945:
3917:
2752:
2738:
2453:
1834:Other sources of European populations are
1428:Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
1013:
754:
740:
455:
76:
5889:
4853:
4352:
4235:
4225:
3939:
3925:Documenting the Myth of Taino Extinction.
3895:"Puerto Rico Virtual Jewish History Tour"
3669:
3659:
3609:
1783:, 61.8% of the people were identified as
1529:Learn how and when to remove this message
1018:
5980:. Let Puerto Rico Decide. Archived from
5507:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
4626:
3859:
3857:
3825:Report on the census of Porto Rico, 1899
3774:By Michael R. Haines, Richard H. Steckel
2096:
2015:
1705:
1540:
1478:
228:
207:
5508:Quiñones, Frances Michelle (May 2021).
5413:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from
5367:The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.
4614:from the original on September 24, 2015
4081:Alford, Natasha S. (February 9, 2020).
3782:
3780:
3183:
3153:
1734:
1656:to settle in Puerto Rico were European
1594:In 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue (
921:largely derived from the traditions of
785:, but also occasionally referred to as
14:
6894:
6021:
5954:. Associated Press. November 4, 2012.
5877:from the original on February 11, 2017
5771:from the original on February 22, 2017
5669:from the original on February 18, 2017
5560:
5447:from the original on December 27, 1996
5217:
5076:
5025:
4962:
4752:from the original on November 18, 2019
4739:
4635:
4383:from the original on December 16, 2018
4195:
4193:
4080:
3905:from the original on December 26, 2015
3696:. Medgar Evers College. Archived from
3590:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3171:from the original on December 20, 2018
2905:Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017
6357:
6177:
5903:from the original on November 4, 2013
5758:
5494:
5089:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.32
4793:
4791:
4124:Kinsbruner, Jay (February 22, 1996).
4062:Puerto Rico's Historical Demographics
3854:
3765:A Population History of North America
3060:
3041:is gender-neutral, whereas the terms
3031:
891:, and are considerably influenced by
812:archipelago and island of Puerto Rico
6876:
6057:
6036:from the original on August 13, 2017
4914:from the original on January 8, 2019
4803:National Geographic Society Newsroom
4742:"Spanish and English in Puerto Rico"
4656:from the original on January 2, 2016
4588:from the original on January 2, 2016
3777:
3089:
3014:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
2897:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
1482:
838:. Puerto Ricans are predominately a
116:Regions with significant populations
5761:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations"
5657:Associated Press (March 12, 2014).
5327:from the original on April 22, 2018
4870:
4608:"The Spanish Of The Canary Islands"
4190:
3887:
3301:from the original on April 22, 2018
2393:all have a small presence as well.
1941:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
24:
6851:
6141:, edited by Gabriel Haslip-Viera,
6088:
5689:"Puerto Rico - People and Society"
5231:. January 25, 2016. Archived from
4948:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños
4834:European Journal of Human Genetics
4788:
4718:from the original on April 4, 2019
4405:. February 6, 2010. Archived from
3539:. February 6, 2010. Archived from
3359:Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
3019:Puerto Ricans in the United States
3009:Puerto Rican migration to New York
2430:Political and international status
2377:have a large secondary following.
2086:
1972:Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
25:
6938:
6338:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico
6155:
6058:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017).
6022:Robles, Frances (June 11, 2017).
5958:from the original on May 25, 2017
5873:. United Nations. June 20, 2016.
5604:Language Education Policy Studies
4997:Labor Migration and U.S. Policies
1771:Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico
1221:
974:, with large populations also in
6875:
6866:
6865:
6823:Stereotypes in the United States
6205:
6161:
6015:
5941:
5915:
5863:
5832:
5814:
5752:
5731:
5710:
5681:
5650:
5641:
5622:
5592:
5554:
5533:
5473:
5443:. Department of Commerce. 2016.
3815:By George D. Flinter (Page: 206)
3396:"Key findings about Puerto Rico"
2928:
2835:U.S. wars and military conflicts
2721:
2212:Lenguaje de Señas Puertorriqueño
2131:Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii
1748:
1487:
1266:
1244:
1223:
723:
272:
251:
230:
209:
188:
166:
145:
123:
6907:Cultural history of Puerto Rico
5459:
5429:
5393:
5380:
5359:
5339:
5323:. 2.statcan.ca. April 2, 2011.
5313:
5303:
5289:
5275:
5261:
5247:
5187:
5173:
5159:
5145:
5131:
5070:
5058:
5019:
5006:Center for Puerto Rican Studies
4987:
4926:
4821:
4805:. July 25, 2014. Archived from
4778:
4764:
4704:
4668:
4600:
4574:
4558:. March 3, 2016. Archived from
4548:
4530:
4505:
4436:
4395:
4369:
4252:
4176:
4144:
4117:
4074:
4055:
4037:
4025:
3983:"Puerto Rico's History on race"
3799:
3724:
3712:
3626:
3577:
3547:
3515:
3506:
3480:
3454:
3428:
3402:
3388:
3346:
3297:. 2.statcan.ca. April 2, 2011.
