587:"Have we not been robbed entirely of most of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes? Besides pasturing and tilling for them all our other possessions, do we not pay a yearly tribute for our very bodies? How much better it would be to have been sold to masters once for all than, possessing empty titles of freedom, to have to ransom ourselves every year! How much better to have been slain and to have perished than to go about with a tax on our heads!... Among the rest of mankind death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case of the Romans do the very dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it that, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would we get it?), we are stripped and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should the Romans be expected to display moderation as time goes on, when they have behaved toward us in this fashion at the very outset, when all men show consideration even for the beasts they have newly captured?"
1198:
961:
1081:
1280:
1229:
1245:
643:
38:
385:
1261:
1213:
520:
371:
718:, off the coast of North Wales. On hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica. He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the
3452:
3464:
1498:
1484:
3440:
755:
The Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000 — but
Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a
506:
Both
Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life. Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the
946:
No contemporary description of
Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a
617:
Dio gives
Boudica a speech to her people and their allies reminding them that life was much better before the Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when
2105:, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army brought its destructive force to Londinium. Footnote 4: The destruction of Verulamium follows that of Londinium in some accounts."
740:, fire, or cross". Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.
622:
invaded. The willingness of those seen as barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions.
1137:(written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the
597:
The Romans' next actions were described by
Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was
1197:
947:
great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."
920:. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule."
735:
Dio and
Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels. According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by
1345:, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".
673:
had been erected there to
Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.
884:, further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name,
328:, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of the
3021:(in Ancient Greek and English). Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Baldwin. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 61–171.
2819:
1244:
1125:
was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the
Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British
684:
located in London, who were not equipped to fight
Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the
752:
with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the
Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry.
606:. These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by
1183:, who lent his horses for use as models. The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the
342:, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused
1098:
During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood. Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's
562:
planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed.
1868:
488:
Cassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the
338:. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the
2955:
1522:
680:
to aid her army. Once the revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200
1330:
982:
the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it was interpreted by historians, poets and
3168:
1141:
produced in 1812 by Stothard. Another work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes.
346:
to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province.
929:
1279:
1212:
262:, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the
3420:
3376:
1260:
1228:
3544:
2978:
2796:
2749:
1356:
in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a public vote. It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings.
2823:
1644:
3012:
1975:
676:
The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men. Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory
2733:
2717:
2701:
2600:
Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton and Heywood: authorship, authority and the playhouse
2548:
2384:
1038:
558:. The Iceni produced some of the earliest known British coins. They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor
3489:
2167:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest
2080:
2030:
1996:
767:
may have been an honorific title, in which case the name by which she was known during most of her life is unknown. The English
1303:
3539:
3365:
3308:
3280:
3219:
3192:
3144:
3117:
3094:
3061:
3034:
2965:
2674:
2643:
2612:
2324:
2205:
2178:
1953:
1827:
1795:
1657:"... a disaster in Britain where two important towns were sacked and great numbers of citizens and allies were butchered; ...
1310:, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a
3354:
Macdonald, Sharon (1988). "Boadicea: warrior, mother and myth". In Holden, Pat; Macdonald, Sharon; Ardener, Shirley (eds.).
2333:
2046:
1980:
1025:(1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica. From the 1570s to the 1590s, when
748:
Suetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a
270:. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian
2511:
255:
in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.
2858:
2146:
1528:
911:
286:
wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher
3290:
2787:
1816:
3549:
3499:
908:
One of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work
880:. Her name was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval
3331:
2487:
3524:
3176:
2357:
1712:
685:
3319:
3269:
1180:
1116:
The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century
1348:
A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine. A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at
960:
3534:
3248:
681:
503:. He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious.
1042:, involving a story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'. A variation of this name was used in the
614:; and Boudica's own entreaties. The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.
