86:
2866:
2581:
1150:
1174:
2478:
31:
1182:
lowering the fundamental tone and associated harmonic series produced by the instrument. Designs exist, although rare, in which this behaviour is reversed, i.e., pressing a valve removes a length of tubing rather than adding one. One modern example of such an ascending valve is the Yamaha YSL-350C trombone, in which the extra valve tubing is normally engaged to pitch the instrument in B
2508:, etc. that valve lowers the pitch by a perfect fourth; this is used to compensate for the sharpness of the valve combinations 1–3 and 1–2–3 (4 replaces 1–3, 2–4 replaces 1–2–3). All three normal valves may be used in addition to the fourth to increase the instrument's range downwards by a perfect fourth, although with increasingly severe
959:, baritone horn, horn, euphonium and tuba. Some conical bore brass instruments are more conical than others. For example, the flugelhorn differs from the cornet by having a higher percentage of its tubing length conical than does the cornet, in addition to possessing a wider bore than the cornet. In the 1910s and 1920s, the
2553:
valves instead, which for example could be pitched a little lower than the 2nd and 1st valves and were intended to be used instead of these in the respective valve combinations. While no longer featured in euphoniums for decades, many professional tubas are still built like this, with five valves being common on CC- and BB
2712:
was an improved design. However many professional musicians preferred rotary valves for quicker, more reliable action, until better designs of piston valves were mass manufactured towards the end of the 19th century. Since the early decades of the 20th century, piston valves have been the most common
2571:
Another approach was the addition of two sets of slides for different parts of the range. Some euphoniums and tubas were built like this, but today, this approach has become highly exotic for all instruments except horns, where it is the norm, usually in a double, sometimes even triple configuration.
2537:
to ease playing difficulties in the high register. In contrast to the system in use in tubas and euphoniums, the default 'side' of the horn is the longer F horn, with secondary lengths of tubing coming into play when the first, second or third valves are pressed; pressing the thumb valve takes these
939:
brass instruments are those in which approximately constant diameter tubing predominates. Cylindrical bore brass instruments are generally perceived as having a brighter, more penetrating tone quality compared to conical bore brass instruments. The trumpet, and all trombones are cylindrical bore. In
2748:
and a brass instrument is that woodwind instruments are non-directional. This means that the sound produced propagates in all directions with approximately equal volume. Brass instruments, on the other hand, are highly directional, with most of the sound produced traveling straight outward from the
2527:
In the
Compensation system, each of the first two (or three) valves has an additional set of tubing extending from the back of the valve. When the third (or fourth) valve is depressed in combination with another one, the air is routed through both the usual set of tubing plus the extra one, so that
2473:
The additional tubing for each valve usually features a short tuning slide of its own for fine adjustment of the valve's tuning, except when it is too short to make this practicable. For the first and third valves this is often designed to be adjusted as the instrument is played, to account for the
1199:
published in that year. The effect of a particular combination of valves may be seen in the table below. This table is correct for the core three-valve layout on almost any modern valved brass instrument. The most common four-valve layout is a superset of the well-established three-valve layout and
1181:
Valves are used to change the length of tubing of a brass instrument allowing the player to reach the notes of various harmonic series. Each valve pressed diverts the air stream through additional tubing, individually or in conjunction with other valves. This lengthens the vibrating air column thus
2621:
A throw is a simple metal grip for the player's finger or thumb, attached to a valve slide. The general term "throw" can describe a u-hook, a saddle (u-shaped grips), or a ring (ring-shape grip) in which a player's finger or thumb rests. A player extends a finger or thumb to lengthen a slide, and
2876:
Instruments made mostly from plastic emerged in the 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass. Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour. The sound plastic instruments produce is different from the one of brass, lacquer, gold or silver. While originally seen as a gimmick,
2596:
that manually lengthen (or, less commonly, shorten) the main tuning slide, a valve slide, or the main tubing. These mechanisms alter the pitch of notes that are naturally sharp in a specific register of the instrument, or shift the instrument to another playing range. Triggers and throws permit
2552:
Initially, compensated instruments tended to sound stuffy and blow less freely due to the air being doubled back through the main valves. In early designs, this led to sharp bends in the tubing and other obstructions of the air-flow. Some manufacturers therefore preferred adding more 'straight'
1484:
deficiencies of brass instruments that are independent of the tuning or temperament system are inherent in the physics of the most popular valve design, which uses a small number of valves in combination to avoid redundant and heavy lengths of tubing (this is entirely separate from the slight
1019:
instruments have smaller bores in relation to tubing length and cannot easily or accurately play the fundamental tone. The second partial (first overtone) is the lowest note of each tubing length practical to play on half-tube instruments. The trumpet and horn are examples of half-tube brass
1000:
Neither the horns nor the trumpet could produce the 1st note of the harmonic series ... A horn giving the C of an open 8 ft organ pipe had to be 16 ft (5 m). long. Half its length was practically useless ... it was found that if the calibre of tube was sufficiently enlarged in
2741:. Different shapes, sizes and styles of mouthpiece may be used to suit different embouchures, or to more easily produce certain tonal characteristics. Trumpets, trombones, and tubas are characteristically fitted with a cupped mouthpiece, while horns are fitted with a conical mouthpiece.