2994:Military history of Puerto Rico
2989:List of Stateside Puerto Ricans
2969:History of women in Puerto Rico
2886:political status of Puerto Rico
2798:system. Nevertheless, both the
2206:(ASL) is supplanting the local
1679:
889:birthright American citizenship
887:, Puerto Ricans have automatic
5899:. CBS News. November 7, 2012.
4676:"How Puerto Rico Became White"
4260:"How Puerto Rico Became White"
3333:
3313:
3287:
3261:
3235:
3082:» and «Borinquen», indigenous
2682:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
1648:During the early 20th century
1627:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
1304:
1294:
684:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
13:
1:
6922:Social history of Puerto Rico
6833:In the United States Congress
6385:Hispanic and Latino Americans
4584:. YouTube. January 20, 2008.
3146:
2179:All official business of the
2117:
1934:
4227:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513
4071:Retrieved November 10, 2011.
3661:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513
2081:settlers from Canary Islands
1610:. Some Puerto Ricans are of
1281:
1276:
1259:
1254:
1237:
1232:
7:
6333:Demographics of Puerto Rico
3195:United States Census Bureau
3165:United States Census Bureau
2944:Demographics of Puerto Rico
2921:
2362:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2336:
2333:
2323:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2257:
2210:(PRSL, also known as LSPR:
2173:
1290:1765 Census. (First census)
954:inhabitants, respectively.
913:Demographics of Puerto Rico
906:
10:
6943:
5540:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5353:February 14, 2007, at the
3811:February 25, 2017, at the
3327:February 14, 2007, at the
2770:United States Constitution
2208:Puerto Rican Sign Language
2121:
2090:
2033:
1965:
1938:
1911:did so as a result of the
1889:
1764:
1598:), revolted against their
1306:
1296:
910:
779:), most commonly known as
29:
6846:
6815:
6710:
6684:
6658:
6615:
6554:
6509:
6476:
6421:
6391:
6323:
6297:
6252:
6234:
6218:
6008:November 3, 2013, at the
5635:November 2, 2014, at the
5373:October 10, 2017, at the
5347:Los extranjeros en México
4140:– via Google Books.
4130:. Duke University Press.
3770:February 3, 2017, at the
3321:Los extranjeros en México
2884:has been considering the
2226:of English, Spanish, and
1898:2020 United States Census
1789:2020 United States Census
1643:Great Famine of the 1840s
1641:who were affected by the
1465:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1426:
1421:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1364:Black or African American
1362:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1311: : Slave population.
1292:1802 Census. 1897 Census
1288:
1028:
1006:, and 0.1% in Africa and
999:American Community Survey
346:
341:
323:
318:
295:
290:
269:
248:
227:
206:
185:
163:
142:
120:
115:
94:
89:
75:
58:
5745:January 2, 2016, at the
5631:Retrieved June 9, 2009.
5487:August 31, 2012, at the
5044:10.1215/15476715-3595964
4636:Lipski, John M. (2005).
4345:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068668
3024:
3004:Puerto Rican citizenship
2964:History of Puerto Ricans
2011:
1984:, Bhutanese, Cambodian,
1961:
1885:
1739:
1553:, who called the island
925:, and more specifically
6343:Stateside Puerto Ricans
6121:United States of Banana
6012:, CNN, November 7, 2012
5952:San Francisco Chronicle
5561:Torres, Andrés (2009).
5550:(subscription required)
4878:"Explore all countries"
4542:March 24, 2011, at the
4034:Retrieved June 8, 2009.
3936:Retrieved May 23, 2010.
3787:HISTORIA DE PUERTO RICO
3559:The Genographic Project
2824:congressional committee
2234:between ASL, PRSL, and
2230:. Today, there is much
2124:Stateside Puerto Ricans
1850:(especially Azoreans),
1625:When Spain revived the
1614:heritage, most notably
1014:Number of Puerto Ricans
32:Stateside Puerto Ricans
6917:Society of Puerto Rico
6912:Culture of Puerto Rico
6129:(AmazonCrossing, 2011)
5759:López, Ana M. (2014).
5026:Wright, Micah (2016).
4447:June 28, 2012, at the
3956:10.2307/j.ctvbcd2vs.13
3932:June 27, 2009, at the
3899:Jewish Virtual Library
3830:July 16, 2017, at the
3792:March 4, 2016, at the
3735:February 10, 2020, at
3341:Estadísticas Venezuela
3086:names for Puerto Rico.
2959:History of Puerto Rico
2912:United States Congress
2876:and status referendums
2837:since 1898, including
2808:presidential primaries
2792:presidential elections
2785:United States citizens
2728:Puerto Rico portal
2485:Holyoke, Massachusetts
2243:Spanish of Puerto Rico
2216:mutual intelligibility
2204:American Sign Language
2102:
2093:Culture of Puerto Rico
2031:
1711:
1662:German–occupied Europe
1546:
1509:by rewriting it in an
1063:Other (incl: African,
1019:Population (1765–1897)
901:mainland United States
774:
730:Puerto Rico portal
487:Holyoke, Massachusetts
64:
48:
5467:"Explore Census Data"
5386:"Official Language,"
5141:. September 30, 2013.