3494:
2806:
2759:
2743:
2727:
2711:
2696:
2558:
2391:
1630:
1460:
1091:
707:
escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to
2410:
2362:
2343:
2090:
2075:
2056:
2040:
2025:
2006:
1990:
1679:
1618:
3430:
3296:
3026:
2666:
2635:
1368:
1160:
1086:
1057:
715:
689:
314:
3400:
2908:
2369:
1302:
Boudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in
970:
3519:
1533:
1514:
1219:
900:(1782), a work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion.
559:
482:
317:
20:
3394:
2133:
Wall, Martin (2022). "2. The treacherous lioness: Boudicca and the great British revolt (60–61)".
3554:
3514:
3509:
279:
3106:
1634:
1156:, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.
1372:
1111:
1107:
1106:
of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by
474:
339:
2629:
1306:
in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention. At
19:
For other uses of this word (spelled this way and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see
3409:
2850:
2773:
2497:
1410:
1235:
1130:
1069:
796:
1307:
2516:
Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies)
2454:
1080:
2948:
2573:"Spenser and the Historical Revolution: Briton Moniments and the Problem of Roman Britain"
574:
his heirs. The Romans ignored the will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of
8:
3086:
2604:
2138:
1489:
1452:
1429:
1326:
1184:
1029:'s England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English.
570:
On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor
408:
350:
192:
3414:
3504:
3181:
3162:
2476:
2288:
2280:
2260:
1768:
1760:
1353:
1188:
1176:
1018:
935:
772:
749:
610:; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor
607:
451:
287:
267:
455:(121); and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within
3361:
3335:
3304:
3276:
3225:
3215:
3198:
3188:
3150:
3140:
3123:
3113:
3090:
3067:
3057:
3040:
3030:
2854:
2783:
2670:
2639:
2608:
2480:
2468:
2373:
2320:
2316:
2292:
2201:
2174:
2142:
1949:
1823:
1791:
1772:
1752:
1708:
1648:
1434:
1364:
1349:
1006:
117:
3484:
3444:
3256:
3022:
2523:
2458:
2272:
1873:
1744:
1640:
1464:
1376:
1360:
1315:
850:
812:
804:
693:
493:
430:
293:
In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed
138:
3016:
1892:
1072:", became a popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.
756:
lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.
3355:
3080:
2779:
2660:
2598:
2195:
1441:
1402:
1397:
1338:
1172:
1103:
991:
664:
647:
632:
500:
417:
400:
308:
244:
54:
2775:
Images of Women in Peace & War: cross-cultural & historical perspectives
2572:
2121:
eadem clades municipio Verulamio fuit – Like ruin fell on the town of Verulamium
1002:(1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.
3529:
3468:
3456:
3264:
3244:
2463:
2442:
2162:
1503:
1468:
1033:
893:
786:
579:
547:
235:
219:
3202:
3154:
1877:
3478:
3339:
3300:
3229:
3127:
3071:
3044:
2533:
2472:
1862:
1756:
1652:
1594:
1445:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1384:
1342:
1311:
1145:
1126:
1065:
699:, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The
642:
619:
575:
354:
263:
248:
92:
37:
3357:
Images of Women in Peace and War: cross-cultural and historical perspectives
1948:. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 92.
1060:, in which one of the characters was Boudica. A version of that play called
2377:
1421:(1978), a British television series created by Martin Mellett and starring
1266:
1118:(1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way.
1043:
995:
965:
670:
599:
555:
412:
404:
275:
252:
1748:
732:), north-west of London, though the extent of its destruction is unclear.
384:
3393:
3008:
1457:
1322:
1169:
1165:
1153:
1053:
1026:
979:
654:
456:
376:
302:
294:
283:
1764:
1732:
943:
include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica.
582:, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.
