Boring Lava Field - Knowledge

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started in 1995 for a second water reservoir in the area, which was built between 2011 and 2014. The new reservoir is underground, buried under topsoil and native plants, and it has a volume of 50 millionUS gallons (190 million L). With the new reservoir came improvements to the Powell Butte park, including resurfaced and realigned trails, reduced environmental impacts, better accessibility measures, and reduction of steep grades. The government also built a visitor center, caretaker's house, public restrooms, maintenance yard, and a permeable parking area that permitted filtration of rainwater through asphalt to an underground stone bed, where it could be absorbed by the soil and then into the nearest aquifer.

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80 °F (27 °C), and the average minimum for January is above 32 °F (0 °C). Yearly, precipitation averages between 35 and 45 inches (890 and 1,140 mm) in most river valleys, with a mean of 42.04 inches (1,068 mm) from 1871 through 1952. It shows variability, with a historic low of 26.11 inches (663 mm) at Portland in 1929 and a maximum of 67.24 inches (1,708 mm) in 1882. More than 75 percent of this precipitation occurs between October and March; July and August mark the driest months with means below 1 inch (25 mm), while November, December, and January represent the wettest with averages greater than 6 inches (150 mm).

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434 feet (132 m) of silt from the Troutdale Formation. Running along the tube's arc are five depressions, which were created through the collapsing roofs of the lava tubes within a subsegment that is 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in length. The characteristics of the tube system are not well documented, since only the collapsed segments are accessible. Some of the channels have been reduced to rubble, and analysis has revealed that they trended northwest, had widths up to 40 feet (12 m) and depths no more than 60 feet (18 m), and required special engineering procedures to permit the construction of a 15-story building above them.

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Activity spread out over the area, extending to its current expansive state about one million years ago. In addition to spreading out geographically, the lava composition in the field's vents became more diverse. This period continued until about 500,000 years ago, with no activity until about 350,000 years ago, after which activity continued through roughly 60,000 to 50,000 years ago according to several sources, or about 120,000 years ago according to I. P. Madin (2009). R. Evarts and Fleck originally reported that lava flows at the Barnes Road deposit of the field represented the youngest eruptive products in the Boring area, with a

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in 1974. The Catlin Gabel tubes lie among cinder cones and lava flows from the Pliocene to Pleistocene, and they are the oldest known lava tubes in Oregon, older than the Holocene. The tubes were produced by a small vent at the southern end of the northern segment of the field, extending 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from its base to the south and then the west. They originated from the uppermost lava flow from a series of eruptions that ran into a valley on the western slope of the Portland Hills. The Catlin Gabel tubes have a width of 2,500 feet (760 m), with slopes averaging 150 feet (46 m) per mile for an average grade of 3

761: 1081: 1517: 1497: 42: 633: 1559:. Activity took place during the late Tertiary and early Quaternary, in what is now the Portland area as well as the surrounding area, with a particularly concentrated pocket of activity to the east. Nearly all of these eruptions were confined to single vents or small vent complexes, with the exception of a lava plain southeast of present-day Oregon City. Boring Lava generally consists of flowing lava; only one eruptive deposit contains tuff, ash, and tuff breccia, and one vent to the northeast of the Carver area displayed evidence of explosive eruptions that later became 1088:

Willamette River, 19 vents east of the Willamette River and north of Powell Valley Road, and 45 vents east of the Willamette River and south of Powell Valley Road (Highway 26). Of these, 42 were unnamed, and several volcanoes contained multiple vents. Generally, all lava flows in the field can be traced to specific vents in the field, but documented source vents have mostly been confirmed through chemical analysis or

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aluminum reduction, and shipyards can be found in the region. Industrial chemical production represents an important industry in Portland. Most of these industries rely on resources outsourced from other areas, except for the paper industry; business is driven by low power costs and the local industrial mineral market. Other important manufacturing industries in the nearby region include food processing and logging.

1100:(located 20.5 miles (33.0 km) north of Portland); Mount Scott also has an intact summit crater. Many of its vents retain the shape of a volcanic cone, with loess extending above an elevation of 400 feet (120 m). The Rocky Butte plug, which reaches a height of 330 feet (100 m) above its surroundings, was dated to 125,000 ± 40,000 years old by R. Evarts and B. Fleck from the 1584:

deposition of volcanic ash that could lead to serious infrastructural consequences, covering large areas. A larger eruption, like the ones that built Larch Mountain or Mount Sylvania, could span years to decades. It is unclear where exactly a future eruption might take place, but it would probably occur in the northern portion of the field.