2562:
Compensating double horns can also suffer from the stuffiness resulting from the air being passed through the valve section twice, but as this really only affects the longer F side, a compensating double can be very useful for a 1st or 3rd horn player, who uses the F side less.
2515:
When four-valved models without any kind of compensation play in the corresponding register, the sharpness becomes so severe that players must finger the note a half-step below the one they are trying to play. This eliminates the note a half-step above their open fundamental.
2635:
Triggers or throws are sometimes found on the first valve slide. They are operated by the player's thumb and are used to adjust a large range of notes using the first valve, most notably the player's written top line F, the A above directly above that, and the
2843:
into a bell-shape using templates, machine tools, handtools, and blueprints. The maker cuts out the bell blank, using hand or power shears. He hammers the blank over a bell-shaped mandrel, and butts the seam, using a notching tool. The seam is brazed, using a
2729:
at which the instrument's column of air vibrates. By making the instrument about twice as long as the equivalent woodwind instrument and starting with the second harmonic, players can get a good range of notes simply by varying the tension of their lips (see
860:
of different lengths, which let players use a single instrument in more than one key. Natural instruments are still played for period performances and some ceremonial functions, and are occasionally found in more modern scores, such as those by
1838:
to adjust the tuning appropriately, either by the player's lip-and-breath control, via mechanical assistance of some sort, or, in the case of horns, by the position of the stopping hand in the bell. 'T' stands for trigger on a trombone.
2528:
the pitch is lowered by an appropriate amount. This allows compensating instruments to play with accurate intonation in the octave below their open second partial, which is critical for tubas and euphoniums in much of their repertoire.
2856:
the bell head and to form a bead at the edge of bell head. Previously shaped bell necks are annealed, using a hand torch to soften the metal for further bending. Scratches are removed from the bell using abrasive-coated cloth.
946:
brass instruments are those in which tubing of constantly increasing diameter predominates. Conical bore instruments are generally perceived as having a more mellow tone quality than the cylindrical bore brass instruments. The
988:, which relies mainly on vibration at the overtone frequencies to produce the fundamental pitch. The bore diameter in relation to length determines whether the fundamental tone or the first overtone is the lowest
1501:), while pitch perception is logarithmic, there is no way for a simple, uncompensated addition of length to be correct in every combination when compared with the pitches of the open tubing and the other valves.
2679:
A euphonium occasionally has a trigger on valves other than 2 (especially 3), although many professional quality euphoniums, and indeed other brass band instruments, have a trigger for the main tuning slide.
2877:
these plastic models have found increasing popularity during the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players.
2671:
Trombone triggers are primarily but not exclusively installed on the F-trigger, bass, and contrabass trombones to alter the length of tubing, thus making certain ranges and pitches more accessible.
2604:
A trigger can be a mechanical lever that lengthens a slide when pressed in a contrary direction. Triggers are sprung in such a way that they return the slide to its original position when released.
2485:
In most trumpets and cornets, the compensation must be provided by extending the third valve slide with the third or fourth finger, and the first valve slide with the left hand thumb (see
2749:
bell. This difference makes it significantly more difficult to record a brass instrument accurately. It also plays a major role in some performance situations, such as in marching bands.
1013:
instruments have larger bores in relation to tubing length, and can play the fundamental tone with ease and precision. The tuba and euphonium are examples of whole-tube brass instruments.
2519:
Manufacturers of low brass instruments may choose one or a combination of four basic approaches to compensate for the tuning difficulties, whose respective merits are subject to debate:
3313:
992:
practically available to the player in terms of playability and musicality, dividing brass instruments into whole-tube and half-tube instruments. These terms stem from a comparison to
1158:
2832:, replaceable valve cores and springs, plastic insulating washers, or nonconductive or noble materials for the valve cores and springs. Some instruments use several such features.
