Boys Don't Cry (1999 film)

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moved from one side of the road to the other. The scenes took six hours to shoot and were filmed at sunrise, resulting in a blue sky being seen in the background. There were some technical complications: some of the filming equipment got stuck in the mud, and radio wires in some of the scenes conflicted with the sound production. Swank required a stunt double for a scene in which she falls off the back of a truck. Teena's rape scene was given an extended filming time; Sexton, who portrayed one of the attackers, walked away in tears afterward. Swank found portraying her character daunting and felt the need to "keep a distance" from the reality of the actual event. When scenes became difficult, Swank requested the company of her husband on set. At times, Peirce worked for seventeen hours a day to complete more work, but the other crew members told her that this was taking up potential nighttime filming hours.

1508: 771: 1020:(1939) in which Dorothy leaves her house and enters Oz. The scene consists of a three-shot sequence meant to symbolize Brandon's metaphorical "entrance to manhood", or Brandon's social transition from a woman to a man. Some scenes were given a prolonged shooting sequence to induce a feeling of hallucination. An example is the sequence in which Brandon and Lana first have sex, followed by a shot of her, Brandon, Candace, and Kate driving in a car against a city skyline backdrop. The scene in which John and Tom strip Brandon was filmed with three cameras due to time constraints, even though Peirce wanted six cameras to film it. The scene took an hour and a half to film in total. 684:. Peirce became engrossed in Brandon's life and death; she said, "the minute I read about Brandon, I fell in love. With the intensity of his desire to turn himself into a boy, the fact that he did it with no role models. The leap of imagination that this person took was completely overwhelming to me." The sensationalist news coverage of the case prolonged her interest. Peirce said she looked beyond the brutality of the case and instead viewed the positive aspects of Brandon's life as part of what eventually caused his death. She admired Brandon's audacity, ability to solve complicated problems, and what she perceived as the sense of fantasy invoked by his personality. 1463:, a jazz musician who no one knew was transgender until the post-mortem discovery that he was assigned female at birth. She wrote, "On some level Brandon's story, while cleaving to its own specificity, needs to remain an open narrative—not a stable narrative of FTM transsexual identity nor a singular tale of queer bashing, not a cautionary fable about the violence of rural America nor an advertisement for urban organizations of queer community; like the narrative of Billy Tipton, Brandon's story permits a dream of transformation." Christine Dando argued that "masculinity is associated with outside and femininity with interior spaces." 899: 829: 958: 1893:

the film the "second murder of Brandon Teena". Before the film's theatrical release, Lana Tisdel sued the film's producers, claiming that the film depicted her as "lazy, white trash and a skanky snake" and that her family and friends had come to see her as "a lesbian who did nothing to stop a murder". Tisdel settled her lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for an undisclosed sum. Sarah Nissen, cousin of murderer Marvin Nissen, was also critical of the film, saying, "There's none of it that's right. It was just weird." Leslie Tisdel, Lana's sister, called the film "a lie of a movie".

941:, but Peirce felt that "none of looked right." In addition, Peirce also scouted filming locations in Kansas and Florida before deciding on Texas. One of Peirce's main goals was for the audience to sympathize with Brandon. On the film's DVD commentary track, Peirce said, "The work was informing me about how I wanted to represent it. I wanted the audience to enter deeply into this place, this character, so they could entertain these contradictions in Brandon's own mind and would not think he was crazy, would not think he was lying, but would see him as more deeply human". 1495:

crime; and the film's inability to show DeVine as violated rather than violator perpetuates the myth of the black man as always already a perpetrator of crime." Regarding DeVine, Halberstam wrote, "Peirce perhaps thought that her film, already running close to two hours, could not handle another subplot, but the story of Philip DeVine is important and it is a crucial part of the drama of gender, race, sexuality, and class that was enacted in the heartland. Race is not incidental to this narrative of mostly white, Midwestern small towns and by omitting DeVine's story from

1531:. Regarding the film's portrayal of Nebraska, Halberstam wrote, "The landscape of Nebraska then serves as a contested site upon which multiple narratives unfold, narratives indeed which refuse to collapse into simply one story. Some of these narratives are narratives of hate, some of desire; others tell of ignorance and brutality; still others of isolation and fear; some allow violence and ignorant prejudices to become the essence of white poor rural identity; still others provoke questions about the deployment of whiteness and the regulation of violence." 6404: 688:

unfamiliar to so many people. Where to me, I knew girls who had passed as boys, so Brandon was not some weird person to me. Brandon was a very familiar person." Peirce was influenced by the public perception of the case, believing the American public was generally misinformed: she said, "People were also focusing on the crime without giving it much emotional understanding and I think that's really dangerous, especially with this culture of violence that we live in". Peirce began working on a concept for the film and gave it the working title

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her as Lana fights with them, begging them to stop. Tom stabs Brandon's lifeless body. John and Tom flee the scene while a crying Lana lies with Brandon's body and the baby toddles through the open door to the outside, crying. The next morning, Lana awakens next to Brandon's corpse. Her mother arrives and takes her away from the scene. As Lana leaves Falls City, a letter to her from Brandon that she found on his body, is heard in a voiceover, saying that in Memphis "I'll be waiting for you, love always and forever".

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levels in the narratives: When Brandon tries to establish his male identity with his new buddies, he imitates the kind of overly aggressive macho machismo that John and Tom represent. But Lana falls for Brandon because of his version of masculinity, which contradicts and challenges traditional assumptions about what it takes to be a man and to please a woman. Brandon’s articulation of manhood effectively mocks sexist masculine ideals and appropriates the codes of normative masculinity." Michele Aaron, in

1246: 6834: 6846: 6822: 711:, which told the story of Brandon's final few weeks. Earlier drafts of the script incorporated scenes featuring Brandon's family background, including his sister Tammy and mother Joann, as well as some of Teena's ex-girlfriends. However, Peirce modified the script to fit her vision to focus on the relationship between Brandon and his 19-year-old girlfriend Lana Tisdel, which Peirce termed a "great love story", in contrast to 6810: 6798: 746:'s production company, provided financing for the project. IFC contributed roughly $ 1 million, but the film's eventual budget remained under $ 2 million. Peirce co-wrote the screenplay with Andy Bienen. They worked together for 18 months on the final drafts and were careful not to "mythologize" Brandon; the aim was to keep him as human as possible. In the editing stage of the script, Peirce sent the draft to 758:

Brandon just two weeks before he was murdered, was 19 years old at the time of the murders and lived in Falls City with her mother. Peirce also interviewed Tisdel's mother and Brandon's acquaintances. However, she was unable to interview Brandon's mother or any of his biological family. Much factual information, including Nissen being a convicted arsonist, was incorporated into

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persuaded Peirce to cast her; Peirce said she did not want a "known actor" to portray Teena. In addition, Peirce felt that Swank's audition was "the first time I saw someone who not only blurred the gender lines, but who was this beautiful, androgynous person with this cowboy hat and a sock in her pants, who smiled and loved being Brandon."

2764: 1365:, the double vision of the transgender subject gives way to the universal vision of humanism, the transgender man and his lover become lesbians and the murder seems instead to be the outcome of vicious homophobic rage." Ebert called the film a "sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame". 1404:, argued that the film "can be read as a liberatory narrative that queers the centers of heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity by privileging female masculinity and celebrating its differences from heterosexual norms." She argued that the film challenged heteronormativity by criticizing the concept of the 918:

relating to the plot limited what could be achieved with the narrative. For example, the film portrays a double murder when in actuality a third person, Phillip DeVine—a black disabled man—was also killed at the scene. At the time, he had been dating Lana Tisdel's sister, Leslie, who was omitted from the story.