1580:, the field itself is not considered extinct. The probability of future eruptions in the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area is very low. It is rare that more than 50,000 years pass without an eruption in the region; given the past eruptive history of the field, an eruption is predicted to occur once every 15,000 years on average. 1072:. Boring Lava was erupted by vents in the volcanic field, and it has been exposed at elevated topographic levels in intact volcanic cones and dissected lava plains. There is likely more lava deposited under Quaternary sedimentary mantle throughout the region, though activity was confined to a relatively concentrated area. 1060:

and Curtis, and these intrusions have been associated with normal faulting at Parrett and Petes Mountain, Aurora, Curtis, and Swan Island (along the Molalla River). Faults together with igneous intrusions are usually accompanied by stretching and doming as a result of magma influxes or collapses from

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at Mount Sylvania, Highland Butte, and Larch Mountain. The Boring Lava Field marks the densest volcanic vicinity in this group, encompassing an area of 36 square miles (93 km). It includes more than 80 known small vents and associated lava flows, with more volcanic deposits likely present under

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In contemporary times, clearing of forests for housing development has left about half of the Boring Lava region un-forested. As a result, water quality has decreased due to higher sedimentation and turbidity, and flooding has worsened over time. Streams within the area are of either first or second

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originate from the south during winter and from the northwest during the summer season, with the exception of prevailing winds at the mouth of the Columbia River Gorge, where winds predominantly move to the east. The southern winds have the highest velocities of the three, only rarely occurring with

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In addition to the nature park on Hogan Butte, a number of smaller cinder cones are also publicly accessible. The Gresham Saddle Trail traverses Gresham Butte and Gabbert Butte, running for 3.3 to 3.7 miles (5.3 to 6.0 km). The trail is considered to be of moderate difficulty, and it offers no

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Many seismic faults in the northeastern section of the northern Willamette Valley formed as a result of intrusions of Boring Lava, as supported by their orientation, lengths, displacements, age, and proximity to Boring Lava intrusions. Though intrusions from any future eruptions at the Boring field

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Sometime less than 100,000 years ago, magma at Battle Ground Lake in Washington state interacted with water to form the eponymous maar volcano, destroying a lava flow dated to 100,000 years ago. The last volcanic center to form in the field was Beacon Rock, a cinder cone produced by eruptions about

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percent. On average, these tubes have a thickness of 235 feet (72 m) near their center, with an upper lava unit thickness of 90 feet (27 m) that has since been modified by erosion and the deposition of up to 30 feet (9.1 m) of Portland Hills silt. The Catlin Gabel tubes also sit atop

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along the western slope of the Portland Hills. These formations, created by lava flows cooling at the surface while their hot interior kept draining, were first identified by R. J. Deacon in 1968, then analyzed by L. R. Squier in 1970; they were studied in greater detail by J. E. Allen and his team

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In 1952, after a local vote, the Kelly Butte Civil Defense Center was built between 1955 and 1956, costing about $ 670,000. The center was constructed to host local government agents should a nuclear attack on Portland occur; it had an area of 18,820 square feet (1,748 m), intended to host 250

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Portland's climate is moderate, with long growing seasons, moderate rainfail, mild winters, and warm, dry summer seasons. The area has more than 200 frost-free days annually. Temperature can vary widely, reaching a historic maximum of 107 °F (42 °C), though the usual July maximum is below

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volcanic cones that appear as hills throughout the area, reaching heights of 650 feet (200 m) above their surroundings. The collection includes more than 80 small volcanic edifices and lava flows in the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area, with the possibility of more volcanic deposits buried

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million years ago, eruptive activity resumed to the north of the previously active area, with alkalic basalt lava flows generating the Mount Scott shield volcano. As eruptions shifted to the east over time, the Larch Mountain volcano was produced by eruptions in the foothills of the Cascade Range.