1438:
1285:
725:
720:
658:
535:
508:
335:
298:
259:
110:
2528:
2284:
2197:
Folly and Fortune in Early British History: from Caesar to the Normans
3212:
Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen
2580:
Clio: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History
2170:
1138:
983:
866:
729:
507:
Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of
446:
325:
207:
42:
1023:
The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland
473:
Tacitus wrote some years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law
2875:
2443:"Nationalism and Biographical Transformation: the case of Boudicca"
2276:
1014:
858:
825:
768:
700:
677:
637:
611:
321:
3253:
Poems: by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq. in Two Volumes
3137:
Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth
1818:
Women Warlords: an illustrated military history of female warriors
1380:
1048:
940:
704:
551:
543:
528:
489:
478:
442:
390:
271:
2688:
2686:
1359:
Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the
703:
with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his
3413:
2631:
Henry Purcell: the origins and development of his musical style
2313:
Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61
1075:
917:
881:
737:
477:
was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a
313:
for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the
1643:. Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p.
1610:
1608:
1606:
1252:
The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands
519:
370:
3255:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: J. Johnson – via
2683:
2226:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1563:
790:
539:
524:
240:
204:
147:
70:
1568:('tawny') can also mean 'red–brown' or 'auburn', or a shade
290:
called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons.
2402:
2400:
2017:
2015:
1790:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 12.
1603:
924:
708:
603:
571:
496:
343:
183:
168:
159:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1705:
Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation
1662:
542:, a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of
3375:
Tacitus, Cornelius (1906). Fisher, Charles Dennis (ed.).
2586:(3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
2067:
2065:
1788:
The Roman Invasion of Britain: archaeology versus history
177:
153:
2397:
2012:
1899:
817:
811:'victory', and that the correct spelling of the name in
1911:
1553:
The sources describe Boudica as a wife and not a queen.
1005:
Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian
2415:
2062:
1329:. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several
1013:, published between 1577 and 1587. A narrative by the
876:
Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used
3428:
3360:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
2243:
2241:
2214:
1967:
1965:
180:
156:
1836:
1479:
174:
165:
150:
144:
1684:
1639:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Translated by
955:
853:version of her name is attested in inscriptions as
203:'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in
171:
141:
3404:. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 841.
3268:
3180:
3105:
3054:The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric and Roman Norfolk
2361:
2238:
1962:
1861:
1815:
2096:
1175:on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor
3476:
950:
803:'victorious', which in turn is derived from the
638:Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium
3078:
2232:
1633:(1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Book VI: Nero".
986:. Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history,
565:
3183:Boudica, the British revolt against Rome AD 60
2844:
1100:New, Complete and Authentic History of England
888:. The true spelling was totally obscured when
2903:
2901:
2355:
1623:
1523:Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
511:that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.
3378:Annales ab excessu divi Augusti (Latin text)
3104:Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) .
3103:
2961:
2802:
2755:
2739:
2723:
2707:
2692:
2554:
2406:
2086:
2036:
2021:
2002:
1872:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1675:
1614:
1331:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
1076:Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries
930:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
349:Interest in these events was revived in the
3007:
1971:
1512:
909:
892:first appeared in around the 17th century.
780:
662:
592:—Part of a speech Cassius Dio gives Boudica
329:
306:
224:
16:Queen of the British Iceni tribe (d. 60/61)
3424:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 94.
3408:
3167:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2935:Cardiff's Civic Centre: A historical guide
2898:
2845:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007).
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1325:as one of the symbols of the campaign for
546:and parts of the neighbouring counties of
36:
3320:"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists"
3082:Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England
2876:"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists"
2771:
2527:
2462:
2349:
1629:
1297:
1064:was set to music by the English composer
829:. Variations on the historically correct
3214:. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
3209:
2932:
2926:
2512:"Warrior Queens in Holinshed's Woodcuts"
2493:
2421:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2193:
2161:
1129:and be perceived as a national heroine.
1079:
1056:that most scholars agree was written by
959:
641:
518:
3175:
3134:
2596:
2339:
2259:
2220:
2102:
2071:
2052:
1986:
1943:
1930:
1869:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1809:
1807:
1785:
1733:"Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio"
1707:. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105.
