847:
96:
554:
195:
890:
131:
667:
258:(hardwood) until the 1905 introduction of rubber balls. Polyester ("plastic") balls were introduced in 1959 and, despite developing less hook-generating lane friction than rubber balls, by the 1970s plastic dominated over rubber balls. Briefly, "soaker" ball technologyâinvolving softening coverstocks to achieve greater hookâwere used, until rules for minimum hardness were implemented. The early-1980s development of polyurethane ("urethane") balls developed more friction with the newly developed polyurethane lane finishes of the day, sparking the evolution of coverstock technology to pursue ever-stronger hooks with correspondingly higher
179:
163:
115:
512:
539:
654:
637:
247:
751:
954:
387:
898:
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27:
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the lane, and the ball's oil absorption rate, followed in dominance by certain characteristics of the ball's core (mainly radius of gyration, and total differential). Freeman and
Hatfield (2018) explain that in most circumstances it is chemical frictionâcontrolled by the manufacturer's proprietary coverstock formulation governing its "stickiness"âthat primarily determines ball motion. Further, surface finishâmodifiable by sandpaper, polish and the likeâis also a material factor.
934:
length but offer less hook potential and allow faster lane transition. Various factors influence an oil's native viscosity, including temperature (with higher temperatures causing the oil to be thinner) and humidity (variations of which can cause crowning and cupping of the lane surface). Also, high humidity increases friction that reduces skid distance so the ball tends to hook sooner.
812:". In practice, a higher RG indicates that a ball's mass is distributed more toward its coverâmaking it "cover heavy"âwhich tends to make the ball enter the roll phase later (further down the lane). Conversely, a lower RG indicates the ball's mass is distributed more towards its centerâmaking it "center heavy"âwhich tends to make it enter the roll phase sooner.
326:â the pocket end of the ball's initial axis of rotation). "Pin down" layouts place the pin between the finger holes and the thumb hole, while "pin up" layouts place the pin further from the thumb hole than the finger holes (see photos). Bowling ball motion is influenced by how far the pin and the mass bias (MB) are from the PAP, the distances determining
1007:) are smaller, sized between ten-pin and duckpin balls, and have no holes. The ball is 16 cm (6.3 in) in diameter and weighs approximately 2.85 kg (6.3 lb). There are also special balls for novice players, which is 14 cm (5.5 in) in diameter and weigh 1.9 kg (4.2 lb), often with two finger holes.
589:) is more complex: There is a degree of axis rotationâgenerally 25° to 35° and varying with ball speed and rev rateâthat may be considered optimal in that hook is maximized; however, this optimum axis rotation also causes minimal length. Specifically, Freeman & Hatfield (2018) report optimal axis rotation to be
964:
balls are regulated to be from 4.75â5.00 inches (12.1â12.7 cm) in diameter and to weigh between 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) and 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg). They lack finger holes. Though duckpin balls are slightly larger than candlepin balls, they have less than 60%
726:
Ball Motion Study found that the ball design factors that most contributed to ball motion were the microscopic "spikes" and pores on the ball's surface (considered part of chemical frictional characteristics), the respective coefficients of friction between ball and lane in the oiled and dry parts of
933:
lane oils (those with thicker consistency) engage balls with more friction and thus cause slower speeds and shorter length but provide more hook potential and reduced lane transition; conversely, lane oils of lower viscosity (thinner consistency) are more slippery and thus support greater speeds and
858:
Informally, a low-differential ball has been likened to one whose core is a spherical object (whose height and width are the same); a high-differential ball has been likened to a tall drinking glass (whose height and width are different); and a high-mass-bias ball has been likened to a tall drinking
619:
Greater degrees of initial (at-the-foul-line) axis tilt cause the ball to rotate on smaller-circumference "tracks" (rings on the ball at which it contacts the lane on each revolution), thus reducing the amount of frictional contact to provide greater length and less hook; conversely, smaller degrees
842:
Analytically, ID is defined by the USBC as the "difference in radius of gyration between the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes". In practice, a higher ID indicates greater asymmetry, which causes more area to be created at the break point to cause the ball to respond more quickly to friction
577:
Greater rev rates cause the ball to experience more frictional lane contact per revolution and thus (assuming non-zero axis rotation) greater and earlier hook (less "length"â which is the distance from the foul line to the breakpoint at which hooking is maximum); conversely, smaller rev rates cause
566:
Various characteristics of ball delivery affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. The particular way in which energy is imparted to a ballâwith varying proportions of that energy divided among ball speed, axis control and rev rateâdetermines the ball's motion. The following
611:
is ball speed (m/s). Below and above optimal axis rotation, more length and less hook are encountered, with greater-than-optimal axis rotation causing a sharper hook. Another source states that strictly behind-the-ball release (0° axis rotation) causes an end-over-end rotation, with early hooking,
460:
away from its original direction. Concurrently, lane friction continually decreases the angle of axis rotation until it exactly matches the direction of the ball's forward motion, and rev rate (rotational speed) increases until it exactly matches the ball's forward speed: full traction is achieved
224:
the thumb hole for "two-handed" bowlers), balance, plug limitations, and exterior markings (structural and commercial), as well as requirements for dynamic performance characteristics such as radius of gyration (RG; 2.46â2.80), RG differential (â¤0.06), and coefficient of friction (â¤0.32). The USBC
990:
Candlepin bowling balls have a weight of between 2 lb 4 oz (1.0 kg) and 2 lb 7 oz (1.1 kg), and a diameter of 4.5 in (11 cm)âmuch smaller than the 8.5 in (22 cm) balls in ten-pin bowling, and even smaller than the 5.0 in (13 cm) balls in
265:
The early 1990s brought development of reactive resin ("reactive") balls by introducing additives in urethane surface materials to create microscopic oil-absorbing pores that increase the "tackiness" that enhances traction. In the "particle-enhanced" balls developed in the late 1990s, microscopic
738:
ball motion study showed flare's influence to be small, assuming that a minimal threshold of flare exists to present a "dry" surface for successive ball revolutions. Similarly, though manufacturer literature often describes specific core shapes, differently-shaped cores can make exactly the same
710:
A "dull" (rough) ball surface, having spikes and pores, provides greater friction in the oil-covered front end of the lane but reduced frictional contact in the dry back end of the lane, and thus enables an earlier hook. In contrast, a "gloss" (smooth) ball surface tends to glide atop oil on the
921:
occurs when balls form oil tracks in formerly dry areas, tracks that subsequently cause balls to experience less friction and delayed hook. Balls tend to "roll out" (hook sooner but hook less) in response to breakdown, and, conversely, tend to skid longer (and hook later) in response to carry
219:
promulgate bowling ball specifications. USBC specifications include physical requirements for weight (â¤16 pounds (7.3 kg)), diameter (8.500 inches (21.59 cm)â8.595 inches (21.83 cm)), surface hardness, surface roughness, hole drilling limitations (example: a single balance hole
341:
229:
in competition, effective August 1, 2020, to prevent their changing ball dynamics. The USBC permits three ounces (85 grams) of static side weight and three ounces (85 grams) of top weight. These figures are up from one ounce (28 grams) following the August 1, 2020 rule change.
474:
denotes the ratio of the ball's forward (translational) speed to its rev rate (rotational speed) at time of release. This ratio continually decreases throughout the ball's travel until it reaches exactly 1.0 when full traction is achieved upon entering the roll phase. A
981:
The basic specifications of five-pin balls are the same a duckpin balls: diameters from 4.75 to 5.0 in (12.1 to 12.7 cm), weights from 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) to 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg); the balls have no finger holes.
266:
particles embedded in reactive coverstocks reach through oil lane coatings to provide even greater traction. Ball manufacturers developed closely guarded proprietary blends including ground-up material such as glass, ceramic or rubber, to enhance friction.
742:"Weak" layouts ("pin down": pin between finger and thumb holes) hook sooner but have milder backend reaction, while "strong" layouts ("pin up": pin further from thumb hole than finger holes) enable greater skid lengths and more angular backend reaction.
706:
friction characteristics. Also, the ball's internal structureâespecially the density, shape (symmetric vs. asymmetric), and orientation of its core (also called "weight block") relative to the ball's axis of rotationâsubstantially affect ball motion.
925:
Lane materials with softer surfaces such as wood engage the ball with more friction and thus provide more hook potential, while harder surfaces like synthetic compositions provide less friction and thus provide less hook potential.
922:
downâboth resulting in light hits. Breakdown is influenced by the oil absorption characteristics and rev rates of the balls that were previously rolled, and carry down is mitigated by modern balls having substantial track flare.
375:
Finger inserts and thumb slugs are custom-fit urethane tubes inserted into the drilled holes, generally for balls with a fingertip grip. Finger inserts enhance the torque provided by the fingers after the thumb exits the ball.
659:
Commonly cited specifications, RG (radius of gyration) and
Differential of RG (indicative of flare potential), plotted on orthogonal axes. Freeman & Hatfield (2018) minimize the contribution of differential to ball
430:
A complex interaction of a variety of factors influences ball motion and its effect on scoring results. The factors may be categorized as the bowler's delivery, the bowling ball's design, and the condition of the lane.
1427:
439:
Bowling ball motion is commonly broken down into sequential skid, hook, and roll phases. As the ball travels down the lane in the skid and hook phases, frictional contact with the lane causes the ball's forward
292:
Hook potential has increased so much that dry lane conditions or certain spare shots sometimes cause bowlers to use plastic or urethane balls, to purposely avoid the larger hook provided by reactive technology.
823:. A higher differential indicates greater track flare potentialâmore angular motion from the break point to the pocketâand a lower differential indicates lower flare potential and a smoother arc to the hook.
559:
Bowling ball motion is affected by various characteristics of delivery, as discussed by, for example, Freeman & Hatfield (2018). Ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.
627:
length of the lane as experienced by the ball: greater loft distances effectively shorten the lane and provide greater length, while smaller loft distances engage the lane earlier and cause an earlier hook.
347:
The ball initially skids after first contact with the oily part of the lane, but enters a roll phase as full traction is eventually obtained in the dry portion of the lane. Side rotation and hook are not
1859:
937:
The lanes' physical topographyâhills and valleys that diverge from an ideal planar surfaceâcan substantially and unpredictably affect ball motion, even if the lane is within permissible tolerances.