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million years, the volcanic field has irregularly rotated clockwise and migrated to the northwest at an average rate of 0.37 inches (9.3 mm) ± 0.063 inches (1.6 mm) per year relative to the surrounding crust. This northwest trending is consistent with other faults in the nearby area. The

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The Portland area has a moderate climate, and precipitation is not typically very heavy, allowing for significant growth of vegetation, which can hamper fieldwork in the area. Many forests that covered the area were partly cleared for agriculture, timber, or cemetery applications in the early 20th

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Trails in the city of Gresham travel over parts of the Boring Lava Field and its cones. Mount Tabor and Powell Butte are better known for their recreational uses than other cones; Powell Butte Nature Park has 9 miles (14 km) of trails. The Mt. Tabor Park is open to bicyclists and pedestrians

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Eruptions at Boring Lava Field occur in a concentrated manner, often in clusters of three to six vents, as at Bobs Mountain and Portland Hills. These types of vents typically produced similar types of magma in relatively short periods of time, and they also frequently show alignment. Vents in the

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At points where the Boring Lava sits over Troutdale Formation deposits, landslides are frequent, producing steep head scarps with heights of up to 66 feet (20 m). These scarps tend to have grabens at their bases and Boring Lava blocks at their tops, and they show variable slide surfaces from

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In the eastern part of the Boring cluster, volcanic vents have average diameters less than 1.6 miles (2.6 km), with average heights less than 1,090 feet (330 m) from base to summit. The lava flows from Highland Butte and Larch Mountain, both shield volcanoes, encompass a wide area, the

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The Portland area has historically been a center for trade since the city was founded in 1845. With time, commerce has diversified. Iron mining and smelting was common between 1867 and 1894, with paper mills becoming established as an industry in 1885. Plants manufacturing cement and conducting

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Boring Lava deposits averaging thicknesses of 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 m) not considering areas next to volcanic cones in the field. Most of the summit craters have been destroyed, though there are partial craters at Bobs Hill (located 20.5 miles (33.0 km) northeast of Portland) and

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formation that has been changing since the Miocene. The Boring Lava Field sits on the floor of the Portland Basin, residing in the forearc setting between tectonic extension to the south and compression to the north. The uneven distribution of vents within this forearc suggests a local zone of

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In 1981, the Portland city government built a reservoir at the north end of Powell Butte (part of the Boring Lava Field), which still serves the city. In 1987, Portland government created Powell Butte Nature Park, covering 600 acres (240 ha) of meadows and forest within the city. Planning

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included footage of the Defense Center. The center was left obsolete after a 1963 Portland City Council vote to abolish it passed; in 1968, just one permanent employee remained. Eventually the building was converted into an emergency services dispatch center from 1974 through 1994, when it was

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culture is poorly understood as a result of disturbance of archeological sites and artifacts by erosion and human development. Oral history, limited archeological evidence, and ethnographic research inform current knowledge about local Native American communities. The area surrounding Portland

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About half of the Boring Lava Field eruptions took place in what are today densely populated areas of the Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area. Though the formation of a small cinder cone vent might not extend far beyond its surroundings, depending on location, similar eruptions could lead to

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million, despite opposition from local environmental groups like the Friends of the Reservoirs. Historically, the park has also housed a police firing range, and Kelly Butte remains a recreational space today, administered jointly by Portland Parks and Recreation and the Portland Water Board.

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The Boring Lava Field covers an area of about 1,500 square miles (4,000 km), and has a total volume of 2.4 cubic miles (10 km). This region sustains diverse flora and fauna within its habitat areas, which are subject to Portland's moderate climate with variable temperatures and mild

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D. E. Trimble (1963) argued that the Boring Lava Field was produced by eruptive activity at 30 volcanic centers; these include shield and cinder cone volcanoes. J. E. Allen reported 95 vents in 1975, dividing them into four clusters: 17 vents north of the Columbia River, 14 vents west of the

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was designated upon a petition from the Portland City Council. The park is public land 6 miles (9.7 km) to the southeast of downtown Portland named after a pioneer family, covers an area of 22.63 acres (9.16 ha), including part of the Boring Lava Field. Historically, it sustained a

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under sedimentary rock layers. The borders for the Boring Lava Field group are clear, except on the eastern side where distinguishing between Boring deposits and those from the major Cascade arc are less clear; many geologists have arbitrarily placed the eastern border at a longitude of 122

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operated at Kelly Butte from September 1920 until 1960, supporting patients with communicable disease. A 10 million-US-gallon (38 millionL) water tank stood in the area from 1968 through 2010, when it was replaced with a 25 million-US-gallon (95 millionL) underground reservoir that cost $

215:. The deposits were given this name by R. Treasher in 1942. In 2002, as geochemical and geochronological information on the Boring deposits accumulated, they were designated part of the larger Boring Lava Field. This grouping is somewhat informal and is based on similarities in age and 752:, and the Buttes Conservancy organization. Gresham is one of just a few places in the United States with volcanoes contained in its city limits. Mount Sylvania and Mount Scott lie within the limits of Portland, in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the city, respectively. 3884:

Evarts, R. C.; Conrey, R. M.; Fleck, R. J.; Hagstrum, J. T. (January 2009). O'Connor, J. E.; Dorsey, R. J.; Madin, I. P. (eds.). The Boring Volcanic Field of the Portland-Vancouver area, Oregon and Washington: Tectonically anomalous forearc volcanism in an urban setting.