1690:
1444:directed by Bill Anderson and starring
779:—based on later developments in Welsh (
3477:
3271:The Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot
3187:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
3051:
2820:"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9"
2652:
2570:
2509:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2247:
1924:
1905:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1813:
1036:used the story of Boudica in his poem
1000:The History and Chronicles of Scotland
824:
688:for two days before they were killed.
2658:
2627:
2590:
2310:
2299:
2200:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 55.
1730:
1726:
1724:
1702:
1333:marches. She appears as character in
360:
357:and as a cultural symbol in Britain.
234:
3292:Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome
2941:
2132:
1804:
1206:(1791), illustration by Francis West
1148:children's books mentioned Boudica;
2873:
2867:
2765:
2564:
2427:
2114:
1848:
1592:
1379:passes through countryside between
903:
743:
716:campaign against the island of Mona
653:The first target of the rebels was
13:
3237:
3079:Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016).
2847:Essex: Buildings of England Series
2822:. Museum of London. Archived from
2662:Henry Purcell and the London Stage
2390:Hingley & Unwin 2006, p.
1721:
1529:List of women warriors in folklore
912:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
407:is referred to in four works from
14:
3566:
3545:Women in ancient European warfare
3386:
2909:"Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend"
1822:. London: Blandford. p. 86.
1390:
815:(the British Celtic language) is
353:and led to Boudica's fame in the
3462:
3450:
3438:
2979:"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)"
2135:The Lost Battlefields of Britain
1496:
1482:
1278:
1259:
1243:
1227:
1211:
1196:
994:, and in the Scottish historian
956:16th and 17th century literature
383:
369:
137:
3332:University of Western Australia
3112:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
3108:Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen
2971:
2937:. Priory Press. pp. 21–26.
2838:
2812:
2621:
2503:
2253:
2187:
2155:
2126:
2108:
1556:
1547:
1164:, a statue of the queen in her
1068:in 1695. One of the choruses, "
1062:Bonduca, or the British Heroine
933:(731) and the 9th century work
896:used this spelling in his poem
445:; a mention of the uprising by
334:, and burnt both Londinium and
47:Boadicea Haranguing the Britons
3490:1st-century monarchs in Europe
1779:
1696:
1586:
1271:Illustrated History of England
301:), earlier the capital of the
1:
3210:Williams, Carolyn D. (2009).
3205:– via Internet Archive.
3130:– via Internet Archive.
2949:"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea"
1579:
951:Revival and the modern legend
514:
460:
435:
422:
3540:Women in 1st-century warfare
3318:Johnson, Marguerite (2014).
3299:(Revised ed.). London:
1893:UK public library membership
1564:
1352:was among those unveiled by
1222:after Thomas Stothard (1812)
566:Events leading to the revolt
7:
2933:Chappell, Edgar L. (1946).
1475:
1321:Boudica was adopted by the
626:
534:Boudica was the consort of
320:hurried from the island of
69:Consort of the king of the
10:
3571:
3381:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3001:
2772:Macdonald, Sharon (1987).
2667:Cambridge University Press
2636:Cambridge University Press
2464:10.22459/HR.XIX.01.2013.06
2441:Lawson, Stephanie (2013).
2370:Routledge & Kegan Paul
2263:(1979). "Queen Boudica?".
2171:Routledge & Kegan Paul
1786:Hoffman, Birgitta (2019).
1161:Boadicea and Her Daughters
1102:(1790) and the drawing by
1087:Boadicea and Her Daughters
690:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
630:
459:'s history of the Empire (
18:
2510:Frénée, Samantha (2012).
2364:The Rebellion of Boudicca
1401:(1927), a British silent
1371:. A 36-mile (58 km)
990:, by the Italian scholar
225:
116:
106:
98:
88:
84:
76:
68:
60:
53:
35:
30:
3135:Vandrei, Martha (2018).