4712:"Explore Census Data"
4049:July 5, 2011, at the
4021:on December 12, 2012.
3752:June 6, 2011, at the
3167:. December 19, 2018.
2984:List of Puerto Ricans
2820:Resident Commissioner
2100:
2019:
1709:
1544:
1479:Ancestry and genetics
1443:Other races (838,316)
859:Southwestern European
342:Related ethnic groups
6434:Creoles of Louisiana
6170:at Wikimedia Commons
6151:, PR Taíno DNA study
6068:. DC. Archived from
5984:on February 16, 2012
5610:on February 22, 2017
5285:. November 30, 2021.
5205:on February 10, 2013
4910:. November 2, 2014.
4846:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46
4692:on November 23, 2017
4610:. Personal.psu.edu.
4493:on December 12, 2012
4461:"The World Factbook"
4409:on February 6, 2010.
4305:on February 27, 2017
4276:on November 23, 2017
3565:on February 27, 2017
3543:on February 6, 2010.
3436:"puertorriqueño -ña"
3410:"puertorriqueño, ña"
2936:United States portal
2812:U.S. representatives
2462:By region or country
2112:Puerto Rican Spanish
1781:Spanish–American War
1756:Ramón Power y Giralt
1735:Self-identified race
1556:Borikén or Borinquen
818:identified with the
464:By region or country
30:For other uses, see
6902:Puerto Rican people
6838:Women in journalism
6401:Hispanic and Latino
6168:Puerto Rican people
6119:Yo soy Boricua in "
6072:on February 4, 2017
5929:on November 7, 2012
4218:2011PLoSO...616513V
3995:on February 7, 2012
3875:on February 6, 2017
3652:2011PLoSO...616513V
2707:Spanish (Castilian)
2417:is also practiced.
2411:Jehovah's Witnesses
2292:Non-religious/other
2220:Francosign language
2198:Home to a sizeable
2181:U.S. District Court
2073:Genographic Project
2070:National Geographic
2023:is the first known
1996:, Korean, Laotian,
1968:Asian Puerto Ricans
1767:White Puerto Ricans
883:. As citizens of a
709:Spanish (Castilian)
174:U.S. Virgin Islands
83:Flag of Puerto Rico
55:
6328:Portal:Puerto Rico
5826:2009-07-31 at the
5724:2007-09-25 at the
5299:. August 31, 2018.
5229:Caribbean Business
5199:stthomassource.com
5169:. August 31, 2018.
5117:U.S. Census Bureau
5015:on April 20, 2021.
4333:Am J Public Health
4087:The New York Times
4067:2016-03-03 at the
4032:CIA World Factbook
3247:U.S. Census Bureau
3221:U.S. Census Bureau
2859:War in Afghanistan
2774:statutory citizens
2766:Jones–Shafroth Act
2688:Jones–Shafroth Act
2185:official languages
2103:
2032:
1892:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1712:
1604:Dominican Republic
1547:
1511:encyclopedic style
1498:is written like a
939:Afro-Puerto Ricans
690:Jones–Shafroth Act
196:Dominican Republic
42:
6889:
6888:
6550:
6549:
6351:
6350:
6166:Media related to
5856:978-92-1-810211-9
5807:978-92-1-810211-9
5548:(18th ed., 2015)
5235:on April 10, 2021
5155:. September 2018.
5098:978-0-19-932917-5
4950:. August 23, 2021
4809:on March 24, 2020
4649:978-0-521-82265-7
4426:"2010.census.gov"
3398:. March 29, 2017.
2796:Electoral College
2762:
2761:
2649:Roman Catholicism
2395:Roman Catholicism
2367:
2366:
2252:African languages
2224:oralist education
1635:German immigrants
1539:
1538:
1531:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1396:Two or more races
1316:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1291:
764:
763:
651:Roman Catholicism
434:
433:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6934:
6879:
6878:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6855:
6807:Washington, D.C.
6685:Religious groups
6510:Central American
6474:
6473:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6210:
6209:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6165:
6127:Giannina Braschi
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6019:
6013:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5925:. Archived from
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5836:
5830:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5756:
5750:
5735:
5729:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5639:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5505:
5492:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5407:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5378:
5363:
5357:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5271:. December 2021.
5265:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5201:. Archived from
5191:
5185:
5184:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5008:. Archived from
5003:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4795:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4680:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4562:on March 3, 2016
4556:"Racial Amnesia"
4552:
4546:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4487:www.mona.uwi.edu
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4457:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4432:on July 6, 2011.
4428:. Archived from
4422:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4301:. Archived from
4295:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4186:. July 19, 2017.