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million years ago, yielding far-reaching basalt lava flows, the Highland Butte shield volcano, a number of monogenetic vents, and one andesitic lava flow. These took place near the southern Portland Basin, and were followed by about 750,000 years of quiescence. About

712:, the deepest train station in North America, located 260 feet (80 m) underground. The station displays a core that exhibits Boring Lava deposits. For the first 3,900 feet (1,200 m) of the tunnel, the core shows Boring lava flows with cinder, breccia, and 625:. They also developed skill as craftspeople in making clothing, baskets, tools, and architecture. Local indigenous populations were greatly reduced after forced displacement and disease, but a small Native American community persists in Multnomah County. 992:, but they are similar in age. There is a small amount of andesite in the lavas from the field, mostly erupted from monogenetic vents or Larch Mountain. Sometimes, Boring Lava overlaps with volcaniclastic conglomerate from other Cascade eruptions in 720:

million to 120,000 years ago, which have been deformed by the Sylvan fault. With the Oatfield fault, the Sylvan fault trends to the northwest, extending 9.3 miles (15 km) northwest and 16 miles (25 km) southeast of the tunnel. It is of

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In 2000, the nonprofit Friends of Mt. Tabor Park was formed to help maintain the Mount Tabor Park area, located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of downtown Portland. They have an organizational website and publish a bi-annual newsletter called the

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million years ago, with long periods of eruptive activity interspersed with quiescence. Its last eruptions took place about 57,000 years ago at the Beacon Rock cinder cone volcano; the individual volcanic vents of the field are considered

857:(a depressed block of the Earth's crust bordered by parallel faults), and activity at the Boring field and throughout the Portland area may be associated with deformation of the block. Portland lies within the Portland Basin, part of the 1061:

the evacuation of the magma flows. Similarly, faults north of Oregon City might have resulted from subsidence after magma chambers emptied or lava was extruded as a result of Boring Lava eruptions. Some of the Boring Lava vents cut off

865:, which consist of Eocene to Miocene marine sedimentary rock deposits and Eocene intrusions and extrusions of basalt that were emplaced on the Siletz terrane. The eastern boundary for the Portland Basin is the Cascades, while the 179:, including suburbs, is one of the few places in the continental United States to have extinct volcanoes within a city's limits, and the Boring Lava Field plays an important role in local affairs, including the development of the 1551:

age of 105,000 ± 6,000 years. These eruptions followed a relatively even age distribution over time; younger vents and associated deposits lie in the northern portion of the field, while older deposits are confined to the south.

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sedimentary rock deposits from the Missoula Floods (also known as the Bretz or Ice Age Floods), which took place between 21,000 and 15,000 years ago and probably destroyed small cinder cones (including those made from

952:; these sub-alkaline basalts and basaltic andesite predominate among Boring Lava deposits. The olivine basalt deposits have fine to medium textures, and the basaltic andesite lava flow deposits have relatively little 1024:, which at the Boring Lava Field has reached depths of up to 25 feet (7.6 m), altering the upper 5 to 15 feet (1.5 to 4.6 m) of soil to a red, clay-like material. At the cinder cone in Mount Tabor Park, an 852:

The High Cascades, a segment of the Cascade volcanic arc that includes the Boring Lava Field, is characterized by basaltic lava flows with andesite, tuff breccia, and volcanic ash. The High Cascades may lie over a

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Blakely, R. J.; Wells, R. E.; Yelin, T. S.; Madin, I. P.; Beeson, M. H. (September 1995). "Tectonic setting of the Portland-Vancouver area, Oregon and Washington: Constraints from low-altitude aeromagnetic data".