694:
Various characteristics of ball core structure and coverstock composition affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. Such motion is largely (about 75%) governed by the lane's
640:
Bowling ball motion is affected by ball design, as discussed by, for example, Freeman & Hatfield (2018). See also the USBC ball motion study by
Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz (published
2375:
1841:
1322:
1979:
1960:
1632:
2137:
893:
Bowling ball motion is affected by lanes' inherent characteristics (composition, topography), oil viscosity, environmental factors (temperature, humidity), and previous ball traffic.
503:
if the ball enters the roll phase immediately before impacting the pins, maximizing power imparted to the pins yet helping to provide an entry angle that minimizes ball deflection.
1610:
862:
Higher-friction surfaces (lower grit numbers) cause balls to hook earlier, and lower-friction surfaces (higher grit numbers) cause balls to skid longer before reacting (hooking).
574:
to hook, thus reducing observed hook though imparting more kinetic energy to the pins; conversely, slower speeds allow more time for greater hook though reducing kinetic energy.
364:
grip (ring finger inserted to the second knuckle but middle finger inserted only to the first knuckle). Many bowlers using the so-called "two-handed delivery" (which is still a
1937:
1081:
1041:
1273:
1105:
913:
occurs when balls remove oil from the lane as they pass, and deposit some of that oil on originally dry parts of the lane. The process of oil removal, commonly called
1151:
2067:
1911:
567:
discussion considers delivery characteristics separately, with the understanding that ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.
316:
refers to how and where holes are drilled, in relation to the ball's locator pin and mass bias (MB) marker. Layout is determined with reference to each bowler's
495:
release, causes the ball to enter the roll phase before reaching the pins, sacrificing power to friction that would ideally be delivered to the pins to enhance
1855:
333:
Track flareâthe sequence of oil rings showing migration of the ball's axis on successive revolutions through the oil patternâis popularly thought to influence
2204:
917:
forms dry paths that subsequently cause balls to experience increased friction and to hook sooner. Conversely, the process of oil deposition, commonly called
1419:
2116:
1493:
2010:
991:
duckpin bowling . Candlepin balls deflect significantly upon impact, being even lighter than the 2 lb 8 oz (1.1 kg) candlepins themselves.
965:
the diameter of ten-pin balls, to match the smaller size of duckpins. Duckpin balls are sometimes used for scaled-down ten-pin bowling lanes installed in
1674:
1469:
1592:
815:
Differential of RG is the difference between maximum and minimum RGs measured with respect to different axes. Differential indicates the ball's track
2097:
2031:
1771:
1371:
2443:
2367:
1573:
1511:
2253:
1833:
2413:
719:" ball path. Accordingly, because different lane conditions and bowler styles favor different hook profiles, there is no single "best" surface.
1707:
1653:
1314:
1175:
2426:
1975:
1952:
1788:
1628:
1446:
1225:
2133:
2302:
1128:
2572:
1606:
620:
of axis tilt involve larger-circumference tracks with more frictional contact per revolution, thus providing less length and more hook.
1299:
1248:
901:
Adjusting screws at the sides of bowling lanes in this 1895 cross-sectional diagram show the recognized importance of controlling lane
756:
Bowling ball core ("weight block") technical specifications include RG, differential of RG, intermediate differential, and (a)symmetry.
2226:
2483:
188:
layout, the mass bias indicator visible. Urethane coverstocks provide gentler, less angular hooking motion than reactive resin balls.
120:
This 1894 patent shows how bowling balls once had a thumb hole and only a single finger hole. Bowling balls of the era were made of
846:
808:
defines RG as "the distance from the axis of rotation at which the total mass of a body might be concentrated without changing its
95:
2598:
1933:
2113:"BowlVersity Q & A Part 2 / Q. Which are the most effective ranges of grit pads to use when altering bowling ball surfaces?"
1074:
1030:
945:
The USBC maintains a list, said to be updated weekly, of about 100 bowling ball manufacturers and their approved bowling balls.
285:
reactive coverstocks (combining the mid-lane reaction of solid coverstocks and the back-end reaction of pearl coverstocks), and
2562:
1262:
1094:
360:
grip (fingers inserted only to the first knuckle, enabling greater rev-generating torque), or less standard grips such as the
2400:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1404:
1063:
1352:
1140:
2327:
1523:
2603:
2056:
1907:
2547:
2542:
452:
speed). Especially as the ball encounters greater friction in the last â20 feet (approximate) of the lane, the ball's
2797:
2618:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
2275:
1003:
uses the same ball (and pins) as in ten-pin bowling. European nine-pin bowling balls (such as those used in German
2976:
2582:
2567:
2552:
2200:
1549:
1547:
1796:
1029:
Benner, Donald; Mours, Nicole; Ridenour, Paul; USBC, Equipment
Specifications and Certifications Division (2009).
2112:
1544:
1489:
553:
2663:
2577:
2006:
1670:
805:
735:
723:
212:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1465:
372:) do not insert their thumbs, thus allowing their fingers to impart even more torque than the fingertip grip.
194:
2633:
2476:
1737:
1028:
204:
layout (note green dot), the mass bias indicator visible. Reactive resin coverstocks increase hook potential.
20:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1588:
889:
2173:
769:
684:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2683:
2648:
2623:
2352:
2093:
2027:
1834:"Improving Your Release / Tools, techniques, and practice drills for developing a more effective release"
1763:
1714:
1367:
676:
130:
1118:"Bowling Technology Study: An Examination and Discussion on Technology's Impact in the Sport of Bowling"
484:
334:
259:
2613:
2608:
2435:
2249:
2144:
1569:
666:
547:(view from behind). Black rings show the smaller tracks characteristic of greater degrees of axis tilt.
470:
453:
1185:. Vol. 1, no. 3. New York: American Sports Publishing Company. December 1892. Archived from
426:
convergence of the ball's forward (translational) speed and rev rate (rotational speed) (bottom chart)
226:
2638:
2409:
1703:
672:
496:
328:
902:
3003:
2469:
1649:
1186:
716:
445:
2422:
1780:
1442:
1221:
483:
release, causes the ball to reach the pins while still in the hook phase, resulting in a shallow
386:
715:
frictional contact in the dry back end, thus promoting a sharper hook downlane, such as in the "
680:
613:
312:
178:
162:
2744:
2653:
2557:
2294:
1117:
734:âexhibited by successive tracks of oil in a "bowtie" pattern and caused by RG differentialâthe
851:
623:
Loftâthe distance past the foul line at which the ball first contacts the laneâdetermines the
511:
114:
2790:
2688:
2628:
1055:
Bowling Beyond the Basics: What's Really
Happening on the Lanes, and What You Can Do about It
636:
538:
318:
1291:
1240:
653:
289:
coverstocks (including microscopic silica particles, favored for use on heavy oil volumes).
246:
2709:
2693:
2218:
1075:"Identifying the Critical Factors That Contribute to Bowling Ball Motion on a Bowling Lane"
750:
8:
2979:
2724:
2658:
1016:
953:
2927:
781:
140:(fingers insert to the second knuckle; thumb hole relatively close to the finger holes)
779:
Manufacturers commonly cite specifications relating to a bowling ball's core, include
578:
less frictional engagement and allow the ball to hook less and later (more "length").
2897:
2231:
1059:
809:
66:
859:
mug with a handle on the side (which has different widths in different directions).
3008:
2947:
2942:
2917:
2912:
2890:
2783:
2759:
2521:
1000:
970:
168:
A polyester ("plastic") ball. Pin location is between finger holes and thumb hole (
62:
58:
2875:
2392:
1396:
1292:"Bowling Technology Study Conclusion / Research Summary and Specification Updates"
897:
2957:
2907:
2828:
2754:
2749:
2492:
1053:
1004:
961:
461:
and the ball enters the roll phase in which forward speed continues to decrease.
74:
70:
54:
1512:"What is the difference between Pin up and Pin down Drilling on a Bowling Ball?"
1344:
2998:
2962:
2885:
2865:
2840:
2734:
2729:
2316:
1349:
BowlingDigital.com (Courtesy of USBC Equipment
Specification and Certification)
820:
457:
2451:
762:
739:
contribution to ball motion if they have the same overall RG characteristics.
337:, but Freeman & Hatfield (2018) discount its contribution to ball motion.
26:
2992:
2952:
2764:
2526:
1315:"2020 USBC Rule Changes On Bowling Ball Weight Holes By MDM Bowling Coaching"
487:
that permits ball deflection and resultant leaves of the 10-pin, while a too-
216:
39:
2195:
2193:
1420:"Perfection Made Easy; Bowling a 300 Game Just Isn't the Feat It Used to Be"
1238:
1089:
Study began in 2005. Publication date is estimated based on article content.
2820:
2719:
2668:
2455:
2346:
2317:"Accessories and Equipment / Accessoires et ĂŠquipements (2015-2016 Season)"
255:
121:
101:
2349:"Candlepin Bowling Rules / Pin specifications and ~ / Ball specifications"
2833:
2673:
2511:
2267:
2190:
966:
854:" of abrasives usedâaffects ball path (skid distance and hook intensity).
303:
241:
43:
30:
Comparative sizes of bowling balls, portrayed on boards of a bowling lane
2880:
1858:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). December 22, 2011.
1686:
1684:
1652:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). December 29, 2016.
273:
reactive coverstocks (having the greatest amount of microscopic pores),
136:
A polyester ("plastic") house ball, having large, non-custom holes in a
77:
have no holes, and are small enough to be held in the palm of the hand.
2902:
2855:
2739:
1873:
1871:
1869:
631:
399:
ball's direction and waning speed (direction and size of brown arrows)
356:
grip (fingers inserted to the second knuckle as with "house balls"), a
61:
traditionally have holes for two fingers and the thumb. Balls used in
2714:
2678:
2516:
1986:
1681:
1673:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). April 18, 2016.
1609:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). April 13, 2015.
1239:
Wiseman, Lucas; United States
Bowling Congress (USBC) (May 7, 2014).
1138:
1115:
1092:
930:
2937:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2203:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). June 28, 2016.
1866:
1825:
1706:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). July 28, 2016.
1665:
1663:
1644:
1642:
464:
2643:
2136:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). May 22, 2016.