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4164:on March 4, 2016
4160:. Archived from
4148:
4142:
4141:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4053:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4017:. Archived from
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3988:. Archived from
3987:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3948:Mirada al Caribe
3943:
3937:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3797:
3784:
3775:
3762:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3700:on June 11, 2010
3690:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3561:. Archived from
3551:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3527:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3462:"puertorriqueño"
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3140:
3093:
3087:
3064:
3058:
3035:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2880:Since 1953, the
2804:Republican Party
2800:Democratic Party
2754:
2747:
2740:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2457:
2434:
2433:
2423:Associated Press
2274:% of Population
2265:
2264:
2108:Spanish language
1752:
1696:Gracias al Sacar
1639:Irish immigrants
1534:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1271:
1270:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1026:
1025:
1004:Northern America
893:American culture
844:Spanish-speaking
756:
749:
742:
728:
727:
726:
459:
436:
435:
282:
278:
276:
275:
261:
257:
255:
254:
240:
236:
234:
233:
219:
215:
213:
212:
198:
194:
192:
191:
176:
172:
170:
169:
155:
151:
149:
148:
133:
129:
127:
126:
103:
90:Total population
80:
67:
56:
51:
41:
21:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6811:
6706:
6680:
6654:
6611:
6546:
6505:
6472:
6417:
6387:
6382:
6352:
6347:
6319:
6293:
6248:
6230:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6158:
6149:Taino-tribe.org
6091:
6089:Further reading
6086:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6065:Washington Post
6056:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6020:
6016:
6010:Wayback Machine
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5837:
5833:
5828:Wayback Machine
5819:
5815:
5808:
5788:
5784:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5753:
5747:Wayback Machine
5736:
5732:
5726:Wayback Machine
5715:
5711:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5637:Wayback Machine
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5506:
5495:
5489:Wayback Machine
5478:
5474:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5417:on May 16, 2013
5409:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5375:Wayback Machine
5364:
5360:
5355:Wayback Machine
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5257:. October 2013.
5253:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5183:. May 16, 2019.
5179:
5178:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5038:(3–4): 83–103.
5024:
5020:
5012:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4840:(10): 1314–24.
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4650:
4634:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4544:Wayback Machine
4537:2010.census.gov
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4449:Wayback Machine
4441:
4437:
4424:
4423:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4325:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4079:
4075:
4069:Wayback Machine
4060:
4056:
4051:Wayback Machine
4044:2010.census.gov
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3971:
3944:
3940:
3934:Wayback Machine
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3838:
3832:Wayback Machine
3823:
3819:
3813:Wayback Machine
3804:
3800:
3794:Wayback Machine
3785:
3778:
3772:Wayback Machine
3763:
3759:
3754:Wayback Machine
3746:
3742:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3631:
3627:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3488:"puertorro, -a"
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3329:Wayback Machine
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3129:En Mi Puertorro
3094:
3090:
3065:
3061:
3036:
3032:
3027:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2878:
2758:
2722:
2720:
2432:
2260:
2176:
2126:
2120:
2095:
2089:
2087:Modern identity
2042:
2034:Main articles:
2014:
1978:
1966:Main articles:
1964:
1951:
1939:Main articles:
1937:
1894:
1888:
1773:
1765:Main articles:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1742:
1737:
1691:Regla del Sacar
1687:Regla del Sacar
1682:
1676:came to power.
1616:Scottish people
1579:, and even the
1535:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1507:help improve it
1504:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1457:Total:3,285,874
1448:
1435:
1419:
1412:American Indian
1403:
1387:
1371:
1355:
1321:
1265:
1243:
1064:
1021:
1016:
935:African culture
919:Western culture
915:
909:
870:Central African
776:Puertorriqueños
760:
724:
722:
430:
337:
314:
273:
271:
252:
250:
231:
229:
210:
208:
189:
187:
177:
167:
165:
146:
144:
134:
124:
122:
102:
85:
71:
70:
54:
49:Puertorriqueños
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6940:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6555:South American
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6425:
6423:
6422:North American
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6157:
6156:External links
6154:
6153:
6152:
6146:
6136:
6130:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6047:
6029:New York Times
6014:
5995:
5969:
5940:
5914:
5888:
5862:
5855:
5831:
5813:
5806:
5782:
5751:
5730:
5709:
5680:
5649:
5640:
5621:
5591:
5567:Centro Journal
5553:
5532:
5493:
5472:
5458:
5428:
5402:
5392:
5379:
5358:
5338:
5312:
5302:
5288:
5274:
5260:
5246:
5216:
5186:
5172:
5158:
5144:
5130:
5119:. July 1, 2019
5104:
5097:
5069:
5057:
5018:
4986:
4974:Lehman College
4961:
4935:
4925:
4895:
4869:
4820:
4787:
4777:
4763:
4729:
4703:
4667:
4648:
4625:
4599:
4573:
4547:
4529:
4504:
4474:
4452:
4435:
4412:
4394:
4368:
4339:(12): 2161–8.