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from 5 a.m. through midnight and to motorized vehicles from 5 a.m. through 10 p.m. each day, except for Wednesdays when the park roads are not open to automobiles. The Hogan Butte Nature Park offers views of

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data available for the lava field, and despite the field's proximity to an urban area, little was known about its composition until recent years. Weathering, fine grain size, and glassy content further limit

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provided a list of potentially threatened or endangered species in the Boring Lava area, labeling them "sensitive" species. Among plant species, they determined the following species to be sensitive:

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Conrey, R. M.; Uto, K.; Uchiumi, S.; Beeson, M. H.; Madin, I. P.; Tolan, T. L.; Swanson, D. A. (November 1996). "Potassium-argon ages of Boring Lava, northwest Oregon and southwest Washington".

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eruptive products. Some of the low-K tholeiite deposits likely originated from vents closer to the High Cascades, and they are overlain by Boring Lava materials. J. M. Shempert, a geologist at

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reaching elevations of 400 feet (120 m). The Willamette Valley is marked by hills reaching heights of more than 1,000 feet (300 m), and it is also physically separated from the lower

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due to the Boring Lava pushing down on rock from the Troutdale formation. Intrusions of Boring Lava formed outcrops at Highland Butte, La Butte, and potentially in the subsurface regions near

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meets with a subduction zone and plate divergence at the ridge and convergence at the subduction zone continue, causing the ridge to be subducted), they likely interacted with the regional

809:. The Global Volcanism Program reports that the field includes somewhere between 32 and 50 shield volcanoes and cinder cones, with many vents concentrated northwest of the town of Boring. 4121:

Le Corvec, N.; Spörli, K. B.; Rowland, J.; Lindsay, J. (September 2013). "Spatial distribution and alignments of volcanic centers: Clues to the formation of monogenetic volcanic fields".

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Chan, C. F.; Tepper, J. H.; Nelson, B. K. (July 2012). "Petrology of the Grays River volcanics, southwest Washington: Plume-influenced slab window magmatism in the Cascadia forearc".

4289: 821:, the Boring Lava Field lies about 62 miles (100 km) to the west of the major Cascade crest. It marks one of five volcanic fields along the Quaternary Cascade arc, along with 1104:(USGS). Mount Tabor is also prominent in the area, dated by the USGS to 203,000 ± 5,000 years old, as are Kelly Butte, Powell Butte, and Mount Scott. Scott has been dated to 1.6 305:

aquifer, is also made of sandstone and conglomerate and bears water well. It also supplies water to domestic wells in the Mount Norway area. Boring Lava is known to have formed

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There are 90 volcanic centers within a 20-mile (32 km) radius of Troutdale and more than 32 vents within a 13-mile (21 km) radius of Kelly Butte. Mostly small

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in the Lava Field area host diverse species, and they are influenced by uplands that serve as migration connections for birds, mammals, reptiles, and some amphibians.

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degrees west. In total, the Boring Lava Field covers an area of about 1,500 square miles (4,000 km), and it has a total volume of 2.4 cubic miles (10 km).

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Evarts et al. (2009) list only 80 centers but acknowledge there are likely more buried vents; Le Corvec et al. (2013) list 88 volcanic centers at Boring Lava Field.

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Direction of maximum horizontal compression in western Oregon determined by borehole breakouts. Structure and tectonics of the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon

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people in case an emergency government became necessary. It was known throughout the United States as a model facility for local governments, and in 1957, the

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rocks. Despite the prevalence of quarrying activity in historical times, there is no ongoing mineral or aggregate resource mining near the Boring Lava Field.

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abandoned due to rising costs for renovation and space limitations. That same year the building was vacated, and then it was sealed off in 2006. A sixty-bed

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field have generally produced basalt and basaltic andesite, with some andesitic eruptions, including those that produced the Larch Mountain shield volcano.

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Boring Lava Field represents the youngest episode of volcanism within the Cascade forearc, and while there is no evidence that they were associated with a

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villages and encampments near what is now East Portland, trading with members of the community and describing their plank houses, language, customs, and

2303: 4345:"Olivine and Spinel Systematics of Boring Volcanic Field (BVF) Basalts: Evidence for Magma Source Variations and Interaction Among Basaltic Magmas" 6123: 3349: 3245: 3207: 1695: 4360: 211:. The term "Boring Lava" is often used to refer to the local deposits erupted by vents in the field. They are located in the western portion of 6108: 290:

Multnomah Creek drains from Larch Mountain, one of the volcanic cones in Boring Lava Field. Local streams near the community of Boring receive

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are "probably minimal", Boring Lava might play a role in determining the intensity of ground shaking during future earthquakes in the area.

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A stratigraphic-geochemical study of the Troutdale Formation and Sandy River Mudstone in the Portland basin and lower Columbia River Gorge

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amenities. It includes the Gabbert Loop Trail, which extends for 1 mile (1.6 km) through forests of maples, alders, ferns, and firs.