1468:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). January 2015.
695:
390:
Progression of various quantities as the ball moves down the lane:
2461:
2348:
2211:
2922:
2806:
2237:
1976:"A Guide to Bowling Ball Cores, RG, Differential, and Coverstock"
1953:"A Guide to Bowling Ball Cores, RG, Differential, and Coverstock"
1660:
1639:
1607:"What Are The Boiled Down Factors Affecting Bowling Ball Motion?"
444:) speed to continually decrease, but to continually increase its
47:
1856:"Being Able To Adjust Your Axis Rotation Is A Tool Worth Having"
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
884:
172:
layout). Ball is used as a "straight ball" for some spare shots.
2860:
2845:
905:
to provide a flat and level surface for repeatable ball motion.
340:
2022:
2020:
834:
rating) quantifies the degree to which a bowling ball core is
250:
A rough timeline of ten-pin bowling ball coverstock technology
2870:
2850:
1944:
1747:
1345:"Understanding the relationship between core and cover stock"
1168:
2932:
2436:"The insides of pro bowling balls will make your head spin"
2252:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2015.
2030:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2005.
2017:
1910:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2014.
1572:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2013.
304:§ Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion
278:
242:§ Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion
2775:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1696:
877:(greatest skid distance among reactive cover stocks), and
2260:
1343:
Siefers, Nick (USBC research engineer) (April 23, 2007).
1263:"USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual"
1095:"USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual"
1992:
1967:
1877:
1690:
1622:
1620:
1541:, Chapter 9 ("Track Flare, or Much Ado About Nothing?").
1073:
Stremmel, Neil; Ridenour, Paul; Stervenz, Scott (2008).
1072:
612:
while a release with large side rotation causes greater
417:
evolving axis rotation (direction of yellow arrowheads)
1883:
1599:
1505:
1503:
1116:
United States
Bowling Congress (USBC) (February 2018).
1093:
United States
Bowling Congress (USBC) (February 2012).
683:(simulated in blue) reflecting migration of the ball's
281:
additives that enhance reaction on dry lane surfaces),
2128:
2126:
881:(combination of skid distance and back end reaction).
768:
Bowling balls with cores exposed, as displayed in the
2450:
Muller, Derek and Zhang, Emily (September 25, 2021).
2425:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
2412:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
2115:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
2096:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
2051:
2049:
2009:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1631:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1617:
1591:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1492:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1445:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1370:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
1224:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section).
2347:
New
Hampshire Candlepin Bowling Association (2013).
1926:
1500:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
632:
Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion
2360:
2357:
2013 date estimated based on earliest archive date.
2123:
1934:"Picking a New Bowling Ball for the Average Bowler"
1241:"USBC Modifies Rule on Bowling Ball Gripping holes"
1232:
2046:
408:increasing rev rate (motion of yellow arrowheads)
1378:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
465:Effect of delivery characteristics on ball motion
2990:
2289:
2287:
2285:
1908:"Bowling Ball RG And Differential Range Ratings"
1564:
1562:
1460:
1458:
1456:
108:1892, in addition to larger, "regulation" balls.
104:(hardwood) balls of various diameters were used
2272:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC)
2184:
2167:
1819:
1785:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC)
1741:
1553:
1538:
1411:
1270:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC)
1245:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC)
1052:Freeman, James; Hatfield, Ron (July 15, 2018).
1051:
1038:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC)
730:Though manufacturer literature often specifies
698:interaction with the ball, which exhibits both
2104:
2085:
1998:
1848:
1580:
1556:, Chapter 5 ("You Say You Want a Revolution").
1483:
1481:
1479:
1434:
1329:
1196:
1139:United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (2021).
532:arrows: finger motion inducing axis rotation.
2791:
2477:
2282:
1559:
1453:
1359:
885:Effect of lane characteristics on ball motion
16:Ball used to hit pins in the sport of bowling
1822:, Chapter 13 ("Create a Bowler's Tool Kit").
1283:
1255:
1761:
1476:
2798:
2784:
2484:
2470:
2342:
2340:
2309:
2201:"Bowling Lane Adjusting From Pair To Pair"
1936:. National Bowling Academy. May 13, 2024.
873:(longer skid distance than matte finish),
850:The texture of ball surfacesâmeasured in "
819:and contributes to how sharply a ball can
2187:, Chapter 16 ("Advanced Considerations").
1298:. United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
499:. Ball speed and rev rate are said to be
2433:
2429:from the original on September 17, 2018.
2420:
2368:"Basics of candlepin vs. tenpin bowling"
2256:from the original on September 18, 2015.
2119:from the original on September 18, 2015.
2110:
2091:
2004:
1629:"The Simple Keys Of Bowling Ball Motion"
1626:
1586:
1509:
1487:
1466:"How Should My Bowling Ball Be Drilled?"
1440:
1374:from the original on September 26, 2022.
1355:from the original on September 20, 2018.
1228:from the original on September 17, 2018.
1219:
952:
896:
888:
845:
635:
434:
385:
339:
245:
235:
184:A polyurethane ("urethane") ball with a
25:
2599:WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships
2407:
2337:
2134:"Understand Your Bowling Ball Reaction"
2100:from the original on November 11, 2020.