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She went on to argue that the setting is not only conveyed visually, but also through the characters' homes. "While there is no trailer park in Falls City, Brandon's community there occupies the margin: Candace and Lana's homes appear to be on the outskirts of town, or even outside of town. There are

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Peter Sarsgaard played John Lotter, Lana's former boyfriend, who raped and murdered Teena. Sarsgaard was one of the first choices for the role. He later said he wanted his character to be "likable, sympathetic even", because he wanted the audience "to understand why they would hang out with me. If my

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when Chloë does this little dance move and flirts with the camera She has this mix of attractiveness, flirtation and sophistication that she gives you, but then takes away very quickly so that you want more: you want to reach into the screen and grab her. When I saw that, and her confidence and wit,

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At one point, the project was nearly abandoned because Peirce was not satisfied with most of the people who auditioned. In 1996, after a hundred female actors had been considered and rejected, the relatively unknown actor Hilary Swank sent a videotape to Peirce and was signed on to the project. Swank

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that confirm their suspicions. When Brandon and Lana return, Tom and John violently confront Brandon and take him into the bathroom, forcibly removing his pants and revealing his genitals. They try to make Lana look, but she shields her eyes and turns away. After this confrontation, Tom and John drag

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of the sex scenes. The portrayal of a double rape caused significant problems with the MPAA and had to be trimmed to avoid the NC-17 rating. Both the Australian and European version are more explicit, particularly the first rape. Peirce was angry because the MPAA wanted the sex scene between Brandon

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gave the film three and a half stars out of four; he highlighted the performances of Swank and Sevigny as the film's greatest success and likened the film's intensity to that of a train wreck. Berardinelli wrote that Swank "gives the performance of her career" and that "Sevigny's performance is more

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In her film, Pierce inserts the unconventional problems of transsexuality into a conventional narrative structure. Throughout the film Brandon is presented as a doomed, though beguiling and beautiful rascal, recognizably located in the lineage of well-known cinematic bad-boys like James Dean, Steve

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community, looking mainly for masculine, lesbian women for the role of Brandon Teena. Peirce said the LGBT community was very interested in the project because of the publicity surrounding the murder. High-profile actors avoided Peirce's auditions at the request of their agents because of the stigma

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was disputed by real-life people involved in the murder. The real Lana Tisdel declared her dislike for the film; she said Brandon never proposed to her and that when she discovered Brandon was transgender, she ended the relationship. Tisdel disliked the way she was portrayed in the film, and called

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through the lens of class representation is not born of a univocal search for so-called positive images, but I do recoil at what appears to me to be a new instalment in a long history of popular images of working-class pathology. But that is not the whole story. Within this universe of feeling and

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Christine Vachon, the film's executive producer, said, "It's not just about two stupid thugs who killed somebody. It's about these guys whose world is so tenuous and so fragile that they can't stand to have any of their beliefs shattered", referring to John and Tom's views of their lives, Brandon's

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required emotional and physical intensity; these were allocated extended periods of filming. The scene in which Brandon, at the wishes of his friends, bumper-skis on the back of a pickup truck, was delayed when a police officer, just arriving at a shift change, required a large lighting crane to be

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and putting socks down the front of her trousers as Brandon Teena had done. Her masquerade was convincing; Swank's neighbors believed the "young man" coming and going from her home was Swank's visiting brother. She reduced her body fat to seven percent to accentuate her facial structure and refused

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Later, John and Tom get drunk and drive to Candace's house. Lana attempts to stop them, but they find Brandon, who has been hiding in a nearby shed. John shoots Brandon under the chin, killing him instantly. While Candace is crying out to them to spare her baby, Tom shoots her in the head and kills

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and will soon receive genital reconstruction surgery, but Lana stops him, declaring her love for him regardless of his gender. However, while Brandon is in jail, Candace finds a number of documents listing Brandon's birth name, and she and her friends react to this news with shock and disgust. They

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in the United States on October 22, 1999, and it performed well at the North American box office, gaining three times its production budget by May 2000. The film was acclaimed by critics, with many ranking it as one of the best films of the year; praise focused on the lead performances by Swank and

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Lana Tisdel's potential involvement in the rape and murder of Brandon Teena was also highlighted. Various people involved in the case, particularly Brandon's family, have alleged that Tisdel was somehow involved with the murders, or had at least set them up in an act of vengeance. Perhaps the most

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that specializes in independent films. Initially, many viewers complained via email to Peirce that the film was not being shown near them, as the film was only being shown on 25 screens across the country. However, this number increased to nearly 200 by March 2000. The film grossed $ 73,720 in its

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Peirce wanted to tell the story from Brandon's perspective. She was familiar with Brandon's desire to wear men's clothing: "I started looking at all the other coverage and a great deal of it was sensational. People were focusing on the spectacle of a girl who had passed as a boy because that is so

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is dark, literally and figuratively. Most of the scenes are set at night, utilizing night Plains skies with time-lapse clouds, heightening the isolation. Film frames of placeless and timeless. The community also is dark. It is marginal, just managing to get along, and in the end deadly. While the

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was scheduled to film for thirty days. However, principal photography for the film lasted from October 19 to November 24, 1998. The small budget dictated some of the filming decisions, including the omission of some incidents to speed up the overall pacing. Timing constraints and Peirce's visions

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Prior to filming, Peirce researched the facts by interviewing the people surrounding the case. She immersed herself in the information available about the murder, including trial transcripts. She met Lana Tisdel at a convenience store and interviewed her at Tisdel's home. Tisdel, who began dating

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in September 2000 as part of a "Premiere Series", preceded by a DVD release in April 2000 in the United States and Canada. The DVD's special features included a commentary by Kimberly Peirce and a behind-the-scenes featurette containing interviews with Peirce, Swank and Sevigny; there was also a

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Christina Dando wrote that the typical portrayal of the Midwest as a "frontier" area did not come through in the film until the setting switched from Lincoln to Falls City: "The flat landscape, the spacious sky, the home, evoke two different Plains time periods familiar to many Americans through

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Later on in the same essay, she commented that Brandon both embodied and rejected traditional masculinity, providing a new outlook on what it means to be a man which excited and thrilled the women in the film: "Brandon’s performance of masculinity, however, can be interpreted as operating on two

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In the same journal, Julianne Pidduck commented on the film's rape and murder scenes, "Effectively, the viewer is asked to experience the rape from the victim's point of view. The film invites political, emotional and corporeal allegiances linked to known and imagined risk, especially for female

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man who was another victim of the shooting. "Perhaps one can only speculate about the motivations behind this decision. But the effects are familiar ones in the history of racist representations. The erasure of DeVine from the narrative places the white female bodies as the only true victims of

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as a boy to the doorman at her audition. During her audition, Swank, who was 22, lied to Peirce about her age. Swank said that like Brandon she was 21 years of age. When Peirce later confronted her about her lie, Swank responded, "But that's what Brandon would do". Swank's anonymity as an actor

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and Lana removed but was satisfied with the level of brutality in the murder scene. She also claimed that one objection from the MPAA was that one scene featured an orgasm that was "too long", and rhetorically asked if anyone had ever been hurt by an orgasm that was too long. The film is rated

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The family of Brandon Teena criticized Swank for her repeated use of the male gender pronoun "he" in her Oscar acceptance speech. Teena's mother JoAnn Brandon said her child's transgenderism was a defense mechanism that was developed in response to childhood sexual abuse, rather than being an

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gave a positive review, singling out the directing and acting. She wrote, "Peirce ... covers an extraordinary amount of territory, not just in terms of dealing with Brandon’s sexual-identity and self-fulfillment issues, but also in trying to understand the lives of those around him". Zacharek

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In contrast, Annabelle Wilcox opined that the film primarily reinforced the gender binary by showing that "Brandon's body is branded by such rhetoric and representation, and is assumed to be a site of 'truth' that closes the question that being transgender poses for subjectivity, gender, and

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appears to hold the potential of rendering gender in excess: the figure of Brandon Teena can be read variously as butch, male, lesbian, transgender, transsexual, and heterosexual. Although female masculinity comes to the forefront in this film, I argue that the film attempts to subsume the

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said the film is about accepting identity, which in turn means accepting the fate predisposed for that identity. Paula Nechak called the film a "bold cautionary tale"; she regarded the film as a negative, dismal depiction of Midwestern America, writing that " captured the mystique and eerie

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opening week. By December 5, the film had grossed in excess of $ 2 million. By May 2000, it had a U.S. total gross of $ 11,540,607—more than three times its production budget. Internationally, the film was released on March 2, 2000, in Australia and on April 9, 2000, in the United Kingdom.

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in the film. She opined that Brandon wanted to create close relationships, but he could not due to his transgender status until he became close with Lana. "Although Brandon can make a brief but authentic connection with Lana, he continues to experience a sense of aloneness in the world. He

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Afterward, they take Brandon to Tom's house, where Brandon escapes through a bathroom window. Although his assailants threaten Brandon and warn him not to report the attack to the police, Lana convinces him to do so. However, the police chief proves to be less concerned with the crime and

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After reading about the case while in college, Peirce conducted extensive research for a screenplay, which she worked on for almost five years. The film focuses on the relationship between Brandon and Lana. The script took dialogue directly from archive footage in the 1998 documentary

1433:, fixes his hair in a mirror. His masculinity is carefully scripted. John and Tom…are never shown preparing for masculinity. They are already masculine." Melissa Rigney argued that the film defied traditional portrayals of transgender characters by not confining Brandon to certain 1296:

consistently faces a sense of fear related to the power-over dynamics that he and others who are transsexual face…Brandon experiences the central relational paradox, in which he yearns for connection; however, due to the real threat he faces, he is unable to make that connection."

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The use of low natural light and heavy artificial light is illustrated early in the film in the opening roller rink scene in which Brandon pursues his first relationship with a young woman. For this scene, Peirce used a three-shot method similar to that used in a scene in

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notable admission about Tisdel's motives came from Tom Nissen, who infamously confessed that Tisdel was present at the time of the murders in the car and had even tried knocking on the door of the farmhouse where Brandon, Lambert and DeVine were staying.

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praised the lack of romanticization and dramatization of the characters, and wrote, "Peirce and Bienen and the expert cast engage us in the actuality of these rootless, hopeless, stoned-out lives without sentimentalizing or romanticizing them" and that

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The police detain Brandon on charges that arose before his relocation; they place him in the women's section of the Falls City jail. Lana bails Brandon out and asks why he was placed in a women's jail. Brandon attempts to lie to her, saying he was born

979:, whose long-exposure night photography under artificial lighting inspired Denault to avoid using "moonlight" effects for most of the film. As a way to further incorporate the sense of artificial night, John Pirozzi, who had been experimenting with 880:, Sarsgaard said, "I felt very sexy, weirdly, playing John Lotter. I felt like I was just like the sheriff, y'know, and that everyone loved me." Sarsgaard recalled watching footage of and reading about Lotter to prepare for the role. Peirce cast 371:. Many actresses sought the lead role during a three-year casting process before Swank was cast. Swank was chosen because her personality seemed similar to Brandon's. Most of the film's characters were based on real-life people; others were 1687:

for these culturally diverse and complex times, with the two misfits enacting a version of the James Dean—Natalie Wood romance with utmost conviction, searching, like their '50s counterparts, for love, self-worth and a place to call home".

1113:. An American cover of the song, sung by Nathan Larson, plays in the background in the scene in which Lana bails Brandon out of jail and during one of their sex scenes. However, the song is not included in the released soundtrack. Songs by 785:

The filmmakers retained the names of most of the case's real-life protagonists, but the names of several supporting characters were altered. For example, the character of Candace was named Lisa Lambert in real life. The casting process for

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character wasn't necessarily likable, I wanted him to be charismatic enough that you weren't going to have a dull time if you were with him." In another interview, Sarsgaard said he felt "empowered" by playing Lotter. In an interview with

1317:, Brandon offers a masculinity reminiscent of a by-gone era of chivalry." Furthermore, she contended that John was threatened by Brandon's version of masculinity. "Gender boundaries are taken extremely seriously in Western society, and 1543:

no complete families, only the family that that has been created. The men appear to have no homes, relationally or physically: none are shown to have a family. Speaking about the film's cinematography and the relation to its themes:

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was also very positive towards the film, calling it "a meditation on the irrelevance of gender." He went on to praise Swank, Sevigny, and Sarsgaard in their roles, especially Sevigny, writing that she "keeps the movie tantalizing".

1452:, wrote that Brandon's masculinity was often contrasted with Lana's femininity as a means of illustrating the two sides of the gender binary. In addition, she regarded John and Tom's rape of Brandon as an attempt to psychologically 811:

Peirce required that Swank "make a full transformation" into a male. Immediately after being cast, Peirce took Swank to a hairdresser, where her lower-back length hair was cut and dyed chestnut brown. When she saw her then-husband,

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Several scholars commented on the relationship between Brandon and Lana as well as Brandon's relationship with John and Tom. Carol Siegel regarded the film as a thematically rich love story between two ill-fated lovers, similar to

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scene to be a metaphor for Brandon's formal entrance into masculinity. This image illustrates the dim lighting used throughout the film, giving a particular emphasis on artificial light stemming from the film's focus on confined

1862:"is perhaps the only film addressing the issue of female masculinity by a self-described queer filmmaker to reach mainstream audiences and to receive critical acclaim and prestigious awards." However, Noelle Howey, writing for 1785:

reaches an emotional intensity that’s almost operatic. The saddest thing, though, is seeing Sevigny’s Lana crumpled over his corpse—the way she plays it, you know that when Brandon went, he took a part of her with him, too".

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I thought: if she could flirt with Brandon and the audience in that way, that's exactly what we need for Lana. I said to her, "Will you please audition to play Lana?" She said, "No." And I said, "OK, you can have the role."

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Peirce, who had originally sought a career in photography before moving into filmmaking, applied techniques she had learned to the film. She described the film's mood as an "artificial night". Director of Photography

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reaction structured by lack and tinted blue by country lyrics and a protective and threatening night-time light, characters imbricate gender and class through their longings for love, acceptance and a better life."

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as one of the five best films of 1999, saying, "This could have been a clinical movie of the week, but instead it's a sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame". Janet Maslin of

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classic Western dichotomy of men associated with exteriors and women with interiors is apparent, so too is Brandon's border-crossing. He appears to be able to easily handle both landscapes, yet belongs to neither.

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and/or queer viewers. An allegiance with Brandon's outsider status aligns the viewer with Brandon's initial exhilaration at his transgressive success as a boy, drawing us through to the film's disturbing finale."

1043:. The former style is used when Brandon joins the social circle of John, Tom, Lana and her mother, while the latter is used when Brandon and Lana begin to depart from that life. The film was also influenced by 6971: 1826:]" version, elaborating that the film "could have used a tougher and more exploratory spirit; for Peirce, there was no cruelty, no derangement in Brandon's impostures toward the unsuspecting." In 2007, 4025: 3708: 781:

about her age. When confronted about the lies, Swank told Peirce "But that's what Brandon would do" and she was eventually cast in the film. To prepare for the role, Swank lived as a man for one month.

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reveals that while most critics admired the film, few absorbed its main point: that Brandon Teena was a biological girl who felt innately that she was a man. Most of the media instead cast Teena as a

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Sevigny dyed her hair red for the role to match Lana's strawberry blonde hair. Peirce later said, "Chloë just surrendered to the part. She watched videos of Lana. She just became her very naturally."

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called Swank a "revelation" and wrote, "by the end, her Brandon/Teena is beyond male or female. It's as if we were simply glimpsing the character's soul, in all its yearning and conflicted beauty."

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Sevigny as well as the film's depiction of its subject matter. However, some people who had been involved with Brandon in real life criticized the film for not portraying the events accurately.

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on October 8, 1999, to critical acclaim. It was shown at the Reel Affirmations International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in early October, where it won further praise and appeared at the

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Several authors commented on the possible impact that the film's setting of Falls City, Nebraska, located in the Midwestern United States, could have had on the film's plot. Maslin called

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said the pair "give performances that burn in the memory", and The Film Stage termed Swank's performance "one of the greatest" Best Actress Oscar-winning performances. Peter Stack of the

1387:] transsexuality. or a case not for what they might reveal about female hysteria, but for what they might reveal about misogyny". Elaborating on the themes of the film, they wrote: 2586: 1927:

nominations in the same two categories (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress) for Swank and Sevigny, winning Best Actress. Swank and Sevigny both received Best Actress Awards from the

477: 4866: 1305:, argued that John and Brandon exemplify two different and contrasting types of masculinity, and that Brandon's version is preferred by the film's female characters, comparing them to 1392:

McQueen, and Paul Newman. Like these predecessors, Brandon's heroic stature derives from her unwillingness to compromise her identity … Pierce presents Brandon's struggles against

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analysis, calling the film a "case report" that "presents transsexual inclinations as a series of euphoric conquests" and "focuses on a range of anxious reactions to her [

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Other commentators discussed the more complex psychological causes of Brandon's murder. Halberstam commented on the complicated causes of the murder, and whether it was due to

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depicts how intensely threatened John and Tom are by Brandon's superior portrayal of a masculinity 'schedule'. John cannot abide Brandon's desire, and clear ability, to access

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sexuality." She also went on to note that many film critics either disregarded Brandon's male identity or used female pronouns when referring to him. Rachel Swan, writing for

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photographs. It is virtually timeless. There is also a sense of both place and placelessness. While the landscape is distinctively Plains, it could be described as nowhere."

3651: 3042: 1961:, defended Swank's acceptance speech; he said, "Swank deserves a place in the great acceptance speech canon for being bold, not only as an actress, but as an award winner". 5874: 1955:

expression of Teena's gendered sense of self. JoAnn said, "She pretended she was a man so no other man could touch her". Despite the criticism, Kevin O'Keeffe, writing for

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said the film was "stunning" and gave it four stars out of four stars. Maslin said, "unlike most films about mind-numbing tragedy, this one manages to be full of hope".

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transgressive potential of the gender outlaw within a lesbian framework and narrative, one that reduces and, ultimately, nullifies Brandon's gender and sexual excess."

1055:(1980) by opening the film with a shot of Brandon traveling along a highway, as seen from the character's imaginative or dream perspective, similar to the beginning of 857:(1998). Sevigny had auditioned for the role of Brandon, but Peirce decided Sevigny would be more suited to playing Lana because she could not picture Sevigny as a man. 5485: 2278: 1947:

for their performances, and the film was nominated in two categories; Best Picture (Drama) and Best Director. It was named one of the best films of the year by the

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commended Peirce's depth of knowledge of the case and the subject matter, writing, "Peirce seems to have researched her subject with grad-school-thesis intensity".

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reports 90% of 82 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.90/10; the site's consensus states, "Harrowing yet stirring,

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Brandon Teena was a trans man who was gang raped and murdered by a group of male acquaintances in December 1993, when he was 21. Kimberly Peirce, at the time a

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lauded the lead acting performances of Swank, Sevigny, Saarsgard, and Sexton III, writing, "It may be the best-acted film of the year". Online film reviewer

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This tragic aspect of the love story led Halberstam to compare Brandon and Lana's relationship and subsequent drama to classic and modern romances including

4811: 3611: 3576: 3315: 1626:. The film received a limited release theatrically on October 22, 1999, in the U.S., where it was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures, a subsidiary of 937:

Peirce initially wanted to shoot in Falls City, but Vachon told her that filming there would not be possible. Afterwards, the film was going to be shot in

6047: 5324: 7001: 6951: 2947: 3802: 1868:, wrote that despite the critical acclaim, relatively few critics understood what she perceived as the main point of the film—Brandon being a victim of 1810:

magazine was one of the film's negative reviewers; he wrote, "the film lets down the material. It's too cool: all attitude, no sizzle". Peter Rainer of

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set in a Nebraska trailer park". Philosopher Rebecca Hanrahan argued that the question of identity—particularly Brandon's—is alluded to frequently in

5396: 3426: 537:. Brandon becomes romantically involved with Lana, who is initially unaware both of his anatomy and his troubled past. The two make plans to move to 5058: 4969: 4701: 5429: 390:

had to occur in Texas. The film's cinematography uses dim and artificial lighting throughout and was influenced by a variety of styles, including

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loneliness" and "isolation of the Midwest, with its dusty desolation and nowhere-to-go frustration that propels people to violence and despair".

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theatrical trailer and three television trailers. This same edition was re-released in 2009 with different cover art. The film was released on

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conventional than Swank's, but no less effective. She provides the counterbalance to the tide of hatred that drowns the last act of the film."

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Brandon Teena was never his legal name; other names may include his legal name, as well as "Billy Brinson", "Teena Ray", or "Charles Brayman".

6100:

Cooper, Brenda (2002). "Boys Don't Cry and Female Masculinity: Reclaiming a Life and Dismantling the Politics of Normative Heterosexuality".

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Minkowitz, Donna (April 19, 1994). "Love hurts: Brandon Teena was a woman who lived and loved as a man. She was killed for carrying it off".

2215: 5841: 5653: 3111: 2355: 2185: 7026: 4907: 3682: 1499:, Peirce contributes to the detachment of transgender narratives from narratives about race, consigning the memory of DeVine to oblivion." 2671: 1010:

super speed lenses. For the scene in which Brandon is stripped, a hand-held camera was used to give a sense of subjectivity and intimacy.

7041: 6981: 6961: 5776: 5713: 5035: 3380: 2797: 2161: 1948: 6073: 2341: 1655:, gave the film an 86 of 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". One reviewer said the film was a "critical knockout". 6976: 6886: 6881: 4768: 4288: 2239:"National Film Registry Adds 'Purple Rain', 'Clerks', 'Gaslight' & More; 'Boys Don't Cry' One Of Record 7 Pics From Female Helmers" 1781:

described Swank's performance as "a continual revelation" and Sevigny's performance as "transformative". She said, "When Brandon dies,

1301: 699:'s production company, Blue Relief, showed interest in the screenplay in the mid-1990s. Initially, the film was to be largely based on 1527:

a tale of a trapped, small town character's search for life beyond the rural existence and the high price he pays for his view of the

541:, where Brandon will manage Lana's karaoke singing career. Eventually, they kiss during a date night which ends with them having sex. 6936: 6431: 2000: 1916: 469: 3840: 2859: 1133:("Codine Blues") also appear in the film, as do cover versions of other songs. The soundtrack was released on November 23, 1999, by 3641: 3032: 835:

had initially sought the role of Brandon Teena. Kimberly Peirce, however, believed the actress would be better cast as Lana Tisdel.

6017: 5360: 4992: 6991: 6871: 6296:

Holmlund, Chris (2005). "Generation Q's ABC's: Queer Kids and 1990s Independent Film". In Holmlund, Chris; Wyatt, Justin (eds.).

6102: 5864: 5803: 4939: 4144: 3776: 2456: 1932: 4736: 1651:

powerfully commemorates the life -- and brutally unjust death -- of transgender teen Brandon Teena". Another review aggregator,

1313:, respectively. "Throughout the film, John offers the viewer a typified narrative of heteronormative masculinity. Against this 7046: 6901: 5985: 5251: 3245: 2989: 816:, again, he barely recognized her. Swank prepared for the role by dressing and living as a man for at least a month, including 5495: 890:, as Candace because of her likeness to Lisa Lambert. Like Sevigny, Goranson had also initially auditioned for the lead role. 7031: 7006: 6906: 6896: 6247: 6228: 6174: 6147: 5945: 3892: 2429: 2033: 1977: 1940: 4843: 4121: 3870: 5780: 5675: 5462: 5168: 4476:

Esposito, Jennifer (2003). "The Performance of White Masculinity in 'Boys Don't Cry': Identity, Desire, (Mis)Recognition".

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Many scholars addressed the various performances of gender by the characters in the film; Moss and Lynne Zeavin offered a

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Rigney, Melissa (2003). "Brandon Goes to Hollywood: 'Boys Don't Cry' and the Portrayal of the Transgender Body in Film".

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called the acting "flawless" and concluded that the "stunningly accomplished" and "candid" film could be "seen as a

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using a non-motion-controlled moving camera, was invited to create the transition shots seen throughout the film.

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masculinity and its internalised aggression, by "centering female masculinity", and blurring gender boundaries.

6956: 6931: 6916: 5136: 1912: 1138: 1130: 465: 5068: 2955: 1227:"raises the broader, widely explored issue of masculinity in crisis". Jason Wood said the film, together with 7036: 6424: 6039: 3810: 6219:

Moss; Zeavin, Lynne (2001). "The Real Thing? Some Thoughts on 'Boys Don't Cry'". In Gabbard, Glen O. (ed.).

1943:: Best Actress (Swank), Best Supporting Actress (Sevigny) and Best Director (Peirce). Swank and Sevigny won 6926: 6486: 6365: 6278: 5898: 1928: 1536: 1059:. When a character expresses a dream or hopeful assertion, Peirce cuts to an "eerily lit" dream landscape. 1016: 419: 5643: 5386: 3169: 3101: 1556:

Dando compared the film to other tragic books and films that have been set on the Great Plains, including

6996: 6921: 4897: 1564: 1292: 1207: 770: 431: 4961: 6946: 6911: 6788: 5918: 5419: 4712: 1990: 1101:", a variation of which was used as the film's love theme and score. The song itself is heard during a 555:

Brandon into John's car and drive to an isolated location, where they brutally beat and gang rape him.

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The essay uses female pronouns to refer to Brandon, which will be reserved for the purposes of quotes.

7016: 6667: 6611: 5190: 4018:"Boys Don't Cry — Film Festival Reviews; Sometimes Accepting an Identity Means Accepting a Fate, Too" 3174: 2917: 1800:

The film was not without detractors, who focused on the film's portrayal of Brandon and his actions.

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listed Swank's performance as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of All Time". Owen Gleiberman of

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described the film as a "romantic tragedy" embedded in a working class American setting, calling it "

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scene, sung by Sevigny's character, and at the end of the film. The title of the film is taken from

6417: 6190: 3543: 3352: 3283: 3213: 2205: 1936: 1098: 1082: 1065:(1964) inspired the cinematography and editing of Brandon's rape scene, particularly in its use of 1035:

techniques into the film. She was also influenced by a second style of work—the "magical" films of

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Halberstam, Jack (2000). "Telling Tales: Brandon Teena, Billy Tipton, and Transgender Biography".

2882: 2365: 333:, and co-written by Peirce and Andy Bienen. The film is a dramatization of the real-life story of 6683: 5833: 5519: 5256: 2802: 2451: 2182: 2014: 1920: 1864: 1664: 1045: 367: 3674: 6691: 6637: 6579: 6545: 6184:

Hausmann, Vincent (2004). "Envisioning the (W)hole World "Behind Things": Denying Otherness in

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The film won a variety of awards, most of which went to Swank for her performance. Swank won a

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on February 16, 2011, by 20th Century Fox Entertainment in conjunction with Fox Pathé Europa.

1972:

garnered significant attention for its graphic rape scene. The film was initially assigned an

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by a former girlfriend's brother, he receives death threats. Soon after, he is involved in a

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upon its release, with many calling it one of the best films of the year. Review aggregator

1586:, writing that unlike the other works, "Brandon is character who truly crosses frontiers." 825:, totaling $ 3,000. Her earnings were so low that she did not qualify for health insurance. 533:, where he befriends ex-convicts John Lotter and Tom Nissen, and their friends Candace and 6371: 5355: 4929: 3479: 3458: 1704: 1512: 1199:

aspirations and his biological sex. Along with other turn-of-the-millennium films such as

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to let the cast and crew see her out of costume. Swank earned $ 75 per day for her work on

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Jack Halberstam believed that Brandon's murder as depicted in the film partly arose from

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Dittmar, Linda (2002). "Performing Gender in 'Boys Don't Cry'". In Gateward, Frances;

5949: 5517:"A Transforming Role: For 'Boys Don't Cry', Hilary Swank Plumbed a Different Gender". 2446: 1429:

Jennifer Esposito wrote that "We watch onscreen as Brandon binds his breasts, packs a

1137:. "The Bluest Eyes in Texas" was played when Hilary Swank went onstage to receive her 990:

in a "withdrawn", dark and understated light to give a "surreal" effect. Denault shot

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on October 8, 1999, before appearing at various other film festivals. Distributed by

386:, where the real-life events had taken place; however, budget constraints meant that 326: 145: 6409: 6070:"Boys Don't Cry Blu-ray Release Date February 16, 2011 (Selection Blu-VIP) (France)" 3011:

Vaughan, Robert (April 21, 2000). "'Boys' Director Keeps Looking into Girl's Life".

2981: 1850:, which occurred October 12, 1998. The murder sparked additional public interest in 6757: 6707: 6465: 6266: 6199: 6111: 5424: 5132: 4773: 4682: 4673: 4653: 4644: 4616: 4612: 4580: 4543: 4487: 4458: 4449: 4374: 4365: 4341: 4332: 4297: 4260: 3976: 2058: 2048: 1792: 1762: 1491: 1418: 1273: 1260: 1151:

Unlike most films about mind-numbing tragedy, this one manages to be full of hope.

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For the role of Brandon's girlfriend, Lana Tisdel, Peirce had envisioned a teenage

804: 751: 734:, who had seen a short film Peirce had made for her thesis in 1995 about the case. 731: 391: 89: 4111: 2577:"NYFF '99: No Tears for First-timer Kimberly Peirce, Director of "Boys Don't Cry"" 1698:

said the performances are of such "luminous humanity that they break your heart".

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Dando, Christina (2005). "Range Wars: The Plains Frontier of 'Boys Don't Cry'".

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In another piece, Halberstam compared the media portrayal of Brandon to that of

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Wilcox, Annabelle (2003). "Branding Teena: (Mis)Representations in the Media".

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enter Brandon's room, search among Brandon's things, and discover transgender

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Brody, Jennifer Devere (2002). "Boyz Do Cry: Screening History's White Lies".

4657: 4345: 4301: 4251:, a Movie Review: Implications for Counseling Persons Who are Transgendered". 3980: 3924: 1854:

legislation in America and in Brandon Teena, and increased public interest in

851:. Peirce ultimately decided to cast Chloë Sevigny based on her performance in 6860: 6740: 5382: 4686: 4462: 4378: 4213: 4145:"Boys Don't Cry (1999) – Bullying: What Kids, Teens, and Adults Need to Know" 3771: 3405:

Miller, Francesca (2000). "Kimberly Peirce, the Director of Boys Don't Cry".

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not only revisits the crime, but convinces us we're being taken inside it".

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Jennifer Devere Brody commented on the film's exclusion of Philip DeVine, a

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for the new millennium, rather than a victim of anti-transgender bigotry."

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Cheyenne Rushing as Nicole, Brandon's Fictional First Girlfriend in Lincoln

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Contemporary American Independent Film: From the Margins to the Mainstream

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soundtrack album features a compilation of country, blues and rock music.

934:, but budget constraints led the filmmakers to choose locations in Texas. 6814: 6347: 4052: 3929: 1716: 1434: 1354: 1346: 1171: 1126: 1051: 976: 972: 585: 534: 522: 423: 403: 358: 158: 6325: 4867:"iTunes Movie Of the Week: Boys Don't Cry, Starring Hilary Swank (1999)" 6731: 6399: 5163: 4741: 4286:

Hird, Myra (2001). "Appropriating Identity: Viewing 'Boys Don't Cry'".

3427:"Oscar Films/First Timers: Who Says You Have to Struggle to Be a Star?" 2854: 2010: 1995: 1851: 1652: 1488: 1453: 1358: 1342: 718:

To fund the writing and development of the project, Peirce worked as a

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Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance

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is an exceptional—and exceptionally disturbing film". Mike Clarke of

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In 2019, the film was selected for preservation in the United States

342: 205: 174: 5122: 1422:, claimed that the film was primarily centered on "the spectacle of 6563: 6353: 5980: 5486:"The 25 Most Dangerous Movies Ever Made: 24. Boys Don't Cry (1999)" 3288: 1291:, Jinnelle Veronique Aguilar discussed Brandon's ability to create 1110: 1077:

Because the film is set in the rural Midwestern United States, the

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as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

484:, which dealt with controversial issues, was initially assigned an 346: 5252:"Heartland Tragedy in 'Boys' / Swank Mesmerizing as Troubled Teen" 5612: 3484: 2019: 1846:

s release came a year after the murder of a homosexual teenager,

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film student, became interested in the case after reading a 1994

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Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance

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In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives

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Peirce, Kimberly (March 28, 2000). "Brandon Goes to Hollywood".

6797: 5387:"'Boys Don't Cry': Devastating Price of Daring to Be Different" 2121: 1832:

ranked the film on its list of "The 25 Most Dangerous Movies".

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has been widely discussed and analyzed by scholars and others.

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was an early candidate to star in the film. Peirce scouted the

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Movies and the Meaning of Life: Philosophers Take on Hollywood

491:

but was later reclassified to an R rating. It was released on

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Hanrahan, Rebecca (2005). "Popping It In: Gender Identity in

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Critics often praised the performances by Swank and Sevigny;

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historic photographs: the early settlement process…and 1930s

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The project drew interest from various production companies.

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and is evicted from his cousin's trailer. Brandon moves to

521:

living in rural Nebraska. When Brandon is discovered to be

1606:(TIFF) in September 1999. It premiered in the U.S. at the 1502: 1141:

in 2000. The song also plays over the film's end credits.

926:, a small town about 45 mi (72 km) northeast of 6012: 3713: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2666: 1822: 1383: 1332: 1276:

by depicting a relationship between two unlikely people.

378:

Filming occurred during October and November 1998 in the

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perpetrated by two male acquaintances. The film co-stars

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GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Limited Release

5022: 5020: 1426:" and that the film as a whole was "a tale of passing". 961:

Brandon's "passage to manhood". Peirce had intended the

5577: 3893:"Hilary Swank to be Honoured for 'Boys Don't Cry' role" 3642:"Woman Who Posed As a Man Is Found Slain With 2 Others" 1988:. Peirce was interviewed for a 2005 documentary titled 1915:

while Sevigny received a nomination in the category of

715:, which did not place an emphasis on the relationship. 6273:

Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice: Cinemas of Girlhood

6161:". In Blessing, Kimberly Ann; Tudico, Paul J. (eds.). 5644:"A Filmmaker Fictionalizes to Get at Difficult Truths" 5091:"The Straight Story? A Year Filled With Good Pictures" 2716: 2662:"'Boys Don't Cry' Filmmaker Saw Past Violence to Love" 1594: 1547:

The Plains frontier landscape as it is constructed in

1272:

s success to its ostensible argument for tolerance of

1240: 6786: 6439: 5795: 5317:"The 100 Greatest Performances of All Time: 100 – 75" 5017: 1471:

Lisa Henderson commented on the intersection between

5769:"Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards" 2883:"Femme Fatals: Kimberly Peirce's Midwestern Tragedy 623:

as Kate Lotter, John's Sister and Lana's Best Friend

3316:"The Archives: Oyster #53 Cover Star Chloë Sevigny" 3066:"Cast as an Unknown in 'Boys,'Swank's Big News Now" 1907:

List of accolades received by Boys Don't Cry (film)

1872:. Howey said, "Even a cursory glance at reviews of 6538:The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love 6270: 5976:"Boys Don't Cry: DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video" 5736: 4711: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3400: 3398: 3163: 3161: 1519:generally, provoked discussion among commentators. 1023:Peirce drew inspiration from the filming style of 930:. Most of the incidents in the case took place in 730:. The project attracted the attention of producer 726:projectionist; she also received a grant from the 3142:. February 27, 2005. p. C.03. Archived from 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 1618:was given a special screening in snippets at the 6858: 5637: 5635: 5221:"Is Annette Bening Really Overdue for an Oscar?" 4638:Henderson, Lisa (2001). "The Class Character of 4569:Swan, Rachel (2001). "Reviews: Boys Don't Cry". 3456:Olsen, Mark (March 1, 2001). "Peter Sarsgaard". 3102:"Actress Got Lost in the Story of Brandon Teena" 2552:"Why Filmmaker Had to Create 'Boys Don't Cry'". 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 1372: 1237:(2003), is an exploration of "social problems". 559:interrogates Brandon about his sexual identity. 382:area. The producers initially wanted to film in 5276: 5099:. December 26, 1999. p. K5. Archived from 4093: 3395: 3158: 3033:"A Role Within a Role: A Girl Who Became a Boy" 2975: 2973: 2158:"Boys Don't Cry (1999) - Financial Information" 1475:and gender in the film, particularly Brandon's 410:music. The film's themes include the nature of 5083: 4598: 4596: 4594: 3734: 3666: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2545: 1820:(1954), calling it a "transgendered [ 1711:Other reviewers were positive towards the way 398:, while the soundtrack consisted primarily of 6626: 6502: 6425: 5632: 3925:"Hilary Swank Wins Best Actress: 2000 Oscars" 3466: 3366: 3364: 3362: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2488: 2003:by the British Board of Film Classification. 6552: 5969: 5967: 5911: 5909: 5862: 5826: 5682:. March 11, 2000. p. 18. Archived from 5537:. Matthew Shepard Foundation. Archived from 4169: 3718:. Turner Broadcasting System. Archived from 2979: 2970: 2329: 1835:The film was generally well-received by the 1249:Roger Ebert praised the film and called it " 1049:(1967). Peirce incorporated influences from 5777:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 5510: 5339: 4591: 4414: 4412: 3796: 3794: 3126: 3088: 3057: 2798:"'Reel Truth' Gets to the Bottom of Indies" 2386: 2236: 1949:National Board of Review of Motion Pictures 7002:United States National Film Registry films 6952:LGBTQ-related films based on actual events 6509: 6495: 6432: 6418: 6402: 5865:"4 LGBT-Focused Oscar Acceptance Speeches" 5834:"Nebraska and India slam Oscar injustices" 5743:(Reprint ed.). Pocket Books. p. 5668: 5601: 5599: 5345: 5309: 5056: 5050: 4602: 4322: 4289:International Feminist Journal of Politics 4228: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3359: 3228: 2880: 2822: 2413: 1622:. At that time, the film was still called 1325:, and his reaction is to force Brandon to 1302:International Feminist Journal of Politics 460:was nominated for multiple awards; at the 29: 7052:English-language biographical drama films 6942:Films about violence against LGBTQ people 5964: 5906: 5889: 5417: 5115: 5057:Wilmington, Michael (December 19, 1999). 4700:McGavin, Patrick Z. (September 3, 1999). 4637: 4479:Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3702: 3700: 3603: 3568: 2874: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2477: 2301:"Complete National Film Registry Listing" 1900: 1396:as the struggles of a dignified renegade. 345:who attempts to find himself and love in 6295: 6183: 5641: 4475: 4409: 4175: 4143:Melnick, Meredith (September 28, 2011). 4047: 4045: 4043: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3801:Zacharek, Stephanie (October 11, 1999). 3800: 3791: 3709:"Boys Dont Cry Tops 10 Best Films of 99" 3194: 2916:Dunne, John Gregory (January 13, 1997). 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2567: 2565: 2440: 2438: 2387:Worthington, Rogers (January 17, 1994). 2271:"Women Rule 2019 National Film Registry" 2237:Tartaglione, Nancy (December 11, 2019). 1964: 1589: 1506: 1466: 1336: 1244: 1190:as the film's main question. Journalist 956: 897: 893: 884:, known for playing Becky on the sitcom 827: 769: 6264: 6103:Critical Studies in Media Communication 5973: 5761: 5596: 5571: 4799: 4699: 4363:Debate: Risk and Queer Spectatorship". 4358: 4246: 4193: 4142: 4028:from the original on September 25, 2020 3825: 3751: 3672: 3634: 3509: 3437:from the original on September 10, 2014 3424: 3413: 3236:"Jamie Bell's Life Story Put on Screen" 3026: 3024: 3010: 3004: 1933:Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1503:Culture of the Midwestern United States 1402:Critical Studies in Media Communication 1289:Journal for Creativity in Mental Health 6859: 5895: 5801: 5716:from the original on February 19, 2015 5605: 5477: 5450: 5399:from the original on November 10, 2023 5375: 5282: 5139:from the original on September 9, 2010 5038:from the original on December 10, 2013 5005:from the original on November 17, 2015 4990: 4531: 4512: 4253:Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 4199: 4012: 3995: 3764: 3706: 3697: 3472: 3404: 3370: 3296:from the original on November 10, 2010 3167: 3063: 2992:from the original on September 6, 2015 2897:from the original on November 10, 2023 2847: 2762: 2756: 2616: 2601: 2589:from the original on February 22, 2012 2533: 2281:from the original on December 11, 2019 2199: 2197: 2138:from the original on November 17, 2015 2116: 2114: 1333:Causes of violence against LGBT people 1144: 818:wrapping her chest in tension bandages 472:. The pair were also nominated at the 7022:Biographical films about LGBTQ people 6987:Films about rape in the United States 6490: 6413: 5946:Motion Picture Association of America 5930: 5863:O'Keeffe, Kevin (February 27, 2014). 5734: 5527: 5483: 5418:Edelstein, David (October 16, 1999). 5381: 5363:from the original on December 2, 2010 5249: 4898:"'Boys' Is Proving to Be a Hard Sell" 4895: 4734: 4670: 4442: 4247:Aguilar, Jinnelle Veronique (2010). " 4124:from the original on October 11, 2010 4051: 4040: 3966: 3949: 3843:from the original on October 19, 2020 3455: 3449: 3281: 3275: 3182:from the original on December 7, 2021 3114:from the original on October 26, 2015 3099: 2915: 2765:"Many Crying Foul Over Brandon Movie" 2674:from the original on October 30, 2010 2659: 2646: 2571: 2562: 2459:from the original on December 8, 2010 2444: 2435: 2034:A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story 1978:Motion Picture Association of America 1941:Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1002:film stock. The film was shot with a 5802:Angulo, Sandra P. (March 29, 2000). 5283:Hunter, Stephen (October 22, 1999). 5201:from the original on October 9, 2014 4922: 4864: 4568: 4285: 4181: 3612:"Teen Brandon: The Hunt for Brandon" 3609: 3574: 3383:from the original on October 6, 2014 3030: 3021: 2948:"Teena Brandon, An American Tragedy" 2928:from the original on January 2, 2016 2795: 2789: 2622:"The Secret Behind "Boys Don't Cry"" 2455:. Foundation For National Progress. 2203: 2131:British Board of Film Classification 1634: 1182:and that Peirce poses the nature of 1093:composed an instrumental version of 986:The film's visual style depicts the 975:showed her the work of photographer 206:Independent Film Channel Productions 7027:LGBTQ-related controversies in film 6076:from the original on March 24, 2012 5783:from the original on April 17, 2018 5642:Harrison, Eric (February 7, 2000). 5574:"Crying Foul Over 'Boys Don't Cry'" 5572:Farache, Emily (October 21, 1999). 4942:from the original on March 26, 2015 4206:Don't Cry: Brandon Teena's Stories" 3212:. December 20, 2006. Archived from 2881:Cholodenko, Lisa (September 1999). 2204:Levy, Emanuel (September 2, 1999). 2194: 2111: 1984:for the U.S. release, where it was 1939:. The film won three awards at the 1883: 1816:compared the film unfavorably with 1604:Toronto International Film Festival 1595:Premiere and commercial performance 1241:Romantic and platonic relationships 426:people, and the relationship among 13: 7042:English-language independent films 6982:Films produced by Christine Vachon 6962:Crime films based on actual events 6258: 6050:from the original on June 15, 2015 6020:from the original on June 14, 2015 5988:from the original on June 16, 2015 5938:"Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA)" 5877:from the original on June 14, 2015 5844:from the original on March 8, 2021 5656:from the original on July 13, 2015 5620:from the original on June 19, 2010 5606:Hawker, Philippa (March 1, 2002). 5584:from the original on June 15, 2015 5465:from the original on June 15, 2015 5432:from the original on June 15, 2015 5323:. December 3, 2008. Archived from 5297:from the original on June 13, 2015 5264:from the original on March 5, 2016 5231:from the original on June 16, 2015 5171:from the original on April 2, 2015 5028:"Top Films of The Year (1930–...)" 4972:from the original on June 13, 2015 4910:from the original on June 23, 2015 4846:from the original on June 13, 2015 4814:from the original on June 13, 2015 4800:Forrest, Emma (January 31, 1999). 4157:from the original on June 14, 2015 3905:from the original on June 16, 2015 3873:from the original on June 14, 2015 3779:from the original on June 14, 2015 3765:Tobias, Scott (October 27, 1999). 3685:from the original on March 9, 2012 3654:from the original on June 30, 2013 3618:. TruTV. p. 2. Archived from 3556:from the original on June 12, 2015 3524:from the original on June 12, 2015 3510:Mottram, James (August 18, 2013). 3371:Gilbey, Ryan (February 16, 2008). 3045:from the original on March 4, 2016 2848:Basoli, A.G. (November 16, 1999). 2344:from the original on May 18, 2015. 2251:from the original on July 20, 2020 2064:Transgender in film and television 1612:Venice International Film Festival 14: 7063: 6977:Films directed by Kimberly Peirce 6887:American biographical drama films 6882:LGBTQ-related coming-of-age films 6319: 6218: 6040:"Boys Don't Cry DVD Release Date" 5974:Belerle, Aaron (April 18, 2000). 5451:Rainer, Peter (January 1, 2000). 4735:Fritz, Daniel (October 1, 2007). 4403: 4391: 4326:(2001). "The Transgender Gaze in 4069:from the original on June 5, 2011 3937:from the original on July 2, 2015 3707:Tatara, Paul (January 17, 2000). 3577:"Teen Brandon: Teena or Brandon?" 3473:Wilson, Carmody (March 4, 2010). 3100:Rauzi, Robin (October 22, 1999). 2810:from the original on May 28, 2010 2763:Seiler, Andy (October 28, 1999). 2729:"Another 'Boy's' Suit is Settled" 2660:Allen, Jamie (October 22, 1999). 2330:D'Erasmo, Stacey (October 1999). 2164:from the original on June 1, 2020 1329:female through the act of rape." 952: 6937:Films about anti-LGBTQ sentiment 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6062: 6032: 6000: 5856: 5728: 5698: 5565: 5553: 5535:"Transgender Day of Remembrance" 5444: 5411: 5243: 5213: 5183: 5151: 5096:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 4991:French, Philip (April 9, 2000). 4896:Munoz, Lorenza (March 8, 2000). 3833:"AFI Movie Club: BOYS DON'T CRY" 3425:Kennedy, Dana (March 12, 2000). 3282:Leung, Rebecca (March 2, 2005). 3248:from the original on May 9, 2014 3210:World Entertainment News Network 3168:Werner, Erica (March 29, 2000). 2445:Howey, Noelle (March 22, 2000). 2401:from the original on May 8, 2015 2311:from the original on May 7, 2016 2218:from the original on May 5, 2015 1253:set in a Nebraska trailer park." 738:, Hart Sharp Entertainment, and 728:New York Foundation for the Arts 650:as Lester, Restraining Order Guy 6130: 5916:Dick, Kirby (director) (2006). 5706:"Teena Brandon / Brandon Teena" 5523:. October 23, 1999. p. 11. 5484:Kenny, Glenn (March 15, 2007). 5250:Stack, Peter (April 21, 2000). 4984: 4954: 4889: 4865:Cook, Cameron (July 21, 2010). 4858: 4826: 4793: 4761: 4728: 4693: 4664: 4631: 4562: 4525: 4506: 4469: 4436: 4424: 4397: 4385: 4359:Pidduck, Julianne (2001). "The 4352: 4316: 4279: 4240: 4234: 4136: 4081: 3917: 3885: 3855: 3536: 3503: 3340: 3308: 3260: 3064:Summer, Jane (March 10, 2000). 2982:"Boys Don't Cry: A Film Review" 2940: 2909: 2686: 2558:. November 19, 1999. p. 8. 2471: 2380: 2356:"Boys Don't Cry Acting Credits" 2086: 2077: 843:. The role was also offered to 464:in 2000, Swank was awarded the 6992:Fox Searchlight Pictures films 6872:1990s biographical drama films 6240:100 American Independent Films 5676:"Brandon Film Lawsuit Settled" 5059:"A Toast to 1999's Best Films" 4617:10.1080/08989575.2000.10815235 3741:"Boys Don't Cry Film Review". 3544:"Overview for Peter Sarsgaard" 3324:. May 11, 2015. Archived from 3202:"Swank Risks Health For Roles" 2773:. p. 03.D. Archived from 2348: 2323: 2293: 2263: 2230: 2176: 2150: 1715:portrayed its subject matter. 1408:, by presenting problems with 1223:(2000), Vincent Hausmann said 1139:Academy Award for Best Actress 611:as Linda Tisdel, Lana's Mother 468:and Sevigny was nominated for 466:Academy Award for Best Actress 1: 7047:Films scored by Nathan Larson 6902:American romantic drama films 6646:Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom 6156: 4087: 3969:Journal of Cultural Geography 3031:Loos, Ted (October 3, 1999). 2099: 1373:Self and transgender identity 994:in flat, spherical format on 722:on a midnight shift and as a 659: 654: 418:relationships, the causes of 349:but falls victim to a brutal 7032:Rating controversies in film 7007:1999 directorial debut films 6907:1990s English-language films 6897:American LGBTQ-related films 6366:AFI Catalog of Feature Films 6279:Wayne State University Press 6204:10.1215/02705346-19-1_55-113 5453:"In Brief: "Boys Don't Cry"" 5032:The National Board of Review 4802:"Courting the New Sun Kings" 4443:Aaron, Michele (2001). "The 4265:10.1080/15401383.2010.527819 3767:"Kimberly Peirce: Interview" 3170:"Swank's Hard Work Pays Off" 2980:Berardinelli, James (1999). 2796:Hart, Hugh (June 28, 2009). 2104: 1929:New York Film Critics Circle 1537:Farm Security Administration 420:violence against LGBT people 16:1999 film by Kimberly Peirce 7: 6099: 5559: 5067:. p. 1. Archived from 4492:10.1177/1532708603003002007 4430: 4418: 3863:"Boys Don't Cry Soundtrack" 3587:. p. 2. Archived from 2428: August 28, 1998), 2421:JoAnn Brandon v John Lotter 2188:September 22, 2015, at the 2025: 1293:interpersonal relationships 10: 7068: 6892:American independent films 6092: 5919:This Film Is Not Yet Rated 3284:"Hilary Swank: Oscar Gold" 2541:, Fox Searchlight Pictures 1991:This Film Is Not Yet Rated 1904: 1097:'s 1988 country-pop song " 799:associated with the role. 790:lasted almost four years. 765: 663: 629:as Sheriff Charles B. Laux 617:as Lonny, Brandon's Cousin 441:The film premiered at the 261:October 22, 1999 6668:I Love You Phillip Morris 6588:Hedwig and the Angry Inch 6524: 6448: 6237: 5735:Jones, Aphrodite (1996). 4302:10.1080/14616740110078211 4187: 3981:10.1080/08873630509478233 3244:. London. July 17, 2001. 3175:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2534:Peirce, Kimberly (2000), 1107:the song of the same name 476:, with Swank winning the 357:as Brandon's girlfriend, 310: 302: 294: 286: 276: 242:October 8, 1999 233: 223: 193: 183: 164: 154: 98: 67: 50: 40: 35:Theatrical release poster 28: 23: 6877:1999 LGBTQ-related films 5123:"Greatest Films of 1999" 4993:"Review: Boys Don't Cry" 4871:Fox Searchlight Pictures 3673:Jenkins, Tamara (2001). 3353:The Criterion Collection 2358:. Movies & TV Dept. 2206:"Review: Boys Don't Cry" 2070: 2015:Fox Searchlight Pictures 1980:(MPAA); the content was 1937:Independent Spirit Award 1923:, the film received two 1511:The film's portrayal of 1129:("She's a Diamond") and 1099:The Bluest Eyes in Texas 1072: 988:Midwestern United States 922:was primarily filmed in 748:Fox Searchlight Pictures 474:57th Golden Globe Awards 447:Fox Searchlight Pictures 228:Fox Searchlight Pictures 215:Hart-Sharp Entertainment 6221:Psychoanalysis and Film 5520:The Dallas Morning News 5351:"Boys Don't Cry (1999)" 5257:San Francisco Chronicle 5159:"Boys Don't Cry Review" 4930:"Boys Don't Cry (1999)" 4658:10.1093/screen/42.3.299 4585:10.1525/fq.2001.54.3.47 4548:10.1177/136346070363009 4346:10.1093/screen/42.3.294 4112:"Boys Don't Cry (1999)" 3347:Sevigny, Chloë (2009). 3070:The Dallas Morning News 2803:San Francisco Chronicle 2752:(subscription required) 2183:Kimberly Peirce profile 1921:Hollywood Foreign Press 1917:Best Supporting Actress 1665:San Francisco Chronicle 1602:aired in Canada at the 1479:status: "My reading of 1283:, often using the term 1031:, and she incorporated 566: 509: 470:Best Supporting Actress 368:The Brandon Teena Story 7012:1999 independent films 6739: 6627: 6580:The Broken Hearts Club 6553: 6116:10.1080/07393180216552 5922:(Motion picture DVD). 4707:The Hollywood Reporter 4687:10.1093/screen/43.1.91 4463:10.1093/screen/42.1.92 4404:Moss and Zeavin (2001) 4392:Moss and Zeavin (2001) 4379:10.1093/screen/42.1.97 4200:Siegel, Carol (2003). 3901:. September 24, 2014. 3349:The Last Days of Disco 2918:"The Humboldt Murders" 2734:The Hollywood Reporter 2698:Political Film Society 2364:. 2015. Archived from 2009:was first released on 1901:Awards and nominations 1620:Sundance Film Festival 1608:New York Film Festival 1554: 1520: 1398: 1394:biological determinism 1350: 1254: 1153: 1027:and the early work of 981:time-lapse photography 967: 910: 905:was primarily shot in 868: 863:The Last Days of Disco 854:The Last Days of Disco 836: 782: 777:had initially lied to 599:as Marvin "Tom" Nissen 500:National Film Registry 449:, the film received a 443:New York Film Festival 255:New York Film Festival 6957:Films about trans men 6932:Homophobia in fiction 6917:Films set in Nebraska 6596:Kissing Jessica Stein 6167:Open Court Publishing 5710:History vs. Hollywood 3610:Ramsland, Katherine. 3575:Ramsland, Katherine. 3549:Turner Classic Movies 2555:San Jose Mercury News 1965:Rating and home media 1818:Rebel Without a Cause 1685:Rebel Without a Cause 1628:Twentieth Century Fox 1590:Release and reception 1545: 1510: 1467:Social class and race 1389: 1340: 1315:hegemonic masculinity 1307:Arnold Schwarzenegger 1248: 1202:In the Company of Men 1149: 1109:by British rock band 960: 901: 894:Principal photography 859: 831: 773: 664:Further information: 388:principal photography 7037:1990s American films 6750:The Boys in the Band 6238:Wood, Jason (2004). 5808:Entertainment Weekly 5498:on February 21, 2009 5385:(October 22, 1999). 5356:Entertainment Weekly 5349:(October 15, 1999). 5197:. October 23, 1999. 5071:on November 10, 2023 4781:on November 17, 2015 4716:on November 17, 2015 4447:Debate: Pass/Fail". 4216:on November 29, 2014 4212:(37). Archived from 4055:(October 22, 1999). 3933:. October 26, 2010. 3813:on September 4, 2010 3622:on December 14, 2013 3591:on December 14, 2013 2952:Friedman Law Offices 2368:on November 17, 2015 2134:. November 9, 1999. 1858:. Cooper wrote that 1705:Entertainment Weekly 1513:Falls City, Nebraska 932:Falls City, Nebraska 861:There's a moment in 531:Falls City, Nebraska 478:Best Actress – Drama 384:Falls City, Nebraska 6927:Films shot in Texas 6530:The Wedding Banquet 6242:. BFI Film Guides. 5952:on October 16, 2010 5814:on October 20, 2012 5290:The Washington Post 5227:. January 4, 2011. 5103:on October 23, 2012 4839:The Dove Foundation 4749:on October 14, 2007 4016:(October 1, 1999). 3722:on October 12, 2012 3650:. January 4, 1994. 3616:TruTV Crime Library 3581:TruTV Crime Library 3491:on December 3, 2013 3462:. pp. 160–163. 3269:The Chicago Tribune 3146:on November 3, 2012 2777:on November 3, 2012 2634:on October 16, 2012 2575:(October 1, 1999). 2305:Library of Congress 2275:Library of Congress 1695:The Washington Post 1571:The Grapes of Wrath 1565:Giants in the Earth 1437:. "On the surface, 1285:star-crossed lovers 1145:Themes and analysis 1123:Paisley Underground 1006:camera fitted with 672:Columbia University 504:Library of Congress 495:in September 2000. 462:72nd Academy Awards 325:is a 1999 American 6997:Killer Films films 6922:Films about gender 6604:Yossi & Jagger 6440:Films directed by 6395:Boys Don't Cry 6384:Boys Don't Cry 6373:Boys Don't Cry 6360:Boys Don't Cry 6349:Boys Don't Cry 6343:TCM Movie Database 6338:Boys Don't Cry 6327:Boys Don't Cry 6169:. pp. 77–93. 6016:. April 18, 2000. 5840:. March 29, 2000. 5285:"'Boys Don't Cry'" 4702:"'Boys Don't Cry'" 4022:The New York Times 3898:World News Network 3647:The New York Times 3431:The New York Times 3328:on October 8, 2015 3216:on October 7, 2007 3076:on October 5, 2018 3038:The New York Times 2891:Filmmaker Magazine 2389:"Deadly Deception" 2361:The New York Times 2244:Deadline Hollywood 1913:Best Actress Oscar 1772:Stephanie Zacharek 1733:The New York Times 1670:James Berardinelli 1624:Take It Like a Man 1521: 1406:American Heartland 1400:Brenda Cooper, in 1351: 1299:Myra Hird, in the 1255: 1161:The New York Times 968: 911: 837: 783: 690:Take It Like a Man 597:Brendan Sexton III 121:Brendan Sexton III 6947:LGBTQ in Nebraska 6912:Films set in 1993 6784: 6783: 6724:A Fantastic Woman 6484: 6483: 6267:Pomerance, Murray 6249:978-1-84457-005-8 6230:978-1-85575-275-7 6176:978-0-8126-9575-5 6149:978-0-8147-3585-5 6138:. New York City: 6044:DVD Release Dates 5902:. pp. 44–46. 5686:on April 17, 2016 5680:Chicago Sun-Times 5649:Los Angeles Times 5392:Los Angeles Times 5327:on March 31, 2009 4903:Los Angeles Times 4235:Halberstam (2005) 4062:Chicago Sun-Times 3747:. April 21, 2000. 3675:"Kimberly Peirce" 3475:"Artfully Creepy" 3107:Los Angeles Times 2850:"Kimberly Peirce" 2620:(March 9, 2000). 2481:The Village Voice 2332:"Boy Interrupted" 1813:New York Magazine 1743:Los Angeles Times 1722:Chicago Sun-Times 1635:Critical response 1515:, as well as the 1361:: "Ultimately in 924:Greenville, Texas 907:Greenville, Texas 845:Reese Witherspoon 609:Jeannetta Arnette 394:and the films of 327:biographical film 318: 317: 146:Jeannetta Arnette 7059: 7017:1999 drama films 6849: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6836: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6801: 6800: 6792: 6758:Parallel Mothers 6744: 6632: 6558: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6315: 6292: 6276: 6253: 6234: 6223:. Karnac Books. 6215: 6180: 6153: 6132:Halberstam, Jack 6127: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6008:"Boys Don't Cry" 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5948:. Archived from 5934: 5928: 5927: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5810:. Archived from 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5742: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5608:"Seeing Doubles" 5603: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5541:on April 9, 2014 5531: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5494:. 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Vol. 8. 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2862:on May 28, 2015 2846: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2739:e5 Global Media 2727: 2726: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2658: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2618:Sragow, Michael 2615: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2570: 2563: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536:Boys Don't Cry 2532: 2489: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2436: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2394:Chicago Tribune 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2202: 2195: 2190:Wayback Machine 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2028: 1967: 1909: 1903: 1886: 1848:Matthew Shepard 1843: 1802:Richard Corliss 1788:David Edelstein 1645:Rotten Tomatoes 1639:Critics lauded 1637: 1597: 1592: 1505: 1469: 1375: 1335: 1270:Boys Don't Cry' 1266:Jack Halberstam 1243: 1220:American Psycho 1208:American Beauty 1165: 1155: 1147: 1075: 1041:Kenji Mizoguchi 1029:Martin Scorsese 1025:John Cassavetes 955: 944:Some scenes in 939:Omaha, Nebraska 896: 882:Alicia Goranson 877:The Independent 779:Kimberly Peirce 768: 701:Aphrodite Jones 682:Donna Minkowitz 668: 662: 657: 591:Peter Sarsgaard 569: 512: 451:limited release 396:Martin Scorsese 341:), an American 331:Kimberly Peirce 279: 272:(United States) 271: 264: 262: 252: 245: 243: 236: 219: 218: 198: 196: 179: 150: 131:Alicia Goranson 116:Peter Sarsgaard 94: 63: 57:Kimberly Peirce 45:Kimberly Peirce 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7065: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6854: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6770: 6766:The Inspection 6762: 6754: 6746: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6642: 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Pawnbroker 1037:Michael Powell 992:Boys Don't Cry 954: 953:Cinematography 951: 946:Boys Don't Cry 920:Boys Don't Cry 915:Boys Don't Cry 903:Boys Don't Cry 895: 892: 823:Boys Don't Cry 792:Drew Barrymore 788:Boys Don't Cry 767: 764: 760:Boys Don't Cry 713:All She Wanted 709:All She Wanted 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 645: 639: 633: 630: 624: 621:Alison Folland 618: 612: 606: 600: 594: 593:as John Lotter 588: 579: 568: 565: 511: 508: 482:Boys Don't Cry 458:Boys Don't Cry 322:Boys Don't Cry 316: 315: 314:$ 20.7 million 312: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 258: 251: 250: 239: 237: 234: 231: 230: 225: 224:Distributed by 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 208: 202: 201: 199: 194: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 172: 171:Tracey Granger 168: 166: 162: 161: 156: 155:Cinematography 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 126:Alison Folland 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 100: 96: 95: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 71: 69: 65: 64: 62: 61: 58: 54: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 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Melbourne. 5615: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5560:Cooper (2004) 5556: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5205:September 24, 5200: 5196: 5195:Rolling Stone 5192: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4431:Cooper (2004) 4427: 4420: 4419:Cooper (2004) 4415: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4373:(1): 97–102. 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4178:, p. 117 4177: 4176:Hausmann 2004 4172: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Maslin, Janet 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975:(1): 91–113. 3974: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3772:The A.V. 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