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degrees, as well as minor faults. The landslides range in thickness from 20 to 79 feet (6 to 24 m). Portland's wet climate leads to

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Eruptive vents on the western edge of the field formed along a fault line that trended to the northeast, located north of present-day

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constituted one of the most densely populated communities in the Pacific Northwest, made up predominantly of Chinook people including

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The Boring Lava Field shows a similar composition to the High Cascades that run through Oregon and southern Washington state, with

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Low-K is a geological term used to describe lava with low amounts of potassium, while high-K describes lava enriched in potassium.

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Lowry, W. D.; Baldwin, E. M. (January 1952). "Late Cenozoic Geology of the Lower Columbia River Valley, Oregon and Washington".

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laths that show a pilotaxitic texture with spaces between them that show a diktytaxitic texture. The Boring Lava exposures show

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for the field. Recent argon–argon dating suggests that eruptive activity at the Boring Lava Field began between 2.6 and 2.4

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Boring Lava Domes: Supplement To The Johnson Creek Basin Protection Plan And Minor Amendments to Environmental Regulations

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A self-guided tour of the geology of the Columbia River Gorge – Portland Airport to Skamania Lodge, Stevenson, Washington

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magma, and the subducting Juan de Fuca plate may be as shallow as 50 miles (80 km) in depth at their location.

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A core sample showing Portland's geological history, which includes Boring Lava Field deposits, is exhibited on the

709: 637: 291: 4493: 4441: 4158:"Variability of the 0–3 Ma palaeomagnetic field observed from the Boring Volcanic Field of the Pacific Northwest" 4080: 4033: 3947:"40Ar/39Ar geochronology, paleomagnetism, and evolution of the Boring volcanic field, Oregon and Washington, USA" 3451: 3415: 3311: 3281: 2972: 2721: 1753: 1503: 1101: 3835:

The Boring Volcanic Field of the Portland Basin: Diverse Primitive Mafic Magmas Erupted in a Frontal Arc Setting

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percent. Cool and clear, many sustain macroinvertebrates, and a smaller number support amphibians and fish. The

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anomalies with short wavelengths and high amplitudes suggestive of their relatively young geological ages.

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age and lacks surface expression, possibly as a result of its extensive burial by loess along its length.

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into the early Quaternary. Within the field, lava shows a diverse composition overall, varying from low-

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The buttes of the Boring Lava Field are visible toward the center of this panorama of Portland, Oregon.

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Refractory refers to any material that does not easily convert from liquid to gas via the process of

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Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips Through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacific Northwest

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Lithology, thickness, and extent of hydrogeologic units underlying the East Portland area, Oregon

2308: 1967: 984:. The Boring Lava reaches thicknesses of more than 400 feet (120 m). Boring Lava has a more 926: 829:

chain, and Caribou in California. Like the Cascade Range, the Boring field was also generated by

688: 5725: 5660: 5556: 5405: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5159: 5090: 4931: 4875: 4791: 1743: 1534: 621:. They imported slaves, traded among villages, and acted as intermediaries for the English and 490: 4479:

Treacher, R. C. (1942). Geologic History of the Portland Area: DOGAMI Short Paper 7 (Report).

5927: 5745: 5740: 5695: 5655: 5377: 5047: 4951: 4757: 4231: 4123: 3945:

Fleck, R. J.; Hagstrum, J. T.; Calvert, A. T.; Evarts, R. C.; Conrey, R. M. (December 2014).

3597: 3337: 3233: 3195: 1683: 494: 334: 4400: 1520:

Eruptions took place in areas that are now populated, such as this community on Mount Scott.

6138: 5798: 5720: 5481: 4918: 4678: 4271:

Geologic Map 119, Geologic Map of the Oregon City 7.5' quadrangle, Clackamas County, Oregon

4210: 4175: 4136: 4003: 3962: 3846: 3813: 3752: 1279: 862: 838: 773: 482: 284: 8: 6057: 6005: 5995: 5980: 5516: 5262: 5178: 4701: 3602: 1116: 1005: 745: 558: 550: 526: 518: 506: 447: 428: 259:

valley. The Columbia River flows west from the eastern Portland region, merging with the

70: 4214: 4179: 4140: 4007: 3966: 3850: 3817: 3756: 6044: 5872: 5645: 5589: 5561: 5286: 1548: 960:

were uncommon within the field. Dark gray to light gray in color, Boring Lava produces

