308:, just five years earlier had ended badly; Brooke had threatened to dispatch his fleet to bombard Siamese ports after negotiations broke down. Despite this, Bowring established an amiable relationship with the Siamese delegation, being welcomed like foreign royalty and showered with pomp (including a 21-gun salute). Though Bowring had become frustrated by the obstinate attitudes of Qing diplomats, he relished the friendly attitude shown by the Siamese, which allowed for the treaty to be negotiated in far smoother terms than other treaties he negotiated. The treaty eventually led other Western powers to sign their own bilateral treaties, based on the terms set by the Bowring Treaty.
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with Siam. The
Bowring Treaty in particular ensured that the Western powers would not intervene in Siam's internal affairs, and allowed for Siam to remain an independent nation (in contrast to its neighbors). The treaty is now credited by historians with ensuring the economic rejuvenation of Bangkok,
240:
British subjects were given the right to trade freely in all seaports and to reside permanently in
Bangkok. They were to be allowed to buy and rent property in the environs of Bangkok; namely, in an area more than four miles from city walls but less than twenty-four hours' journey from the city
217:, as all foreign trade had previously been subject to heavy taxation by the Siamese Crown. The treaty also allowed the establishment of a British consulate in Bangkok and guaranteed its full extraterritorial powers, and allowed British subjects to own land in Siam.
477:
Carl A. Trocki, "Drugs, Taxes, and
Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia," in Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952, ed. Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), p.
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The treaty's largest effect (after liberalising foreign trade) was the legalization of opium exports into Siam, which had previously been banned by the
Siamese Crown. The treaty was similar in nature to the
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241:(calculated from the average speed of Siamese watercraft). British subjects were also to be allowed to travel freely in the interior with passes provided by the consul.
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The
Siamese government reserved the right to prohibit the export of salt, rice, and fish whenever these articles were deemed to be scarce in the country.
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British subjects were placed under consular jurisdiction—Britons could not be prosecuted by local
Siamese authorities without consent from the
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British merchants were to be allowed to buy and sell directly with individual
Siamese subjects without interference from any third party.
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517:"Impacts of Trade liberalization under the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) of the World Trade Organization: A Case Study of Rice"
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Articles of export were to be taxed just once, whether the tax was called an inland tax, a transit duty, or an export duty.
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on 18 April 1855. The treaty had the primary effect of liberalising foreign trade in Siam, and was signed by five
Siamese
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to Siam in order to negotiate a new one. The treaty negotiated by him allowed free trade by foreign merchants in
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519:. Rural Reconstruction and Friends Alumni, Asia Pacific Research Network. 2002-12-01. Archived from
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Peter Dale Scott, Asia-Pacific
Journal Japan Focus, 1 Nov. 2010, Volume 8 | Issue 44 | Number 2,
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in 1826, coming about as a result of the two powers having a mutual opposition to the
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Treaty of
Friendship and Commerce between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam
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The import duty was fixed at three per cent for all articles, with two exceptions:
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467:"Operation Paper: The United States and Drugs in Thailand and Burma" 米国とタイ・ビルマの麻薬
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Thai version of the Treaty, written on Thai black books, prior to being sent to
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as it created a framework in which multilateral trade could operate freely in
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Measurement duties were abolished and import and export duties were fixed.
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was to be free of duty, but it had to be sold by the opium producer, and
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388:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
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Treaty of friendship and commerce between Great Britain and Siam
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542:"Royal Gifts from Thailand: 1b. Harris Treaty of 1856"
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496:Government of Thailand Public Relations Department
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441:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. pp.
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233:. Thus, for the first time, Siam granted
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632:Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932)
550:. June 21, 2007. Archived from
225:The regulations in short were:
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1168:1924 Palace Law of Succession
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237:to aliens from Great Britain.
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433:Ingram, James C (1971).
177:, the British envoy and
1138:Shan Rebellion of Phrae
968:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix
385:Encyclopædia Britannica
255:was to be free of duty.
42:to be affixed with the
1019:Tha Din Daeng campaign
859:Kitiyakara Voralaksana
854:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
849:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
824:Devawongse Varoprakarn
793:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
678:Phutthaloetla Naphalai
411:. 2004. Archived from
316:, while on his way to
173:'s half-brothers) and
1153:Palace Revolt of 1912
1088:Kelantanese Civil War
1038:Capture of Chiangsaen
1004:Foundation of Bangkok
869:Abhakara Kiartivongse
672:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
1239:Rattanakosin Kingdom
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1143:Holy Man's Rebellion
1098:Kengtung expeditions
889:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
864:Chirapravati Voradej
834:Narisara Nuwattiwong
597:at Wikimedia Commons
1214:Commercial treaties
1118:Front Palace Crisis
874:Purachatra Jayakara
723:Maha Sura Singhanat
280:signed between the
235:extraterritoriality
23:
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829:Damrong Rajanubhab
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179:colonial governor
163:plenipotentiaries
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498:. 2004-08-20
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413:the original
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379:"Siam"
339:, and Siam.
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284:and various
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708:Prajadhipok
647:Individuals
207:Ava Kingdom
1208:Categories
998:Key events
958:Nguyễn Ánh
947:Foreigners
921:Bodindecha
781:Vajiravudh
776:Vajirunhis
748:Wichaichan
710:(Rama VII)
702:Vajiravudh
686:(Rama III)
650:Key events
527:2007-04-24
502:2007-04-24
419:2007-04-24
355:References
288:after the
189:Background
142:Wikisource
44:Royal seal
704:(Rama VI)
692:(Rama IV)
680:(Rama II)
558:April 19,
337:Singapore
312:diplomat
183:Hong Kong
127:Full text
1123:Haw wars
716:Viceroys
698:(Rama V)
684:Nangklao
674:(Rama I)
644:Monarchs
343:See also
310:American
221:Contents
201:and the
157:and the
113:Language
68:Location
953:Ang Eng
905:Siamese
808:Royalty
743:Pinklao
690:Mongkut
302:Sarawak
271:Effects
253:bullion
215:Bangkok
121:English
79:Parties
72:Bangkok
1033:(1802)
449:
102:
74:, Siam
60:Signed
55:Treaty
665:Kings
333:China
318:Japan
298:Rajah
290:First
249:opium
560:2012
447:ISBN
292:and
193:The
171:King
149:The
119:and
117:Thai
92:Siam
52:Type
300:of
181:of
140:at
1210::
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494:.
483:^
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443:34
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394:^
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363:^
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185:.
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46:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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