2642:
above that. Other notes that require the first valve slide, but are not as problematic without it include the first line E, the F above that, the A above that, and the third line B
227:
brass instruments use a set of valves (typically three or four but as many as seven or more in some cases) operated by the player's fingers that introduce additional tubing, or
1166:
4231:
2848:
and smoothed using a hammer or file. A draw bench or arbor press equipped with expandable lead plug is used to shape and smooth the bell and bell neck over a mandrel. A
1480:
the pitch, a valve that makes a pitch too low (flat) creates an interval wider than desired, while a valve that plays sharp creates an interval narrower than desired.
829:
There are two other families that have, in general, become functionally obsolete for practical purposes. Instruments of both types, however, are sometimes used for
2544:
horn. A later "full double" design has completely separate valve section tubing for the two sides, and is considered superior, although rather heavier in weight.
2489:
below). This is used to lower the pitch of the 1–3 and 1–2–3 valve combinations. On the trumpet and cornet, these valve combinations correspond to low D, low C
3474:
816:
2725:
Because the player of a brass instrument has direct control of the prime vibrator (the lips), brass instruments exploit the player's ability to select the
3390:
279:. As valved instruments are predominant among the brasses today, a more thorough discussion of their workings can be found below. The valves are usually
1200:
is noted in the table, despite the exposition of four-valve and also five-valve systems (the latter used on the tuba) being incomplete in this article.
963:
company built brass band instruments utilizing a patent for a continuous conical bore without cylindrical portions even for the valves or tuning slide.
2651:
Triggers or throws are often found on the third valve slide. They are operated by the player's fourth finger, and are used to adjust the lower D and C
184:) is that the term "brass instrument" should be defined by the way the sound is made, as above, and not by whether the instrument is actually made of
3423:
875:
brass instruments used holes along the body of the instrument, which were covered by fingers or by finger-operated pads (keys) in a similar way to a
1029:
The instruments in this list fall for various reasons outside the scope of much of the discussion above regarding families of brass instruments.
1904:
Combining the valves and the harmonics of the instrument leads to the following ratios and comparisons to 12-tone equal tuning and to a common
932:
While all modern valved and slide brass instruments consist in part of conical and in part of cylindrical tubing, they are divided as follows:
2828:
between any steel in the valves and springs, and the brass of the tubing. This may take the form of desiccant design, to keep the valves dry,
3507:
3575:
1001:
proportion to its length, the instrument could be relied upon to give its fundamental note in all normal circumstances. – Cecil
Forsyth,
3279:
3348:
3449:
3310:
2943:, or have valved trumpets/cornets playing these parts, and they may include valveless horns, or have valved horns playing these parts.
809:
17:
3523:
1509:
For example, given a length of tubing equaling 100 units of length when open, one may obtain the following tuning discrepancies:
1195:
A core standard valve layout based on the action of three valves had become almost universal by (at latest) 1864 as witnessed by
3533:
3335:
984:
of. Depending on the instrument and the skill of the player, the missing fundamental of the series can still be played as a
833:
of
Baroque or Classical pieces. In more modern compositions, they are occasionally used for their intonation or tone color.
3293:
802:
3548:
2531:
The compensating system was applied to horns to serve a different purpose. It was used to allow a double horn in F and B
231:, into the instrument, changing its overall length. This family includes all of the modern brass instruments except the
3194:
830:
1497:
of the harmonic series itself). Since each lengthening of the tubing has an inversely proportional effect on pitch (
3482:
2607:
The term "trigger" also describes a device engaging a valve to lengthen the main tubing, e.g. lowering the key of
3568:
4149:
3150:
3398:
4185:
4154:
3145:
689:
293:
brass instruments use a slide to change the length of tubing. The main instruments in this category are the
2954:
2950:
2845:
1188:, and pressing the thumb lever removes a whole step to pitch the instrument in C. Valves require regular
989:
1847:
Traditionally the valves lower the pitch of the instrument by adding extra lengths of tubing based on a
4252:
4216:
3561:
3160:
2999:
1498:
948:
150:
2891:
Brass instruments are one of the major classical instrument families and are played across a range of
4257:
4195:
177:, lip tension and air flow serve to select the specific harmonic produced from the available series.