957: 866: 834: 769: 586: 542: 510: 498: 404: 388: 364: 195: 144: 59: 3685: 6015: 5898: 5793: 5675: 4567: 4507: 4455: 4385: 4316: 4281: 4094: 4045: 4037: 3902: 3776: 3646: 1560: 961: 949: 534: 530: 416: 412: 400: 299: 252: 203:

The Boring Lava deposits received their name based on their proximity to the town of

136: 4148: 3718: 1572:

57,000 years ago, which was eroded by the Missoula Floods to leave only its central

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throughout the region. The Boring Lava Field has erupted material derived from hot

705: 618: 610: 599: 595: 591: 444: 420: 396: 344: 322: 310: 260: 208: 180: 152: 128: 117: 75: 2832: 2830: 2675: 2673: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 6010: 5942: 5937: 5822: 5771: 5367: 5272: 5231: 4986: 4438:

A description of hydrogeologic units in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington

4437: 4026: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1556: 1529: 1260: 1045: 1000:. The Boring Lava also contains tuff, cinder, and scoria; it is characterized by 965: 884: 737: 566: 514: 424: 380: 280: 276: 251:

With a variable topography, the Portland area ranges from river valley floors to

3898: 3497: 6052: 5887: 5857: 5809: 5785: 5665: 5476: 5251: 5241: 5216: 5201: 5154: 5143: 5135: 5130: 5074: 5055: 5000: 4946: 4913: 4908: 4893: 4870: 4844: 4839: 4772: 4762: 4673: 4645: 4156:

Lhuillier, F.; Shcherbakov, V. P.; Gilder, S. A.; Hagstrum, J. T. (July 2017).

4016: 3985: 3564: 2827: 2752: 2670: 2093: 2081: 1957: 1516: 1267: 1069: 1057: 826: 789: 682: 662: 582: 538: 478: 440: 306: 272: 256: 204: 184: 148: 120: 32: 1826: 263:

near Portland before moving north. Tributaries for the Willamette include the

6097: 6040: 5908: 5903: 5877: 5827: 5730: 5619: 5571: 5541: 5491: 5486: 5451: 5430: 5334: 5282: 5267: 5042: 5034: 4936: 4811: 4637: 4511: 4489: 4459: 4285: 4098: 4073: 3984:

Hagstrum, J. T.; Fleck, R. J.; Evarts, R. C.; Calvert, A. T. (January 2017).

3780: 3487: 3485: 2202: 2200: 1602: 1573: 1291: 822: 818: 708:

runs for 2.9 miles (4.7 km) through the Tualatin Mountains. It contains

603: 467: 451: 392: 268: 264: 63: 4436:

Swanson, R. D.; McFarland, W. D.; Gonthier, J. B.; Wilkinson, J. M. (1993).

4320: 4049: 3833:

Conrey, R. M.; Leeman, W. P.; Streck, M. J.; Evarts, R. C. (December 2003).

3621: 3538: 3536: 3003: 2607: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2146: 2144: 6082: 5867: 5862: 5852: 5763: 5715: 5650: 5637: 5521: 5324: 5206: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5100: 5069: 4976: 4941: 4923: 4903: 4860: 4855: 4826: 4816: 4801: 4777: 4767: 4752: 4737: 4724: 4709: 4683: 4668: 4655: 3916:

Fleck, R. J.; Evarts, R. C.; Hagstrum, J. T.; Valentine, M. J. (May 2002).

3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2597: 2595: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1854: 1852: 1645: 1555:

The products of the Boring Lava Field were erupted discontinuously over an

1207: 1062: 1053: 944:

Like the surrounding High Cascades, Boring Lava Field erupted lava made of

888: 654: 486: 459: 124: 46:

Mount Sylvania in Portland, Oregon, one of the major volcanoes in the field

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can be observed. Other trees that sometimes dominate forest areas include