2073:from the original on September 20, 2018
2013:from the original on February 26, 2021.
1744:, Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?").
1710:from the original on November 10, 2016.
1490:"Your Bowling Ball Positive Axis Point"
1342:
1325:from the original on November 13, 2020.
1279:from the original on December 29, 2018.
1134:from the original on December 31, 2018.
1111:from the original on December 29, 2018.
957:A duckpin bowling ball in an adult hand
865:Reactive cover stocks finishes include
2991:
2355:from the original on January 26, 2016.
2278:from the original on November 6, 2018.
2225:. Narragansett Machine Company. 1895.
2207:from the original on October 31, 2016.
2140:from the original on December 2, 2018.
2034:from the original on November 24, 2005
2007:"How To Find A Skid-Flip Bowling Ball"
1993:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008
1973:
1950:
1914:from the original on December 26, 2014
1878:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008
1691:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008
1677:from the original on October 12, 2016.
1671:"Variables You Encounter When Bowling"
1656:from the original on February 9, 2017.
1576:from the original on January 16, 2019.
1365:
1312:
1289:
1157:from the original on November 2, 2021.
1047:from the original on December 7, 2010.
155:(fingers insert only to first knuckle)
150:Balls with custom finger inserts in a
2779:
2465:
2446:from the original on August 27, 2021.
2393:"Bowling Balls: An In-Depth Overview"
2170:, Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools").
1613:from the original on August 18, 2015.
1520:(Web page archiving attempts failed.)
1417:
1397:"Bowling Balls: An In-Depth Overview"
2452:"The Fascinating Physics of Bowling"
2403:from the original on April 12, 2019.
2333:from the original on March 28, 2017.
2305:from the original on April 11, 2017.
2005:Carrubba, Rich (September 7, 2010).
1982:from the original on March 21, 2023.
1963:from the original on 25 August 2022.
1831:
1791:from the original on April 17, 2017.
1449:from the original on August 6, 2020.
1407:from the original on April 12, 2019.
2604:World Bowling Singles Championships
2491:
2416:from the original on 24 March 2023.
2092:Carrubba, Rich (February 4, 2013).
1940:from the original on July 19, 2024.
1862:from the original on March 5, 2021.
1844:from the original on April 5, 2019.
1774:from the original on April 2, 2016.
1635:from the original on July 23, 2021.
1627:Carrubba, Rich (February 5, 2013).
1589:"Understanding Bowling Ball Motion"
1510:Hickland, Ronald (April 11, 2017).
1472:from the original on July 11, 2015.
679:"âis progression of the ball's oil
456:(side rotation) causes the ball to
13:
2378:from the original on May 13, 2014.
2229:from the original on July 1, 2018.
2066:. United States Bowling Congress.
2028:"Ball Dynamics and Hook Potential"
1587:Carrubba, Rich (October 2, 2011).
1496:from the original on July 9, 2017.
1441:Carrubba, Rich (January 1, 2013).
1430:from the original on June 7, 2016.
1313:Barnes, Clifton (March 19, 2020).
1302:from the original on May 26, 2019.
1251:from the original on July 7, 2017.
1087:from the original on June 3, 2012.
1080:. United States Bowling Congress.
985:
570:Greater ball speeds give the ball
296:
14:
3020:
2385:
1595:from the original on May 5, 2023.
1031:"Pin Carry Study: Bowl Expo 2009"
994:
976:
269:Within the reactive category are
85:
2553:International Bowling Federation
2434:Horaczek, Stan (July 27, 2020).
2094:"Bowling Ball Surface Grit Pads"
1570:"Finger Inserts For New Bowlers"
1488:Carrubba, Rich (November 2012).
1368:"The Evolution of Bowling Balls"
1290:Bigham, Terry (April 24, 2018).
948:
940:
761:
749:
665:
652:
552:
537:
510:
277:reactive coverstocks (including
193:
177:
161:
129:
113:
94:
80:
1022:
479:release ratio, also known as a
2250:"Changing Lane Oil Conditions"
1366:Martin, Jimmy (May 12, 2011).
1306:
806:United States Bowling Congress
381:
1:
2634:European Bowling Tour Masters
1951:McEwan, Jason (August 2022).
1418:Barry, Dan (April 21, 2000).
1162:
702:friction characteristics and
581:Analysis of the influence of
491:release ratio, also called a
200:A reactive resin ball with a
21:Bowling ball (disambiguation)
2421:Carrubba, Rich (June 2012).
2410:"How Bowling Balls Are Made"
2234:release date: June 16, 2018.
1978:. National Bowling Academy.
1704:"Bowling Ball Reaction Keys"
1220:Carrubba, Rich (June 2012).
770:International Bowling Museum
227:weight holes (balance holes)
7:
2805:
2684:Mediterranean Challenge Cup
2649:PBA Tournament of Champions
2624:QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup
2185:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
2168:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
1820:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
1742:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
1554:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
1539:Freeman & Hatfield 2018
1516:CTDbowling.com News section
1183:Spalding's Athletic Library
1010:
603:is rev rate (radians/sec),
352:Holes may be drilled for a
301:
254:Bowling balls were made of
10:
3025:
2299:paramountindustriesinc.com
1650:"Your Bowling Ball Motion"
711:front end but establishes
687:on successive revolutions.