4000:
3123:
Single brass instruments are also often used to accompany other instruments or ensembles such as an
996:, which produce the same pitch as the fundamental pedal tone of a brass instrument of equal length.
4190:
2936:
2821:
have good sound quality but are rapidly colonized by microorganisms and become unpleasant to play.
1866:
3228:
3210:
2700:. The first piston valve instruments were developed just after the start of the 19th century. The
4175:
4113:
4083:
2714:
1144:
973:
909:
841:
475:
170:
154:
4036:
3419:
3140:
158:
3782:
2538:
secondary valve slides and the extra length of main tubing out of play to produce a shorter B
977:
131:
3516:, a 1991 video (RealPlayer format) featuring maker Robert Barclay; from the web site of the
3356:
3246:
4180:
3916:
3896:
3879:
3802:
3264:
2901:
include a varying number of brass instruments depending on music style and era, typically:
1086:
884:
310:
197:
287:; the latter are the norm for the horn (except in France) and are also common on the tuba.
8:
3697:
3269:
2798:
2745:
1108:
908:
Brass instruments may also be characterised by two generalizations about geometry of the
876:
740:
723:
334:
205:
3435:
2839:. In making the bell of, for example, a trumpet, a person lays out a pattern and shapes
2705:
4170:
4134:
4068:
3942:
3772:
3630:
3605:
3124:
3002:
are made up entirely of brass, mostly conical bore instruments. Typical membership is:
2940:
2825:
2738:
2713:
on brass instruments except for the orchestral horn and the tuba. See also the article
2509:
1481:
1043:
845:
325:
138:
in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called
127:
3834:
3657:
3513:
3190:
1905:
1882:
1490:
538:
469:
3247:"Brass instrument (lip reed) acoustics: an introduction; Resonances and pedal notes"
976:, with the exception of the lowest resonance, which is significantly lower than the
912:, that is, the tubing between the mouthpiece and the flaring of the tubing into the
4108:
4020:
3712:
3165:
2892:
2829:
1898:
166:
3376:
Christopher W. Monk, "The Older Brass
Instruments: Cornet, Trombone, Trumpet", in
4200:
4053:
3884:
3854:
3849:
3625:
3615:
3543:
2957:
orchestras may include larger numbers of brass including more exotic instruments.
2814:
2767:
2505:
1494:
1486:
1386:
1121:(simple short horn, origins disputed but achieved fame or notoriety through many
960:
866:
849:
85:
52:
38:
2835:
The process of making the large open end (bell) of a brass instrument is called
4073:
3987:
3649:
3620:
3380:, revised edition, edited by Anthony Baines, (London: Faber and Faber, 1966):
3007:
2946:
2915:
2853:
1326:
1126:
1102:
913:
862:
735:
298:
4005:
2580:
951:" group of instruments fall into this category. This includes the flugelhorn,
4246:
4221:
4144:
4093:
4058:
3864:
3822:
3736:
3707:
3702:
3274:
3058:
2990:
2932:
2921:
2886:
2802:
2789:
Alternatives to brass include other alloys containing significant amounts of
2657:. Trumpets typically use throws, whilst cornets may have a throw or trigger.
1460:
1431:
1371:
1149:
1080:
896:
857:
755:
699:
411:
351:
268:
228:
162:
100:
2865:
1834:
Playing notes using valves (notably 1st + 3rd and 1st + 2nd + 3rd) requires
4226:
4139:
4046:
4041:
3972:
3839:
3829:
3817:
3610:
3438:
by John Q. Ericson, Associate
Professor of horn at Arizona State University
3155:
2963:
2849:
2696:
2690:
2666:
1253:
1238:
1196:
1063:
853:
628:
284:
280:
169:
are used to change vibratory length of tubing, thus changing the available
3081:
and other jazz bands commonly contain cylindrical bore brass instruments.
1173:
653:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3103:
2909:
2840:
1848:
1415:
1297:
1281:
1189:
1074:
1047:
892:
750:
528:
496:
486:
431:
356:
244:
240:
3517:
3099:
Smaller jazz ensembles may include a single trumpet or trombone soloist.