3056:. Oxford: Oxford Books.
3052:Davies, John A. (2008).
2985:. Norfolk County Council
2962:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2880:Outskirts Online Journal
2803:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2756:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2740:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2724:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2708:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2693:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2571:Curran, John E. (1996).
2555:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2407:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2087:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2037:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2022:Hingley & Unwin 2006
2003:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1863:"Boudicca (d. AD 60/61)"
1814:Newark, Timothy (1989).
1676:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1655:– via HathiTrust.
1615:Hingley & Unwin 2006
1540:
1534:Women in ancient warfare
1515:Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
1365:Colchester Castle Museum
1335:A Pageant of Great Women
1318:in the council chamber.
775:concluded that the name
714:Suetonius was leading a
669:for retired soldiers. A
560:Publius Ostorius Scapula
318:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
21:Boudica (disambiguation)
3550:Women in war in Britain
3500:60s in the Roman Empire
3421:Encyclopædia Britannica
3401:Encyclopædia Britannica
3047:– via HathiTrust.
3027:2027/mdp.39015004124510
2597:Ioppolo, Grace (2013).
1944:Elliott, Simon (2021).
1703:Grant, Michael (1995).
1179:. He was encouraged by
818:
791:
759:
602:and her daughters were
3410:Haverfield, Francis J.
3013:"Epitome of Book LXII"
2628:Adams, Martin (1995).
1860:Potter, T. W. (2004).
1513:
1373:long distance footpath
1341:, which opened at the
1298:20th century – present
1204:The History of England
1112:Charles Hamilton Smith
1095:
975:
971:Holinshed's Chronicles
964:Boudica depicted as a
910:
781:
692:, then commanding the
663:
650:
589:
531:
475:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
330:
307:
3525:Celtic women warriors
2874:Johnson, Marguerite.
2851:Yale University Press
2659:Price, C. A. (1983).
2194:Henshall, K. (2008).
1878:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732
1749:10.1353/clw.2008.0006
1411:Phyllis Neilson-Terry
1131:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1083:
1070:Britons, Strike Home!
963:
645:
585:
522:
324:(modern Anglesey) to
305:, but at that time a
241:ancient British Iceni
239:) was a queen of the
3087:Taylor & Francis
3085:. London; New York:
2913:www.HistoryToday.com
2853:. pp. 276–277.
2638:. pp. 334–335.
2605:Taylor & Francis
2455:Macquarie University
2311:Waite, John (2007).
2233:Frénée-Hutchins 2016
1731:Adler, Eric (2008).
1308:Colchester Town Hall
1304:King's Cross station
916:by the British monk
826:[boʊˈdiːkaː]
799:feminine adjective *
485:during this period.
452:Lives of the Caesars
3535:People from Norfolk
2447:Humanities Research
2356:Dudley, Donald R.;
2137:. Stroud, England:
1737:The Classical World
1490:Ancient Rome portal
1456:(2023), a British
1185:Victoria Embankment
1152:(1893), a novel by
1121:Cowper's 1782 poem
795:)—derives from the
492:of an 11th-century
409:classical antiquity
351:English Renaissance
3495:1st-century rebels
2983:www.norfolk.gov.uk
2536:on 13 October 2022
2315:. Cheltenham, UK:
2169:. London; Boston:
1927:, pp. 134–136
1908:, pp. 11, 54.
1775:– via JSTOR.
1433:(2003), a British
1354:David Lloyd George
1189:Westminster Bridge
1177:Thomas Thornycroft
1096:
1039:The Ruines of Time
1019:Petruccio Ubaldini
976:
939:by the Welsh monk
936:Historia Brittonum
686:Temple of Claudius
651:
532:
483:Suetonius Paulinus
361:Historical sources
278:and her daughters
258:Boudica's husband
199:'victory, win' + *
55:Queen of the Iceni
3367:978-02991-1-764-1
3310:978-01404-4-060-7
3282:978-07493-1-675-4
3275:. London: Arrow.