675:ânot to be confused with "
239:
18:
2971:
2813:
2702:
2639:NCAA Bowling Championship
2591:
2535:
2499:
1141:"Playing Rules 2021-2022"
1034:(Slide show presentation)
830:rating (sometimes termed
828:intermediate differential
795:intermediate differential
345:Side view of ball motion:
75:European nine-pin bowling
2423:"Bowling Ball Evolution"
1957:National Bowling Academy
1443:"Reactive Bowling Balls"
1222:"Bowling Ball Evolution"
843:than symmetrical balls.
607:is ball radius (m), and
528:arrows: ball direction.
2111:Carrubba, Rich (2012).
1781:"Adjusting Entry Angle"
1764:"Bowling Release Ratio"
1762:O'Keefe, Bryan (2015).
869:(aggressive reaction),
524:arrows: ball rotation.
2654:PBA World Championship
2408:Carruba, Rich (2011).
1974:McEwen, Jason (2022).
1776:(date is approximate)
1768:usbcbowlingacademy.com
958:
906:
894:
855:
789:(commonly abbreviated
645:
427:
349:
251:
31:
2903:Cantabrian bolo palma
2689:World Ranking Masters
2629:European Bowling Tour
1793:(date is approximate)
956:
900:
892:
849:
639:
435:Stages of ball motion
389:
343:
249:
240:Further information:
236:Coverstock technology
29:
2694:World Tenpin Masters
2268:"Approved Ball List"
1832:Rose, Tyrel (2019).
971:amusement facilities
38:is a hard spherical
19:For other uses, see
2980:QubicaAMF Worldwide
2725:Glossary of bowling
2219:"Bowling Catalog E"
1017:Glossary of bowling
319:positive axis point
42:used to knock down
2928:Irish road bowling
2619:Pan American Games
2399:. March 31, 2017.
2397:Bowling This Month
1838:Bowling This Month
1424:The New York Times
1403:. March 31, 2017.
1401:Bowling This Month
1192:on March 27, 2020.
959:
909:The phenomenon of
907:
895:
856:
804:Analytically, the
787:differential of RG
782:radius of gyration
646:
585:(sometimes called
428:
420:
411:
402:
393:
350:
252:
32:
2986:
2985:
2773:
2772:
2664:U.S. Women's Open
2324:PhippsBowling.com
2295:"Duckpin Bowling"
2232:Project Gutenberg
2057:"Technical Terms"
1272:. February 2012.
1065:978-1 73 241000 8
810:moment of inertia
138:conventional grip
67:candlepin bowling
3016:
2913:Finnish skittles
2891:Taistelupetankki
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2380:
2379:
2372:The Boston Globe
2364:
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2015:
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1122:
1112:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1001:nine-pin bowling
826:The lesser-used
817:flare potential,
765:
753:
685:axis of rotation
669:
656:
616:before hooking.
595:
556:
541:
514:
425:
421:
416:
412:
407:
403:
398:
394:
325:
306:
197:
181:
165:
133:
117:
98:
63:five-pin bowling
59:nine-pin bowling
46:in the sport of
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3004:Ten-pin bowling
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2967:
2809:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2698:
2587:
2531:
2495:
2493:Ten-pin bowling
2490:
2440:Popular Science
2391:
2388:
2383:
2374:. May 4, 2014.
2366:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2319:
2315:
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2292:
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2217:
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2212:
2199:
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2059:
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2018:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1972:
1968:
1949:
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1932:
1931:
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1439:
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1412:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1341:
1330:
1319:bowlersmart.com
1311:
1307:
1288:
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1276:
1265:
1261:
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1237:
1233:
1218:
1197:
1189:
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1174:
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1169:
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1154:
1143:
1131:
1120:
1108:
1097:
1084:
1077:
1066:
1044:
1033:
1025:
1013:
997:
988:
986:Candlepin balls
979:
962:Duckpin bowling
951:
943:
911:lane transition
887:
777:
776:
775:
774:
773:
766:
758:
757:
754:
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
677:flare potential
670:
662:
661:
657:
634:
593:
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419:
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396:
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384:
323:
299:
297:Layout and grip
244:
238:
209:
208:
207:
206:
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198:
190:
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182:
174:
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166:
157:
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145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
134:
126:
125:
118:
110:
109:
99:
88:
83:
71:duckpin bowling
55:ten-pin bowling
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2975:
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2915:
2910:
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2900:
2895:
2894:
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2888:
2883:
2878:
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2868:
2866:Bolas criollas
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2814:Bowling venues
2811:
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2387:
2386:External links
2384:
2382:
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2281:
2259:
2236:
2210:
2189:
2172:
2143:
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2016:
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1113:
1090:
1070:
1064:
1049:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
996:
995:Nine-pin balls
993:
987:
984:
978:
977:Five-pin balls
975:
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947:
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485:angle of entry
481:speed-dominant
466:
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298:
295:
237:
234:
199:
192:
191:
183:
176:
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167:
160:
159:
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152:fingertip grip
149:
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128:
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119:
112:
111:
100:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
87:
86:Specifications
84:
82:
79:
53:Balls used in
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3021:
3010:
3007:
3005:
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2972:Manufacturers
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2954:
2953:Spanish Bowls
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2876:Jeu provençal
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2765:Trick bowling
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1058:. BowlSmart.
