36:
24:
97:. His first version comprised a football bladder strapped to the patient's chest connected to a second football bladder sandwiched between two boards hinged together. Squeezing of the second bladder inflated the first, which compressed the chest and forced exhalation from the lungs. The first version built by scientific instrument maker R W Paul was
116:
being driven electrically. A gauge indicated the pressure being applied to the chest, and the rate of compression could be modified to suit the patient's breathing. An escape-valve on the bellows controlled the pressure being applied. The 1934 model could be driven by hand, water or electric power,
124:
The advantages of the design were its ease of transportation and use, it did not impede orthopaedic and nursing care, and could prevent lung collapse in some cases. Disadvantages were that inhalation depended upon elastic recoil of the chest and upon gravity pulling the diaphragm back down, and so
219:), IAPV was found to be best for severe cases, and was the preferred type of mechanical assistance in the seated position. However it should not be used for 24 hours a day, and its effectiveness for some patients could decline after years of use.
752:
854:
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43:
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breathing could be shallow and the patient could not lie down; attention was required in its use, and the action gave the patient more discomfort compared with cabinet (iron lung) respirators.
189:. From 1935 to 1938 all cases of post-diphtheria respiratory paralysis were treated with the Pulsator, only one of which died due to respiratory failure (when the machine broke down).
207:
As the first 'Intermittent
Abdominal Pressure Ventilator', the Pulsator was the forerunner of various newer apparatuses, in particular the 'Pneumobelt' which subsequently became a
101:- it was used for 17 hours per day for 3 years, except when the water supply froze one hard winter. It consumed about 700 gallons (3 cubic metres) of water per day.
82:
The
Pulsator applied pressure externally upon the body to force exhalation, and the natural elasticity of the chest and the weight of the internal organs upon the
1015:
612:
481:
211:
for the genre. A 1991 study concluded that IAPV was effective for the long-term daytime treatment of respiratory insufficiency and could avoid the need for
86:
produced inhalation when that external pressure was removed. This method is now described as 'intermittent abdominal pressure ventilation', in contrast to
175:
committee investigating the shortage of equipment needed to cope with the polio epidemic. The Both was chosen over the equally effective Bragg-Paul when
121:
recommended some modifications that greatly improved the efficiency and usability of the belt. A quieter and more portable model was produced in 1937.
264:
681:"Use of respirators in the treatment of poliomyelitis and propos© organization of a system of international loan of these apparatus - Addendum 1"
182:
In 1950 the
Pulsator was still in use in Great Britain, Ireland and Portugal, still being the preferred ventilator for polio cases in Ireland.
200:
The
Pulsator provided life-saving treatment for many people in the early days of artificial ventilation. When the only alternative was the '
23:
972:
222:
Although considered obsolete by 2014, superseded by newer types of ventilators, Pneumobelts were still manufactured at least until 2008.
915:
882:
216:
172:
148:-related respiratory paralysis. Other conditions treated with some degree of success were drug overdoses, and muscular dystrophy.
117:
one case having used water power for a year. Following an analysis of the ventilation induced by the 1934 model, physiologist
786:
179:
offered to give the both to hospitals for free. This choice probably curtailed the further development of the
Pulsator.
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186:
848:
838:
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118:
589:
459:
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Use of the
Pulsator spread in the late 1950s due to its convenience and portability for chronically ill patients.
1075:
1000:
35:
87:
409:
McLellan, I. (1985). Rupreht, Joseph; Van
Lieburg, Marius Jan; Lee, John Alfred; Erdmann, Wilhelm (eds.).
90:, commonly called 'iron lungs', that force inhalation and rely on chest elasticity to produce exhalation.
256:
204:', the much less intrusive treatment of the Pulsator allowed for a more normal life for its patients.
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947:
680:
1043:
738:"Notable Australian contributions to the management of ventilatory failure of acute poliomyelitis"
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260:
236:
231:
208:
961:
934:
904:
876:
295:"Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator in a regimen of noninvasive ventilatory support"
709:
Medical
Research Council (November 1939). "Breathing Machines and Their Use in Treatment".
573:
1045:
Communication and
Swallowing Management of Tracheostomized and Ventilator-dependent Adults
8:
722:
64:
577:
659:
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152:
104:
The commercial
Pulsator designed by Paul consisted of a belt worn around the patient's
94:
83:
60:
1034:
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819:
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Rupreht, Joseph; van Lieburg, Marius Jan; Lee, John Alfred; Erdmann, Wilhelm (1991).
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1021:
Kerridge, Phyllis Margaret Tookey (1934). "Artificial Respiration for Two Years".
840:
Breath of Life: The Role of the Ventilator in Managing Life-Threatening Illnesses
815:
168:
613:"The Pulsator: How a Portable Artificial Respirator Saved the Lives of Children"
476:
167:, more common than the 'iron lungs', but already vastly outnumbered by the new
160:
68:
1016:
The Pulsator: How a Portable Artificial Respirator Saved the Lives of Children
420:
1069:
346:"The development of apparatus for intermittent negative pressure respiration"
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145:
525:
93:
Bragg came up with the idea for the machine to help a friend suffering from
823:
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310:
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129:
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in 1938. By March 1939 there were 43 Pulsators known to be in use in the
561:
141:
98:
74:
It was the first 'Intermittent Abdominal Pressure Ventilator' (IAPV).
71:
in 1933 for patients unable to breathe for themselves due to illness.
802:
Mehta, Sangeeta; Hill, Nicholas S (2001). "Noninvasive Ventilation".
562:"Recent developments in physical instruments for biological purposes"
201:
155:
where the only respirators available during the severe outbreak of
113:
105:
508:"The Bragg-Paul pulsator in treatment of respiratory paralysis"
109:
776:
804:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
962:"Ventilator-Assisted Living - Frequently Asked Questions"
560:
Bayliss, L E; Kerridge, Phyllis M Tookey (January 1935).
140:
The Pulsator was used predominantly for the treatment of
708:
215:. While the less-severely ill patients preferred IPPV (
398:. Liverpool: Meccano Ltd. September 1934. p. 695.
185:An early documented use of the Pulsator was at the
446:§3.12 The Use of the Cuirass Ventilator, Belt Type
415:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 120–122.
257:"Bragg-Paul Pulsator, model II, Europe, 1938-1939"
1041:
1067:
711:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
559:
781:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 120–122.
779:The Use of the Cuirass Ventilator, Belt Type
642:"Proceedings of the Physiological Society".
464:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
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501:
499:
293:Bach, John Robert; Alba, A S (April 1991).
288:
286:
284:
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112:that was rhythmically filled with air from
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217:intermittent positive pressure ventilation
171:respirators, which had been selected by a
34:
1009:Shortage of ventilators discussed in the
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736:Trubuhovich, Ronald V (December 2006).
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451:
343:
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1042:Dikeman, K J; Kazandjian, M S (2003).
969:International Ventilator Users Network
550:
610:
332:
249:
978:from the original on 19 October 2016
921:from the original on 19 October 2016
885:from the original on 12 October 2016
723:10.1001/archpedi.1940.02000040223020
457:
267:from the original on 11 October 2016
623:from the original on 23 August 2024
592:from the original on 2 January 2018
484:from the original on 23 August 2024
13:
1003:Pulsator used for sea snake victim
758:from the original on 17 March 2017
363:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1976.tb11849.x
187:Cork Street Fever Hospital, Dublin
14:
1087:
1048:. Cengage Learning. p. 135.
994:
566:Journal of Scientific Instruments
412:Anaesthesia Essays on Its History
857:from the original on 22 May 2024
843:. Scarecrow Press. p. 187.
506:McSweeney, C. J. (4 June 1938).
22:
954:
897:
869:
795:
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745:Critical Care and Resuscitation
729:
635:
437:from the original on 2024-08-23
1060:Figure 4-5 pictures a pneubelt
656:10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003751
611:Virdi, Jaipreet (4 May 2016).
604:
402:
386:
130:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd
1:
1035:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)92888-5
242:
88:negative pressure ventilators
905:"Ventilator-Assisted Living"
816:10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.9906116
7:
458:Paul, R W (February 1935).
225:
128:It was built in Britain by
10:
1092:
878:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
837:Gilgoff, Irene S. (2001).
586:10.1088/0950-7671/12/1/301
477:10.1177/003591573502800451
344:Woollam, C. H. M. (1976).
688:World Health Organization
644:The Journal of Physiology
460:"The Bragg-Paul Pulsator"
421:10.1007/978-3-642-69636-7
195:
77:
650:: 63–64. 11 March 1939.
617:From the Hands of Quacks
173:Medical Research Council
526:10.1136/bmj.1.4039.1206
513:British Medical Journal
119:Phyllis Tookey Kerridge
1076:Mechanical ventilation
942:Cite journal requires
311:10.1378/chest.99.3.630
261:Science Museum, London
237:Mechanical ventilation
232:Artificial ventilation
135:
151:The Pulsator and the
59:, was a non-invasive
57:Bragg-Paul respirator
914:(2). April 2014: 6.
881:(8 ed.). 2009.
55:, also known as the
578:1935JScI...12....1B
65:William Henry Bragg
53:Bragg-Paul Pulsator
46:Bragg-Paul Pulsator
95:muscular dystrophy
61:medical ventilator
30:{{{annotations}}}
16:Medical ventilator
1029:(5772): 786–788.
1007:Hansard July 1938
788:978-3-540-13255-4
690:. 20 January 1950
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146:poliomyelitis
144:and anterior
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305:(3): 630–6.
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209:generic name
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63:invented by
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717:(4): 1004.
619:. Toronto.
350:Anaesthesia
153:'iron lung'
1023:The Lancet
982:14 October
925:14 October
889:11 October
861:11 October
762:11 October
751:(4): 387.
694:11 October
627:14 October
596:14 October
572:(1): 4–5.
488:15 October
441:2020-10-01
324:11 October
271:11 October
243:References
142:diphtheria
108:and lower
664:222190089
202:iron lung
84:diaphragm
1070:Category
973:Archived
916:Archived
883:Archived
855:Archived
824:11179136
753:Archived
621:Archived
590:Archived
544:20781498
482:Archived
435:Archived
380:20426975
265:Archived
226:See also
574:Bibcode
535:2086657
319:1899821
159:in the
114:bellows
106:abdomen
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372:779520
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196:Legacy
110:thorax
78:Design
976:(PDF)
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741:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
660:S2CID
376:S2CID
299:Chest
1050:ISBN
984:2016
948:help
927:2016
891:2016
863:2016
845:ISBN
820:PMID
783:ISBN
764:2016
696:2016
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425:ISBN
368:PMID
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315:PMID
273:2016
169:Both
51:The
1031:doi
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812:doi
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719:doi
652:doi
582:doi
570:XII
530:PMC
522:doi
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136:Use
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