4316:
4287:
4251:
4189:
4175:
4143:
4137:978-0822318422
4136:
4116:
4107:
4073:
4054:
4036:
4024:
4006:
3969:
3964:j.ctvbcd2vs.13
3938:
3916:
3886:
3853:
3836:
3817:
3798:
3776:
3757:
3740:
3723:
3711:
3685:
3625:
3602:10.1086/520769
3596:(3): 626–633.
3576:
3546:
3528:
3514:
3505:
3479:
3453:
3427:
3401:
3387:
3345:
3332:
3312:
3286:
3270:
3260:
3249:. July 1, 2022
3234:
3223:. July 1, 2022
3208:
3197:. July 1, 2017
3182:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3117:Bobby Valentín
3088:
3059:
3043:Puertorriqueño
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Criollo people
2951:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2923:
2920:
2877:
2874:Decolonization
2871:
2779:14th Amendment
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2236:Signed Spanish
2228:Signed English
2200:deaf community
2175:
2172:
2119:
2116:
2091:Main article:
2088:
2085:
2013:
2010:
1992:, Indonesian,
1976:Indo-Caribbean
1963:
1960:
1936:
1933:
1890:Main article:
1887:
1884:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1724:Canary Islands
1681:
1678:
1620:English people
1588:Canary Islands
1537:
1536:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:(2020 Census)
1327:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
997:For 2009, the
931:Canary Islands
911:Main article:
908:
905:
885:U.S. territory
807:native to the
762:
761:
759:
758:
751:
744:
736:
733:
732:
719:
718:
717:
716:
711:
703:
702:
696:
695:
694:
693:
686:
678:
677:
671:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
645:
644:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
572:
571:
565:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:
530:
520:
515:
507:
506:
502:
501:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
466:
465:
461:
460:
452:
451:
445:
444:
432:
431:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
339:
338:
336:
335:
330:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:
288:
287:
284:
267:
266:
263:
246:
245:
242:
225:
224:
221:
204:
203:
200:
183:
182:
179:
161:
160:
157:
140:
139:
136:
118:
117:
113:
112:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:Puerto Ricans
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6939:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6882:
6874:
6872:
6864:
6863:
6854:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Massachusetts
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6733:San Francisco
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:Ethnic groups
6657:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:Nuevomexicano
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6212:Puerto Ricans
6208:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6143:Angelo Falcón
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6052:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5706:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5580:
5576:
5573:(2): 85–107.
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5476:
5468:
5462:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5396:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5278:
5270:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5182:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5154:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4990:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:(1): e16513.
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4139:
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3865:"Quick Facts"
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3737:archive.today
3734:
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3694:"2010 Census"
3689:
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3649:
3646:(1): e16513.
3645:
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3253:September 21,
3248:
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3227:September 21,
3222:
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3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:Andy Montañez
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3105:spontaneously
3102:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3078:derive from «
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3056:
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3007:
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2997:
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2654:Protestantism
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2490:New York City
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2470:United States
2468:
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2448:
2447:Puerto Ricans
2445:
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2109:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2028:visual artist
2026:
2022:
2021:José Campeche
2018:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:West Africans
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Conquistadors
1903:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
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1849:
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1772:
1768:
1757:
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1732:
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1725:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:one-drop rule
1698:
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1677:
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1561:miscegenation
1558:
1557:
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1543:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1496:This article
1494:
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1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
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1174:Other African
1173:
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1024:
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1005:
1000:
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993:
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976:Massachusetts
973:
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953:
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902:
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863:
860:
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855:Taíno natives
853:
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802:
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767:Puerto Ricans
757:
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656:Protestantism
654:
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492:New York City
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:United States
470:
469:
468:
467:
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458:
454:
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450:
449:Puerto Ricans
447:
446:
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372:
369:
367:
364:
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357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
334:
333:Protestantism
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
317:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
289:
285:
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247:
243:
239:
226:
222:
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201:
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180:
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153:United States
141:
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96:Puerto Ricans
93:
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6494:Puerto Rican
6413:Demographics
6211:
6138:
6132:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6076:February 17,
6074:. Retrieved
6070:the original
6063:
6038:. Retrieved
6032:. New York.