3221:978-0-87413-079-9
3194:978-0-8476-6043-8
3146:978-0-19-881672-0
3119:978-0-8264-4060-0
3096:978-13171-7-296-3
3063:978-1-905223-33-6
3036:978-0-434-99176-1
2676:978-05212-3-831-1
2645:978-05214-3-159-0
2614:978-11343-0-005-1
2529:10.4000/crm.12859
2326:978-07524-3-809-2
2317:The History Press
2207:978-0-230-58379-5
2180:978-0-7100-8725-6
2163:Cunliffe, Barry W
2119:. p. 14.33.
1955:978-15267-6-568-0
1891:(Subscription or
1829:978-07137-1-965-9
1797:978-15267-5-663-3
1641:Rolfe, John Carew
1463:film directed by
1369:Verulamium Museum
1350:Cardiff City Hall
1290:Beric, the Briton
1032:The English poet
1007:Raphael Holinshed
411:written by three
249:conquering forces
243:tribe, who led a
126:
125:
3562:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3417:
3415:"Boadicea"
3405:
3397:
3395:"Boadicea"
3382:
3371:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3314:
3295:. Translated by
3286:
3274:
3260:
3257:Internet Archive
3233:
3206:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3131:
3111:
3100:
3075:
3048:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2769:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:. Archived from
2531:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2466:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2261:Jackson, Kenneth
2257:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1972:Cassius Dio 2015
1969:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1865:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1518:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1465:Jesse V. Johnson
1361:Museum of London
1327:women's suffrage
1316:Clayton and Bell
1282:
1263:
1247:
1234:A caricature of
1231:
1218:An engraving by
1215:
1200:
1168:, complete with
1150:Beric the Briton
1123:Boadicea: An Ode
1092:Westminster Pier
988:Anglica Historia
915:
904:Early literature
898:Boadicea, an Ode
828:
821:
813:Common Brittonic
794:
784:
744:Defeat and death
668:
593:
469:
465:
462:
440:
437:
427:
424:
415:historians: the
387:
373:
333:
331:Legio IX Hispana
312:
282:. The historian
238:
236:[ˈbɨðɨɡ]
233:
228:
227:
190:
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186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
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167:
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146:
143:
40:
28:
27:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3520:Briton monarchs
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3392:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3317:
3311:
3289:
3283:
3265:Fraser, Antonia
3263:
3245:Cowper, William
3243:
3240:
3238:Further reading
3222:
3195:
3177:Webster, Graham
3160:
3159:
3147:
3120:
3097:
3064:
3037:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2826:on 1 March 2009
2818:
2817:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2780:Macmillan Press
2770:
2766:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2595:
2591:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2522:(23): 417–433.
2508:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2439:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2372:. p. 143.
2358:Webster, Graham
2354:
2350:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2309:
2300:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:. p. 143.
2160:
2156:
2149:
2131:
2127:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2070:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1942:
1931:
1923:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1780:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1663:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1442:television film
1403:historical film
1393:
1339:Cicely Hamilton
1300:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1264:
1255:
1250:Robert Havell,
1248:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1104:Thomas Stothard
1078:
992:Polydore Vergil
958:
953:
906:
773:Kenneth Jackson
771:and translator
762:
746:
648:Boudican Revolt
640:
635:
633:Boudican revolt
629:
595:
591:
568:
517:
501:John Xiphilinus
467:
463:
438:
425:
401:Boudican revolt
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
380:
379:
374:
363:
245:failed uprising
231:
164:
140:
136:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3555:Women warriors
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:British rebels
3512:
3510:Ancient rebels
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3388:
3387:External links
3385:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3351:
3315:
3309:
3297:Grant, Michael
3287:
3281:
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3234:
3220:
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3173:
3145:
3139:. Oxford, UK.