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471:Release ratio
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81:Ten-pin balls
78:
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72:
68:
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60:
57:and American
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2821:Basque bowls
2745:Perfect game
2669:USBC Masters
2506:
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2106:
2087:
2077:25 September
2075:. Retrieved
2063:
2038:25 September
2036:. Retrieved
2000:
1995:, p. 8.
1988:
1969:
1956:
1946:
1928:
1918:25 September
1916:. Retrieved
1850:
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1784:
1767:
1698:
1693:, p. 3.
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1234:
1187:the original
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1023:Publications
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722:A 2005-2008
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362:Sarge Easter
361:
357:
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353:
351:
348:illustrated.
344:
327:
317:
310:
308:
300:
291:
286:
282:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:entry angles
256:lignum vitae
253:
232:
221:
210:
201:
185:
169:
151:
137:
122:lignum vitae
105:
102:Lignum vitae
52:
44:bowling pins
36:bowling ball
35:
33:
2834:Rolle Bolle
2674:USBC Queens
2614:Asian Games
2609:World Games
2592:Tournaments
919:carry down,
836:symmetrical
732:track flare
673:Track flare
520:(top view)
497:pin scatter
382:Ball motion
335:entry angle
329:track flare
124:(hardwood).
2993:Categories
2856:Bocce volo
2740:Open frame
2710:900 series
2456:Veritasium
1163:References
969:and other
915:breakdown,
903:topography
696:frictional
450:rotational
302:See also:
2977:Brunswick
2898:Candlepin
2715:Dutch 200
2679:Weber Cup
2659:U.S. Open
2517:Pinsetter
2500:Equipment
1176:"Bowling"
999:American
931:viscosity
832:mass bias
799:mass bias
717:skid/flip
625:effective
572:less time
545:Axis tilt
358:fingertip
311:drilling
309:A ball's
222:including
2948:Skittles
2943:Nine-pin
2918:Five-pin
2881:PĂŠtanque
2825:Belgian
2644:PBA Tour
2444:Archived
2427:Archived
2414:Archived
2401:Archived
2376:Archived
2353:Archived
2328:Archived
2326:. 2016.
2303:Archived
2301:. 2017.
2276:Archived
2254:Archived
2227:Archived
2205:Archived
2138:Archived
2117:Archived
2098:Archived
2068:Archived
2064:bowl.com
2032:Archived
2011:Archived
1980:Archived
1961:Archived
1938:Archived
1912:Archived
1860:Archived
1842:Archived
1789:Archived
1787:. 2015.
1772:Archived
1708:Archived
1675:Archived
1654:Archived
1633:Archived
1611:Archived
1593:Archived
1574:Archived
1494:Archived
1470:Archived
1447:Archived
1428:Archived
1405:Archived
1372:Archived
1353:Archived
1323:Archived
1300:Archived
1296:Bowl.com
1274:Archived
1249:Archived
1226:Archived
1152:Archived
1148:bowl.com
1129:Archived
1125:bowl.com
1106:Archived
1102:bowl.com
1082:Archived
1042:Archived
1011:See also
704:physical
700:chemical
446:rev rate
368:-handed
287:particle
170:pin down
3009:Bowling
2958:Ten-pin
2923:Gorodki
2908:Duckpin
2841:Borella
2829:Feather
2807:Bowling
967:arcades
929:Higher-
793:), and
713:greater
660:motion.
501:matched
370:release
324:
225:banned
48:bowling
2963:Turkey
2938:MĂślkky
2861:Boccia
2846:Boules
2760:Strike
2735:League
2522:Scorer
1062:
879:hybrid
785:(RG),
644:2008).
614:length
599:where
596:(Ďr/v)
594:
592:arcsin
313:layout
283:hybrid
202:pin up
186:pin up
73:, and
2999:Balls
2886:Raffa
2871:Bowls
2851:Bocce
2755:Split
2750:Spare
2703:Terms
2527:Alley
2331:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1098:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
1045:(PDF)
1005:kegel
875:pearl
871:shiny
867:matte
681:track
642:circa
526:Brown
275:pearl
271:solid
2933:Kubb
2730:Hook
2720:Form
2583:WTBA
2578:USBC
2573:PWBA
2563:JPBA
2548:ETBF
2543:BTBA
2507:Ball
2079:2018
2040:2018
1920:2018
1060:ISBN
852:grit
821:hook
736:USBC
724:USBC
530:Pink
522:Blue
477:high
475:too-
458:hook
322:(PAP
279:mica
215:and
213:USBC
211:The
40:ball
2568:PBA
2558:JBC
2512:Pin
838:or
801:).
489:low
366:one
262:.
106:ca.
2995::
2454:,
2442:.
2438:.
2395:.
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2351:.
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2297:.
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2221:.
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2175:^
2146:^
2125:^
2062:.
2048:^
2019:^
1959:.
1955:.
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1836:.
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1662:^
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1422:.
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1243:.
1198:^
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440:(
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