6027:
6017:
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5986:. Retrieved
5982:the original
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5951:
5943:
5931:. Retrieved
5927:the original
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5891:
5881:February 21,
5879:. Retrieved
5865:
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5785:
5775:February 21,
5773:. Retrieved
5764:
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5712:
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5699:February 17,
5697:. Retrieved
5692:
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5662:
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5624:
5614:February 21,
5612:. Retrieved
5608:the original
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5594:
5582:. Retrieved
5570:
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5556:
5543:
5535:
5523:. Retrieved
5510:
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5451:February 19,
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5440:
5431:
5419:. Retrieved
5415:the original
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5382:
5366:
5361:
5346:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5315:
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5239:September 4,
5237:. Retrieved
5233:the original
5228:
5219:
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5203:the original
5198:
5189:
5175:
5161:
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5121:. Retrieved
5107:
5079:
5072:
5060:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5010:the original
5005:
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4989:
4979:September 4,
4977:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4954:September 4,
4952:. Retrieved
4947:
4938:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4907:
4898:
4888:February 26,
4886:. Retrieved
4881:
4872:
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4833:
4823:
4811:. Retrieved
4807:the original
4802:
4780:
4771:
4766:
4756:November 18,
4754:. Retrieved
4746:Academia.edu
4745:
4722:December 16,
4720:. Retrieved
4706:
4696:February 22,
4694:. Retrieved
4687:the original
4683:SSC WISC Edu
4682:
4670:
4660:December 26,
4658:. Retrieved
4638:
4616:. Retrieved
4602:
4590:. Retrieved
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4560:the original
4550:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4486:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4455:
4438:
4430:the original
4407:the original
4397:
4387:December 16,
4385:. Retrieved
4371:
4336:
4332:
4307:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4280:February 22,
4278:. Retrieved
4271:the original
4267:SSC WISC Edu
4266:
4254:
4209:
4205:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4157:Live Science
4155:
4146:
4126:
4119:
4110:
4098:. Retrieved
4086:
4076:
4057:
4039:
4027:
4019:the original
4009:
3999:November 28,
3997:. Retrieved
3990:the original
3947:
3941:
3924:
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3898:
3889:
3879:February 21,
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3868:
3820:
3801:
3760:
3743:
3726:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3688:
3643:
3639:
3628:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:the original
3558:
3549:
3541:the original
3531:
3522:
3517:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3494:(in Spanish)
3491:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3468:(in Spanish)
3465:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3442:(in Spanish)
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3416:(in Spanish)
3413:
3404:
3390:
3364:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3320:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3289:
3281:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3185:
3175:December 30,
3173:. Retrieved
3155:
3136:
3131:(2006), and
3128:
3120:
3119:in his song
3097:Puertorro -a
3096:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2879:
2867:
2843:World War II
2828:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2686:
2495:Philadelphia
2446:
2419:
2368:
2261:
2240:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2147:Philadelphia
2136:
2127:
2104:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2025:Puerto Rican
1988:, Filipino,
1979:
1956:
1952:
1949:Taino people
1929:Kongo people
1895:
1833:
1794:
1792:as "white".
1774:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:Ethnogenesis
1674:Fidel Castro
1647:
1624:
1593:
1585:
1555:
1548:
1525:
1519:October 2019
1516:
1497:
1456:
1305:
1295:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1022:
996:
972:Pennsylvania
956:
916:
820:Commonwealth
805:ethnic group
798:
792:
786:
781:
766:
765:
688:
497:Philadelphia
448:
108:
99:
39:Ethnic group
36:
6828:In politics
6517:Costa Rican
5962:November 8,
5933:November 8,
5923:"CEE Event"
5907:November 8,
5695:. CIA. 2015
5693:CIA Library
5584:January 25,
5525:January 24,
5209:January 13,
5123:February 4,
4566:October 14,
4522:October 14,
4497:January 27,
4309:October 26,
4168:October 26,
3569:October 26,
3498:January 19,
3472:January 19,
3446:January 19,
3420:January 19,
3201:January 13,
3121:Soy Boricua
3072:Borinqueños
2851:Vietnam War
2839:World War I
2407:Pentecostal
2110:, known as
2040:Multiracial
1982:Bangladeshi
1913:slave trade
1909:Puerto Rico
1825:Andalusians
1803:(including
1777:1899 census
1637:as well as
1581:common cold
1569:chicken pox
1398:(1,635,791)
1273:Puerto Rico
1251:Puerto Rico
1229:Puerto Rico
1055:Population
1046:Population
1037:Population
980:Connecticut
897:Puerto Rico
881:free Blacks
824:Puerto Rico
788:Borinqueños
361:Amerindians
328:Catholicism
280:Netherlands
131:Puerto Rico
6896:Categories
6770:New Mexico
6765:New Jersey
6723:California
6692:Christians
6607:Venezuelan
6592:Paraguayan
6587:Ecuadorian
6542:Salvadoran
6537:Panamanian
6532:Nicaraguan
6522:Guatemalan
6446:Floridanos
6429:Californio
6040:August 12,
5545:Ethnologue
5520:2529375168
3147:References
3113:pejorative
3076:Borincanos
3066:The terms
3047:Borinqueño
2999:Nuyoricans
2903:The fifth
2861:, and the
2847:Korean War
2712:Vocabulary
2631:Television
2611:Literature
2399:Protestant
2375:Spiritists
2371:Christians
2167:"American"
2122:See also:
2118:Emigration
2066:Tri-racial
2002:Vietnamese
1935:Indigenous
1927:, and the
1848:Portuguese
1813:Castilians
1666:Cuban Jews
1070:Indigenous
984:California
968:New Jersey
852:Indigenous
840:tri-racial
800:Puertorros
794:Borincanos
714:Vocabulary
633:Television
613:Literature
426:Portuguese
6728:San Diego
6711:By region
6602:Uruguayan
6582:Colombian
6572:Brazilian
6562:Argentine
6499:Nuyorican
6489:Dominican
6477:Caribbean
6305:Dominican
5988:March 29,
5629:Religions
5579:1538-6279
5441:US Census
5421:April 18,
5052:156241283
4813:March 24,
4463:. Cia.gov
4095:0362-4331
3869:US Census
3704:April 13,
3366:April 19,
3133:Bad Bunny
3101:popularly
3095:The term
3055:Puertorro
3051:Borincano
3037:The term
2949:Hispanics
2596:Education
2503:Subgroups
2391:Buddhists
2304:Spiritist
2284:3,752,544
2280:Christian
2271:Adherents
1998:Malaysian
1836:Corsicans
1821:Asturians
1817:Galicians
1805:Canarians
1801:Spaniards
1787:. In the
1631:Corsicans
1577:influenza
1366:(228,711)
1350:(560,592)
1338:Ethnicity
927:Andalusia
862:colonists
848:Christian
809:Caribbean
803:, are an
598:Education
505:Subgroups
351:Europeans
310:Spanglish
291:Languages
259:Venezuela
159:5,905,178
138:3,075,871
109:6 million
100:9 million
6871:Category
6783:Portland
6775:New York
6750:Maryland
6740:Colorado
6648:Galician
6638:Canarian
6628:Asturian
6616:European
6597:Peruvian
6567:Bolivian
6527:Honduran
6267:Corsican
6254:European
6034:Archived
6006:Archived
5956:Archived
5901:Archived
5875:Archived
5824:Archived
5769:Archived
5743:Archived
5722:Archived
5667:Archived
5663:FOX News
5633:Archived
5516:ProQuest
5485:Archived
5445:Archived
5371:Archived
5351:Archived
5325:Archived
4912:Archived
4864:19337312
4750:Archived
4716:Archived
4654:Archived
4618:July 23,
4612:Archived
4592:July 23,
4586:Archived
4540:Archived
4467:July 23,
4445:Archived
4381:Archived
4363:16257940
4246:21304981
4206:PLOS ONE
4100:July 23,
4065:Archived
4047:Archived
3930:Archived
3909:July 23,
3903:Archived
3828:Archived
3809:Archived
3796:Page 17.
3790:Archived
3768:Archived
3750:Archived
3733:Archived
3680:21304981
3640:PLOS ONE
3620:17701908
3376:cite web
3325:Archived
3299:Archived
3169:Archived
3123:(1972),
3109:politely
3099:is used
2922:See also
2863:Iraq War
2855:Gulf War
2816:senators
2781:citizens
2698:Language
2640:Religion
2621:Politics
2606:Language
2526:Corsican
2439:a series
2437:Part of
2415:Santería
2356:Buddhist
2268:Religion
2258:Religion
2174:Language
2139:New York
2061:Quadroon
1994:Japanese
1844:Italians
1809:Catalans
1797:European
1660:fleeing
1658:refugees
1608:Mayagüez
1414:(17,870)
1058:Percent
1049:Percent
1040:Percent
988:Illinois
960:New York
929:and the
907:Overview
877:freedmen
828:ancestry
826:through
814:, and a
782:Boricuas
700:Language
642:Religion
623:Politics
608:Language
528:Corsican
441:a series
439:Part of
416:Mulattos
411:Mestizos
376:Criollos
371:Corsican
356:Africans
319:Religion
105:Diaspora
65:Boricuas
6881:Commons
6795:Houston
6779:Oregon
6745:Florida
6718:Arizona
6702:Muslims
6643:Catalan
6623:Spanish
6577:Chilean
6456:Chicano
6451:Mexican
6289:Spanish
6284:Italian
6244:Chinese
6226:African
6219:African
5331:May 20,
4918:June 4,
4908:NPR.org
4882:cia.gov
4855:2986650
4517:Cia.gov
4354:1449501
4237:3031579
4214:Bibcode
3671:3031579
3648:Bibcode
3611:1950843
3305:May 20,
3139:(2023).