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3049:
3035:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
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2897:
2866:
2860:978-0300116144
2859:
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2613:
2607:. p. 76.
2589:
2563:
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2502:
2486:
2426:
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2396:
2383:
2348:
2332:
2325:
2319:. p. 22.
2298:
2277:10.2307/526060
2252:
2237:
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2179:
2154:
2148:978-1445697086
2147:
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2095:
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1995:
1979:
1961:
1954:
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1778:
1743:(2): 173–195.
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1507:
1504:History portal
1493:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:Olga Kurylenko
1449:
1426:
1414:
1392:
1391:In film and TV
1389:
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1034:Edmund Spenser
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894:William Cowper
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639:
636:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
584:
580:Catus Decianus
567:
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548:Cambridgeshire
538:, king of the
516:
513:
389:
382:
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315:Roman governor
274:, Boudica was
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3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
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3306:
3302:
3301:Penguin Books
3298:
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3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:Roman history
3014:
3010:
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3005:
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2980:
2974:
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2789:0-299-11764-2
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2689:
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1845:, p. 60.
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2221:Vandrei 2018
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2103:Vandrei 2018
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1838:
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1693:, p. 4.
1691:Vandrei 2018
1686:
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1569:
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1451:
1435:biographical
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1416:
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1323:suffragettes
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1301:
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3009:Cassius Dio
2964:, pp.
2805:, pp.
2758:, pp.
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2496:, pp.
2248:Davies 2008
2074:, pp.
1974:, pp.
1925:Davies 2008
1906:Davies 2008
1843:Davies 2008
1678:, pp.
1617:, pp.
1337:written by
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980:Renaissance
978:During the
682:auxiliaries
661:), a Roman
655:Camulodunum
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439: 110s
377:Cassius Dio
303:Trinovantes
295:Camulodunum
284:Cassius Dio
122:2 daughters
64:c. AD 60–61
3479:Categories
3345:22 October
3249:"Boadicea"
3203:1348905150
3155:1009182312
2989:31 October
2890:31 October
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2742:, p.
2726:, p.
2710:, p.
2557:, p.
2540:13 October
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2409:, p.
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1596:The Annals
1580:References
1439:historical
1314:window by
1286:G.A. Henty
1052:(1612), a
1015:Florentine
1011:Chronicles
984:dramatists
792:Buaidheach
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721:municipium
659:Colchester
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515:Background
509:patriotism
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299:Colchester
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1572:of brown.
1562:The term
1191:in 1902.
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730:St Albans
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576:Britannia
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494:Byzantine
447:Suetonius
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326:Londinium
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193:Brythonic
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1017:scholar
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886:Boadicea
859:Bordeaux
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835:Boudicca
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728:(modern
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678:Andraste
657:(modern
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612:Claudius
418:Agricola
297:(modern
216:Boudicea
212:Boadicea
133:Boudicca
102:AD 60/61
3485:Boudica
3469:History
3457:England
3431:Portals
3002:Sources
2966:198–199
2807:162–165
2760:159–160
2697:146–152
2378:3648719
2271:: 255.
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1430:Boudica
1381:Norwich
1375:called
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878:Buduica
871:Bodicca
863:Boudica
855:Boudiga
851:Gaulish
847:Buduica
839:Bonduca
831:Boudica
819:Boudica
801:boudīkā
777:Boudica
765:Boudica
705:cavalry
696:Hispana
665:colonia
600:flogged
552:Suffolk
544:Norfolk
529:Norfolk
490:epitome
479:tribune
449:in his
443:Tacitus
391:Tacitus
309:colonia
276:flogged
272:Tacitus
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882:scribe
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807:word *
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782:Buddug
750:defile
738:gibbet
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3530:Iceni
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1680:52–53
1619:42–43
1570:short
1541:Notes
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