1621:, using visual stimuli modulated at certain frequencies. SSVEP stimuli are often formed from alternating checkerboard patterns and at times use flashing images. The frequency of the phase reversal of the stimulus used can be distinguished by EEG; this makes detection of SSVEP stimuli relatively easy. SSVEP is used within many BCI systems. This is due to several factors. The signal elicited is measurable in as large a population as the transient VEP and blink movement. Electrocardiographic artefacts do not affect the frequencies monitored. The SSVEP signal is robust; the topographic organization of the primary visual cortex is such that a broader area obtains afferents from the visual field's central or fovial region. SSVEP comes with problems. As SSVEPs use flashing stimuli to infer user intent, the user must gaze at one of the flashing or iterating symbols in order to interact with the system. It is, therefore, likely that the symbols become irritating and uncomfortable during longer play sessions.
1632:. P300 amplitude decreases as the target stimuli and the ignored stimuli grow more similar. P300 is thought to be related to a higher level attention process or an orienting response. Using P300 requires fewer training sessions. The first application to use it was the P300 matrix. Within this system, a subject chooses a letter from a 6 by 6 grid of letters and numbers. The rows and columns of the grid flashed sequentially and every time the selected "choice letter" was illuminated the user's P300 was (potentially) elicited. However, the communication process, at approximately 17 characters per minute, was slow. P300 offers a discrete selection rather than continuous control. The advantage of P300 within games is that the player does not have to learn how to use a new control system, requiring only short training instances to learn gameplay mechanics and the basic BCI paradigm.
1603:, sleep problems in children, teeth grinding, and chronic pain. EEG biofeedback systems typically monitor four brainwave bands (theta: 4–7 Hz, alpha:8–12 Hz, SMR: 12–15 Hz, beta: 15–18 Hz) and challenge the subject to control them. Passive BCI uses BCI to enrich human–machine interaction with information on the user's mental state, for example, simulations that detect when users intend to push brakes during emergency vehicle braking. Game developers using passive BCIs understand that through repetition of game levels the user's cognitive state adapts. During the first play of a given level, the player reacts differently than during subsequent plays: for example, the user is less surprised by an event that they expect.
686:. Research has reported that despite neuroscientists' inclination to believe that neurons have the most effect when working together, single neurons can be conditioned through the use of BCIs to fire in a pattern that allows primates to control motor outputs. BCIs led to development of the single neuron insufficiency principle that states that even with a well-tuned firing rate, single neurons can only carry limited information and therefore the highest level of accuracy is achieved by recording ensemble firings. Other principles discovered with BCIs include the neuronal multitasking principle, the neuronal mass principle, the neural degeneracy principle, and the plasticity principle.
1571:, which modulates sensorimotor oscillations in the EEG. This can be detected by the BCI and used to infer user intent. Motor imagery typically requires training to acquire acceptable control. Training sessions typically consume hours over several days. Regardless of the duration of the training session, users are unable to master the control scheme. This results in very slow pace of the gameplay. Machine learning methods were used to compute a subject-specific model for detecting motor imagery performance. The top performing algorithm from BCI Competition IV in 2022 dataset 2 for motor imagery was the Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern, developed by Ang et al. from
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1669:; directing attention to a chosen letter on a virtual keyboard, without the need to look directly at the letter. Each letter has its own (background) circle which micro-oscillates in brightness differently from the others. Letter selection is based on best fit between unintentional pupil-size oscillation and the background circle's brightness oscillation pattern. Accuracy is additionally improved by the user's mental rehearsal of the words 'bright' and 'dark' in synchrony with the brightness transitions of the letter's circle.
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methods for motor recovery that include BCIs. In this approach, a BCI measures motor activity while the patient imagines or attempts movements as directed by a therapist. The BCI may provide two benefits: (1) if the BCI indicates that a patient is not imagining a movement correctly (non-compliance), then the BCI could inform the patient and therapist; and (2) rewarding feedback such as functional stimulation or the movement of a virtual avatar also depends on the patient's correct movement imagery.
2001:(MCS). BCI research seeks to address DOC. A key initial goal is to identify patients who can perform basic cognitive tasks, which would change their diagnosis, and allow them to make important decisions (such as whether to seek therapy, where to live, and their views on end-of-life decisions regarding them). Patients incorrectly diagnosed may die as a result of end-of-life decisions made by others. The prospect of using BCI to communicate with such patients is a tantalizing prospect.
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deep-brain stimulation, and the blurring of the line between human and machine. Other concerns involve the use of BCIs in advanced interrogation techniques, unauthorized access ("brain hacking"), social stratification through selective enhancement, privacy issues related to mind-reading, tracking and "tagging" systems, and the potential for mind, movement, and emotion control. Researchers have also theorized that BCIs could exacerbate existing social inequalities.
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2047:. During this procedure, electrodes are placed on the brain to precisely identify the locations of structures and functional areas. Patients may be awake during neurosurgery and asked to perform tasks, such as moving fingers or repeating words. This is necessary so that surgeons can remove the desired tissue while sparing other regions. Removing too much brain tissue can cause permanent damage, while removing too little can mandate additional neurosurgery.
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923:, which convert analog extracellular voltages into digital signals. Because a typical neuron action potential lasts for one millisecond, BCIs measuring spikes must have sampling rates ranging from 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Yet another concern is that invasive BCIs must be low-power, so as to dissipate less heat to surrounding tissue; at the most basic level more power is traditionally needed to optimize
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resolution and cannot effectively use higher-frequency signals because the skull interferes, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons. EEG-based interfaces also require some time and effort prior to each usage session, while others require no prior-usage training. The choice of a specific BCI for a patient depends on numerous factors.
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1416:(ICA) had been shown to be efficient in separating EEG signals from noise. The researchers stated that CCA data with and without ICA processing were similar. They concluded that CCA demonstrated robustness to motion artifacts. EEG-based BCI applications offer low spatial resolution. Possible solutions include: EEG source connectivity based on
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investigating neuroplasticity during motor recovery post-stroke. Future systems might include the fMRI and other measures for real-time control, such as functional near-infrared, probably in tandem with EEGs. Non-invasive brain stimulation has also been explored in combination with BCIs for motor recovery. In 2016, scientists out of the
1334:. As he concentrated on simple but opposite concepts like up and down. A basic pattern was identified in his beta-rhythm EEG output and used to control a switch: Above average activity was interpreted as on, below average off. The signals were also used to drive nerve controllers embedded in his hands, restoring some movement.
1373:). SSVEPs are electrical responses to flickering visual stimuli with repetition rates over 6 Hz that are best found in the parietal and occipital scalp regions of the visual cortex. It was reported that all study participants were able to initiate the phone call with minimal practice in natural environments.
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Justin
Williams, a biomedical engineer at the university, has already transformed the ECoG implant into a micro device that can be installed with a minimum of fuss. It has been tested in animals for a long period of time – the micro ECoG stays in place and doesn't seem to negatively affect the immune
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from individuals with communication difficulties, the impact on patients' and families' quality of life, health-related side effects, misuse of therapeutic applications, safety risks, and the non-reversible nature of some BCI-induced changes. Additionally, questions arise about access to maintenance,
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BCIs present significant ethical questions, including concerns about privacy, autonomy, consent, and the consequences of merging human cognition with external devices. Exploring these ethical considerations highlights the complex interplay between advancing technology and preserving fundamental human
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is awarded annually in recognition of innovative research. Each year, a renowned research laboratory is asked to judge projects. The jury consists of BCI experts recruited by that laboratory. The jury selects twelve nominees, then chooses a first, second, and third-place winner, who receive awards of
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Other researchers achieved brain-to-brain communication between at a distance using non-invasive technology attached to the participants' scalps. The words were encoded in binary streams by the cognitive motor input of the person sending the information. Pseudo-random bits of the information carried
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A 2011 study reported second-by-second reconstruction of videos watched by the study's subjects, from fMRI data. This was achieved by creating a statistical model relating videos to brain activity. This model was then used to look up 100 one-second video segments, in a database of 18 million seconds
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of resultant EEG SSVEPs. The stated goals of this study were to "increase the practicability, portability, and ubiquity of an SSVEP-based BCI, for daily use". It was reported that the stimulation frequency on all mediums was accurate, although the phone's signal was not stable. The amplitudes of the
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Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. They produce higher resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in
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an automobile slowly around the parking area of the research institute. Dobelle died in 2004 before his processes and developments were documented, leaving no one to continue his work. Subsequently, Naumann and the other patients in the program began having problems with their vision, and eventually
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Nicolelis and colleagues demonstrated that large neural ensembles can predict arm position. This work allowed BCIs to read arm movement intentions and translate them into actuator movements. Carmena and colleagues programmed a BCI that allowed a monkey to control reaching and grasping movements by a
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than owl monkeys. The monkeys were trained to reach and grasp objects on a computer screen by manipulating a joystick while corresponding movements by a robot arm were hidden. The monkeys were later shown the robot and learned to control it by viewing its movements. The BCI used velocity predictions
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The idea of combining/integrating brain signals from multiple individuals was introduced at
Humanity+ @Caltech, in December 2010, by Adrian Stoica, who referred to the concept as multi-brain aggregation. A patent was applied for in 2012. Stoica's first paper on the topic appeared in 2012, after the
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One of the difficulties with EEG readings is susceptibility to motion artifacts. In most research projects, the participants were asked to sit still in a laboratory setting, reducing head and eye movements as much as possible. However, since these initiatives were intended to create a mobile device
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signals. Refined by a neuroimaging approach and a training protocol, They fashioned a non-invasive EEG based brain-computer interface to control the flight of a virtual helicopter in 3-dimensional space, based upon motor imagination. In June 2013 they announced a technique to guide a remote-control
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In 2002, Jens
Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second generation implant, one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into
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Metzger, Sean L.; Littlejohn, Kaylo T.; Silva, Alexander B.; Moses, David A.; Seaton, Margaret P.; Wang, Ran; Dougherty, Maximilian E.; Liu, Jessie R.; Wu, Peter; Berger, Michael A.; Zhuravleva, Inga; Tu-Chan, Adelyn; Ganguly, Karunesh; Anumanchipalli, Gopala K.; Chang, Edward F. (23 August 2023).
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were able to wirelessly control an operating system to text, email, shop, and bank using direct thought using
Stentrode, marking the first time a brain-computer interface was implanted via the patient's blood vessels, eliminating the need for brain surgery. In January 2023, researchers reported no
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are central to the design of invasive BCIs. Variations in signal quality over time have been commonly observed with implantable microelectrodes. Optimal material and mechanical characteristics for long term signal stability in invasive BCIs has been an active area of research. It has been proposed
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of neurons reveal action potential voltages on the scale of hundreds of millivolts, chronic invasive BCIs rely on recording extracellular voltages which typically are three orders of magnitude smaller, existing at hundreds of microvolts. Further adding to the challenge of detecting signals on the
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In 1990, a report was given on a closed loop, bidirectional, adaptive BCI controlling a computer buzzer by an anticipatory brain potential, the
Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) potential. The experiment described how an expectation state of the brain, manifested by CNV, used a feedback loop to
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1988 was the first demonstration of noninvasive EEG control of a physical object, a robot. The experiment demonstrated EEG control of multiple start-stop-restart cycles of movement, along an arbitrary trajectory defined by a line drawn on a floor. The line-following behavior was the default robot
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The evolution of BCIs mirrors that of pharmaceutical science, which began as a means to address impairments and now enhances focus and reduces the need for sleep. As BCIs progress from therapies to enhancements, the BCI community is working to create consensus on ethical guidelines for research,
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In their current form, most BCIs are more akin to corrective therapies that engage few of such ethical issues. Bioethics is well-equipped to address the challenges posed by BCI technologies, with
Clausen suggesting in 2009 that "BCIs pose ethical challenges, but these are conceptually similar to
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ECoG offers higher spatial resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, wider frequency range, and less training requirements than scalp-recorded EEG, and at the same time has lower technical difficulty, lower clinical risk, and may have superior long-term stability than intracortical single-neuron
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Invasive BCI requires surgery to implant electrodes under the scalp for accessing brain signals. The main advantage is to increase accuracy. Downsides include side effects from the surgery, including scar tissue that can obstruct brain signals or the body may not accept the implanted electrodes.
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People may lose some of their ability to move due to many causes, such as stroke or injury. Research in recent years has demonstrated the utility of EEG-based BCI systems in aiding motor recovery and neurorehabilitation in patients who have had a stroke. Several groups have explored systems and
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framework program. The project was funded by the
European Commission. It started in November 2013 and published a roadmap in April 2015. A 2015 publication describes this project, as well as the Brain-Computer Interface Society. It reviewed work within this project that further defined BCIs and
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In May 2021, a
Stanford University team reported a successful proof-of-concept test that enabled a quadraplegic participant to produce English sentences at about 86 characters per minute and 18 words per minute. The participant imagined moving his hand to write letters, and the system performed
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Mitchell, Peter; Lee, Sarah C. M.; Yoo, Peter E.; Morokoff, Andrew; Sharma, Rahul P.; Williams, Daryl L.; MacIsaac, Christopher; Howard, Mark E.; Irving, Lou; Vrljic, Ivan; Williams, Cameron; Bush, Steven; Balabanski, Anna H.; Drummond, Katharine J.; Desmond, Patricia; Weber, Douglas; Denison,
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had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to link his nervous system to the
Internet. Warwick carried out a series of experiments. Electrodes were implanted into his wife's nervous system, allowing them to conduct the first direct electronic communication experiment
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Automated tools can ask questions that patients can easily answer, such as "Is your father named George?" or "Were you born in the USA?" Automated instructions inform patients how to convey yes or no, for example by focusing their attention on stimuli on the right vs. left wrist. This focused
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Many such patients cannot use BCIs based on vision. Hence, tools must rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile stimuli. Patients may wear headphones and/or vibrotactile stimulators placed on responsive body parts. Another challenge is that patients may be able to communicate only at unpredictable
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The legal and social aspects of BCIs complicate mainstream adoption. Concerns include issues of accountability and responsibility, such as claims that BCI influence overrides free will and control over actions, inaccurate translation of cognitive intentions, personality changes resulting from
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to prevent impending fits by controlling this low voltage wave.) The experiment trained ten patients to move a computer cursor. The process was slow, requiring more than an hour for patients to write 100 characters with the cursor, while training often took months. The slow cortical potential
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L. Bozinovska, G. Stojanov, M. Sestakov, S. Bozinovski: CNV pattern recognition: a step toward a cognitive wave observation, In L. Torres, E. Masgrau, E. Lagunas (eds.) Signal
Processing V: Theories and Applications, Proc. EUSIPCO-90: Fifth European Signal Processing Conference, Elsevier, p.
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So far, BCIs for motor recovery have relied on the EEG to measure the patient's motor imagery. However, studies have also used fMRI to study different changes in the brain as persons undergo BCI-based stroke rehab training. Imaging studies combined with EEG-based BCI systems hold promise for
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interfaces. The majority of published BCI research involves noninvasive EEG-based BCIs. EEG-based technologies and interfaces have been used for the broadest variety of applications. Although EEG-based interfaces are easy to wear and do not require surgery, they have relatively poor spatial
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The Carney Institute reported training rhesus monkeys to use a BCI to track visual targets on a computer screen (closed-loop BCI) with or without a joystick. The group created a BCI for three-dimensional tracking in virtual reality and reproduced BCI control in a robotic arm. The same group
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In a review article, authors wondered whether human information transfer rates can surpass that of language with BCIs. Language research has reported that information transfer rates are relatively constant across many languages. This may reflect the brain's information processing limit.
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Vidal coined the term "BCI" and produced the first peer-reviewed publications on this topic. He is widely recognized as the inventor of BCIs. A review pointed out that Vidal's 1973 paper stated the "BCI challenge" of controlling external objects using EEG signals, and especially use of
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and the direction in which they moved their arms. He also found that dispersed groups of neurons, in different areas of the monkey's brains, collectively controlled motor commands. He was able to record the firings of neurons in only one area at a time, due to equipment limitations.
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After Vidal stated the BCI challenge, the initial reports on non-invasive approaches included control of a cursor in 2D using VEP, control of a buzzer using CNV, control of a physical object, a robot, using a brain rhythm (alpha), control of a text written on a screen using P300.
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published preclinical proof-of-concept data related to a potential brain-computer interface technology platform being developed for patients with paralysis to facilitate control of external devices such as robotic limbs, computers and exoskeletons by translating brain activity.
1745:. Experiments on cultured neural tissue focused on building problem-solving networks, constructing basic computers and manipulating robotic devices. Research into techniques for stimulating and recording individual neurons grown on semiconductor chips is neuroelectronics or
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for daily use, the technology had to be tested in motion. In 2013, researchers tested mobile EEG-based BCI technology, measuring SSVEPs from participants as they walked on a treadmill. Reported results were that as speed increased, SSVEP detectability using CCA decreased.
770:, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a
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Gerwin Schalk reported that ECoG signals can discriminate vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and imagined words, shedding light on the mechanisms associated with their production and could provide a basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech.
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released the EPOC, a 14 channel EEG device that can read 4 mental states, 13 conscious states, facial expressions, and head movements. The EPOC was the first commercial BCI to use dry sensor technology, which can be dampened with a saline solution for a better
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reported that ECoG signals could be used to decode speech from epilepsy patients implanted with high-density ECoG arrays over the peri-Sylvian cortices. They reported word error rates of 3% (a marked improvement from prior efforts) utilizing an encoder-decoder
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leakage, either at the time of insertion or over time, may be responsible for the inflammatory and glial reaction to chronic microelectrodes implanted in the brain. As a result, flexible and tissue-like designs have been researched and developed to minimize
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Studies in the 2010s suggested neural stimulation's potential to restore functional connectivity and associated behaviors through modulation of molecular mechanisms. This opened the door for the concept that BCI technologies may be able to restore function.
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those that bioethicists have addressed for other realms of therapy." Haselager and colleagues highlighted the importance of managing expectations and value. Standard protocols can ensure ethically sound informed-consent procedures for locked-in patients.
1388:) algorithm can support mobile BCIs. The CCA algorithm has been applied in experiments investigating BCIs with claimed high accuracy and speed. Cellular BCI technology can reportedly be translated for other applications, such as picking up sensorimotor
1763:. The neurochip was designed for rat brains. The hippocampus was chosen because it is thought to be the most structured and most studied part of the brain. Its function is to encode experiences for storage as long-term memories elsewhere in the brain.
1010:. Stentrode communicates neural activity to a battery-less telemetry unit implanted in the chest, which communicates wirelessly with an external telemetry unit capable of power and data transfer. While an endovascular BCI benefits from avoiding a
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The biggest impediment to BCI technology is the lack of a sensor modality that provides safe, accurate and robust access to brain signals. The use of a better sensor expands the range of communication functions that can be provided using a BCI.
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technology are pushing and enabling integrated, invasive BCI designs with smaller size, lower power requirements, and higher signal acquisition capabilities. Invasive BCIs involve electrodes that penetrate brain tissue in an attempt to record
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were reported to be more effective than alternatives. Another 2021 systematic review focused on post-stroke robot-assisted EEG-based BCI for hand rehabilitation. Improvement in motor assessment scores was observed in three of eleven studies.
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Willett, Francis R.; Kunz, Erin M.; Fan, Chaofei; Avansino, Donald T.; Wilson, Guy H.; Choi, Eun Young; Kamdar, Foram; Glasser, Matthew F.; Hochberg, Leigh R.; Druckmann, Shaul; Shenoy, Krishna V.; Henderson, Jaimie M. (23 August 2023).
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The active electrode array is an integrated system containing an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry packaged with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the result.
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using BCI for post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation, EEG-based BCI was reported to have efficacy in improving upper-limb motor function compared to control therapies. More specifically, BCI studies that utilized band power features,
839:(area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV. One year later, Jonathan Wolpaw received the
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A 2005 study reported EEG emulation of digital control circuits, using a CNV flip-flop. A 2009 study reported noninvasive EEG control of a robotic arm using a CNV flip-flop. A 2011 study reported control of two robotic arms solving
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Várkuti B, Guan C, Pan Y, Phua KS, Ang KK, Kuah CW, et al. (January 2013). "Resting state changes in functional connectivity correlate with movement recovery for BCI and robot-assisted upper-extremity training after stroke".
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concerned with neural prostheses, that is, using artificial devices to replace the function of impaired nervous systems and brain-related problems, or of sensory or other organs (bladder, diaphragm, etc.). As of December 2010,
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In 1989, a study reported control of a mobile robot by eye movement using electrooculography signals. A mobile robot was driven to a goal point using five EOG commands, interpreted as forward, backward, left, right, and stop.
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control the S2 buzzer in the S1-S2-CNV paradigm. The resulting cognitive wave representing the expectation learning in the brain was termed Electroexpectogram (EXG). The CNV brain potential was part of Vidal's 1973 challenge.
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Mrachacz-Kersting N, Voigt M, Stevenson AJ, Aliakbaryhosseinabadi S, Jiang N, Dremstrup K, Farina D (November 2017). "The effect of type of afferent feedback timed with motor imagery on the induction of cortical plasticity".
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In February 2014, They Shall Walk (a nonprofit organization fixed on constructing exoskeletons, dubbed LIFESUITs, for paraplegics and quadriplegics) began a partnership with James W. Shakarji on the development of a wireless
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Researchers explored ways to improve neurosurgical mapping. This work focuses largely on high gamma activity, which is difficult to detect non-invasively. Results improved methods for identifying key functional areas.
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In 2020, NextMind released a dev kit including an EEG headset with dry electrodes at $ 399. The device can run various visual-BCI demonstration applications or developers can create their own. It was later acquired by
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signals (also known as spikes) from individual, or small groups of, neurons near the electrode. The interface between a recording electrode and the electrolytic solution surrounding neurons has been modelled using the
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trained paralysed people to self-regulate the slow cortical potentials in their EEG to such an extent that these signals could be used as a binary signal to control a computer cursor. (Birbaumer had earlier trained
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In 2016, a group of hobbyists developed an open-source BCI board that sends neural signals to the audio jack of a smartphone, dropping the cost of entry-level BCI to £20. Basic diagnostic software is available for
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Oxley TJ, Opie NL, John SE, Rind GS, Ronayne SM, Wheeler TL, et al. (March 2016). "Minimally invasive endovascular stent-electrode array for high-fidelity, chronic recordings of cortical neural activity".
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SSVEPs for the laptop and tablet were reported to be larger than those of the cell phone. These two qualitative characterizations were suggested as indicators of the feasibility of using a mobile stimulus BCI.
1041:(ECoG) measures brain electrical activity from beneath the skull in a way similar to non-invasive electroencephalography, using electrodes embedded in a thin plastic pad placed above the cortex, beneath the
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coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call "the starry-night effect". Immediately after his implant, Jens was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to
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Adrijan Bozinovski "CNV flip-flop as a brain-computer interface paradigm" In J. Kern, S. Tonkovic, et al. (Eds) Proc 7th Conference of the Croatian Association of Medical Informatics, pp. 149-154, Rijeka,
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In the early days of BCI research, another substantial barrier to using EEG was that extensive training was required. For example, in experiments beginning in the mid-1990s, Niels Birbaumer at the
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Tung SW, Guan C, Ang KK, Phua KS, Wang C, Zhao L, et al. (July 2013). "Motor imagery BCI for upper limb stroke rehabilitation: An evaluation of the EEG recordings using coherence analysis".
7094:"Efficacy of Brain-Computer Interface and the Impact of Its Design Characteristics on Poststroke Upper-limb Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
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videos, matching visual patterns to brain activity recorded when subjects watched a video. These 100 one-second video extracts were then combined into a mash-up image that resembled the video.
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BCI systems can potentially be used to encode signals from the periphery. These sensory BCI devices enable real-time, behaviorally-relevant decisions based upon closed-loop neural stimulation.
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Pfurtscheller G, Müller GR, Pfurtscheller J, Gerner HJ, Rupp R (November 2003). "'Thought'--control of functional electrical stimulation to restore hand grasp in a patient with tetraplegia".
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suggest the potential of EEG-based brain-computer interfaces to accomplish tasks close to invasive brain-computer interfaces. Using advanced functional neuroimaging including BOLD functional
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that is measured. Gert Pfurtscheller founded the BCI Lab 1991 and conducted the first online BCI based on oscillatory features and classifiers. Together with Birbaumer and Jonathan Wolpaw at
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robotic arm. Lebedev and colleagues argued that brain networks reorganize to create a new representation of the robotic appendage in addition to the representation of the animal's own limbs.
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recording. This feature profile and evidence of the high level of control with minimal training requirements shows potential for real world application for people with motor disabilities.
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In 2011 O'Doherty and colleagues showed a BCI with sensory feedback with rhesus monkeys. The monkey controlled the position of an avatar arm while receiving sensory feedback through direct
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Riccio A, Pichiorri F, Schettini F, Toppi J, Risetti M, Formisano R, et al. (2016). "Interfacing brain with computer to improve communication and rehabilitation after brain damage".
6136:"Assessment of Safety of a Fully Implanted Endovascular Brain-Computer Interface for Severe Paralysis in 4 Patients: The Stentrode With Thought-Controlled Digital Switch (SWITCH) Study"
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Nolta NF, Christensen MB, Crane PD, Skousen JL, Tresco PA (1 June 2015). "BBB leakage, astrogliosis, and tissue loss correlate with silicon microelectrode array recording performance".
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Santucci DM, Kralik JD, Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MA (September 2005). "Frontal and parietal cortical ensembles predict single-trial muscle activity during reaching movements in primates".
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Wessberg J, Stambaugh CR, Kralik JD, Beck PD, Laubach M, Chapin JK, et al. (November 2000). "Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates".
460:. Neuron firings were recorded from watching eight short movies. Using mathematical filters, the researchers decoded the signals to reconstruct recognizable scenes and moving objects.
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and commanded robotic arms to perform simple tasks simply by thinking about the task and seeing the results, without motor output. In May 2008 photographs that showed a monkey at the
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The terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Neuroprosthetics and BCIs seek to achieve the same aims, such as restoring sight, hearing, movement, ability to communicate, and even
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Sabathiel N, Irimia DC, Allison BZ, Guger C, Edlinger G (17 July 2016). "Paired Associative Stimulation with Brain-Computer Interfaces: A New Paradigm for Stroke Rehabilitation".
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L. Bozinovska, S. Bozinovski, G. Stojanov, Electroexpectogram: experimental design and algorithms, In Proc IEEE International Biomedical Engineering Days, p. 55-60, Istanbul, 1992
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Kennedy and Bakay were first to install a human brain implant that produced signals of high enough quality to simulate movement. Their patient, Johnny Ray (1944–2002), developed '
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Saxena T, Karumbaiah L, Gaupp EA, Patkar R, Patil K, Betancur M, et al. (July 2013). "The impact of chronic blood-brain barrier breach on intracortical electrode function".
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BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim to restore movement in individuals with paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such as interfaces with computers or robot arms.
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and used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms. Monkeys' advanced reaching and grasping abilities and hand manipulation skills, made them good test subjects.
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Lin YP, Wang Y, Jung TP (2013). "A mobile SSVEP-based brain-computer interface for freely moving humans: The robustness of canonical correlation analysis to motion artifacts".
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A 2014 study reported that severely motor-impaired patients could communicate faster and more reliably with non-invasive EEG BCI than with muscle-based communication channels.
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in 1997. Ray's implant was installed in 1998 and he lived long enough to start working with the implant, eventually learning to control a computer cursor; he died in 2002 of a
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Timothy; Mathers, Susan; O'Brien, Terence J.; Mocco, J.; Grayden, David B.; Liebeskind, David S.; Opie, Nicholas L.; Oxley, Thomas J.; Campbell, Bruce C. V. (9 January 2023).
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BCIs are proposed to be applied by users without disabilities. Passive BCIs allow for assessing and interpreting changes in the user state during Human-Computer Interaction (
6789:"Negative covariation between task-related responses in alpha/beta-band activity and BOLD in human sensorimotor cortex: an EEG and fMRI study of motor imagery and movements"
1628:. This potential is a positive peak in the EEG that occurs roughly 300 ms after the appearance of a target stimulus (a stimulus for which the user is waiting or seeking) or
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development, and dissemination. Ensuring equitable access to BCIs will be crucial in preventing generational inequalities that could hinder the right to human flourishing.
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Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, et al. (July 2006). "Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia".
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In 2011, researchers reported a cellular based BCI that could cause phone to ring. The wearable system was composed of a four channel bio-signal acquisition/amplification
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to a phone that assessed the patients' alertness and cognitive capacity. When the subject became drowsy, the phone sent arousing feedback to the operator to rouse them.
195:
wires under the scalps of his patients. These were later replaced by silver foils attached to the patient's head by rubber bandages. Berger connected these sensors to a
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at small voltages. Due to the nature of these small signals, for BCI systems that incorporate functionality onto an integrated circuit, each electrode requires its own
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854:(VA), demonstrated control of prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of tetraplegia patients.
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arm with neural activity. Similar work in the 1970s established that monkeys could learn to control the firing rates of individual and multiple neurons in the primary
10117:
Silvoni S, Ramos-Murguialday A, Cavinato M, Volpato C, Cisotto G, Turolla A, et al. (October 2011). "Brain-computer interface in stroke: a review of progress".
947:, secondary to damage at the electrode-tissue interface, is likely responsible for electrode failure and reduced recording performance. Research has suggested that
762:. Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry's
735:
Invasive BCI research has targeted repairing damaged sight and providing new functionality for people with paralysis. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the
245:
potential as a challenge for BCI control. Vidal's 1977 experiment was the first application of BCI after his 1973 BCI challenge. It was a noninvasive EEG (actually
1842:
Various companies are developing inexpensive BCIs for research and entertainment. Toys such as the NeuroSky and Mattel MindFlex have seen some commercial success.
10313:"A review of the progression and future implications of brain-computer interface therapies for restoration of distal upper extremity motor function after stroke"
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Bin G, Gao X, Yan Z, Hong B, Gao S (August 2009). "An online multi-channel SSVEP-based brain-computer interface using a canonical correlation analysis method".
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Zander TO, Kothe C (April 2011). "Towards passive brain-computer interfaces: applying brain-computer interface technology to human-machine systems in general".
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Performance compared favorably with that of standard wet electrodes in terms of skin preparation, no gel requirements (dry), and higher signal-to-noise ratio.
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approach has fallen away in favor of approaches that require little or no training, are faster and more accurate, and work for a greater proportion of users.
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was successfully implanted in a pig. In 2021, Musk announced that the company had successfully enabled a monkey to play video games using Neuralink's device.
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Bozinovski S (2017). "Signal Processing Robotics Using Signals Generated by a Human Head: From Pioneering Works to EEG-Based Emulation of Digital Circuits".
631:
In 2019, a study reported a BCI that had the potential to help patients with speech impairment caused by neurological disorders. Their BCI used high-density
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operating a robotic arm by thinking were published in multiple studies. Sheep have also been used to evaluate BCI technology including Synchron's Stentrode.
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of the brain during neurosurgery. Because they lie in the grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to
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Eckstein MP, Das K, Pham BT, Peterson MF, Abbey CK, Sy JL, Giesbrecht B (January 2012). "Neural decoding of collective wisdom with multi-brain computing".
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fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven-second delay between thought and movement.
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In 2010, researchers affiliated with University of Melbourne began developing a BCI that could be inserted via the vascular system. Australian neurologist
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or electrical activity of the muscles of primates are in process. Such BCIs could restore mobility in paralyzed limbs by electrically stimulating muscles.
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Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy",
6201:
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Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, et al. (June 2000). "A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials".
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A 2021 study reported that a paralyzed patient was able to communicate 15 words per minute using a brain implant that analyzed vocal tract motor neurons.
10362:"Use of Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interface Systems as a Rehabilitative Approach for Upper Limb Function After a Stroke: A Systematic Review"
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Development of the first neurochip was claimed by a Caltech team led by Jerome Pine and Michael Maher in 1997. The Caltech chip had room for 16 neurons.
2920:
M. Lebedev, M. Nicolelis: Brain-machine interfaces: from basic science to neuroprostheses and neurorehabilitation, Physiological Review 97:737-867, 2017
2572:. St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom: The International Conference on Digital Image and Signal Processing (DISP'19). Archived from
1006:. This proximity enables Stentrode to measure neural activity. The procedure is most similar to how venous sinus stents are placed for the treatment of
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Downey JE, Schwed N, Chase SM, Schwartz AB, Collinger JL (August 2018). "Intracortical recording stability in human brain-computer interface users".
4674:(7099). Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn and John P. Donoghue: 164–171.
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Phillip Kennedy (Neural Signals founder (1987) and colleagues built the first intracortical brain–computer interface by implanting neurotrophic-cone
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released the first affordable consumer based EEG along with the game NeuroBoy. It was the first large scale EEG device to use dry sensor technology.
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functions of the simulator. The study's focus was on understanding how the human brain performs and learns computational tasks at a cellular level.
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A VEP is an electrical potential recorded after a subject is presented with a visual stimuli. The types of VEPs include SSVEPs and P300 potential.
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Non-invasive BCIs have been applied to prosthetic upper and lower extremity devices in people with paralysis. For example, Gert Pfurtscheller of
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Lin CT, Ko LW, Chang CJ, Wang YT, Chung CH, Yang FS, et al. (2009), "Wearable and Wireless Brain-Computer Interface and Its Applications",
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demonstrated the first single and multichannel dry active electrode arrays. The arrayed electrode was demonstrated to perform well compared to
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and reproduced monkey reaching and grasping movements in a robot arm. Their deeply cleft and furrowed brains made them better models for human
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had been implanted as neuroprosthetic devices in some 736,900 people worldwide. Other neuroprosthetic devices aim to restore vision, including
10017:"Multiple tasks and neuroimaging modalities increase the likelihood of detecting covert awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness"
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2300:
and the electrodes were temporarily implanted to help his physicians localize seizure foci; the BCI researchers simply took advantage of this.
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A systematic review published in 2020 detailed multiple clinical and non-clinical studies investigating the feasibility of endovascular BCIs.
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In 2023 two studies used BCIs with recurrent neural network to decode speech at a record rate of 62 words per minute and 78 words per minute.
774:, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted.
589:. These researchers produced working BCIs using recorded signals from far fewer neurons than Nicolelis (15–30 neurons versus 50–200 neurons).
133:
can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. Following years of animal experimentation, the first
10527:"Changes in functional connectivity correlate with behavioral gains in stroke patients after therapy using a brain-computer interface device"
650:
Development and implementation of a BCI system is complex and time-consuming. In response to this problem, Gerwin Schalk has been developing
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the brain than fully invasive BCIs. Preclinical demonstration of intracortical BCIs from the stroke perilesional cortex has been conducted.
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demonstrated that a monkey could feed itself pieces of fruit and marshmallows using a robotic arm controlled by the animal's brain signals.
12183:
10581:"BCI Training Effects on Chronic Stroke Correlate with Functional Reorganization in Motor-Related Regions: A Concurrent EEG and fMRI Study"
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7905:
851:
17:
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Boly M, Massimini M, Garrido MI, Gosseries O, Noirhomme Q, Laureys S, Soddu A (2012). "Brain connectivity in disorders of consciousness".
3330:
Schmidt EM, McIntosh JS, Durelli L, Bak MJ (September 1978). "Fine control of operantly conditioned firing patterns of cortical neurons".
3254:
2710:
Wolpaw JR, Birbaumer N, McFarland DJ, Pfurtscheller G, Vaughan TM (June 2002). "Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control".
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Biofeedback can be used to monitor a subject's mental relaxation. In some cases, biofeedback does not match EEG, while parameters such as
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and reconnected themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the
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and then used the resulting virtual EEG for BCI tasks. Well-controlled studies suggested the merits of such a source analysis-based BCI.
368:
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hardware (filters, amplifiers, and a mixing board) to stimulate acoustic percussion instruments. Performing the piece requires producing
10262:"Immediate and long-term effects of BCI-based rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1240:
A 2019 study reported that the application of evolutionary algorithms could improve EEG mental state classification with a non-invasive
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they focused on developing technology that would allow users to choose the brain signals they found easiest to operate a BCI, including
11620:
11280:
8865:, Stoica, Adrian, "Aggregation of bio-signals from multiple individuals to achieve a collective outcome", issued 2012-07-26
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Nicolelis MA, Lebedev MA (July 2009). "Principles of neural ensemble physiology underlying the operation of brain-machine interfaces".
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prize for developing a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain.
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Wang YT, Wang Y, Cheng CK, Jung TP (2013). "Developing stimulus presentation on mobile devices for a truly portable SSVEP-based BCI".
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or reached for food. The BCI operated in real time and could remotely control a separate robot. But the monkeys received no feedback (
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In 2023, PiEEG released a shield that allows converting a single-board computer Raspberry Pi to a brain-computer interface for $ 350.
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Georgopoulos AP, Lurito JT, Petrides M, Schwartz AB, Massey JT (January 1989). "Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector".
1890:, a game that used an EEG to steer a ball through an obstacle course. It was by far the best selling consumer based EEG at the time.
9909:
Chatelle C, Chennu S, Noirhomme Q, Cruse D, Owen AM, Laureys S (2012). "Brain-computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness".
2911:
M. Lebedev: Augmentation of sensorimotor functions with neural prostheses. Opera Medica and Physiologica. Vol. 2 (3): 211-227, 2016
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Illustration of invasive and partially invasive BCIs: electrocorticography (ECoG), endovascular, and intracortical microelectrode.
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1053:. This research indicates that control is rapid, requires minimal training, balancing signal fidelity and level of invasiveness.
847:
333:
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59:'s electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. BCIs are often directed at researching,
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Boppart SA, Wheeler BC, Wallace CS (January 1992). "A flexible perforated microelectrode array for extended neural recordings".
8524:
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1973:
A consortium of 12 European partners completed a roadmap to support the European Commission in their funding decisions for the
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758:(acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to produce a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher
9884:
Edlinger G, Allison BZ, Guger C (2015). "How many people could use a BCI system?". In Kansaku K, Cohen L, Birbaumer N (eds.).
8549:
1369:, a communication module, and a Bluetooth phone. The electrodes were placed to pick up steady state visual evoked potentials (
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10228:
10162:"An exploration of EEG features during recovery following stroke - implications for BCI-mediated neurorehabilitation therapy"
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6009:
5428:
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4584:
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Serruya MD, Hatsopoulos NG, Paninski L, Fellows MR, Donoghue JP (March 2002). "Instant neural control of a movement signal".
1506:
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107:
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S. Bozinovski, M. Sestakov, L. Bozinovska: Using EEG alpha rhythm to control a mobile robot, In G. Harris, C. Walker (eds.)
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8682:"Interfacing neurons with carbon nanotubes: electrical signal transfer and synaptic stimulation in cultured brain circuits"
6402:
Pei X (2011). "Decoding Vowels and Consonants in Spoken and Imagined Words Using Electrocorticographic Signals in Humans".
1007:
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Although the term had not yet been coined, one of the earliest examples of a working brain-machine interface was the piece
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8470:
7659:"Effects of Cable Sway, Electrode Surface Area, and Electrode Mass on Electroencephalography Signal Quality during Motion"
6984:"Motor imagery for severely motor-impaired patients: evidence for brain-computer interfacing as superior control solution"
4461:
Polikov VS, Tresco PA, Reichert WM (October 2005). "Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes".
2296:
These electrodes had not been implanted in the patient with the intention of developing a BCI. The patient had had severe
2105:
Flexible neural interfaces may minimize brain tissue trauma related to mechanical mismatch between electrode and tissue.
13151:
12814:
12734:
10777:
Radzik I, Miziak B, Dudka J, Chrościńska-Krawczyk M, Czuczwar SJ (June 2015). "Prospects of epileptogenesis prevention".
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became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of
11054:
Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, Pister KS (January 2001). "Smart Dust: communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer".
6429:
Makin JG, Moses DA, Chang EF (2021). "Speech Decoding as Machine Translation". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Gunduz A (eds.).
4623:
Kennedy PR, Bakay RA (June 1998). "Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by a direct brain connection".
13264:
12341:
11138:
11123:
11108:
9523:
5942:"A systematic review of endovascular stent-electrode arrays, a minimally invasive approach to brain-machine interfaces"
2377:
Martini, Michael L.; Oermann, Eric Karl; Opie, Nicholas L.; Panov, Fedor; Oxley, Thomas; Yaeger, Kurt (February 2020).
2127:
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After initial studies in rats during the 1990s, Nicolelis and colleagues developed BCIs that decoded brain activity in
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Monge-Pereira E, Ibañez-Pereda J, Alguacil-Diego IM, Serrano JI, Spottorno-Rubio MP, Molina-Rueda F (September 2017).
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Ranganatha Sitaram, Andrea Caria, Ralf Veit, Tilman Gaber, Giuseppina Rota, Andrea Kuebler and Niels Birbaumer(2007) "
7328:
Wang YT, Wang Y, Jung TP (April 2011). "A cell-phone-based brain-computer interface for communication in daily life".
3583:"Cortical ensemble adaptation to represent velocity of an artificial actuator controlled by a brain-machine interface"
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to synthesize speech. In 2021, those researchers reported the potential of a BCI to decode words and sentences in an
5996:. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 127–132.
4907:. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 105–109.
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and thereby "playing" the various instruments via loudspeakers that are placed near or directly on the instruments.
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9484:
6838:"Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface"
3199:
2898:
S. Bozinovski: Mobile robot trajectory control: From fixed rails to direct bioelectric control, In O. Kaynak (ed.)
2195:
2091:
1445:
840:
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Wandelt, Sarah K.; Bjånes, David A.; Pejsa, Kelsie; Lee, Brian; Liu, Charles; Andersen, Richard A. (13 May 2024).
7484:"Current Status, Challenges, and Possible Solutions of EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface: A Comprehensive Review"
6433:. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–33.
1347:
1342:
In 2009, the NCTU Brain-Computer-Interface-headband was reported. Those researchers also engineered silicon-based
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rights and values. The concerns can be broadly categorized into user-centric issues and legal and social issues.
1509:(fMRI) have both been used as non-invasive BCIs. In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users to play
1327:
1270:
1182:) when people see something they recognize and may allow BCIs to decode categories of thoughts without training.
995:
249:(VEP)) control of a cursor-like graphical object on a computer screen. The demonstration was movement in a maze.
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By 2000, the group succeeded in building a BCI that reproduced owl monkey movements while the monkey operated a
12938:
12916:
12727:
8303:"The Mind-Writing Pupil: A Human-Computer Interface Based on Decoding of Covert Attention through Pupillometry"
8230:
6220:
4181:
4164:
2099:
1413:
1381:
1343:
566:
7937:"Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multiscale local image decoders"
2567:
2325:"Enhancing Nervous System Recovery through Neurobiologics, Neural Interface Training, and Neurorehabilitation"
1060:. Patients are required to have invasive monitoring for localization and resection of an epileptogenic focus.
180:(EEG). In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity utilizing EEG. Berger was able to identify
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ECoG- Based BCI has advantage in signal and durability that are absolutely necessary for clinical application
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decoded neuronal firings to reproduce images from cats. The team used an array of electrodes embedded in the
242:
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encoded words "hola" ("hi" in Spanish) and "ciao" ("goodbye" in Italian) and were transmitted mind-to-mind.
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studies by Fetz et al. at the Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
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serious adverse events during the first year for all four patients, who could use it to operate computers.
534:
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7533:
6135:
5260:"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve"
3581:
Lebedev MA, Carmena JM, O'Doherty JE, Zacksenhouse M, Henriquez CS, Principe JC, Nicolelis MA (May 2005).
2753:
Allison BZ, Wolpaw EW, Wolpaw JR (July 2007). "Brain-computer interface systems: progress and prospects".
13259:
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12198:
11116:"Using High-Frequency Electroencephalogram in Visual and Auditory-Based Brain-Computer Interface Designs"
9584:
3738:
Taylor DM, Tillery SI, Schwartz AB (June 2002). "Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices".
1453:
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There exist a number of technical challenges to recording brain activity with invasive BCIs. Advances in
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that skips the intermediary of moving body parts (hands...), although they also raise the possibility of
76:
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10213:
2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
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2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
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2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)
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advocates using multiple electrodes spread over a greater area of the brain to obtain neuronal signals.
13183:
13119:
11725:
11648:
11437:
11340:
11255:
11013:
Rabaey JM (September 2011). "Brain-machine interfaces as the new frontier in extreme miniaturization".
10755:
7149:
Baniqued PD, Stanyer EC, Awais M, Alazmani A, Jackson AE, Mon-Williams MA, et al. (January 2021).
6740:"Mental States, EEG Manifestations, and Mentally Emulated Digital Circuits for Brain-Robot Interaction"
5992:
Opie N (2021). "The StentrodeTM Neural Interface System". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Tangermann M (eds.).
5627:
Robinson JT, Pohlmeyer E, Gather MC, Kemere C, Kitching JE, Malliaras GG, et al. (November 2019).
5505:"Neural Interfaces for Intracortical Recording: Requirements, Fabrication Methods, and Characteristics"
3825:
3527:
Carmena JM, Lebedev MA, Crist RE, O'Doherty JE, Santucci DM, Dimitrov DF, et al. (November 2003).
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1978:
applications, explored recent trends, discussed ethical issues, and evaluated directions for new BCIs.
1938:
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Alternatively, this limit may be intrinsic to language itself, as a modality for information transfer.
690:
453:
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Monkey operating a robotic arm with brain–computer interfacing (Schwartz lab, University of Pittsburgh)
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9861:
Towards Practical Brain-Computer Interfaces: Bridging the Gap from Research to Real-World Applications
9238:
9028:
4797:
Collinger JL, Wodlinger B, Downey JE, Wang W, Tyler-Kabara EC, Weber DJ, et al. (February 2013).
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and eye-tracking. These modalities do not record brain activity and therefore do not qualify as BCIs.
1468:
EPOC to control a 5 axis robot arm. He made several demonstrations of mind controlled wheelchairs and
906:
Electronic limitations to invasive BCIs have been an active area of research in recent decades. While
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13126:
12613:
12193:
12168:
12037:
9428:
9355:"The Asilomar Survey: Stakeholders' Opinions on Ethical Issues Related to Brain-Computer Interfacing"
8782:
8680:
Mazzatenta A, Giugliano M, Campidelli S, Gambazzi L, Businaro L, Markram H, et al. (June 2007).
8121:
Marshall D, Coyle D, Wilson S, Callaghan M (2013). "Games, Gameplay, and BCI: The State of the Art".
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1998:
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electrodes. The device consisted of four sensor sites with integrated electronics to reduce noise by
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found a mathematical relationship between the electrical responses of single motor cortex neurons in
7716:
Wang Y, Wang R, Gao X, Hong B, Gao S (June 2006). "A practical VEP-based brain-computer interface".
6923:"Motor imagery classification by means of source analysis for brain-computer interface applications"
3180:
Duke neurobiologist has developed system that allows monkeys to control robot arms via brain signals
2696:
Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. (2012). "Brain-Computer Interfaces: Something New Under the Sun". In:
1981:
Other recent publications too have explored future BCI directions for new groups of disabled users.
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7285:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5638, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 741–748,
7043:"A Deep Evolutionary Approach to Bioinspired Classifier Optimisation for Brain-Machine Interaction"
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452:(which integrates the brain's sensory input). Researchers targeted 177 brain cells in the thalamus
393:
230:
11135:
eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique
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eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique
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eContact! 14.2 – Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique
10311:
Remsik A, Young B, Vermilyea R, Kiekhoefer L, Abrams J, Evander Elmore S, et al. (May 2016).
4903:
Willett FR (2021). "A High-Performance Handwriting BCI". In Guger C, Allison BZ, Gunduz A (eds.).
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designed for application to non-hairy body sites. These electrodes were secured to the headband's
1045:. ECoG technologies were first trialled in humans in 2004 by Eric Leuthardt and Daniel Moran from
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12789:
12580:
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4209:"Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice"
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Guger C, Allison BZ, Großwindhager B, Prückl R, Hintermüller C, Kapeller C, et al. (2012).
6529:"Brain communication in a completely locked-in patient using bedside near-infrared spectroscopy"
3630:
O'Doherty JE, Lebedev MA, Ifft PJ, Zhuang KZ, Shokur S, Bleuler H, Nicolelis MA (October 2011).
3255:"Elon Musk says his start-up Neuralink has wired up a monkey to play video games using its mind"
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build-up, causing the signal to weaken, or disappear, as the body reacts to the foreign object.
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funded BCI technology through the BRAIN initiative, which supported work out of teams including
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8060:"Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies (Project page)"
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Alex Blainey controls a cheap consumer robot arm using the EPOC headset via a serial relay port
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2010:
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patented a neural interface system allowing radio waves to affect signals in the neural cortex.
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demonstrated for the first time that BCI technology can restore brain-controlled walking after
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Miyawaki Y, Uchida H, Yamashita O, Sato MA, Morito Y, Tanabe HC, et al. (December 2008).
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Yanagisawa T (2011). "Electrocorticographic Control of Prosthetic Arm in Paralyzed Patients".
2379:"Sensor Modalities for Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Literature Review"
1025:
Human trials with Stentrode were underway as of 2021. In November 2020, two participants with
565:
Other laboratories that have developed BCIs and algorithms that decode neuron signals include
404:
Several groups have been able to capture complex brain motor cortex signals by recording from
160:(relaxed, neutral, concentrating), mental emotional states (negative, neutral, positive), and
13067:
12851:
12750:
12623:
12267:
12027:
12022:
11829:
11720:
11641:
11580:
11539:
10820:
Ritaccio A, Brunner P, Gunduz A, Hermes D, Hirsch LJ, Jacobs J, et al. (December 2014).
9296:"Minds, motherboards, and money: futurism and realism in the neuroethics of BCI technologies"
7151:"Brain-computer interface robotics for hand rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review"
6678:. 2009 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. IEEE. pp. 451–454.
6255:
Schalk G, Miller KJ, Anderson NR, Wilson JA, Smyth MD, Ojemann JG, et al. (March 2008).
4740:
Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B, Masse NY, Simeral JD, Vogel J, et al. (May 2012).
2271:
2131:
1767:
1514:
1385:
953:
924:
319:
196:
6084:"Stentrode Device Allows Computer Control by ALS Patients with Partial Upper Limb Paralysis"
4107:
Moses DA, Metzger SL, Liu JR, Anumanchipalli GK, Makin JG, Sun PF, et al. (July 2021).
3426:"Reconstruction of natural scenes from ensemble responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus"
1490:
13114:
13077:
13057:
12896:
12777:
12560:
12485:
12475:
12248:
11999:
11839:
11810:
11705:
11400:
11365:
10882:
10160:
Leamy DJ, Kocijan J, Domijan K, Duffin J, Roche RA, Commins S, et al. (January 2014).
10015:
Gibson RM, Fernández-Espejo D, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Kwan BY, Lee DH, Owen AM, Cruse D (2014).
9187:
8894:
8634:
8399:
8314:
7670:
7615:
7337:
7244:
6995:
6934:
6849:
6325:
6268:
5847:
5689:
5461:
5173:
5100:
5034:
4859:
4753:
4675:
4374:
4361:
Richardson AG, Ghenbot Y, Liu X, Hao H, Rinehart C, DeLuccia S, et al. (August 2019).
4319:
4220:
4068:
4003:
3905:
3850:
3747:
3696:
3643:
3482:
3382:
3288:
2949:
Miranda RA, Casebeer WD, Hein AM, Judy JW, Krotkov EP, Laabs TL, et al. (April 2015).
2608:
2075:
2059:
1306:
The electrode was tested on a test bench and on human subjects in four modalities, namely:
1222:
1124:
1038:
900:
864:
676:
632:
496:
364:
100:
9080:"Hacking the brain: brain-computer interfacing technology and the ethics of neurosecurity"
8090:
7263:
6895:
6035:"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. A Systematic Analysis of Transverse Sinus Stenting"
2162:, a system that reads unspoken verbalizations and responds with bone-conduction headphones
8:
13171:
13146:
12906:
12881:
12799:
12643:
12588:
12419:
12142:
12042:
11919:
11889:
11874:
11375:
10066:
Risetti M, Formisano R, Toppi J, Quitadamo LR, Bianchi L, Astolfi L, et al. (2013).
8580:
Warwick K, Gasson M, Hutt B, Goodhew I, Kyberd P, Andrews B, et al. (October 2003).
8529:
5891:
Gulati T, Won SJ, Ramanathan DS, Wong CC, Bodepudi A, Swanson RA, Ganguly K (June 2015).
3231:
3000:"Plasticity-inducing TMS protocols to investigate somatosensory control of hand function"
1942:
1739:
Researchers have built devices to interface with neural cells and entire neural networks
1625:
1568:
1175:
1071:
948:
199:, with disappointing results. However, more sophisticated measuring devices, such as the
126:
64:
11237:
11202:
11179:
10886:
9446:
9191:
9175:
8898:
8638:
8403:
8318:
7674:
7619:
7341:
7248:
6999:
6938:
6853:
6496:
6471:
6329:
6272:
6237:
5851:
5693:
5465:
5364:
Harrison RR (July 2008). "The Design of Integrated Circuits to Observe Brain Activity".
5215:
Zhang M, Tang Z, Liu X, Van der Spiegel J (April 2020). "Electronic neural interfaces".
5177:
5129:
5104:
5088:
5063:
5038:
5022:
4863:
4757:
4679:
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4378:
4323:
4224:
4072:
4007:
3909:
3854:
3751:
3700:
3647:
3486:
3386:
3292:
3077:"DARPA awards $ 65 million to develop the perfect, tiny two-way brain-computer inerface"
2951:"DARPA-funded efforts in the development of novel brain-computer interface technologies"
2861:
2612:
2445:
2428:
13188:
12824:
12809:
12782:
12608:
12434:
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12052:
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10951:
10903:
10870:
10846:
10821:
10802:
10737:
10666:
10607:
10580:
10553:
10526:
10507:
10389:
10337:
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10288:
10261:
10242:
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10161:
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10043:
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9997:
9944:
9841:
9387:
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9295:
9219:
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9099:
9010:
8965:
8917:
8882:
8706:
8681:
8657:
8622:
8501:
8420:
8387:
8337:
8302:
8250:
8206:
8180:"Filter Bank Common Spatial Pattern Algorithm on BCI Competition IV Datasets 2a and 2b"
8179:
8138:
8010:
7985:
7966:
7822:
7795:
7776:
7693:
7658:
7639:
7627:
7588:
7510:
7483:
7482:
Rashid M, Sulaiman N, Abdul Majeed AP, Musa RM, Ab Nasir AF, Bari BS, Khatun S (2020).
7464:
7407:
7380:
7361:
7349:
7304:
7177:
7150:
7131:
7118:
7093:
7054:
7018:
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6813:
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6720:
6553:
6528:
6509:
6452:
6348:
6313:
6289:
6256:
6182:
6169:
6059:
6034:
6015:
5971:
5917:
5892:
5868:
5835:
5811:
5786:
5759:
5734:
5710:
5678:"Ultraflexible nanoelectronic probes form reliable, glial scar-free neural integration"
5677:
5653:
5628:
5605:
5570:
5531:
5504:
5485:
5434:
5389:
5338:
5311:
5284:
5259:
5240:
5197:
5142:
5002:
4989:
4964:
4926:
4880:
4847:
4823:
4798:
4774:
4741:
4699:
4648:
4486:
4397:
4362:
4343:
4331:
4289:
4241:
4208:
4146:
4133:
4108:
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4024:
3991:
3972:
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3781:
3720:
3664:
3631:
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3582:
3506:
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3441:
3425:
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3355:
3312:
3026:
2999:
2980:
2853:
2778:
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2676:
2629:
2596:
2488:
2351:
2324:
2210:
2190:
2170:
2165:
2095:
2043:
during neurosurgery. This procedure is often required for people who do not respond to
1775:
1666:
1641:
1536:
1449:
1441:
1282:
1190:
task with three disks using a CNV flip-flop. A 2015 study described EEG-emulation of a
1152:
1079:, which translated ECoG data into one of fifty sentences composed of 250 unique words.
957:
930:
807:
771:
693:). In a secondary, implicit control loop, the system adapts to its user, improving its
502:
469:
329:
307:
181:
10871:"Dissolvable films of silk fibroin for ultrathin conformal bio-integrated electronics"
9810:
Brunner C, Birbaumer N, Blankertz B, Guger C, Kübler A, Mattia D, et al. (2015).
9624:
8862:
7764:
4814:
3555:
3528:
2723:
2656:
1811:
Concerns center on the safety and long-term effects on users. These include obtaining
1689:
and IINN-ELS connected the brains of two rats, allowing them to share information, in
998:, is designed to be delivered via an intravenous catheter under image-guidance to the
863:
handwriting recognition on electrical signals detected in the motor cortex, utilizing
604:, including signals created when experimental animals anticipated receiving a reward.
36:
Direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device
13025:
12933:
12886:
12707:
12693:
12681:
12500:
12137:
12072:
12047:
11899:
11859:
11570:
11499:
11427:
11242:
11224:
11155:
11145:
11131:"The Biomuse Trio in Conversation: An Interview with R. Benjamin Knapp and Eric Lyon"
11071:
11026:
10992:
10943:
10908:
10851:
10822:"Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography"
10794:
10741:
10729:
10658:
10612:
10558:
10499:
10463:
10453:
10420:
10381:
10342:
10293:
10234:
10224:
10193:
10134:
10099:
10048:
9989:
9936:
9889:
9864:
9706:"NextMind's Dev Kit for mind-controlled computing offers a rare 'wow' factor in tech"
9479:
9392:
9374:
9335:
9317:
9276:
9268:
9223:
9211:
9203:
9156:
9138:
9000:
8957:
8953:
8922:
8711:
8662:
8603:
8425:
8342:
8281:
8211:
8142:
8015:
7958:
7827:
7768:
7733:
7698:
7631:
7580:
7570:
7515:
7456:
7446:
7412:
7353:
7294:
7221:
7217:
7182:
7135:
7123:
7074:
7023:
6960:
6877:
6818:
6804:
6761:
6558:
6513:
6501:
6456:
6442:
6407:
6353:
6294:
6186:
6174:
6156:
6064:
6019:
6005:
5975:
5963:
5940:
Soldozy S, Young S, Kumar JS, Capek S, Felbaum DR, Jean WC, et al. (July 2020).
5922:
5873:
5816:
5764:
5715:
5658:
5609:
5574:
5536:
5477:
5438:
5424:
5420:
5381:
5343:
5289:
5244:
5232:
5201:
5189:
5161:
5146:
5134:
5116:
5068:
5050:
5006:
4994:
4930:
4916:
4885:
4828:
4779:
4691:
4640:
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4580:
4531:
4478:
4443:
4402:
4335:
4281:
4246:
4150:
4138:
4086:
4041:
4029:
3964:
3960:
3921:
3866:
3773:
3712:
3669:
3612:
3560:
3529:"Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates"
3498:
3455:
3398:
3347:
3343:
3304:
3153:
3031:
2972:
2770:
2727:
2634:
2542:
2523:
2450:
2406:
2398:
2356:
2245:
2175:
1635:
1244:
device, enabling classification of data acquired by a consumer-grade sensing device.
1019:
621:
325:
292:
12535:
11101:"A Young Person's Guide to Brainwave Music: Forty years of audio from the human EEG"
11040:
10955:
10806:
10629:
10393:
10146:
9845:
8969:
8254:
7970:
7780:
7643:
7592:
7468:
7365:
7308:
6946:
6773:
6724:
6472:"Machine translation of cortical activity to text with an encoder-decoder framework"
6280:
5676:
Luan L, Wei X, Zhao Z, Siegel JJ, Potnis O, Tuppen CA, et al. (February 2017).
4742:"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm"
4490:
4347:
3976:
3410:
3359:
3316:
3102:
2984:
2739:
2680:
2547:. Madeira Island, Portugal: 9th international Conference on Intelligent Systems 2018
1498:(top row: original image; bottom row: reconstruction from mean of combined readings)
1056:
Signals can be either subdural or epidural, but are not taken from within the brain
13156:
13072:
13005:
12998:
12973:
12911:
12891:
12846:
12841:
12495:
12439:
12178:
12062:
11989:
11904:
11785:
11735:
11529:
11468:
11350:
11232:
11214:
11063:
11018:
10982:
10935:
10898:
10890:
10869:
Kim DH, Viventi J, Amsden JJ, Xiao J, Vigeland L, Kim YS, et al. (June 2010).
10841:
10833:
10786:
10721:
10670:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10602:
10592:
10548:
10538:
10511:
10491:
10445:
10412:
10373:
10332:
10324:
10283:
10273:
10246:
10216:
10183:
10173:
10126:
10089:
10079:
10038:
10028:
10001:
9979:
9971:
9948:
9926:
9918:
9831:
9823:
9382:
9366:
9325:
9307:
9258:
9250:
9195:
9146:
9130:
9103:
9091:
9014:
8992:
8949:
8912:
8902:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8652:
8642:
8593:
8534:
8415:
8407:
8332:
8322:
8273:
8242:
8201:
8191:
8130:
8005:
7997:
7948:
7887:
7817:
7807:
7760:
7725:
7688:
7678:
7623:
7562:
7505:
7495:
7438:
7402:
7392:
7345:
7286:
7213:
7172:
7162:
7113:
7105:
7064:
7013:
7003:
6950:
6942:
6867:
6857:
6808:
6800:
6751:
6715:
6710:
6697:
Božinovski, Adrijan; Tonković, Stanko; Išgum, Velimir; Božinovska, Liljana (2011).
6679:
6625:
6548:
6540:
6491:
6483:
6434:
6378:
6343:
6333:
6284:
6276:
6212:
6164:
6148:
6054:
6046:
5997:
5953:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5863:
5855:
5806:
5798:
5754:
5746:
5705:
5697:
5648:
5640:
5601:
5566:
5526:
5516:
5489:
5469:
5416:
5393:
5373:
5333:
5323:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5224:
5181:
5124:
5108:
5058:
5042:
4984:
4976:
4908:
4875:
4867:
4818:
4810:
4769:
4761:
4703:
4683:
4652:
4632:
4508:
4474:
4470:
4433:
4392:
4382:
4327:
4293:
4273:
4236:
4228:
4128:
4120:
4076:
4019:
4011:
3956:
3933:
3913:
3878:
3858:
3785:
3765:
3724:
3704:
3659:
3651:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3550:
3540:
3490:
3445:
3437:
3390:
3339:
3296:
3103:"Brown to receive up to $ 19M to engineer next-generation brain-computer interface"
3021:
3011:
2967:
2962:
2950:
2857:
2845:
2809:
2782:
2762:
2719:
2668:
2624:
2616:
2569:
Mental Emotional Sentiment Classification with an EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface
2515:
2492:
2480:
2440:
2390:
2346:
2336:
2265:
2225:
2135:
1994:
1865:
1812:
1682:
1629:
1588:
1404:
1351:
939:
895:
836:
662:
574:
558:
478:
281:
246:
145:
28:
11203:"Representation of internal speech by single neurons in human supramarginal gyrus"
11130:
10525:
Young BM, Nigogosyan Z, Remsik A, Walton LM, Song J, Nair VA, et al. (2014).
10361:
10328:
9827:
8623:"Conscious brain-to-brain communication in humans using non-invasive technologies"
8272:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 540. pp. 449–462.
6630:
6613:
6033:
Teleb MS, Cziep ME, Lazzaro MA, Gheith A, Asif K, Remler B, Zaidat OO (May 2014).
5408:
3510:
2814:
2797:
13032:
13020:
12550:
12540:
12515:
12454:
12414:
12371:
12322:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12117:
12057:
11994:
11909:
11869:
11854:
11805:
11795:
11750:
11411:
11406:
11355:
11310:
11083:
11022:
11015:
2011 Proceedings of the European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC)
10790:
10416:
9922:
9651:
9254:
8907:
8764:
8647:
8327:
8277:
8246:
7953:
7936:
7290:
7008:
6862:
6544:
6152:
6001:
5859:
4946:"Experimental Brain Implant Lets Man With Paralysis Turn His Thoughts Into Words"
4912:
3805:
3545:
3300:
3186:
2657:"Alvin Lucier's music for solo performer: experimental music beyond sonification"
2652:
2138:"spikes", which would offer greatly diversified data vs conventional techniques.
1921:
1686:
1662:
1469:
1464:
to regain basic ambulation. In 2009 independent researcher Alex Blainey used the
1278:
1241:
1231:
1191:
759:
522:
474:
405:
296:
134:
68:
10837:
10409:
Foundations of Augmented Cognition: Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience
8598:
8581:
8134:
7986:"Reconstructing visual experiences from brain activity evoked by natural movies"
7870:
FMRI Brain–Computer Interface: A Tool for Neuroscientific Research and Treatment
7283:
Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience
6438:
6257:"Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans"
5802:
1440:
system to restore upper extremity movements in a person with tetraplegia due to
392:, which control movement, date back to the 1970s. In the 1980s, Georgopoulos at
214:
Berger analyzed the interrelation of alternations in his EEG wave diagrams with
13161:
12988:
12804:
12530:
12510:
12505:
12391:
12203:
12173:
12102:
12077:
12067:
11914:
11894:
11884:
11770:
11690:
11494:
11478:
11345:
11219:
10449:
10377:
10359:
10278:
10130:
9134:
9079:
8984:
7984:
Nishimoto S, Vu AT, Naselaris T, Benjamini Y, Yu B, Gallant JL (October 2011).
7167:
6216:
5473:
5409:"Key Considerations for Power Management in Active Implantable Medical Devices"
5185:
5112:
5046:
4980:
4871:
4367:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4081:
4056:
3127:
2620:
2240:
1861:
1366:
1187:
1114:
1076:
1050:
911:
scale of microvolts is the fact that the electrode-tissue interface has a high
815:
747:
617:
538:
514:
507:
432:
Yang Dan and colleagues' recordings of cat vision using a BCI implanted in the
397:
215:
10987:
10970:
10220:
9370:
9237:
Haselager, Pim; Vlek, Rutger; Hill, Jeremy; Nijboer, Femke (1 November 2009).
9095:
8805:
8621:
Grau C, Ginhoux R, Riera A, Nguyen TL, Chauvat H, Berg M, et al. (2014).
8388:"A brain-to-brain interface for real-time sharing of sensorimotor information"
8386:
Pais-Vieira M, Lebedev M, Kunicki C, Wang J, Nicolelis MA (28 February 2013).
8001:
7856:
7844:
7729:
7566:
7442:
7109:
6756:
6739:
6527:
Gallegos-Ayala G, Furdea A, Takano K, Ruf CA, Flor H, Birbaumer N (May 2014).
6487:
5958:
5941:
5750:
5644:
5377:
5228:
4438:
4421:
4015:
3821:
3128:"Minimally Invasive "Stentrode" Shows Potential as Neural Interface for Brain"
2672:
2544:
A Study on Mental State Classification using EEG-based Brain-Machine Interface
13228:
13193:
13010:
12993:
12943:
12633:
12618:
12545:
12409:
12127:
12122:
12087:
11984:
11974:
11934:
11780:
11715:
11710:
11585:
11554:
11549:
11524:
11514:
11315:
11228:
11075:
10597:
10543:
10495:
10084:
10033:
9378:
9321:
9312:
9272:
9207:
9142:
9118:
8196:
7906:"To operate robot only with brain, ATR and Honda develop BMI base technology"
7812:
7500:
7397:
7078:
6765:
6683:
6160:
5521:
5385:
5328:
5236:
5120:
5054:
4965:"The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands"
4535:
4447:
2766:
2402:
2341:
2220:
2200:
2040:
2005:
intervals. Home devices can allow communications when the patient is ready.
1901:
1872:
1816:
repair, and spare parts, particularly in the event of a company's bankruptcy
1701:
1564:
1527:
In 2008 research developed in the Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR)
1253:
1195:
828:
763:
751:
636:
527:
355:
253:
behavior, utilizing autonomous intelligence and an autonomous energy source.
60:
9975:
8985:"MultiMind: Multi-Brain Signal Fusion to Exceed the Power of a Single Brain"
4799:"High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia"
4577:
Search for Paradise: A Patient's Account of the Artificial Vision Experiment
4387:
4363:"Learning active sensing strategies using a sensory brain-machine interface"
3917:
3769:
3394:
3227:"Elon Musk's Pig-Brain Implant Is Still a Long Way from 'Solving Paralysis'"
2849:
2484:
2394:
1965:
1759:, worked on a neurochip designed to function as an artificial or prosthetic
1354:
board with snap-on electrode holders. The signal processing module measured
13097:
12965:
12819:
12570:
12565:
12555:
12525:
12520:
12490:
12366:
12213:
12208:
12092:
11924:
11849:
11800:
11790:
11765:
11760:
11730:
11664:
11575:
11544:
11534:
11452:
11360:
11265:
11246:
10996:
10912:
10855:
10798:
10733:
10662:
10616:
10562:
10503:
10467:
10385:
10346:
10297:
10238:
10197:
10178:
10138:
10103:
10052:
9993:
9940:
9811:
9396:
9353:
Nijboer, Femke; Clausen, Jens; Allison, Brendan Z.; Haselager, Pim (2013).
9339:
9280:
9215:
9160:
8961:
8926:
8715:
8666:
8607:
8573:
8429:
8346:
8215:
8019:
7962:
7831:
7772:
7737:
7702:
7635:
7584:
7519:
7460:
7416:
7357:
7186:
7127:
7069:
7042:
7027:
6964:
6881:
6822:
6562:
6505:
6411:
6357:
6298:
6178:
6068:
5967:
5926:
5877:
5836:"Advanced One- and Two-Dimensional Mesh Designs for Injectable Electronics"
5820:
5768:
5719:
5701:
5662:
5613:
5578:
5540:
5481:
5347:
5293:
5193:
5162:"Brain-reading devices allow paralysed people to talk using their thoughts"
5138:
5089:"A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control"
5072:
4998:
4889:
4832:
4783:
4695:
4482:
4406:
4339:
4285:
4250:
4142:
4090:
4033:
3968:
3925:
3870:
3777:
3716:
3673:
3616:
3564:
3502:
3459:
3279:
Fetz EE (February 1969). "Operant conditioning of cortical unit activity".
3035:
2976:
2774:
2731:
2638:
2527:
2410:
2360:
2255:
2185:
1974:
1640:
Human-computer interaction can exploit other recording modalities, such as
1535:, Japan, allowed researchers to reconstruct images from brain signals at a
1417:
1331:
1091:
1088:
1003:
506:
Diagram of the BCI developed by Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues for use on
386:
376:
287:
226:
204:
157:
149:
10947:
8883:"A collaborative brain-computer interface for improving human performance"
8361:
7891:
7225:
6103:"New 'thought-controlled' device reads brain activity through the jugular"
5413:
2020 IEEE 11th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS)
4846:
Willett FR, Avansino DT, Hochberg LR, Henderson JM, Shenoy KV (May 2021).
4644:
4124:
4109:"Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria"
3892:
Musallam S, Corneil BD, Greger B, Scherberger H, Andersen RA (July 2004).
3402:
3308:
3016:
2454:
1174:
A further parameter is the method of feedback used as shown in studies of
428:
13092:
13087:
12831:
12356:
12082:
11929:
9680:"NextMind ships its real-time brain computer interface Dev Kit for $ 399"
9585:"'necomimi' selected 'Time Magazine / The 50 best invention of the year'"
8300:
8094:
8063:
7882:
Peplow, Mark (27 August 2004). "Mental ping-pong could aid paraplegics".
3351:
2148:
2119:
2114:
1879:
announced that it was partnering with NeuroSky to create Judecca, a game.
1876:
1760:
1518:
1226:
912:
907:
821:
736:
672:
485:
372:
234:
173:
12719:
8996:
4765:
4687:
4523:
4232:
3862:
3837:
Velliste M, Perel S, Spalding MC, Whitford AS, Schwartz AB (June 2008).
3655:
3203:
1993:(DOC). This state is defined to include people in a coma and those in a
1221:
source imaging, They identified the co-variation and co-localization of
984:
conceived the idea for this BCI, called Stentrode, earning funding from
13052:
12480:
12444:
12376:
12243:
11944:
11519:
10653:
10411:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9743. pp. 261–272.
10116:
10014:
9984:
9931:
9836:
9730:
9119:"Wired Emotions: Ethical Issues of Affective Brain–Computer Interfaces"
6338:
3580:
2044:
1779:
1678:
1457:
1355:
1330:
used a 64-electrode EEG skullcap to return limited hand movements to a
1119:
1057:
1042:
1011:
944:
824:
767:
755:
422:
382:
185:
176:'s discovery of the brain's electrical activity and the development of
130:
10939:
9785:
9263:
8411:
7750:
7683:
6750:(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 39–51.
6382:
6050:
5787:"Tissue-like Neural Probes for Understanding and Modulating the Brain"
5305:
5303:
4102:
4100:
2519:
324:
Several laboratories have managed to read signals from monkey and rat
13082:
12404:
12188:
11879:
11504:
11370:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11067:
10894:
10776:
10725:
10442:
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Lab Experiments to Real-World Applications
9500:"Brains-on with NeuroSky and Square Enix's Judecca mind-control game"
9199:
8989:
2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies
8679:
8156:
7041:
Bird JJ, Faria DR, Manso LJ, Ekárt A, Buckingham CD (13 March 2019).
5312:"Revealing neuronal function through microelectrode array recordings"
3494:
2709:
2230:
2215:
2087:
2083:
2071:
1950:
1926:
1905:
1898:
1746:
1728:
1576:
1393:
1359:
1167:
991:
916:
832:
782:
694:
640:
613:
344:
340:
300:
8035:"Breakthrough Could Enable Others to Watch Your Dreams and Memories"
7201:
6698:
5893:"Robust neuroprosthetic control from the stroke perilesional cortex"
4718:
4277:
3708:
2323:
Krucoff MO, Rahimpour S, Slutzky MW, Edgerton VR, Turner DA (2016).
2013:
that can help determine whether the patient is able to communicate.
549:
12926:
12901:
12449:
12424:
12097:
8471:"Brain-to-brain interface lets rats share information via internet"
7241:
Active Micromachined Scalp Electrode Array for Eeg Signal Recording
7059:
6787:
Yuan H, Liu T, Szarkowski R, Rios C, Ashe J, He B (February 2010).
5407:
Haci D, Liu Y, Ghoreishizadeh SS, Constandinou TG (February 2020).
5300:
4097:
3838:
2541:
Bird JJ, Manso LJ, Ribeiro EP, Ekárt A, Faria DR (September 2018).
2297:
2159:
2153:
2079:
1887:
1854:
1770:
used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a
1741:
1723:
1461:
1144:
1015:
518:
492:
449:
208:
12291:
7718:
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
6202:"Chapter III: Design Principles of a Neuromotor Prosthetic Device"
5834:
Viveros RD, Zhou T, Hong G, Fu TM, Lin HG, Lieber CM (June 2019).
5629:"Developing Next-generation Brain Sensing Technologies - A Review"
3632:"Active tactile exploration using a brain-machine-brain interface"
3372:
2573:
1661:
A 2016 article described a new non-EEG-based HCI that required no
1636:
Non-brain-based human–computer interface (physiological computing)
1599:(HRV) can do so. Many biofeedback systems treat disorders such as
1049:. In a later trial, the researchers enabled a teenage boy to play
665:
to control the activity of genetically defined subsets of neurons
218:. EEGs permitted completely new possibilities for brain research.
12459:
12399:
10756:"Synchron begins trialling Stentrode neural interface technology"
9468:
9466:
9464:
8810:
8301:
Mathôt S, Melmi JB, van der Linden L, Van der Stigchel S (2016).
6696:
6676:
Anticipatory brain potentials in a Brain-Robot Interface paradigm
5406:
3686:
2063:
1732:
1548:
1389:
1161:
1139:
791:
667:
651:
586:
408:(groups of neurons) and using these to control external devices.
389:
310:. Both use similar experimental methods and surgical techniques.
200:
103:), based on how physically close electrodes are to brain tissue.
10068:"On ERPs detection in disorders of consciousness rehabilitation"
9526:. Physorg.com (10 January 2009). Retrieved on 12 September 2010.
4905:
Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 10
4845:
4203:
Huber D, Petreanu L, Ghitani N, Ranade S, Hromádka T, Mainen Z,
3891:
3526:
3158:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
1665:, or ability to move the eyes. The interface is based on covert
1403:
cell phone, tablet, and computer based BCIs, analyzed the power
1230:
helicopter through an obstacle course. They also solved the EEG
12429:
11633:
11473:
10969:
Thompson CH, Zoratti MJ, Langhals NB, Purcell EK (April 2016).
10444:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 228. pp. 357–387.
9656:
9629:
8123:
IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games
8091:"Scientists use brain imaging to reveal the movies in our mind"
7657:
Symeonidou ER, Nordin AD, Hairston WD, Ferris DP (April 2018).
7378:
7092:
Mansour S, Ang KK, Nair KP, Phua KS, Arvaneh M (January 2022).
6836:
Doud AJ, Lucas JP, Pisansky MT, He B (2011). Gribble PL (ed.).
6614:"Brain-computer interface in Europe: The thirtieth anniversary"
2798:"Brain-computer interface in Europe: The thirtieth anniversary"
2700:, Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw (eds.), E.W. Oxford University Press.
2322:
1912:
1883:
1864:
developed a device for use in video games relying primarily on
1618:
1572:
1540:
1465:
1274:
1206:
927:. Optimal battery design is an active area of research in BCIs.
811:
457:
371:
showed that monkeys could learn to control the deflection of a
192:
80:
10968:
10310:
10065:
9809:
9756:"Brain-computer Interface (BCI), explore neuroscience - PiEEG"
9588:
9461:
9352:
8582:"The application of implant technology for cybernetic systems"
7656:
7481:
5310:
Obien ME, Deligkaris K, Bullmann T, Bakkum DJ, Frey U (2015).
4848:"High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting"
4739:
3946:
3629:
2887:
Proc. IEEE Annual Conference of Medical and Biological Society
2471:
Vidal J (1977). "Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG".
1567:
involves imagining the movement of body parts, activating the
682:
BCIs led to a deeper understanding of neural networks and the
12921:
11260:
10439:
9961:
9403:
8385:
7983:
7794:
Do AH, Wang PT, King CE, Chun SN, Nenadic Z (December 2013).
6977:
6526:
5785:
Hong G, Viveros RD, Zwang TJ, Yang X, Lieber CM (July 2018).
5626:
5309:
4106:
3836:
1532:
1199:
1178:
signals. Patterns of P300 waves are generated involuntarily (
985:
265:
191:
Berger's first recording device was rudimentary. He inserted
115:
56:
11385:
9908:
9812:"BNCI Horizon 2020: towards a roadmap for the BCI community"
8120:
7148:
5591:
4796:
4558:"Dr. William Dobelle, Artificial Vision Pioneer, Dies at 62"
2094:
used to create these devices resembles those used to create
1778:. After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a
1677:
In the 1960s a researcher after training used EEG to create
1582:
1115:
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces
777:
671:. In the context of a simple learning task, illumination of
172:
The history of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) starts with
106:
Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the
10819:
10524:
10406:
8178:
Ang KK, Chin ZY, Wang C, Guan C, Zhang H (1 January 2012).
7934:
7796:"Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis"
5556:
5214:
5085:
4665:
3992:"Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences"
3989:
3472:
2505:
2067:
1847:
1771:
1510:
1421:
890:
740:
526:
to control reaching movements and simultaneously predicted
96:
11820:
11053:
6254:
4202:
2597:"Thalamocortical dysrhythmia detected by machine learning"
2126:
nerve sensors that were proposed in a 2011 paper from the
10971:"Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses"
10159:
9859:
Allison BZ, Dunne S, Leeb R, Millan J, Nijholt A (2013).
9117:
Steinert, Steffen; Friedrich, Orsolya (1 February 2020).
8838:"Experts to 'redefine the future' at Humanity+ @ CalTech"
7845:
Subject with Paraplegia Operates BCI-controlled RoGO (4x)
5735:"Next-generation interfaces for studying neural function"
5451:
4422:"Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges"
3329:
3200:"Monkey Uses Brain Power to Feed Itself With Robotic Arm"
1218:
1214:
988:. Preclinical studies evaluated the technology in sheep.
846:
Research teams led by the BrainGate group and another at
654:, a general-purpose system for BCI research, since 2000.
92:
84:
10579:
Yuan K, Chen C, Wang X, Chu WC, Tong RK (January 2021).
10260:
Bai Z, Fong KN, Zhang JJ, Chan J, Ting KH (April 2020).
9236:
8579:
8550:"Nervous System Hookup Leads to Telepathic Hand-Holding"
5502:
1554:
1111:(ALS) was able to restore basic ability to communicate.
1098:
643:
patient who had been unable to speak for over 15 years.
328:
to operate BCIs to produce movement. Monkeys have moved
11160:. Nicolelis Lab Series. Vol. 2. 2019. p. 436.
11150:. Nicolelis Lab Series. Vol. 1. 2019. p. 452.
8939:
8570:
Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185–189, 2004
8116:
8114:
8112:
6397:
6395:
6311:
6032:
5890:
4360:
3839:"Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding"
2948:
2376:
1904:, a game designed to create the illusion of possessing
635:
to tap neural activity from a patient's brain and used
9858:
8620:
8614:
6131:
5939:
5884:
5019:
4165:"Tapping Into the Brain to Help a Paralyzed Man Speak"
3990:
Anumanchipalli GK, Chartier J, Chang EF (April 2019).
2090:; the flexibility allows the electronics to bend. The
11200:
10925:
9755:
9562:
6786:
5732:
4460:
4419:
3737:
2594:
1427:
299:. The first neuroprosthetic device, however, was the
10868:
9883:
8806:"Speculations on Robots, Cyborgs & Telepresence"
8109:
6737:
6673:
6611:
6392:
6244:. Washington University in St Louis. 9 October 2006.
5784:
5733:
Frank JA, Antonini MJ, Anikeeva P (September 2019).
2795:
148:
to statistical temporal features extracted from the
27:
For direct brain control of prosthetic devices, see
7206:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
7040:
6835:
6699:"Robot Control Using Anticipatory Brain Potentials"
4962:
2752:
2692:
2690:
1984:
1420:, EEG pattern recognition based on Topomap and EEG-
544:
137:devices were implanted in humans in the mid-1990s.
10480:
9955:
8523:Selim, Jocelyn; Drinkell, Pete (1 November 2002).
7091:
6744:IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development
6312:Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J (31 January 2012).
6134:
3894:"Cognitive control signals for neural prosthetics"
2997:
2698:Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice
2566:Bird JJ, Ekart A, Buckingham CD, Faria DR (2019).
1617:(SSVEPs) use potentials generated by exciting the
1475:
1396:rhythms to function as a motor-imagery based BCI.
10710:
9294:Attiah, Mark A.; Farah, Martha J. (15 May 2014).
9116:
7556:
7199:
6674:Bozinovski, Adrijan; Bozinovska, Liljana (2009).
5833:
5675:
3132:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
3051:"Brain Chip Helps Paralyzed Man Feel His Fingers"
2900:Proc. IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Motion Control
960:of the electrode closer to that of brain tissue.
81:erasing the distinction between brain and machine
13226:
10259:
9803:
8270:Advances in Robot Design and Intelligent Control
6238:"Teenager moves video icons just by imagination"
4263:
2687:
1606:
620:parameters of limb movements, BCIs that predict
436:(top row: original image; bottom row: recording)
10578:
10210:
9888:. Tokyo: pringer Verlag Japan. pp. 33–66.
9603:"LIFESUIT Updates & News – They Shall Walk"
8488:
8177:
7715:
7238:
6738:Bozinovski, Stevo; Bozinovski, Adrijan (2015).
6469:
6428:
6199:
4420:Abdulkader SN, Atia A, Mostafa MS (July 2015).
2595:Vanneste S, Song JJ, De Ridder D (March 2018).
2508:IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering
1672:
1601:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
1494:ATR Labs' reconstruction of human vision using
118:. Vidal's 1973 paper introduced the expression
83:. BCI implementations range from non-invasive (
10266:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
10166:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
9538:"Toy trains 'Star Wars' fans to use The Force"
9077:
7800:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
7793:
7280:
7155:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
6377:. Vol. 71, no. 3. pp. 353–361.
6211:. Imperial College Press. pp. 1158–1196.
4184:. National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnology
4054:
3576:
3574:
3522:
3520:
2651:
2433:Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering
1755:In 2003 a team led by Theodore Berger, at the
1691:the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface
1376:The scientists reported that a single channel
1264:
55:), is a direct communication link between the
12735:
12307:
11649:
11281:
11114:Gupta, Cota Navin and Ramaswamy Palanappian.
9587:. Neurowear. 22 November 2011. Archived from
9078:Ienca, Marcello; Haselager, Pim (June 2016).
8522:
7605:
6605:
5503:Szostak KM, Grand L, Constandinou TG (2017).
5257:
4963:Pandarinath C, Bensmaia SJ (September 2021).
4568:
4057:"Brain implants that let you speak your mind"
2998:Jacobs M, Premji A, Nelson AJ (16 May 2012).
2318:
2316:
1436:and colleagues demonstrated a BCI-controlled
713:$ 3,000, $ 2,000, and $ 1,000, respectively.
12184:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
11295:
11157:20 Years of Brain-Machine Interface Research
11147:20 Years of Brain-Machine Interface Research
10928:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
10758:. Verdict Medical Devices. 22 September 2019
7327:
4622:
3623:
3423:
2831:"Real-time detection of brain events in EEG"
2429:"Toward direct brain-computer communication"
852:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
9703:
9677:
9293:
7787:
7432:
7261:
7200:Taheri BA, Knight RT, Smith RL (May 1994).
6470:Makin JG, Moses DA, Chang EF (April 2020).
6364:
5023:"A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis"
4602:"Mr. Jen Naumann's high-tech paradise lost"
4309:
3571:
3517:
3424:Stanley GB, Li FF, Dan Y (September 1999).
2789:
2034:
1705:between the nervous systems of two humans.
1647:
1002:, in the region which lies adjacent to the
369:University of Washington School of Medicine
156:) data has achieved success in classifying
13207:
12742:
12728:
12314:
12300:
11656:
11642:
11288:
11274:
11008:
11006:
9497:
8765:"'Brain' in a dish flies flight simulator"
8379:
8353:
8267:
8228:
6370:
3799:Pitt team to build on brain-controlled arm
2313:
1298:compatibility with EEG monitoring systems.
1151:Another research parameter is the type of
963:
12749:
11236:
11218:
10986:
10902:
10845:
10652:
10606:
10596:
10552:
10542:
10336:
10287:
10277:
10187:
10177:
10093:
10083:
10042:
10032:
9983:
9930:
9835:
9704:Etherington, Darrell (21 December 2020).
9386:
9329:
9311:
9262:
9150:
8916:
8906:
8729:Caltech Scientists Devise First Neurochip
8705:
8656:
8646:
8597:
8419:
8336:
8326:
8231:"Fundamentals of physiological computing"
8205:
8195:
8009:
7952:
7821:
7811:
7692:
7682:
7509:
7499:
7406:
7396:
7381:"How Many People Could Use an SSVEP BCI?"
7176:
7166:
7117:
7068:
7058:
7017:
7007:
6954:
6920:
6871:
6861:
6812:
6755:
6714:
6629:
6552:
6495:
6347:
6337:
6288:
6168:
6058:
5957:
5916:
5867:
5810:
5758:
5709:
5652:
5530:
5520:
5337:
5327:
5283:
5128:
5062:
4988:
4879:
4822:
4773:
4716:
4599:
4437:
4396:
4386:
4240:
4132:
4080:
4023:
3759:
3663:
3606:
3554:
3544:
3449:
3025:
3015:
2966:
2813:
2628:
2444:
2350:
2340:
1941:devices, as well as a text entry app for
1925:magazine selected "necomimi" produced by
1802:
1735:researchers Jerome Pine and Michael Maher
1656:
1583:Bio/neurofeedback for passive BCI designs
1285:. The advantages of such electrodes are:
835:chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle's right
188:(8–13 Hz), by analyzing EEG traces.
10919:
10862:
9555:
8880:
8740:
5363:
4943:
3074:
2540:
2466:
2464:
2422:
2420:
2130:Wireless Research Center. In one model,
2122:is millimeter-sized devices operated as
1964:
1799:publication of his patent application.
1722:
1489:
1444:. Between 2012 and 2013, researchers at
1399:In 2013, comparative tests performed on
1337:
1123:Recordings of brainwaves produced by an
1118:
929:
781:Dummy unit illustrating the design of a
776:
548:
501:
427:
354:
12837:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
12795:Applications of artificial intelligence
11003:
9173:
8494:
8362:"Army Developing 'synthetic telepathy'"
8229:Fairclough, Stephen H. (January 2009).
6644:
4902:
4574:
2039:In 2014, some 400,000 people underwent
2009:attention produces reliable changes in
1897:partnered with NeuroSky to release the
1681:using alpha waves. On 27 February 2013
1615:Steady-state visually evoked potentials
1033:
884:
848:University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
416:
334:University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
270:University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
14:
13227:
13063:Differential technological development
11012:
10574:
10572:
9863:. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
9535:
8982:
8861:
8803:
8547:
8468:
8442:
7881:
7561:. Vol. 2013. pp. 5271–5274.
7552:
7550:
7548:
7437:. Vol. 2013. pp. 1350–1353.
7428:
7426:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
6921:Qin L, Ding L, He B (September 2004).
6100:
6081:
5552:
5550:
5159:
4555:
3100:
537:in the arm representation area of the
12723:
12295:
11637:
11269:
10484:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
9678:Protalinski, Emil (8 December 2020).
9498:Fruhlinger, Joshua (9 October 2008).
8818:from the original on 28 December 2021
8741:Sandhana, Lakshmi (22 October 2004).
8359:
8088:
6896:"Thought-guided helicopter takes off"
6314:"Brain computer interfaces, a review"
6209:Neuroprosthetics: Theory and Practice
6113:from the original on 16 February 2023
6101:Lanese, Nicoletta (12 January 2023).
5987:
5985:
5780:
5778:
5359:
5357:
5258:Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (August 1952).
4305:
4303:
3252:
3224:
2828:
2470:
2461:
2426:
2417:
1929:as one of the year's best inventions.
1793:
1555:BCI control strategies in neurogaming
1507:functional magnetic resonance imaging
1486:Functional magnetic resonance imaging
1326:In 1999 Hunter Peckham and others at
1105:functional near-infrared spectroscopy
1099:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
456:area, which decodes signals from the
211:as small as 10 volt, led to success.
129:of the brain, signals from implanted
108:University of California, Los Angeles
75:. They are often conceptualized as a
12956:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
12669:
12274:
11616:
10683:
10215:. Vol. 2013. pp. 261–264.
8495:Kennedy, Pagan (18 September 2011).
8445:"One Rat Thinks, and Another Reacts"
5991:
4055:Pandarinath C, Ali YH (April 2019).
3949:The European Journal of Neuroscience
3278:
3197:
2565:
2372:
2370:
1960:
1712:
1269:In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at
1082:
1008:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
679:influenced decision-making in mice.
596:Andersen's group used recordings of
272:, Paradromics, Brown, and Synchron.
13152:Future-oriented technology analysis
12815:Progress in artificial intelligence
12321:
10975:Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
10569:
9766:from the original on 15 August 2024
9084:Ethics & Information Technology
8089:Anwar, Yasmin (22 September 2011).
8032:
7545:
7423:
7314:
7202:"A dry electrode for EEG recording"
6978:Höhne J, Holz E, Staiger-Sälzer P,
6612:Bozinovski S, Bozinovska L (2019).
6401:
5547:
4113:The New England Journal of Medicine
3048:
2796:Bozinovski S, Bozinovska L (2019).
2446:10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105
2054:
1886:partnered with NeuroSky to release
1831:
1319:cognitive event-related potentials.
938:Challenges existing in the area of
379:if they were rewarded accordingly.
275:
243:Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)
24:
11093:
9472:
9447:"nia Game Controller Product Page"
9239:"A note on ethical aspects of BCI"
8443:Gorman, James (28 February 2013).
6207:. In Horch KW, Dhillon GS (eds.).
5982:
5775:
5606:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.081
5571:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.007
5354:
4956:
4521:
4300:
3442:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08036.1999
2128:University of California, Berkeley
2066:or other flexible materials (e.g.
1838:Consumer brain–computer interfaces
1428:Prosthesis and environment control
1380:(FFT) and multiple channel system
1295:significantly reduced sensor size,
1047:Washington University in St. Louis
850:, both in collaborations with the
571:Carney Institute for Brain Science
555:Carney Institute for Brain Science
446:University of California, Berkeley
313:
25:
13281:
12639:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
12164:Development of the nervous system
11165:
9300:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
9174:Clausen, Jens (1 February 2009).
8033:Yam, Philip (22 September 2011).
7262:Hockenberry, John (August 2001).
7243:(PHD Thesis thesis). p. 82.
6982:, Kübler A, Tangermann M (2014).
6431:Brain-Computer Interface Research
6374:American Neurological Association
5994:Brain-Computer Interface Research
5160:Naddaf, Miryam (23 August 2023).
3075:Hatmaker, Taylor (10 July 2017).
2889:, p. 1515-1516, New Orleans, 1988
2367:
2016:
1757:University of Southern California
1438:functional electrical stimulation
1358:activity and transferred it over
1313:sensory event-related potentials,
1258:functional electrical stimulation
716:
607:
229:. The piece makes use of EEG and
13206:
12701:
12687:
12680:
12668:
12657:
12656:
12273:
12262:
12261:
11819:
11663:
11615:
11604:
11603:
11384:
11172:
11047:
10962:
10813:
10770:
10748:
10704:
10690:University of Melbourne Medicine
10677:
10623:
10518:
10474:
10433:
10400:
10353:
10317:Expert Review of Medical Devices
10304:
10253:
10204:
10153:
10110:
10059:
10008:
9902:
9877:
9852:
9778:
9748:
9723:
9697:
9671:
9644:
9617:
9595:
9577:
9529:
9524:New games powered by brain waves
9517:
9491:
9439:
9421:
9346:
9287:
9230:
9167:
9110:
9071:
9046:
9021:
8976:
8954:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.009
8933:
8874:
8855:
8830:
8797:
8775:
8757:
8734:
8722:
8673:
8560:
8541:
8516:
8462:
8436:
8294:
8261:
8222:
8171:
8149:
8082:
8052:
8026:
7977:
7928:
7898:
7875:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7744:
7709:
7650:
7599:
7526:
7475:
7372:
7274:
7255:
7232:
7193:
7142:
7085:
7034:
6971:
6914:
6888:
6829:
6805:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.028
6780:
6731:
6690:
6667:
6657:
6638:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6520:
6463:
6422:
6305:
5421:10.1109/LASCAS45839.2020.9069004
4637:10.1097/00001756-199806010-00007
3961:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04320.x
3202:. Pitt Chronicle. Archived from
2755:Expert Review of Medical Devices
2268:(Uses similar technology for IO)
2196:Kernel (neurotechnology company)
1985:Disorders of consciousness (DOC)
1559:
1446:University of California, Irvine
857:
841:Altran Foundation for Innovation
721:
703:
545:Donoghue, Schwartz, and Andersen
535:intracortical stimulation (ICMS)
12852:Fourth-generation optical discs
10072:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
10021:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
9536:Snider, Mike (7 January 2009).
9475:"Mind reading is on the market"
8881:Wang Y, Jung TP (31 May 2011).
8360:Bland, Eric (13 October 2008).
6248:
6230:
6193:
6125:
6094:
6075:
6026:
5933:
5827:
5726:
5669:
5620:
5585:
5496:
5445:
5400:
5251:
5208:
5153:
5079:
5013:
4937:
4896:
4839:
4790:
4733:
4710:
4659:
4616:
4593:
4549:
4515:
4497:
4463:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
4454:
4413:
4354:
4257:
4196:
4182:"Using BCI2000 in BCI Research"
4174:
4157:
4048:
3983:
3940:
3885:
3830:
3815:
3792:
3731:
3680:
3466:
3417:
3366:
3323:
3272:
3246:
3218:
3191:
3178:Miguel Nicolelis et al. (2001)
3172:
3146:
3120:
3094:
3068:
3049:Fox, Maggie (13 October 2016).
3042:
2991:
2955:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
2942:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2822:
2746:
2703:
2290:
2251:Stent-electrode recording array
1513:in real-time by altering their
1476:Magnetoencephalography and fMRI
1328:Case Western Reserve University
1271:University of California, Davis
1247:In a 2021 systematic review of
972:
657:A new 'wireless' approach uses
286:Neuroprosthetics is an area of
197:Lippmann capillary electrometer
99:and endovascular) to invasive (
10645:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.025
9411:"Sony patent neural interface"
9123:Science and Engineering Ethics
8783:"David Pearce – Humanity Plus"
8698:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1051-07.2007
6716:10.1080/00051144.2011.11828400
6647:"Communicating by Brain Waves"
6404:J Neural Eng 046028th ser. 8.4
6200:Serruya M, Donoghue J (2004).
5909:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5007-14.2015
5276:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764
4600:nurun.com (28 November 2012).
4475:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.015
3599:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4088-04.2005
3101:Stacey, Kevin (10 July 2017).
2968:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.019
2645:
2588:
2559:
2534:
2499:
2108:
2100:microelectromechanical systems
1766:In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the
1414:Independent component analysis
1382:canonical correlation analysis
1344:microelectro-mechanical system
1107:for "locked-in" patients with
385:to reconstruct movements from
114:, followed by a contract from
110:(UCLA) under a grant from the
13:
1:
13179:Technology in science fiction
12629:Mini–mental state examination
12005:Social cognitive neuroscience
10531:Frontiers in Neuroengineering
10329:10.1080/17434440.2016.1174572
10119:Clinical EEG and Neuroscience
9886:Clinical Systems Neuroscience
9828:10.1080/2326263X.2015.1008956
9786:"Roadmap - BNCI Horizon 2020"
9176:"Man, machine and in between"
8548:Giaimo, Cara (10 June 2015).
7912:. 26 May 2006. Archived from
7765:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00947-9
7608:Journal of Neural Engineering
7330:Journal of Neural Engineering
7098:Clinical EEG and Neuroscience
6927:Journal of Neural Engineering
6645:Winters, Jeffrey (May 2003).
6631:10.1080/00051144.2019.1570644
6261:Journal of Neural Engineering
5454:Journal of Neural Engineering
4815:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61816-9
4312:Journal of Neural Engineering
4163:Belluck, Pam (14 July 2021).
2815:10.1080/00051144.2019.1570644
2724:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00057-3
2307:
1607:Visual evoked potential (VEP)
1434:Graz University of Technology
1109:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1027:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1014:for insertion, risks such as
553:BCIs are a core focus of the
350:
12594:Benton Visual Retention Test
11980:Molecular cellular cognition
11023:10.1109/essderc.2011.6044240
10791:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.016
10417:10.1007/978-3-319-39955-3_25
9923:10.3109/02699052.2012.698362
9255:10.1016/j.neunet.2009.06.046
8908:10.1371/journal.pone.0020422
8743:"Coming to a brain near you"
8648:10.1371/journal.pone.0105225
8469:Sample, Ian (1 March 2013).
8328:10.1371/journal.pone.0148805
8278:10.1007/978-3-319-49058-8_49
8247:10.1016/j.intcom.2008.10.011
7954:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.004
7628:10.1088/1741-2560/6/4/046002
7350:10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025018
7291:10.1007/978-3-642-02812-0_84
7218:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90053-1
7009:10.1371/journal.pone.0104854
6863:10.1371/journal.pone.0026322
6584:Bozinovska et al. 1988, 1990
6545:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000449
6153:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4847
6082:Bryson S (5 November 2020).
6002:10.1007/978-3-030-60460-8_13
5860:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01727
4913:10.1007/978-3-030-79287-9_11
4556:Tuller D (1 November 2004).
4426:Egyptian Informatics Journal
4332:10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025005
4266:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3546:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000042
3344:10.1016/0014-4886(78)90252-2
3301:10.1126/science.163.3870.955
2134:could be distinguished from
1673:Brain-to-brain communication
1517:or brain blood flow through
1460:operated a BCI-robotic gait
1249:randomized controlled trials
1087:Human experiments have used
754:have been used to treat non-
463:
225:(1965) by American composer
122:into scientific literature.
7:
12604:Continuous Performance Task
12199:Neurodevelopmental disorder
12174:Neural network (biological)
12169:Neural network (artificial)
10838:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.015
9245:. Brain-Machine Interface.
8983:Stoica A (September 2012).
8686:The Journal of Neuroscience
8599:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369
8135:10.1109/TCIAIG.2013.2263555
6439:10.1007/978-3-030-79287-9_3
5897:The Journal of Neuroscience
5803:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00122
4944:Hamilton J (14 July 2021).
3587:The Journal of Neuroscience
3430:The Journal of Neuroscience
3198:Baum M (6 September 2008).
2141:
1624:Another type of VEP is the
1265:Dry active electrode arrays
798:
766:and succeeded in producing
411:
162:thalamocortical dysrhythmia
112:National Science Foundation
10:
13286:
13245:Human–computer interaction
13184:Technology readiness level
13120:Technological unemployment
11726:Computational neuroscience
11438:Computational neuroscience
11341:Intelligence amplification
11220:10.1038/s41562-024-01867-y
10450:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.018
10378:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.04.016
10279:10.1186/s12984-020-00686-2
10131:10.1177/155005941104200410
9135:10.1007/s11948-019-00087-2
8731:, Caltech, 26 October 1997
8235:Interacting with Computers
7488:Frontiers in Neurorobotics
7270:. Vol. 9, no. 8.
7239:Alizadeh-Taheri B (1994).
7168:10.1186/s12984-021-00820-8
6217:10.1142/9789812561763_0040
5186:10.1038/d41586-023-02682-7
5113:10.1038/s41586-023-06443-4
5047:10.1038/s41586-023-06377-x
4981:10.1152/physrev.00034.2020
4872:10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2
4719:"Brain Computer Interface"
4082:10.1038/d41586-019-01181-y
2930:1659-1662, Barcelona, 1990
2902:, p. 63-67, Istanbul, 1990
2829:Vidal, Jacques J. (1977).
2621:10.1038/s41467-018-02820-0
2277:Wirehead (science fiction)
2112:
1835:
1716:
1529:Computational Neuroscience
1479:
795:lost their "sight" again.
612:In addition to predicting
467:
454:lateral geniculate nucleus
434:lateral geniculate nucleus
317:
279:
167:
142:human-computer interaction
95:) and partially invasive (
26:
13265:User interface techniques
13202:
13167:Technological singularity
13127:Technological convergence
13045:
12964:
12764:
12757:
12652:
12614:Hayling and Brixton tests
12579:
12468:
12390:
12329:
12257:
12194:Neurodegenerative disease
12151:
12038:Evolutionary neuroscience
12013:
11953:
11828:
11817:
11689:
11671:
11599:
11563:
11487:
11461:
11420:
11393:
11382:
11303:
10988:10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0279
10692:. University of Melbourne
10221:10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609487
9816:Brain-Computer Interfaces
9371:10.1007/s12152-011-9132-6
9096:10.1007/s10676-016-9398-9
8184:Frontiers in Neuroscience
8157:"Goals of the organizers"
8002:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.031
7730:10.1109/TNSRE.2006.875576
7567:10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610738
7443:10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609759
7385:Frontiers in Neuroscience
7110:10.1177/15500594211009065
7053:. Hindawi Limited: 1–14.
6947:10.1088/1741-2560/1/3/002
6757:10.1109/tamd.2014.2387271
6602:Farwell and Donchin, 1988
6488:10.1038/s41593-020-0608-8
6281:10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/008
5959:10.3171/2020.4.FOCUS20186
5751:10.1038/s41587-019-0198-8
5645:10.1109/JSEN.2019.2931159
5509:Frontiers in Neuroscience
5378:10.1109/JPROC.2008.922581
5316:Frontiers in Neuroscience
5264:The Journal of Physiology
5229:10.1038/s41928-020-0390-3
4439:10.1016/j.eij.2015.06.002
4016:10.1038/s41586-019-1119-1
3810:Pittsburgh Tribune Review
3253:Shead S (February 2021).
3225:Lewis T (November 2020).
2673:10.1017/S135577181300037X
2329:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2206:Microwave auditory effect
1999:minimally conscious state
1991:disorder of consciousness
1719:Cultured neuronal network
1157:New York State University
956:by means of matching the
869:recurrent neural networks
730:
602:posterior parietal cortex
577:, Andrew Schwartz at the
13235:Brain–computer interface
12979:Brain–computer interface
12862:Holographic data storage
12599:Clinical Dementia Rating
12347:Clinical neuropsychology
12337:Brain–computer interface
12159:Brain–computer interface
12108:Neuromorphic engineering
12033:Educational neuroscience
11940:Nutritional neuroscience
11845:Clinical neurophysiology
11741:Integrative neuroscience
11297:Brain–computer interface
11190:Brain–computer interface
10598:10.3390/brainsci11010056
10544:10.3389/fneng.2014.00025
10496:10.1177/1545968312445910
10085:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00775
10034:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00950
9313:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00086
8197:10.3389/fnins.2012.00039
7813:10.1186/1743-0003-10-111
7536:, issued 23 May 2013
7501:10.3389/fnbot.2020.00025
7398:10.3389/fnins.2012.00169
6684:10.1109/ner.2009.5109330
6039:Interventional Neurology
5522:10.3389/fnins.2017.00665
5474:10.1088/1741-2552/aab7a0
5329:10.3389/fnins.2014.00423
3185:19 December 2008 at the
2767:10.1586/17434440.4.4.463
2712:Clinical Neurophysiology
2342:10.3389/fnins.2016.00584
2283:
2035:Functional brain mapping
1969:Brain-computer interface
1648:Electrooculography (EOG)
1593:galvanic skin resistance
908:intracellular recordings
659:light-gated ion channels
579:University of Pittsburgh
394:Johns Hopkins University
247:Visual Evoked Potentials
231:analog signal processing
223:Music for Solo Performer
120:brain–computer interface
41:brain–computer interface
18:Brain–machine interfaces
13132:Technological evolution
13105:Exploratory engineering
12857:3D optical data storage
12790:Artificial intelligence
11970:Behavioral neuroscience
11137:(July 2012). Montréal:
11122:(July 2012). Montréal:
11107:(July 2012). Montréal:
10826:Epilepsy & Behavior
10779:Pharmacological Reports
10684:Opie N (2 April 2019).
9976:10.1089/brain.2011.0049
8525:"The Bionic Connection"
5366:Proceedings of the IEEE
4388:10.1073/pnas.1909953116
3918:10.1126/science.1097938
3770:10.1126/science.1070291
3395:10.1126/science.2911737
2850:10.1109/PROC.1977.10542
2838:Proceedings of the IEEE
2485:10.1109/PROC.1977.10542
2473:Proceedings of the IEEE
2028:University of Melbourne
1895:Uncle Milton Industries
1211:University of Minnesota
1000:superior sagittal sinus
964:Partially invasive BCIs
144:via the application of
77:human–machine interface
73:sensory-motor functions
49:brain–machine interface
13142:Technology forecasting
13137:Technological paradigm
13110:Proactionary principle
12984:Electroencephalography
12951:Software-defined radio
12644:Wisconsin card sorting
12382:Traumatic brain injury
12352:Cognitive neuroscience
11965:Affective neuroscience
11746:Molecular neuroscience
11701:Behavioral epigenetics
11433:Cognitive neuroscience
11207:Nature Human Behaviour
10179:10.1186/1743-0003-11-9
9473:Li S (8 August 2010).
9449:. OCZ Technology Group
9054:"Gale - Product Login"
8497:"The Cyborg in Us All"
6593:Bozinovski et al. 1988
5702:10.1126/sciadv.1601966
3332:Experimental Neurology
2261:Thought identification
2236:Precision Neuroscience
2181:Deep brain stimulation
2132:local field potentials
2092:fabrication techniques
1970:
1803:Ethical considerations
1736:
1657:Pupil-size oscillation
1597:heart rate variability
1503:Magnetoencephalography
1499:
1482:Magnetoencephalography
1378:fast Fourier transform
1316:brain stem potentials,
1136:University of Tübingen
1127:
1070:and Joseph Makin from
943:that the formation of
935:
786:
684:central nervous system
562:
510:
437:
398:rhesus macaque monkeys
360:
203:double-coil recording
178:electroencephalography
47:), sometimes called a
13068:Disruptive innovation
12751:Emerging technologies
12708:Psychology portal
12694:Philosophy portal
12624:Lexical decision task
12028:Cultural neuroscience
12023:Consumer neuroscience
11865:Neurogastroenterology
11721:Cellular neuroscience
11581:Simulation hypothesis
9033:MIT Technology Review
8753:on 10 September 2006.
8586:Archives of Neurology
8062:. The Gallant Lab at
7892:10.1038/news040823-18
4969:Physiological Reviews
4950:All Things Considered
4125:10.1056/NEJMoa2027540
2601:Nature Communications
2395:10.1093/neuros/nyz286
2272:Whole brain emulation
1968:
1768:University of Florida
1726:
1515:haemodynamic response
1493:
1338:SSVEP mobile EEG BCIs
1122:
1103:In 2014, a BCI using
996:stent electrode array
954:foreign-body reaction
933:
925:signal-to-noise ratio
810:' after a brain-stem
780:
552:
513:Later experiments on
505:
431:
358:
320:Remote control animal
67:, or repairing human
13115:Technological change
13058:Collingridge dilemma
12778:Ambient intelligence
12561:Roger Wolcott Sperry
12476:Arthur Lester Benton
12000:Sensory neuroscience
11840:Behavioral neurology
11811:Systems neuroscience
11401:Electrocorticography
11394:Scientific phenomena
11366:Sensory substitution
10714:Nature Biotechnology
9790:bnci-horizon-2020.eu
8070:on 25 September 2011
7753:Neuroscience Letters
7264:"The Next Brainiacs"
7070:10.1155/2019/4316548
5739:Nature Biotechnology
5633:IEEE Sensors Journal
3206:on 10 September 2009
2060:Flexible electronics
1292:no skin preparation,
1289:no electrolyte used,
1223:electrophysiological
1153:oscillatory activity
1125:electroencephalogram
1039:Electrocorticography
1034:Electrocorticography
901:Hodgkin-Huxley model
885:Technical challenges
865:Hidden Markov models
677:somatosensory cortex
633:electrocorticography
598:premovement activity
417:Kennedy and Yang Dan
365:operant conditioning
182:oscillatory activity
101:microelectrode array
13250:Implants (medicine)
13172:Technology scouting
13147:Accelerating change
12800:Machine translation
12589:Bender-Gestalt Test
12420:Executive functions
12143:Social neuroscience
12043:Global neurosurgery
11920:Neurorehabilitation
11890:Neuro-ophthalmology
11875:Neurointensive care
11706:Behavioral genetics
11376:Synthetic telepathy
11129:Ouzounian, Gascia.
10887:2010NatMa...9..511K
10686:"Research Overview"
9731:"Welcome Nextmind!"
9605:. Theyshallwalk.org
9591:on 25 January 2012.
9192:2009Natur.457.1080C
9186:(7233): 1080–1081.
8997:10.1109/EST.2012.47
8899:2011PLoSO...620422W
8639:2014PLoSO...9j5225G
8404:2013NatSR...3E1319P
8319:2016PLoSO..1148805M
8039:Scientific American
7675:2018Senso..18.1073S
7620:2009JNEng...6d6002B
7342:2011JNEng...8b5018W
7249:1994PhDT........82A
7000:2014PLoSO...9j4854H
6939:2004JNEng...1..135Q
6854:2011PLoSO...626322D
6476:Nature Neuroscience
6330:2012Senso..12.1211N
6273:2008JNEng...5...75S
5946:Neurosurgical Focus
5852:2019NanoL..19.4180V
5694:2017SciA....3E1966L
5639:(22): 10163–10175.
5466:2018JNEng..15d6016D
5178:2023Natur.620..930N
5105:2023Natur.620.1037M
5099:(7976): 1037–1046.
5039:2023Natur.620.1031W
5033:(7976): 1031–1036.
4864:2021Natur.593..249W
4766:10.1038/nature11076
4758:2012Natur.485..372H
4688:10.1038/nature04970
4680:2006Natur.442..164H
4512:. (September 2002).
4379:2019PNAS..11617509R
4373:(35): 17509–17514.
4324:2011JNEng...8b5005Z
4233:10.1038/nature06445
4225:2008Natur.451...61H
4073:2019Natur.568..466P
4008:2019Natur.568..493A
3910:2004Sci...305..258M
3863:10.1038/nature06996
3855:2008Natur.453.1098V
3849:(7198): 1098–1101.
3812:, 5 September 2006.
3804:4 July 2007 at the
3752:2002Sci...296.1829T
3746:(5574): 1829–1832.
3701:2002Natur.416..141S
3656:10.1038/nature10489
3648:2011Natur.479..228O
3487:2000Natur.408..361W
3387:1989Sci...243..234G
3293:1969Sci...163..955F
3232:Scientific American
3154:"Cochlear Implants"
3017:10.1155/2012/350574
2655:, Thoben W (2014).
2613:2018NatCo...9.1103V
2096:integrated circuits
1989:Some people have a
1569:sensorimotor cortex
949:blood-brain barrier
264:Beginning in 2013,
127:cortical plasticity
13260:Neural engineering
13189:Technology roadmap
12825:Speech recognition
12810:Mobile translation
12783:Internet of things
12609:Glasgow Coma Scale
12435:Motor coordination
12219:Neuroimmune system
12113:Neurophenomenology
12053:Neural engineering
11776:Neuroendocrinology
11756:Neural engineering
11591:Walk Again Project
11510:J. C. R. Licklider
11448:Neural engineering
11261:CIA - Wireless BCI
11256:The Unlock Project
11017:. pp. 19–24.
9964:Brain Connectivity
9487:on 4 January 2013.
8991:. pp. 94–98.
8771:. 4 November 2004.
8537:on 6 January 2008.
8502:The New York Times
8449:The New York Times
8392:Scientific Reports
6339:10.3390/s120201211
5217:Nature Electronics
4575:Naumann J (2012).
4562:The New York Times
4169:The New York Times
2576:on 3 December 2018
2211:Neural engineering
2191:Experience machine
2171:Biological machine
2166:Augmented learning
2124:wirelessly powered
1971:
1919:In November 2011,
1794:Collaborative BCIs
1776:aircraft simulator
1737:
1727:The world's first
1642:electrooculography
1500:
1450:spinal cord injury
1442:spinal cord injury
1283:impedance matching
1128:
936:
808:locked-in syndrome
787:
772:mainframe computer
710:BCI Research Award
563:
511:
470:Walk Again Project
438:
361:
308:cognitive function
207:, which displayed
13222:
13221:
13041:
13040:
13026:Visual prosthesis
12934:Optical computing
12717:
12716:
12501:Elkhonon Goldberg
12289:
12288:
12138:Paleoneurobiology
12073:Neuroepistemology
12048:Neuroanthropology
12014:Interdisciplinary
11900:Neuropharmacology
11860:Neuroepidemiology
11631:
11630:
11571:Human enhancement
11500:Douglas Engelbart
11428:Cognitive science
11032:978-1-4577-0707-0
10940:10.1109/10.108125
10459:978-0-12-804216-8
10426:978-3-319-39954-6
10230:978-1-4577-0216-7
9917:(12): 1510–1522.
9895:978-4-431-55037-2
9870:978-3-642-29746-5
9563:"Emotiv Homepage"
9480:Los Angeles Times
9058:galeapps.gale.com
9029:"Paralyzed Again"
9006:978-0-7695-4791-6
8804:Stoica A (2010).
8692:(26): 6931–6936.
8592:(10): 1369–1373.
8412:10.1038/srep01319
8287:978-3-319-49057-1
7996:(19): 1641–1646.
7684:10.3390/s18041073
7576:978-1-4577-0216-7
7452:978-1-4577-0216-7
7300:978-3-642-02811-3
6539:(21): 1930–1932.
6448:978-3-030-79287-9
6383:10.1002/ana.22613
6051:10.1159/000357503
6011:978-3-030-60460-8
5903:(22): 8653–8661.
5797:(27): 3995–4004.
5565:(20): 4703–4713.
5430:978-1-7281-3427-7
5172:(7976): 930–931.
4922:978-3-030-79287-9
4858:(7858): 249–254.
4809:(9866): 557–564.
4752:(7398): 372–375.
4586:978-1-4797-0920-5
4067:(7753): 466–467.
4002:(7753): 493–498.
3904:(5681): 258–262.
3695:(6877): 141–142.
3642:(7372): 228–231.
3593:(19): 4681–4693.
3481:(6810): 361–365.
3436:(18): 8036–8042.
3381:(4888): 234–236.
3287:(3870): 955–958.
3134:. 8 February 2016
3004:Neural Plasticity
2520:10.1109/86.847809
2427:Vidal JJ (1973).
2246:Simulated reality
2176:Cortical implants
1961:Future directions
1713:Cell-culture BCIs
1180:stimulus-feedback
1083:Non-invasive BCIs
1020:venous thrombosis
622:electromyographic
326:cerebral cortices
293:cochlear implants
16:(Redirected from
13277:
13255:Neuroprosthetics
13210:
13209:
13157:Horizon scanning
13073:Ephemeralization
13006:Neuroprosthetics
12999:Neuroinformatics
12974:Artificial brain
12912:Racetrack memory
12847:Extended reality
12842:Cybermethodology
12762:
12761:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12721:
12720:
12706:
12705:
12704:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12684:
12672:
12671:
12660:
12659:
12496:Norman Geschwind
12440:Natural language
12316:
12309:
12302:
12293:
12292:
12277:
12276:
12265:
12264:
12179:Detection theory
12063:Neurocriminology
11990:Neurolinguistics
11905:Neuroprosthetics
11823:
11786:Neuroinformatics
11736:Imaging genetics
11658:
11651:
11644:
11635:
11634:
11619:
11618:
11607:
11606:
11530:Miguel Nicolelis
11469:Brain transplant
11388:
11351:Neuroprosthetics
11290:
11283:
11276:
11267:
11266:
11250:
11240:
11222:
11213:(6): 1136–1149.
11176:
11175:
11161:
11151:
11099:Brouse, Andrew.
11088:
11087:
11068:10.1109/2.895117
11051:
11045:
11044:
11010:
11001:
11000:
10990:
10966:
10960:
10959:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10906:
10895:10.1038/nmat2745
10875:Nature Materials
10866:
10860:
10859:
10849:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10774:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10752:
10746:
10745:
10726:10.1038/nbt.3428
10708:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10697:
10681:
10675:
10674:
10656:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10610:
10600:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10556:
10546:
10522:
10516:
10515:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10340:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10291:
10281:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10208:
10202:
10201:
10191:
10181:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10097:
10087:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10046:
10036:
10012:
10006:
10005:
9987:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9934:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9839:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9652:"SSVEP_keyboard"
9648:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9570:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9533:
9527:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9483:. Archived from
9470:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9435:. 23 March 2007.
9425:
9419:
9418:
9417:on 7 April 2012.
9413:. Archived from
9407:
9401:
9400:
9390:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9333:
9315:
9291:
9285:
9284:
9266:
9249:(9): 1352–1357.
9234:
9228:
9227:
9200:10.1038/4571080a
9171:
9165:
9164:
9154:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9025:
9019:
9018:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8920:
8910:
8878:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8785:. 5 October 2017
8779:
8773:
8772:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8749:. Archived from
8738:
8732:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8709:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8660:
8650:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8601:
8577:
8571:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8545:
8539:
8538:
8533:. Archived from
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8423:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8340:
8330:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8241:(1–2): 133–145.
8226:
8220:
8219:
8209:
8199:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8118:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8066:. Archived from
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8013:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7956:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7879:
7873:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7825:
7815:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7686:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7554:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7513:
7503:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7430:
7421:
7420:
7410:
7400:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7325:
7312:
7311:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7170:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7121:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7062:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7021:
7011:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6958:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6875:
6865:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6816:
6799:(3): 2596–2606.
6784:
6778:
6777:
6759:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6718:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6651:Psychology Today
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6499:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6324:(2): 1211–1279.
6309:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6226:on 4 April 2005.
6225:
6219:. Archived from
6206:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6172:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6030:
6024:
6023:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5961:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5846:(6): 4180–4187.
5831:
5825:
5824:
5814:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5762:
5745:(9): 1013–1023.
5730:
5724:
5723:
5713:
5682:Science Advances
5673:
5667:
5666:
5656:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5524:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5415:. pp. 1–4.
5404:
5398:
5397:
5372:(7): 1203–1216.
5361:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5331:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5132:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4992:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4631:(8): 1707–1711.
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4519:
4513:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4390:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4207:(January 2008).
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4136:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4027:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3955:(6): 1529–1540.
3944:
3938:
3937:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3834:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3763:
3761:10.1.1.1027.4335
3735:
3729:
3728:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3495:10.1038/35042582
3470:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3195:
3189:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3107:Brown University
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2860:. Archived from
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2389:(2): E108–E117.
2374:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2320:
2301:
2294:
2266:Wetware computer
2226:Neurostimulation
2136:action potential
2055:Flexible devices
1995:vegetative state
1866:electromyography
1832:Low-cost systems
1813:informed consent
1683:Miguel Nicolelis
1589:electromyography
1531:Laboratories in
1456:, a person with
1405:spectrum density
1310:spontaneous EEG,
1209:and his team at
994:is a monolithic
940:material science
896:action potential
837:precentral gyrus
663:channelrhodopsin
583:Richard Andersen
575:Brown University
559:Brown University
479:Miguel Nicolelis
406:neural ensembles
330:computer cursors
297:retinal implants
282:Neuroprosthetics
276:Neuroprosthetics
146:machine learning
29:Neuroprosthetics
21:
13285:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13275:
13274:
13270:Virtual reality
13225:
13224:
13223:
13218:
13198:
13037:
13033:Neurotechnology
13021:Retinal implant
12960:
12771:
12768:
12767:Information and
12753:
12748:
12718:
12713:
12702:
12700:
12688:
12686:
12648:
12575:
12551:Karl H. Pribram
12541:Alexander Luria
12516:Kenneth Heilman
12486:António Damásio
12464:
12455:Problem solving
12415:Decision making
12392:Brain functions
12386:
12372:Neurophysiology
12325:
12323:Neuropsychology
12320:
12290:
12285:
12253:
12239:Neurotechnology
12234:Neuroplasticity
12229:Neuromodulation
12224:Neuromanagement
12147:
12118:Neurophilosophy
12015:
12009:
11995:Neuropsychology
11956:
11949:
11910:Neuropsychiatry
11870:Neuroimmunology
11855:Neurocardiology
11831:
11824:
11815:
11806:Neurophysiology
11796:Neuromorphology
11751:Neural decoding
11692:
11685:
11667:
11662:
11632:
11627:
11595:
11559:
11483:
11457:
11416:
11412:Neuroplasticity
11407:Neural ensemble
11389:
11380:
11356:Neurotechnology
11311:Biomechatronics
11299:
11294:
11197:
11196:
11195:
11177:
11173:
11168:
11154:
11144:
11096:
11094:Further reading
11091:
11052:
11048:
11033:
11011:
11004:
10967:
10963:
10924:
10920:
10867:
10863:
10818:
10814:
10775:
10771:
10761:
10759:
10754:
10753:
10749:
10709:
10705:
10695:
10693:
10682:
10678:
10628:
10624:
10577:
10570:
10523:
10519:
10479:
10475:
10460:
10438:
10434:
10427:
10405:
10401:
10358:
10354:
10309:
10305:
10258:
10254:
10231:
10209:
10205:
10158:
10154:
10115:
10111:
10064:
10060:
10013:
10009:
9960:
9956:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9882:
9878:
9871:
9857:
9853:
9808:
9804:
9794:
9792:
9784:
9783:
9779:
9769:
9767:
9754:
9753:
9749:
9739:
9737:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9676:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9650:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9633:
9625:"SmartphoneBCI"
9623:
9622:
9618:
9608:
9606:
9601:
9600:
9596:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9568:
9566:
9561:
9560:
9556:
9546:
9544:
9534:
9530:
9522:
9518:
9508:
9506:
9496:
9492:
9471:
9462:
9452:
9450:
9445:
9444:
9440:
9427:
9426:
9422:
9409:
9408:
9404:
9351:
9347:
9292:
9288:
9243:Neural Networks
9235:
9231:
9172:
9168:
9115:
9111:
9076:
9072:
9062:
9060:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9037:
9035:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9007:
8981:
8977:
8938:
8934:
8879:
8875:
8868:
8860:
8856:
8846:
8844:
8836:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8739:
8735:
8727:
8723:
8678:
8674:
8619:
8615:
8578:
8574:
8565:
8561:
8546:
8542:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8505:
8493:
8489:
8479:
8477:
8467:
8463:
8453:
8451:
8441:
8437:
8384:
8380:
8370:
8368:
8358:
8354:
8313:(2): e0148805.
8299:
8295:
8288:
8266:
8262:
8227:
8223:
8176:
8172:
8162:
8160:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8119:
8110:
8100:
8098:
8087:
8083:
8073:
8071:
8058:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8031:
8027:
7990:Current Biology
7982:
7978:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7916:on 23 June 2017
7904:
7903:
7899:
7880:
7876:
7867:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7792:
7788:
7749:
7745:
7714:
7710:
7655:
7651:
7604:
7600:
7577:
7555:
7546:
7539:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7480:
7476:
7453:
7431:
7424:
7377:
7373:
7326:
7315:
7301:
7279:
7275:
7260:
7256:
7237:
7233:
7198:
7194:
7147:
7143:
7090:
7086:
7039:
7035:
6976:
6972:
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6834:
6830:
6785:
6781:
6736:
6732:
6695:
6691:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6658:
6643:
6639:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6525:
6521:
6468:
6464:
6449:
6427:
6423:
6400:
6393:
6369:
6365:
6310:
6306:
6253:
6249:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6223:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6107:livescience.com
6099:
6095:
6080:
6076:
6031:
6027:
6012:
5990:
5983:
5938:
5934:
5889:
5885:
5832:
5828:
5783:
5776:
5731:
5727:
5688:(2): e1601966.
5674:
5670:
5625:
5621:
5590:
5586:
5555:
5548:
5501:
5497:
5450:
5446:
5431:
5405:
5401:
5362:
5355:
5308:
5301:
5256:
5252:
5213:
5209:
5158:
5154:
5084:
5080:
5018:
5014:
4961:
4957:
4942:
4938:
4923:
4901:
4897:
4844:
4840:
4795:
4791:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4717:Martins Iduwe.
4715:
4711:
4664:
4660:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4573:
4569:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4520:
4516:
4502:
4498:
4459:
4455:
4418:
4414:
4359:
4355:
4308:
4301:
4278:10.1038/nrn2653
4262:
4258:
4219:(7174): 61–64.
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4162:
4158:
4105:
4098:
4053:
4049:
3988:
3984:
3945:
3941:
3890:
3886:
3835:
3831:
3820:
3816:
3806:Wayback Machine
3797:
3793:
3736:
3732:
3709:10.1038/416141a
3685:
3681:
3628:
3624:
3579:
3572:
3525:
3518:
3471:
3467:
3422:
3418:
3371:
3367:
3328:
3324:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3187:Wayback Machine
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3160:. February 2016
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3047:
3043:
2996:
2992:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2867:on 19 July 2015
2864:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2794:
2790:
2751:
2747:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2688:
2661:Organised Sound
2650:
2646:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2504:
2500:
2469:
2462:
2425:
2418:
2375:
2368:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2144:
2117:
2111:
2086:) printed with
2057:
2037:
2019:
1987:
1963:
1840:
1834:
1805:
1796:
1731:, developed by
1721:
1715:
1687:Duke University
1675:
1663:visual fixation
1659:
1650:
1638:
1630:oddball stimuli
1609:
1585:
1562:
1557:
1488:
1480:Main articles:
1478:
1470:home automation
1430:
1340:
1279:silver chloride
1267:
1232:inverse problem
1192:Schmitt trigger
1117:
1101:
1085:
1036:
975:
966:
958:Young's modulus
887:
860:
801:
760:William Dobelle
733:
724:
719:
706:
610:
547:
523:neurophysiology
475:Duke University
472:
466:
419:
414:
353:
322:
316:
314:Animal research
284:
278:
170:
135:neuroprosthetic
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13283:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13240:DARPA projects
13237:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13216:
13203:
13200:
13199:
13197:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13123:
13122:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13101:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13049:
13047:
13043:
13042:
13039:
13038:
13036:
13035:
13030:
13029:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12996:
12989:Mind uploading
12986:
12981:
12976:
12970:
12968:
12962:
12961:
12959:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12947:
12946:
12936:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12871:
12866:
12865:
12864:
12859:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12828:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12805:Machine vision
12802:
12797:
12787:
12786:
12785:
12774:
12772:
12769:communications
12765:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12747:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12724:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12697:
12678:
12666:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12585:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12536:Rodolfo Llinás
12533:
12531:Benjamin Libet
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12511:Donald O. Hebb
12508:
12506:Kurt Goldstein
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12465:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12396:
12394:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12362:Misconceptions
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12333:
12331:
12327:
12326:
12319:
12318:
12311:
12304:
12296:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12283:
12271:
12258:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12251:
12249:Self-awareness
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12204:Neurodiversity
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12155:
12153:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12103:Neuromarketing
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12078:Neuroesthetics
12075:
12070:
12068:Neuroeconomics
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12019:
12017:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11961:
11959:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11915:Neuroradiology
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11895:Neuropathology
11892:
11887:
11885:Neuro-oncology
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11836:
11834:
11826:
11825:
11818:
11816:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11771:Neurochemistry
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11697:
11695:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11683:
11678:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11661:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11638:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11613:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11495:Charles Stross
11491:
11489:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11479:Mind uploading
11476:
11471:
11465:
11463:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11397:
11395:
11391:
11390:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11346:Isolated brain
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11307:
11305:
11301:
11300:
11293:
11292:
11285:
11278:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11252:
11251:
11178:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11167:
11166:External links
11164:
11163:
11162:
11152:
11142:
11127:
11112:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11089:
11046:
11031:
11002:
10981:(2): 125–135.
10961:
10918:
10881:(6): 511–517.
10861:
10812:
10785:(3): 663–668.
10769:
10747:
10720:(3): 320–327.
10703:
10676:
10633:Brain Research
10622:
10585:Brain Sciences
10568:
10517:
10473:
10458:
10432:
10425:
10399:
10372:(9): 918–932.
10352:
10323:(5): 445–454.
10303:
10252:
10229:
10203:
10152:
10125:(4): 245–252.
10109:
10058:
10007:
9954:
9901:
9894:
9876:
9869:
9851:
9802:
9777:
9747:
9722:
9696:
9670:
9643:
9616:
9594:
9576:
9554:
9528:
9516:
9490:
9460:
9438:
9420:
9402:
9365:(3): 541–578.
9345:
9286:
9229:
9166:
9129:(1): 351–367.
9109:
9090:(2): 117–129.
9070:
9045:
9020:
9005:
8975:
8932:
8873:
8863:WO2012100081A2
8854:
8829:
8796:
8774:
8756:
8733:
8721:
8672:
8633:(8): e105225.
8613:
8572:
8559:
8540:
8515:
8487:
8461:
8435:
8378:
8366:Discovery News
8352:
8293:
8286:
8260:
8221:
8170:
8148:
8108:
8081:
8051:
8025:
7976:
7947:(5): 915–929.
7927:
7897:
7874:
7861:
7859:at YouTube.com
7849:
7847:at YouTube.com
7837:
7786:
7743:
7724:(2): 234–239.
7708:
7649:
7598:
7575:
7544:
7534:US 20130127708
7525:
7474:
7451:
7422:
7371:
7313:
7299:
7273:
7254:
7231:
7212:(5): 376–383.
7192:
7141:
7084:
7033:
6994:(8): e104854.
6970:
6933:(3): 135–141.
6913:
6887:
6848:(10): e26322.
6828:
6779:
6730:
6689:
6666:
6656:
6637:
6604:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6519:
6482:(4): 575–582.
6462:
6447:
6421:
6391:
6363:
6304:
6247:
6229:
6192:
6147:(3): 270–278.
6141:JAMA Neurology
6124:
6093:
6088:ALS News Today
6074:
6045:(3): 132–143.
6025:
6010:
5981:
5932:
5883:
5826:
5774:
5725:
5668:
5619:
5584:
5546:
5495:
5444:
5429:
5399:
5353:
5299:
5270:(4): 500–544.
5250:
5223:(4): 191–200.
5207:
5152:
5078:
5012:
4975:(2): 551–604.
4955:
4936:
4921:
4895:
4838:
4789:
4732:
4721:. Academia.edu
4709:
4658:
4615:
4592:
4585:
4567:
4548:
4524:"Vision Quest"
4514:
4504:"Vision quest"
4496:
4453:
4432:(2): 213–230.
4412:
4353:
4299:
4272:(7): 530–540.
4256:
4195:
4173:
4156:
4119:(3): 217–227.
4096:
4047:
3982:
3939:
3884:
3829:
3814:
3791:
3730:
3679:
3622:
3570:
3516:
3465:
3416:
3365:
3338:(2): 349–369.
3322:
3271:
3245:
3217:
3190:
3171:
3145:
3119:
3093:
3067:
3041:
2990:
2941:
2932:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2844:(5): 633–641.
2821:
2788:
2761:(4): 463–474.
2745:
2718:(6): 767–791.
2702:
2686:
2644:
2587:
2558:
2533:
2514:(2): 180–185.
2498:
2479:(5): 633–641.
2460:
2439:(1): 157–180.
2416:
2366:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Project Cyborg
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2056:
2053:
2036:
2033:
2018:
2017:Motor recovery
2015:
1986:
1983:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1946:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1909:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1862:OCZ Technology
1858:
1851:
1836:Main article:
1833:
1830:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1674:
1671:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1626:P300 potential
1608:
1605:
1584:
1581:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1477:
1474:
1429:
1426:
1348:dry electrodes
1339:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1266:
1263:
1188:Tower of Hanoi
1116:
1113:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1077:neural network
1051:Space Invaders
1035:
1032:
974:
971:
965:
962:
945:glial scarring
886:
883:
859:
856:
816:brain aneurysm
800:
797:
752:brain implants
748:vision science
732:
729:
723:
720:
718:
717:Human research
715:
705:
702:
609:
608:Other research
606:
546:
543:
539:sensory cortex
528:gripping force
515:rhesus monkeys
508:rhesus monkeys
465:
462:
418:
415:
413:
410:
352:
349:
315:
312:
280:Main article:
277:
274:
216:brain diseases
184:, such as the
169:
166:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13282:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13215:
13214:
13205:
13204:
13201:
13195:
13194:Transhumanism
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13121:
13118:
13117:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13034:
13031:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13011:Brain implant
13009:
13008:
13007:
13004:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12994:Brain-reading
12992:
12991:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12963:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12945:
12944:Chipless RFID
12942:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12874:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12763:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12745:
12740:
12738:
12733:
12731:
12726:
12725:
12722:
12710:
12709:
12698:
12696:
12695:
12683:
12679:
12677:
12676:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12655:
12654:
12651:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12634:Stroop effect
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12619:Johari window
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12578:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12546:Brenda Milner
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12467:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12410:Consciousness
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12389:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12342:Brain regions
12340:
12338:
12335:
12334:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12317:
12312:
12310:
12305:
12303:
12298:
12297:
12294:
12282:
12281:
12272:
12270:
12269:
12260:
12259:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12150:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12133:Neurotheology
12131:
12129:
12128:Neurorobotics
12126:
12124:
12123:Neuropolitics
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12088:Neuroethology
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12020:
12018:
12012:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11985:Motor control
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11975:Chronobiology
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11952:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11935:Neurovirology
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11827:
11822:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11781:Neurogenetics
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11716:Brain-reading
11714:
11712:
11711:Brain mapping
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11688:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11670:
11666:
11659:
11654:
11652:
11647:
11645:
11640:
11639:
11636:
11624:
11623:
11614:
11612:
11611:
11602:
11601:
11598:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11586:Transhumanism
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11556:
11555:Edward Boyden
11553:
11551:
11550:Yoky Matsuoka
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11525:Merlin Donald
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11515:Kevin Warwick
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11486:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11460:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11398:
11396:
11392:
11387:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11316:Brain implant
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11279:
11277:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11199:
11198:
11193:
11192:
11191:
11185:
11181:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11149:
11148:
11143:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11050:
11042:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11009:
11007:
10998:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10965:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10922:
10914:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10865:
10857:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10816:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10773:
10757:
10751:
10743:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10707:
10691:
10687:
10680:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10626:
10618:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10575:
10573:
10564:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10521:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10477:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10436:
10428:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10356:
10348:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10307:
10299:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10256:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10207:
10199:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10062:
10054:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10011:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9958:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9872:
9866:
9862:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9806:
9791:
9787:
9781:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9736:
9732:
9726:
9711:
9707:
9700:
9685:
9681:
9674:
9659:
9658:
9653:
9647:
9632:
9631:
9626:
9620:
9604:
9598:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9564:
9558:
9543:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9520:
9505:
9501:
9494:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9448:
9442:
9434:
9433:The Economist
9430:
9424:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9349:
9341:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9290:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9170:
9162:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9113:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9074:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8948:(1): 94–108.
8947:
8943:
8936:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8893:(5): e20422.
8892:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8864:
8858:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8800:
8784:
8778:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8563:
8555:
8554:Atlas Obscura
8551:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8519:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8491:
8476:
8472:
8465:
8450:
8446:
8439:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8382:
8367:
8363:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8158:
8152:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8012:
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7987:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
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7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7931:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7893:
7889:
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7871:
7865:
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7853:
7846:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
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7747:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7712:
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7700:
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7685:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7614:(4): 046002.
7613:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7553:
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7535:
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7507:
7502:
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7390:
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7382:
7375:
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7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7336:(2): 025018.
7335:
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7320:
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7310:
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7288:
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6902:. 5 June 2013
6901:
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6242:Press release
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5479:
5475:
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5460:(4): 046016.
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4604:. Thewhig.com
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4318:(2): 025005.
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2221:Neurorobotics
2219:
2217:
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2209:
2207:
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2201:Lie detection
2199:
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2069:
2065:
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2052:
2048:
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2042:
2041:brain mapping
2032:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
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1931:
1928:
1924:
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1918:
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1907:
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1902:Force Trainer
1900:
1896:
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1881:
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1874:
1873:Final Fantasy
1870:
1867:
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1702:Kevin Warwick
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1565:Motor imagery
1560:Motor imagery
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1233:
1228:
1224:
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1216:
1212:
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1197:
1196:demultiplexer
1194:, flip-flop,
1193:
1189:
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858:Communication
855:
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849:
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829:Cyberkinetics
826:
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817:
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784:
779:
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773:
769:
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764:visual cortex
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
728:
722:Invasive BCIs
714:
711:
704:The BCI Award
701:
698:
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687:
685:
680:
678:
675:cells in the
674:
670:
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637:deep learning
634:
629:
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584:
580:
576:
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568:
567:John Donoghue
560:
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531:
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435:
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425:into monkeys.
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228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
163:
159:
158:mental states
155:
154:EEG brainwave
151:
147:
143:
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136:
132:
128:
123:
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117:
113:
109:
104:
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62:
58:
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50:
46:
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13211:
13098:Robot ethics
13015:
12978:
12966:Neuroscience
12820:Semantic Web
12699:
12685:
12673:
12661:
12556:Oliver Sacks
12526:Muriel Lezak
12521:Edith Kaplan
12491:Phineas Gage
12367:Neuroanatomy
12336:
12278:
12266:
12214:Neuroimaging
12209:Neurogenesis
12158:
12093:Neurohistory
12058:Neurobiotics
11957:neuroscience
11925:Neurosurgery
11850:Epileptology
11832:neuroscience
11801:Neurophysics
11791:Neurometrics
11766:Neurobiology
11761:Neuroanatomy
11731:Connectomics
11665:Neuroscience
11621:
11608:
11576:Neurohacking
11545:Vernor Vinge
11535:Peter Kyberd
11453:Neuroscience
11361:Optogenetics
11304:Technologies
11296:
11210:
11206:
11188:
11187:
11186:profile for
11183:
11156:
11146:
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11119:
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10921:
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10825:
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10778:
10772:
10760:. Retrieved
10750:
10717:
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10694:. Retrieved
10689:
10679:
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10588:
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9910:
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9860:
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9815:
9805:
9793:. Retrieved
9789:
9780:
9768:. Retrieved
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9750:
9738:. Retrieved
9734:
9725:
9713:. Retrieved
9709:
9699:
9687:. Retrieved
9683:
9673:
9661:. Retrieved
9655:
9646:
9634:. Retrieved
9628:
9619:
9607:. Retrieved
9597:
9589:the original
9579:
9567:. Retrieved
9565:. Emotiv.com
9557:
9545:. Retrieved
9541:
9531:
9519:
9507:. Retrieved
9503:
9493:
9485:the original
9478:
9451:. Retrieved
9441:
9432:
9429:"Mind Games"
9423:
9415:the original
9405:
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9073:
9061:. Retrieved
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9032:
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8857:
8845:. Retrieved
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8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8809:
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8787:. Retrieved
8777:
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8751:the original
8746:
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8535:the original
8528:
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8506:. Retrieved
8500:
8490:
8478:. Retrieved
8475:The Guardian
8474:
8464:
8452:. Retrieved
8448:
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8381:
8369:. Retrieved
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8101:25 September
8099:. Retrieved
8084:
8074:25 September
8072:. Retrieved
8068:the original
8054:
8044:25 September
8042:. Retrieved
8038:
8028:
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7979:
7944:
7940:
7930:
7920:22 September
7918:. Retrieved
7914:the original
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7877:
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6926:
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6904:. Retrieved
6899:
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6232:
6221:the original
6208:
6195:
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6140:
6127:
6115:. Retrieved
6106:
6096:
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6077:
6042:
6038:
6028:
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5949:
5945:
5935:
5900:
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5843:
5840:Nano Letters
5839:
5829:
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5791:Biochemistry
5790:
5742:
5738:
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5685:
5681:
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5636:
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5594:Biomaterials
5593:
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5559:Biomaterials
5558:
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4723:. Retrieved
4712:
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4667:
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4595:
4576:
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4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4527:
4517:
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4462:
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4176:
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3586:
3536:
3533:PLOS Biology
3532:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3433:
3429:
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3335:
3331:
3325:
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3280:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3230:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3204:the original
3193:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3131:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3106:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:
3044:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2935:
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2916:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2841:
2837:
2824:
2808:(1): 36–47.
2805:
2801:
2791:
2758:
2754:
2748:
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2667:(1): 17–29.
2664:
2660:
2647:
2604:
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2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2568:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2543:
2536:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2476:
2472:
2436:
2432:
2386:
2383:Neurosurgery
2382:
2332:
2328:
2292:
2256:Telepresence
2186:Human senses
2118:
2104:
2058:
2049:
2038:
2024:
2020:
2011:EEG patterns
2007:
2003:
1988:
1980:
1975:Horizon 2020
1972:
1920:
1841:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1774:fighter jet
1765:
1754:
1751:
1740:
1738:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1685:'s group at
1676:
1660:
1651:
1639:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1586:
1563:
1545:
1526:
1523:
1501:
1431:
1418:graph theory
1410:
1398:
1375:
1364:
1341:
1332:quadriplegic
1325:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1268:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1205:Advances by
1204:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1102:
1092:neuroimaging
1089:non-invasive
1086:
1068:Edward Chang
1066:
1062:
1055:
1037:
1024:
1004:motor cortex
990:
982:Thomas Oxley
979:
976:
973:Endovascular
967:
937:
905:
888:
880:
876:
873:
861:
845:
820:
805:
802:
788:
745:
734:
725:
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699:
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656:
649:
645:
630:
626:
611:
595:
591:
564:
532:
512:
490:
483:
473:
439:
420:
403:
387:motor cortex
381:
377:motor cortex
362:
338:
323:
305:
288:neuroscience
285:
263:
259:
255:
251:
239:
227:Alvin Lucier
222:
220:
213:
205:galvanometer
190:
171:
150:frontal lobe
139:
124:
119:
105:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:
33:
13162:Moore's law
13093:Neuroethics
13088:Cyberethics
12832:Atomtronics
12357:Human brain
12083:Neuroethics
11930:Neurotology
11462:Speculative
11421:Disciplines
10832:: 183–192.
10654:10012/12325
9985:2268/131984
9970:(1): 1–10.
9932:2268/162403
9837:1874/350349
9735:ar.snap.com
9689:8 September
9684:VentureBeat
9609:19 December
9569:29 December
9359:Neuroethics
8847:30 December
8822:28 December
8789:30 December
8454:28 February
8163:19 December
8097:News Center
8095:UC Berkeley
8064:UC Berkeley
7884:News@nature
7669:(4): 1073.
6117:16 February
5600:: 753–762.
4625:NeuroReport
4608:19 December
4579:. Xlibris.
4541:10 November
4469:(1): 1–18.
3081:Tech Crunch
2607:(1): 1103.
2149:Informatics
2120:Neural dust
2115:Neural dust
2109:Neural dust
1916:connection.
1877:Square Enix
1761:hippocampus
1595:(GSR), and
1519:biofeedback
1452:. In their
1227:hemodynamic
913:capacitance
822:Tetraplegic
741:scar-tissue
737:grey matter
673:transfected
486:owl monkeys
373:biofeedback
235:alpha waves
174:Hans Berger
140:Studies in
125:Due to the
13229:Categories
13053:Automation
12481:David Bohm
12445:Perception
12377:Phrenology
12244:Neurotoxin
11945:Psychiatry
11540:Steve Mann
11520:Matt Nagle
10762:5 December
10696:5 December
10639:: 91–100.
9710:TechCrunch
9453:30 January
9264:2066/77533
9063:8 December
9038:8 December
8942:NeuroImage
8747:Wired News
8508:28 January
8371:13 October
7806:(1): 111.
7060:1908.04784
7047:Complexity
6793:NeuroImage
6703:Automatika
6618:Automatika
6575:Vidal 1977
4725:5 December
4522:Kotler S.
4188:5 December
3539:(2): E42.
3010:: 350574.
2871:4 November
2802:Automatika
2653:Straebel V
2580:3 December
2551:3 December
2308:References
2045:medication
1875:developer
1780:petri dish
1747:neurochips
1679:Morse code
1547:of random
1537:resolution
1505:(MEG) and
1458:paraplegia
1145:epileptics
1058:parenchyma
1043:dura mater
1012:craniotomy
825:Matt Nagle
768:phosphenes
756:congenital
477:professor
468:See also:
444:et al. at
423:electrodes
383:Algorithms
351:Early work
318:See also:
186:alpha wave
131:prostheses
65:augmenting
13083:Bioethics
13016:Exocortex
12892:Millipede
12405:Attention
12189:Neurochip
11955:Cognitive
11880:Neurology
11505:Hugh Herr
11371:Stentrode
11336:Exocortex
11331:Cyberware
11326:Brainport
11321:BrainGate
11229:2397-3374
11076:0018-9162
10742:205282364
10591:(1): 56.
10272:(1): 57.
9770:15 August
9542:USA Today
9379:1874-5490
9322:1662-5137
9273:0893-6080
9224:205043226
9208:0028-0836
9143:1471-5546
8143:206636315
8129:(2): 83.
7161:(1): 15.
7136:233446181
7079:1076-2787
6980:Müller KR
6766:1943-0604
6533:Neurology
6514:214704481
6457:239756345
6187:255545643
6161:2168-6149
6020:234102889
5976:220308983
5952:(1): E3.
5439:215817530
5386:1558-2256
5245:216508360
5237:2520-1131
5202:261099321
5147:261098775
5121:1476-4687
5055:1476-4687
5007:237574228
4931:239736609
4536:1059-1028
4448:1110-8665
4205:Svoboda K
4151:235907121
4042:129946122
3756:CiteSeerX
2961:: 52–67.
2403:0148-396X
2231:Nootropic
2216:Neuralink
2102:(MEMS).
2088:circuitry
2084:polyimide
2072:pentacene
1951:Snap Inc.
1927:Neurowear
1911:In 2009,
1906:the Force
1899:Star Wars
1893:In 2009,
1882:In 2009,
1871:In 2008,
1860:In 2008,
1853:In 2007,
1846:In 2006,
1729:neurochip
1577:Singapore
1539:of 10x10
1360:Bluetooth
1171:rhythms.
992:Stentrode
917:amplifier
833:BrainGate
785:interface
783:BrainGate
750:, direct
695:usability
641:anarthric
614:kinematic
600:from the
517:included
497:open-loop
464:Nicolelis
440:In 1999,
345:Neuralink
341:Elon Musk
339:In 2020,
301:pacemaker
69:cognitive
12927:UltraRAM
12663:Category
12450:Planning
12425:Learning
12268:Category
12152:Concepts
12098:Neurolaw
11830:Clinical
11610:Category
11247:38740984
11238:11199147
11056:Computer
11041:47542923
10997:26421660
10956:36593459
10913:20400953
10856:25461213
10807:31284248
10799:25933984
10734:26854476
10663:28859916
10617:33418846
10563:25071547
10504:22645108
10468:27590975
10394:20808455
10386:28512066
10366:PM&R
10347:27112213
10298:32334608
10239:24109674
10198:24468185
10147:37902399
10139:22208122
10104:24312041
10053:25505400
9994:22512333
9941:22759199
9846:15822773
9822:: 1–10.
9764:Archived
9504:Engadget
9397:24273623
9340:24860445
9281:19616405
9216:19242454
9161:30868377
8970:14930969
8962:21782959
8927:21655253
8887:PLOS ONE
8842:Kurzweil
8816:Archived
8716:17596441
8667:25137064
8627:PLOS ONE
8608:14568806
8530:Discover
8430:23448946
8398:: 1319.
8347:26848745
8307:PLOS ONE
8255:16314534
8216:22479236
8020:21945275
7971:17327816
7963:19081384
7832:24321081
7781:38568963
7773:14550907
7738:16792302
7703:29614020
7644:32640699
7636:19494422
7593:14324159
7585:24110925
7520:32581758
7469:23136360
7461:24109946
7417:23181009
7366:10943518
7358:21436517
7309:14515754
7187:33485365
7128:33913351
7028:25162231
6988:PLOS ONE
6965:15876632
6900:BBC News
6882:22046274
6842:PLOS ONE
6823:19850134
6774:21464338
6725:33223634
6563:24789862
6506:32231340
6497:10560395
6412:21750369
6358:22438708
6299:18310813
6179:36622685
6111:Archived
6069:24999351
5968:32610291
5927:26041930
5878:31075202
5821:29529359
5769:31406326
5720:28246640
5663:32116472
5614:25890770
5579:23562053
5541:29270103
5482:29553484
5348:25610364
5294:12991237
5194:37612493
5139:37612505
5130:10826467
5073:37612500
5064:10468393
4999:34541898
4890:33981047
4833:23253623
4784:22596161
4696:16838014
4491:11248506
4483:16198003
4407:31409713
4348:37168897
4340:21436512
4286:19543222
4251:18094685
4143:34260835
4091:31019323
4034:31019317
3977:31277881
3969:16190906
3926:15247483
3871:18509337
3802:Archived
3778:12052948
3717:11894084
3674:21976021
3617:15888644
3565:14624244
3503:11099043
3460:10479703
3411:37161168
3360:37539476
3317:45427819
3264:23 March
3238:23 March
3183:Archived
3138:23 March
3112:23 March
3086:23 March
3060:23 March
3055:NBC News
3036:22666612
2985:14678623
2977:25107852
2775:17605682
2740:17571592
2732:12048038
2681:62506825
2639:29549239
2528:10896180
2411:31361011
2361:28082858
2298:epilepsy
2160:AlterEgo
2154:Intendix
2142:See also
2080:Parylene
2064:polymers
1997:(VS) or
1953:in 2022.
1888:Mindflex
1855:NeuroSky
1742:in vitro
1700:In 2002
1667:interest
1462:orthosis
1424:fusion.
1016:clotting
799:Movement
661:such as
519:feedback
493:joystick
450:thalamus
442:Yang Dan
412:Research
363:In 1969
209:voltages
12873:Memory
12675:Commons
12460:Thought
12400:Arousal
12280:Commons
11693:science
11681:History
11676:Outline
11622:Commons
11180:Scholia
10948:1572679
10904:3034223
10883:Bibcode
10847:4268064
10671:5866337
10608:7824842
10554:4086321
10512:7120989
10338:5131699
10289:7183617
10247:5071115
10189:3996183
10095:3834290
10078:: 775.
10044:4244609
10027:: 950.
10002:6447538
9949:6498232
9715:1 April
9663:5 April
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