6077: 6072: 6067: 5962: 5670: 5531: 5526: 5354: 4961: 4956: 4865: 4796: 4719: 4714: 4650: 4188: 4157: 3533: 2479: 2173: 2156: 2141: 1577: 1219: 1089: 1001: 977: 904: 880: 806: 781: 666: 613:. Chinookian villages married amongst themselves and with members of the 570: 546: 522: 408: 384: 352: 314: 161: 3015: 2991: 2740: 2592: 2416: 1986: 1849: 1080: 1048:

blocks to the southeast of Portland. Along the Washougal River, a large

431:

and red alder. Forest communities have many additional shrubs including

5832: 5690: 5680: 5461: 5446: 5246: 5167: 4966: 4688: 4660: 4041: 3975: 3946: 2543: 2541: 1772: 1021: 989: 981: 830: 765: 760: 722: 562: 368: 287:. The Columbia River has significantly shaped the geology of the area. 4594: 4450: 4415: 4089: 2776: 2497: 5837: 5309: 4821: 3825: 2441: 1112: 1049: 1029: 922: 910: 870: 785: 736:

In September 2017, the Hogan Butte Nature Park opened in the city of

678: 372: 302: 227: 216: 132: 2538: 1931: 462:, with moderate to low flows and average gradients between 10 and 12 343:

century. These cleared and burned land plots sustain rich stands of

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East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study

3470: 2658: 2624: 2622: 1033: 918: 914: 900: 614: 502: 432: 4502: 4155: 3721:(Report). City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. 3503: 4625: 4435: 2836: 2758: 2679: 2106: 2087: 1843: 1041: 1025: 1013: 945: 858: 658: 632: 295: 97: 2634: 2619: 988:(rich in magnesium in iron) composition than the nearby volcano 4629: 2898: 2304:"Kelly Butte Civil Defense Center and Kelly Butte Natural Area" 1919: 1663: 1661: 1610: 973: 907: 854: 670: 650: 356: 212: 199:

A hiker atop Larch Mountain, the highest elevation in the field

140: 55: 4490:

Geology of Portland, Oregon, and adjacent areas: Bulletin 1119

4343:

Shempert, J. M.; Streck, M. J.; Leeman, W. P. (October 2009).

4315:(Report). Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. 1576:. While the known volcanic vents in the Boring Lava Field are 4120: 3627: 985: 713: 653:, prompting the creation of the Kelly Butte Jail, which used 436: 376: 222:

The Boring Lava deposits lie west of the town of Boring. The

4074:

Quaternary Magmatism in the Cascades – Geologic Perspectives

3915: 3771: 2613: 2601: 2350: 2206: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2150: 1658: 3765:

10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1051:TSOTPV>2.3.CO;2

3036: 842: 802: 798: 794: 348: 3983: 3944: 3491: 1901: 1858: 3883: 3542: 3030: 3009: 2997: 2746: 2474: 1997: 1864: 1789: 1744:"The Boring Volcanic Field – Hills of the Portland Basin" 1648:, which includes elements and compounds made from metals. 801:

craters, burying them under up to 98 feet (30 m) of

207:, which lies 12 miles (20 km) southeast of downtown 3832: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3080: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2859: 2857: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2234: 2232: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2071: 2069: 2067: 187:

from its historic eruptions may affect ground movement.

168:

precipitation. The highest elevation of the field is at

16:

Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field in Oregon, United States

4223:

10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[1:LCGOTL]2.0.CO;2

3178: 3176: 3174: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3095: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3053: 3051: 2942: 2940: 2805: 2803: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2008: 2006: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1016:

to flat. A number of these exposures show dips up to 35

980:

with olivine phenocrysts that have been transformed to

279:

Rivers; tributaries for the Columbia River include the

172:, which reaches a height of 4,055 feet (1,236 m). 3873:

Downstream Effects of Glaciers on Stream Water Quality

3857: 3775:(Report). Portland Bureau of Planning. November 1997. 3737: 3521: 3476: 3376:"Feature Detail Report ID 1136814: Mount Tabor Summit" 2782: 2712:"Description: The Boring Lava Field, Portland, Oregon" 2503: 2332: 2018: 1566: 968:, which can be seen in Oregon east of Portland and in 883:(a gap that forms in a subducted oceanic plate when a 744:

bonds. Collaborators for opening the park include the

151:, located 12 miles (20 km) southeast of downtown 4375: 4349:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

3509: 2910: 2886: 2869: 2854: 2842: 2815: 2685: 2553: 2526: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2229: 2212: 2064: 1937: 1795: 423:; within swamps and moist areas in creeks, the shrub 4342: 4232:"Portland, Oregon, geology by tram, train, and foot" 3922:

Programs with Aspects: Geological Society of America

3171: 3122: 3107: 3092: 3063: 3048: 2937: 2800: 2764: 2664: 2646: 2580: 2568: 2509: 2394: 2280: 2124: 2112: 2047: 2030: 2003: 1876: 1807: 4481: