404:
53:
514:. Reduced forward movement of bowel contents results in a build up of pressure within the part of the bowel just before the site of obstruction. This increased pressure may prevent blood flow from reaching the bowel wall, resulting in bowel
450:, such as in a motor vehicle accident may abruptly increase the pressure within the bowel, resulting in bowel rupture. Perforation can also be a very rare complication of certain medical procedures such as upper gastrointestinal
1840:
1828:
972:
3244:
3350:
3237:
1500:
Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016).
914:
Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016).
553:. Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute
2766:
3230:
964:
614:
for establishing a diagnosis as well as determining the underlying cause. Both CT and x-ray may initially appear normal, in which case diagnosis can be made by
1944:
335:
and or chills. On examination, the abdomen is rigid and tender. After some time, the bowel stops moving, and the abdomen becomes silent and distended.
692:
Regardless of whether surgery is performed, all patients are offered pain therapy and placed on bowel rest (avoiding all food and fluids by mouth),
2448:
685:
Conservative treatment (avoiding surgery) may be sufficient in the case of a contained perforation. It is indicated only if the person has normal
598:
A hole in the gastrointestinal tract causes leakage of gas into the abdominal cavity. In intestinal perforation, gas may be visible under the
2043:
753:
1795:
895:
2082:
1937:
1099:
2310:
1705:
1179:
2222:
1962:
307:
occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis occurs in about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.
606:
while the patient is in an upright position. While x-ray is a fast and inexpensive to screen for perforation, an abdominal
563:
435:). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states.
1662:
Rustagi T, McCarty TR, Aslanian HR (2015). "Endoscopic
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Perforations, Leaks, and Fistulae".
473:
are conditions in which a small, tubular area in bowel becomes inflamed and may burst. A number of infections including
2523:
1930:
889:
529:
can also lead to perforation if the magnets attract and stick to one another through different loops of the intestine.
1551:"Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review"
3195:
3042:
1789:
1211:
747:
17:
2940:
3345:
3081:
2693:
2676:
2181:
2176:
2053:
674:
exploration. The goals of surgery are to remove any dead tissue and close the hole in the gastrointestinal wall.
3281:
2935:
2891:
2785:
2607:
2206:
3146:
2992:
3340:
3263:
2901:
2420:
2028:
2115:
611:
319:
at the site of perforation, which then spreads across the abdomen. The pain is intensified by movement.
2481:
2410:
2011:
480:
1228:
628:
and blood lactate levels may also be elevated, particularly in the case of advanced disease including
2754:
2710:
2663:
2469:
2087:
3222:
494:
is a blockage of the small or large intestine which prevents the normal movement of the products of
3100:
2780:
2415:
2373:
2186:
2061:
2048:
2018:
1989:
554:
3025:
2802:
2543:
2335:
1994:
1159:
701:
511:
98:
1615:"Treatment of acute abdominal pain in the emergency room: A systematic review of the literature"
303:
is required. Even with maximum treatment the risk of death can be as high as 50%. A hole from a
272:
is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation can often be seen on
3105:
2829:
2812:
2196:
2072:
2023:
1984:
1954:
737:
667:
615:
582:
An often overlooked indirect cause of obstruction leading to perforation is the chronic use of
416:
284:
218:
186:
153:
1913:
1888:
1779:
1201:
879:
678:
wash is performed and a drain may be placed to control any fluid collections that may form. A
3037:
2956:
2945:
2906:
2834:
2137:
648:
587:
412:
392:
403:
3276:
3076:
3020:
2841:
2737:
2320:
2315:
2149:
2067:
2033:
1443:"Opioid drugs and stercoral perforation of the colon: Case report and review of literature"
1123:
Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen".
843:
Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen".
808:
Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen".
538:
1613:
Falch C, Vicente D, Häberle H, Kirschniak A, Müller S, Nissan A, Brücher B (August 2014).
1357:"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage"
1308:"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal damage—problems and solutions"
8:
3355:
3314:
3170:
2980:
2873:
2856:
2817:
2790:
2742:
2585:
2562:
2555:
2504:
2476:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2305:
1922:
1844:
607:
558:
515:
499:
386:
382:
149:
1755:
1730:
411:
Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the
3182:
3047:
3030:
3015:
3002:
2985:
2851:
2486:
2378:
2350:
2284:
2110:
2006:
1971:
1849:
1687:
1585:
1550:
1477:
1442:
1383:
1356:
1332:
1307:
1076:
1041:
1022:
599:
443:
339:
288:
280:
198:
182:
85:
78:
61:
1853:
1010:
3296:
3160:
3141:
2514:
1859:
1785:
1760:
1679:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1614:
1590:
1572:
1531:
1523:
1482:
1464:
1423:
1419:
1388:
1337:
1283:
1256:
1248:
1207:
1175:
1140:
1081:
1063:
1014:
945:
937:
885:
860:
825:
743:
491:
395:
that lies behind the first part of the duodenum. The death rate in this case is 20%.
257:
163:
133:
69:
1731:"Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults"
1691:
479:
infection can lead to full-thickness disruption of the bowel wall. In patients with
3259:
3207:
3127:
3122:
3112:
2974:
2846:
2774:
2592:
2499:
2494:
2424:
2383:
2191:
2156:
1899:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1671:
1626:
1580:
1562:
1513:
1472:
1454:
1415:
1378:
1368:
1327:
1319:
1240:
1167:
1132:
1071:
1053:
1026:
1006:
927:
852:
817:
639:
Differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal perforation includes other causes of an
625:
351:
304:
221:
The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the
74:
391:
Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of
3319:
3271:
3165:
3095:
2961:
2896:
2861:
2732:
2597:
2533:
2435:
2354:
2345:
2295:
2235:
2120:
2097:
1675:
483:, prolonged inflammation of the bowel wall can eventually result in perforation.
446:
such as from a knife or gunshot wound can puncture the bowel wall. Additionally,
432:
428:
407:
The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen.
300:
296:
1729:
Wong PF, Gilliam AD, Kumar S, Shenfine J, O'Dair GN, Leaper DJ (18 April 2005).
1459:
3202:
3117:
2671:
2644:
2509:
2444:
2440:
2330:
2300:
1864:
1275:
1244:
1171:
1136:
856:
821:
644:
470:
316:
261:
230:
141:
90:
438:
3334:
3135:
3088:
2881:
2824:
2807:
2719:
2464:
2291:
2166:
2132:
2077:
1640:
1576:
1527:
1468:
1252:
1067:
941:
709:
705:
640:
586:, which can create severe constipation and damage to the colon, often termed
331:, and increased heart rate are common early symptoms. Later symptoms include
265:
145:
1567:
1406:
Ramasamy, Kovil, Gumaste, Vivek V. (2003). "Corrosive
Ingestion in Adults".
3306:
3291:
3010:
2922:
2795:
2698:
2649:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2538:
2363:
2279:
2171:
2161:
2127:
1764:
1683:
1648:
1594:
1535:
1486:
1427:
1392:
1341:
1287:
1260:
1158:
Fitzgerald JE (2010-01-31), Brooks A, Cotton BA, Tai N, Mahoney PF (eds.),
1144:
1085:
1058:
1042:"Colonoscopic perforation: Incidence, risk factors, management and outcome"
1018:
949:
864:
829:
679:
652:
550:
475:
466:
447:
253:
137:
125:
1323:
3190:
2952:
2930:
2761:
2681:
2325:
2226:
1979:
1917:
1883:
1354:
693:
686:
671:
629:
619:
455:
374:
359:
328:
292:
279:
Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract typically requires
273:
242:
202:
172:
129:
350:
A hole in the intestinal tracts allows intestinal contents to enter the
2966:
2639:
2617:
2262:
2201:
697:
675:
193:
1820:
381:. This may progress to multi-level organ dysfunction, including acute
3252:
2916:
2886:
2749:
2727:
2580:
2431:
2405:
2267:
2257:
2144:
2105:
2038:
1894:
1518:
1501:
932:
915:
571:
567:
495:
451:
420:
378:
1555:
Scandinavian
Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
2550:
2528:
2240:
1706:"Gastrointestinal perforation Information | Mount Sinai - New York"
1373:
546:
519:
503:
373:, a life-threatening response to infection, which may appear as an
355:
324:
238:
229:. Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe
1781:
Trauma: Resuscitation, Perioperative
Management, and Critical Care
878:
Yeo CJ, McFadden DW, Pemberton JH, Peters JH, Matthews JB (2012).
2602:
2368:
2272:
2244:
663:
542:
526:
424:
363:
269:
168:
107:
1405:
1104:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
3068:
2686:
2572:
1832:
633:
583:
507:
370:
320:
246:
234:
103:
52:
2518:
2248:
1612:
603:
332:
222:
1502:"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015"
916:"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015"
358:
from the gastrointestinal tract into the abdomen results in
1499:
913:
439:
Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures
226:
1952:
877:
3351:
Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis
1728:
997:
Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease".
700:. A number of different antibiotics may be used such as
315:
Gastrointestinal perforation results in sudden, severe
1661:
1355:
Carlos
Sostres, Carla J Gargallo, Angel Lanas (2013).
1273:
243:
inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall
884:(7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 701.
1810:
1229:"Gastrointestinal Perforation and the Acute Abdomen"
461:
1440:
742:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1086.
1548:
3253:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvis
1100:"Definition & Facts for Appendicitis - NIDDK"
3332:
1777:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1226:
1122:
842:
807:
1282:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1274:Sigmon DF, Tuma F, Kamel BG, Cassaro S (2023),
1549:Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C (December 2011).
566:may contribute to formation of peptic ulcers.
27:Hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
3238:
1938:
1601:
1506:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences
1447:International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
920:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences
881:Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
2044:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1441:Poitras R, Warren D, Oyogoa S (2018-01-01).
992:
990:
735:
1735:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1305:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
3245:
3231:
2083:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1945:
1931:
1157:
1039:
962:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
51:
1754:
1630:
1584:
1566:
1517:
1476:
1458:
1382:
1372:
1331:
1116:
1075:
1057:
996:
987:
931:
731:
729:
727:
725:
666:is nearly always required in the form of
287:. This is usually carried out along with
836:
402:
342:may include sudden onset of chest pain.
46:Ruptured bowel, gastrointestinal rupture
1235:. Common Gastrointestinal Emergencies.
1227:Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (2008-05-01).
768:
682:may be used for duodenal perforations.
541:is a defect in the inner lining of the
377:, increased breathing rate, fever, and
14:
3333:
1778:Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB (2007).
722:
3226:
3067:
2311:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1926:
1166:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 74–79,
564:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
310:
1664:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1408:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1199:
1125:The Medical Clinics of North America
909:
907:
905:
845:The Medical Clinics of North America
810:The Medical Clinics of North America
574:can lead to esophageal perforation.
486:
415:, resulting in a hole in the hollow
756:from the original on 17 August 2016
504:twisting of the bowel around itself
219:wall of the gastrointestinal tract.
24:
975:from the original on July 10, 2016
739:The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014
577:
241:. Complications include a painful
25:
3367:
3196:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3043:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1806:
1046:World Journal of Gastroenterology
902:
462:Infection or inflammatory disease
2941:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1798:from the original on 2016-08-17.
1632:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00456.x
1420:10.1097/00004836-200308000-00005
1233:Medical Clinics of North America
898:from the original on 2016-08-17.
345:
2182:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2177:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2054:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1771:
1722:
1698:
1655:
1542:
1493:
1434:
1399:
1348:
1299:
1267:
1220:
1193:
1151:
295:. Occasionally the hole can be
3282:Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia
2936:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2786:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2608:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1747:10.1002/14651858.CD004539.pub2
1092:
1033:
956:
871:
522:, and eventually perforation.
13:
1:
2993:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1011:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7
736:Domino FJ, Baldor RA (2013).
715:
252:Perforation may be caused by
3287:Gastrointestinal perforation
2902:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2421:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2029:Esophageal motility disorder
1914:Gastrointestinal perforation
1676:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000409
658:
622:exploration of the abdomen.
593:
211:Gastrointestinal perforation
38:Gastrointestinal perforation
7:
1460:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.060
1203:Pediatric Digestive Surgery
549:typically due to excessive
10:
3372:
2887:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2411:Functional colonic disease
2207:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1784:. CRC Press. p. 882.
1245:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004
1172:10.1002/9781444315172.ch14
1137:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004
857:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004
822:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004
689:and is clinically stable.
643:, including appendicitis,
532:
481:inflammatory bowel disease
362:or in the formation of an
268:, cancer, or infection. A
3305:
3258:
3181:
3060:
3001:
2915:
2872:
2718:
2709:
2662:
2616:
2571:
2457:
2344:
2234:
2221:
2096:
2088:Acute esophageal necrosis
1970:
1961:
1874:
1814:
1710:Mount Sinai Health System
1206:. Springer. p. 239.
1160:"Small Bowel Obstruction"
562:infection and overuse of
500:scar tissue after surgery
398:
192:
178:
162:
121:
113:
97:
84:
68:
60:Free air under the right
59:
50:
42:
37:
2187:Gastric dumping syndrome
2062:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2049:Diffuse esophageal spasm
1619:European Journal of Pain
215:gastrointestinal rupture
64:from a perforated bowel.
2803:Alcoholic liver disease
2336:Bile acid malabsorption
2280:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1568:10.1186/1757-7241-19-74
1131:(3): 599–625, viii–ix.
851:(3): 599–625, viii–ix.
816:(3): 599–625, viii–ix.
702:piperacillin/tazobactam
512:gastrointestinal tumors
3346:Diseases of intestines
2813:Hepatic encephalopathy
2197:Buried bumper syndrome
2128:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2012:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1955:human digestive system
1059:10.3748/wjg.v16.i4.425
704:or the combination of
612:sensitive and specific
610:with contrast is more
518:(lack of blood flow),
498:. It may occur due to
408:
285:exploratory laparotomy
187:exploratory laparotomy
117:Sudden or more gradual
3038:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2907:Porcelain gallbladder
2019:Zenker's diverticulum
1324:10.1136/pmj.77.904.82
1276:"Gastric Perforation"
1040:Lohsiriwat V (2010).
664:Surgical intervention
649:ruptured ovarian cyst
588:stercoral perforation
555:chemical peritonitis.
413:gastrointestinal wall
406:
393:gastroduodenal artery
369:Patients may develop
3277:Blunt splenic trauma
2842:Hepatorenal syndrome
2781:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2738:Autoimmune hepatitis
2563:Intestinal adhesions
2321:Short bowel syndrome
2150:Functional dyspepsia
2068:Esophageal stricture
2034:Nutcracker esophagus
1306:R I Russell (2001).
375:increased heart rate
299:while other times a
3341:Medical emergencies
3315:Uterine perforation
2981:Choledocholithiasis
2852:Metabolic disorders
2818:Acute liver failure
2791:Portal hypertension
2743:Alcoholic hepatitis
2586:Radiation proctitis
2505:Mesenteric ischemia
2477:Gastroenterocolitis
2306:Blind loop syndrome
2116:Ménétrier's disease
2024:Barrett's esophagus
1361:Arthritis Res. Ther
965:"Acute Perforation"
559:Helicobacter pylori
217:, is a hole in the
3156:Undefined location
3147:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3048:Pancreatic fistula
3031:Pancreatic abscess
2986:Biliary dyskinesia
2957:Mirizzi's syndrome
2458:Large and/or small
2138:Dieulafoy's lesion
2007:Boerhaave syndrome
1875:External resources
1005:(10094): 613–624.
444:Penetrating trauma
409:
340:esophageal rupture
311:Signs and symptoms
289:intravenous fluids
283:in the form of an
199:Intravenous fluids
185:in the form of an
79:emergency medicine
3328:
3327:
3297:Pancreatic injury
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3056:
3055:
2658:
2657:
2515:Bowel obstruction
2217:
2216:
1909:
1908:
1181:978-1-4051-7025-3
1164:Emergency Surgery
626:White blood cells
492:Bowel obstruction
487:Bowel obstruction
281:emergency surgery
258:bowel obstruction
208:
207:
183:Emergency surgery
164:Diagnostic method
134:bowel obstruction
32:Medical condition
18:Bowel perforation
16:(Redirected from
3363:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3208:Pneumoperitoneum
3065:
3064:
2975:Common bile duct
2857:Wilson's disease
2847:Peliosis hepatis
2716:
2715:
2593:Proctalgia fugax
2500:Abdominal angina
2425:Ogilvie syndrome
2374:Pseudomembranous
2232:
2231:
2192:Gastric volvulus
2157:Pyloric stenosis
1968:
1967:
1953:Diseases of the
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1570:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1519:10.1002/jhbp.303
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1061:
1037:
1031:
1030:
994:
985:
984:
982:
980:
963:Ansari, Parswa.
960:
954:
953:
935:
933:10.1002/jhbp.303
911:
900:
899:
875:
869:
868:
840:
834:
833:
805:
766:
765:
763:
761:
733:
525:Eating multiple
352:abdominal cavity
338:The symptoms of
213:, also known as
75:Gastroenterology
55:
35:
34:
21:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3320:Penile fracture
3301:
3272:Ruptured spleen
3254:
3251:
3221:
3212:
3177:
3166:Internal hernia
3052:
2997:
2962:Biliary fistula
2920:
2911:
2897:Adenomyomatosis
2892:Cholesterolosis
2868:
2862:Hemochromatosis
2733:Viral hepatitis
2705:
2654:
2612:
2598:Rectal prolapse
2567:
2534:Fecal impaction
2524:Intussusception
2487:Crohn's disease
2453:
2436:Toxic megacolon
2348:
2346:Large intestine
2340:
2285:Curling's ulcer
2238:
2236:Small intestine
2225:
2213:
2121:Gastroenteritis
2092:
1957:
1951:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1870:
1869:
1823:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1741:(2): CD004539.
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1660:
1656:
1611:
1602:
1547:
1543:
1498:
1494:
1439:
1435:
1404:
1400:
1367:(Suppl 3): S3.
1353:
1349:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1272:
1268:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:Lima M (2016).
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1156:
1152:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1038:
1034:
995:
988:
978:
976:
961:
957:
912:
903:
892:
876:
872:
841:
837:
806:
769:
759:
757:
750:
734:
723:
718:
661:
596:
580:
578:Indirect causes
535:
489:
464:
441:
433:large intestine
429:small intestine
401:
387:kidney failure.
354:. The entry of
348:
313:
301:bowel resection
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3203:Hemoperitoneum
3200:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2672:Blood in stool
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2645:Anal dysplasia
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2510:Angiodysplasia
2507:
2502:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:Diverticulosis
2441:Diverticulitis
2438:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Milroy disease
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Tropical sprue
2298:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2229:
2223:Lower GI tract
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1963:Upper GI tract
1959:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1837:
1836:: K63.1, S36.9
1824:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:Classification
1808:
1807:External links
1805:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1770:
1721:
1697:
1654:
1625:(7): 902–913.
1600:
1541:
1492:
1433:
1414:(2): 119–124.
1398:
1374:10.1186/ar4175
1347:
1318:(904): 82–88.
1312:Postgrad Med J
1298:
1266:
1239:(3): 599–625.
1219:
1212:
1192:
1180:
1150:
1115:
1091:
1052:(4): 425–430.
1032:
986:
955:
901:
891:978-1455738076
890:
870:
835:
767:
748:
720:
719:
717:
714:
660:
657:
645:diverticulitis
595:
592:
579:
576:
534:
531:
488:
485:
471:diverticulitis
463:
460:
440:
437:
400:
397:
347:
344:
317:abdominal pain
312:
309:
266:stomach ulcers
262:diverticulitis
231:abdominal pain
206:
205:
196:
190:
189:
180:
176:
175:
166:
160:
159:
150:ischemic bowel
146:stomach ulcers
142:diverticulitis
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
101:
95:
94:
91:Abdominal pain
88:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3368:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:Diaphragmatic
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Cholecystitis
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:Liver abscess
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:Liver failure
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:Enterocolitis
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:Malabsorption
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Gastroparesis
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Cushing ulcer
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Megaesophagus
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1791:9781420015263
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:(10): 804–9.
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1213:9783319405254
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
974:
970:
969:Merck Manuals
966:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
897:
893:
887:
883:
882:
874:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
755:
751:
749:9781451188509
745:
741:
740:
732:
730:
728:
726:
721:
713:
711:
710:metronidazole
707:
706:ciprofloxacin
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:acute abdomen
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
396:
394:
389:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:Complications
343:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
305:stomach ulcer
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
99:Complications
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3292:Liver injury
3286:
3155:
3134:
3011:Pancreatitis
2973:
2923:biliary tree
2796:Nutmeg liver
2773:
2699:Hematochezia
2650:Pruritus ani
2635:Anal abscess
2630:Anal fistula
2626:Anal fissure
2539:Constipation
2493:
2364:Appendicitis
2172:Gastroptosis
2162:Achlorhydria
2001:
1990:Eosinophilic
1893:
1882:
1858:
1839:
1827:
1780:
1773:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
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1291:, retrieved
1279:
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1195:
1185:, retrieved
1163:
1153:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
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1045:
1035:
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998:
977:. Retrieved
968:
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880:
873:
848:
844:
838:
813:
809:
758:. Retrieved
738:
696:fluids, and
691:
684:
680:Graham patch
672:laparoscopic
662:
653:pancreatitis
638:
624:
620:laparoscopic
597:
581:
557:
551:stomach acid
539:peptic ulcer
536:
524:
490:
476:C. difficile
474:
467:Appendicitis
465:
448:blunt trauma
442:
410:
390:
368:
349:
337:
314:
278:
251:
214:
210:
209:
155:C. difficile
154:
138:colon cancer
128:, following
93:, tenderness
29:
3191:Peritonitis
2953:Cholestasis
2931:Cholangitis
2874:Gallbladder
2762:Fatty liver
2682:Hematemesis
2664:GI bleeding
2470:Necrotizing
2399:Lymphocytic
2394:Collagenous
2389:Microscopic
2326:Steatorrhea
2227:Enteropathy
2073:Inlet patch
1995:Herpetiform
1980:Esophagitis
1918:MedlinePlus
1884:MedlinePlus
1512:(1): 3–36.
926:(1): 3–36.
698:antibiotics
694:intravenous
687:vital signs
630:peritonitis
456:colonoscopy
383:respiratory
360:peritonitis
329:hematemesis
297:sewn closed
293:antibiotics
274:plain X-ray
203:antibiotics
173:plain X-ray
130:colonoscopy
114:Usual onset
43:Other names
3356:Acute pain
3335:Categories
3183:Peritoneal
3161:Incisional
3082:Congenital
3026:Hereditary
3003:Pancreatic
2967:Haemobilia
2640:Hemorrhoid
2618:Anal canal
2556:Infectious
2544:Functional
2379:Ulcerative
2263:Duodenitis
2202:Gastrinoma
1860:DiseasesDB
1715:2023-11-03
1293:2023-11-15
1280:StatPearls
1187:2023-11-15
1109:2023-11-15
716:References
676:Peritoneal
572:corrosives
194:Medication
3171:Richter's
3128:Spigelian
3123:Obturator
3113:Umbilical
2946:Ascending
2917:Bile duct
2750:Cirrhosis
2728:Hepatitis
2711:Accessory
2581:Proctitis
2432:Megacolon
2406:Dysentery
2316:Whipple's
2268:Jejunitis
2258:Enteritis
2145:Dyspepsia
2106:Gastritis
2039:Achalasia
1972:Esophagus
1895:eMedicine
1641:1090-3801
1577:1757-7241
1561:(1): 74.
1528:1868-6974
1469:2210-2612
1453:: 94–97.
1253:0025-7125
1068:1007-9327
942:1868-6974
659:Treatment
602:on chest
600:diaphragm
594:Diagnosis
568:Ingestion
496:digestion
452:endoscopy
421:esophagus
379:confusion
179:Treatment
157:infection
70:Specialty
62:diaphragm
3101:Indirect
3096:Inguinal
2830:Pyogenic
2775:Vascular
2551:Diarrhea
2529:Volvulus
2495:Vascular
2434: /
2423: /
2384:Ischemic
2351:Appendix
2241:Duodenum
2111:Atrophic
1985:Candidal
1900:med/2822
1796:Archived
1765:15846719
1756:11297476
1692:38323381
1684:26325190
1649:24449533
1595:22202128
1536:26692573
1487:29232630
1428:12869880
1393:24267289
1342:11161072
1288:30137838
1261:18387378
1145:18387378
1086:20101766
1019:28242110
979:June 30,
973:Archived
950:26692573
896:Archived
865:18387378
830:18387378
760:4 August
754:Archived
547:duodenum
520:necrosis
516:ischemia
417:GI tract
356:bacteria
325:vomiting
239:vomiting
86:Symptoms
3260:Abdomen
3142:Petit's
3118:Femoral
3021:Chronic
2835:Amoebic
2603:Anismus
2369:Colitis
2296:Coeliac
2273:Ileitis
2245:Jejunum
2098:Stomach
2002:Rupture
1586:3292838
1478:5730425
1384:3890944
1333:1741894
1077:2811793
1027:4547048
608:CT scan
584:opioids
543:stomach
533:Erosion
527:magnets
508:hernias
425:stomach
364:abscess
270:CT scan
225:to the
169:CT scan
108:abscess
3307:Pelvic
3136:Lumbar
3106:Direct
3089:Hiatus
3069:Hernia
2921:Other
2687:Melena
2573:Rectum
2056:(GERD)
1889:000235
1850:569.83
1788:
1763:
1753:
1690:
1682:
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1084:
1074:
1066:
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1017:
999:Lancet
948:
940:
888:
863:
828:
746:
634:sepsis
399:Causes
371:sepsis
321:Nausea
254:trauma
247:sepsis
237:, and
235:nausea
126:Trauma
122:Causes
104:Sepsis
3061:Other
3016:Acute
2767:MASLD
2720:Liver
2694:Lower
2677:Upper
2519:Ileus
2355:Colon
2249:Ileum
2064:(LPR)
1865:34042
1854:863.9
1688:S2CID
1023:S2CID
651:, or
604:x-ray
510:, or
431:, or
333:fever
223:mouth
2449:SCAD
1845:9-CM
1786:ISBN
1761:PMID
1739:2012
1680:PMID
1645:PMID
1637:ISSN
1591:PMID
1573:ISSN
1532:PMID
1524:ISSN
1483:PMID
1465:ISSN
1424:PMID
1389:PMID
1338:PMID
1284:PMID
1257:PMID
1249:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1141:PMID
1082:PMID
1064:ISSN
1015:PMID
981:2016
946:PMID
938:ISSN
886:ISBN
861:PMID
826:PMID
762:2016
744:ISBN
708:and
668:open
632:and
616:open
469:and
454:and
385:and
291:and
245:and
227:anus
2755:PBC
2482:IBD
2416:IBS
1841:ICD
1829:ICD
1751:PMC
1743:doi
1672:doi
1627:doi
1581:PMC
1563:doi
1514:doi
1473:PMC
1455:doi
1416:doi
1379:PMC
1369:doi
1328:PMC
1320:doi
1241:doi
1168:doi
1133:doi
1072:PMC
1054:doi
1007:doi
1003:390
928:doi
853:doi
818:doi
670:or
618:or
570:of
545:or
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