3137:ACHO PR
3080:Borikén
3068:Boricua
3039:Boricua
2673:History
2659:Judaism
2586:Cuisine
2567:Culture
2553:Spanish
2543:Italian
2516:Chinese
2511:African
2475:Chicago
2379:Muslims
2287:97.00%
2232:contact
2155:Chicago
2143:Orlando
2055:Mulatto
2036:Mulatto
1986:Chinese
1945:Mestizo
1902:Spanish
1896:In the
1876:English
1868:Maltese
1856:Germans
1829:Basques
1775:In the
1728:Guanche
1612:British
1565:measles
1505:Please
1462:
1447:
1434:
1418:
1402:
1386:
1382:(4,001)
1370:
1354:
1278:890,911
1256:163,192
1157:241,900
1143:Mulatto
1133:African
1121:African
1112:African
1093:573,187
1066:Mulatto
1008:Oceania
964:Florida
948:Guanche
836:history
832:culture
771:Spanish
675:History
661:Judaism
588:Cuisine
569:Culture
555:Spanish
545:Italian
518:Chinese
513:African
477:Chicago
421:Spanish
406:Maltese
396:Italian
366:Chinese
305:English
300:Spanish
18:Boricua
6760:Nevada
6633:Basque
6468:Tejano
6439:Isleño
6406:Latino
6310:Jewish
6274:German
6262:French
5853:
5804:
5577:
5518:
5095:
5050:
4862:
4852:
4646:
4361:
4351:
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4234:
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3074:, and
3053:, and
2857:, the
2853:, the
2849:, the
2845:, the
2776:, not
2626:Sports
2581:Cinema
2548:Jewish
2533:German
2521:French
2480:Hawaii
2409:, and
2403:Mormon
2389:, and
2383:Hindus
2363:0.03%
2350:0.07%
2343:Jewish
2337:0.09%
2324:0.13%
2317:Muslim
2311:0.70%
2308:27,080
2298:1.98%
2295:76,598
2163:Boston
2161:, and
2064:", or
2046:Census
1974:, and
1947:, and
1923:, the
1921:Yoruba
1919:, the
1878:, and
1852:Greeks
1840:French
1827:, and
1672:after
1600:French
1466:100.0%
1283:100.0%
1261:100.0%
1239:100.0%
1234:44,833
1177:13,333
1160:27.1%
1149:33.8%
1146:55,164
1140:11.2%
1124:75,824
1118:10.0%
1115:16,414
1109:39.2%
1106:17,572
1096:64.3%
1087:48.0%
1084:78,281
1078:49.6%
1075:22,274
1010:each.
990:, and
970:, and
879:, and
873:slaves
864:, and
816:nation
628:Sports
583:Cinema
550:Jewish
535:German
523:French
482:Hawaii
401:Jewish
386:German
381:French
283:(2019)
277:
262:(2001)
256:
241:(2000)
238:Mexico
235:
220:(2016)
217:Canada
214:
199:(2015)
193:
178:(2020)
171:
156:(2022)
150:
135:(2022)
128:
6816:Other
6790:Texas
6676:White
6671:Black
6666:Asian
6484:Cuban
6396:Index
6315:Taíno
6298:Other
6279:Irish
6236:Asian
6125:, by
5847:10–11
5798:10–11
5048:S2CID
5032:Labor
5013:(PDF)
5002:(PDF)
4884:. CIA
4690:(PDF)
4679:(PDF)
4274:(PDF)
4263:(PDF)
3993:(PDF)
3986:(PDF)
3960:JSTOR
3084:Taíno
3025:Notes
2664:Islam
2616:Music
2591:Dance
2558:Taíno
2538:Irish
2360:1,161
2347:2,708
2334:3,482
2330:Hindu
2321:5,029
2248:Taíno
2159:Tampa
2151:Miami
2012:Other
2006:India
1990:Hmong
1962:Asian
1886:Black
1880:Danes
1872:Dutch
1864:Scots
1860:Irish
1785:White
1740:White
1668:fled
1596:Haiti
1573:mumps
1551:Taíno
1451:25.5%
1430:(593)
1406:49.8%
1380:Asian
1358:17.1%
1348:White
1180:8.2%
1153:Mixed
1137:5,037
1127:8.6%
1102:White
1090:White
1081:White
1052:1897
1043:1802
1034:1765
992:Texas
952:Taíno
943:Taino
923:Spain
834:, or
797:, or
666:Islam
618:Music
593:Dance
560:Taíno
540:Irish
391:Irish
244:1,970
223:3,405
202:6,083
181:7,759
6802:Utah
6697:Jews
6078:2017
6042:2017
5990:2012
5964:2012
5935:2012
5909:2012
5883:2017
5851:ISBN
5802:ISBN
5777:2017
5701:2017
5675:2017
5616:2017
5586:2022
5575:ISSN
5527:2022
5453:2017
5423:2014
5333:2016
5241:2021
5211:2022
5125:2021
5093:ISBN
4981:2021
4956:2021
4920:2020
4890:2021
4860:PMID
4815:2020
4758:2019
4724:2011
4698:2018
4662:2015
4644:ISBN
4620:2015
4594:2015
4568:2017
4524:2017
4499:2022
4469:2015
4389:2018
4359:PMID
4311:2014
4282:2018
4242:PMID
4170:2014
4132:ISBN
4102:2021
4091:ISSN
4001:2018
3911:2015
3881:2017
3706:2010
3676:PMID
3616:PMID
3571:2014
3500:2024
3474:2024
3448:2024
3422:2024
3382:link
3368:2022
3307:2016
3255:2023
3229:2023
3203:2020
3177:2018
2802:and
2601:Flag
2387:Jews
2241:The
2058:", "
2038:and
1925:Igbo
1795:The
1769:and
1670:Cuba
1654:Jews
1650:Jews
1618:and
1438:0.0%
1422:0.5%
1390:0.1%
1374:7.0%
899:and
868:and
866:West
603:Flag
5571:XXI
5542:at
5085:doi
5040:doi
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4842:doi
4349:PMC
4341:doi
4232:PMC
4222:doi
3952:doi
3666:PMC
3656:doi
3606:PMC
3598:doi
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