4129:
4078:
4063:
4015:
4010:
3995:
3921:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3812:
3746:
3741:
3317:
3283:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
3016:
2731:
2477:
1092:
1069:
1053:
993:
985:
888:
730:
705:
673:
643:
596:
553:
441:
436:
426:
371:
276:
272:
264:
260:
201:
181:
174:
90:
62:
2625:
30:
4103:
4088:
3844:
3777:
3756:
3717:
3022:
2986:
2898:
2818:
2794:
2775:
1057:
956:
770:
745:
710:
694:
663:
603:
421:
386:
248:
209:
135:
110:
3553:
3537:
2966:
generally have a larger brass section than an orchestra, typically:
4098:
3947:
3722:
3691:
3078:
2810:
2726:
1157:
1118:
981:
678:
638:
613:
558:
548:
446:
361:
341:
294:
232:
2824:
Most higher quality instruments are designed to prevent or reduce
2622:
retracts the finger to return the slide to its original position.
3937:
3906:
3874:
3859:
3807:
3751:
3730:
3635:
3599:
2771:
1342:
1122:
1033:
880:
683:
648:
623:
618:
573:
568:
533:
451:
381:
346:
306:
236:
193:
189:
42:
3268:
3061:
are common small brass ensembles; a quintet typically contains:
220:
Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3869:
3643:
2971:
2790:
2783:
2504:
In instruments with a fourth valve, such as tubas, euphoniums,
2501:, so chromatically, to stay in tune, one must use this method.
1112:
1098:
952:
940:
particular, the slide design of the trombone necessitates this.
788:
765:
583:
523:
506:
416:
391:
256:
72:
1165:
4232:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
3977:
3952:
3663:
3128:
2806:
2763:
760:
668:
658:
563:
518:
501:
491:
481:
366:
185:
3766:
3528:
2927:
2779:
2708:
in 1814) was an early variety. In the mid 19th century the
1037:
633:
608:
578:
543:
456:
376:
302:
252:
146:, from Latin and Greek elements meaning 'lip' and 'sound'.
3094:
one bass trombone (in place of one of the tenor trombones)
2566:
899:. They are more difficult to play than valved instruments.
188:. Thus one finds brass instruments made of wood, like the
149:
There are several factors involved in producing different
1132:
3349:"Brass instrument (lip reed) acoustics: an introduction"
2720:
1066:(no valves or slides—except tuning crooks in some cases)
856:. In the 18th century, makers developed interchangeable
3211:"Producing a harmonic sequence of notes with a trumpet"
3549:
3116:
two alto horns, also called "charchetas" and "saxores"
2778:. Some higher quality and higher cost instruments use
1513:
Valve combination and creation of pitch discrepancies
840:
brass instruments only play notes in the instrument's
3287:
923:
the diameter of the bore with respect to its length.
2762:Traditionally the instruments are normally made of
2737:Most brass instruments are fitted with a removable
2626:
Examples of instruments that use triggers or throws
4244:
3514:The traditional manufacture of brass instruments
3187:Brass instruments: their history and development
2873:A few specialty instruments are made from wood.
972:The resonances of a brass instrument resemble a
848:and older variants of the trumpet and horn. The
927:
920:the degree of taper or conicity of the bore and
916:. Those two generalizations are with regard to
3569:
2939:orchestras may include valveless trumpets or
1881:of main tube, making an interval of 16:15, a
810:
2688:The two major types of valve mechanisms are
980:of the series that the other resonances are
3510:Information on individual Brass Instruments
3263:
2584:Flugelhorn with three pistons and a trigger
1897:of main tube, making an interval of 6:5, a
1865:of main tube, making an interval of 9:8, a
967:
3576:
3562:
3306:
3304:
2559:-tubas and five or six valves on F-tubas.
1024:
903:
817:
803:
3475:"Korg UK takes on distribution of Tromba"
3391:"Yamaha Catalog "Professional Trombones""
3336:Understanding Brass Instrument Intonation
3298:, Forsyth, Cecil; MacMillan Books, 1922.
2864:
2579:
2476:
1835:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
165:(though they are rarely used today), or
84:
29:
3529:Brassmusic.Ru – Russian Brass Community
3301:
2567:Additional sets of slides on each valve
1842:
1504:
14:
4245:
3524:The Orchestra: A User's Manual – Brass
3184:
2588:Some valved brass instruments provide
2522:
2468:
1204:Valve combination and effect on pitch
850:trumpet was a natural brass instrument
305:. The trombone family's ancestor, the
3583:
3557:
3447:
3441:
2813:. Brass instruments constructed from
2744:One interesting difference between a
2721:Sound production in brass instruments
2486:
301:are occasionally used, especially in
3540:at the University of New South Wales
3378:Musical Instruments Through the Ages
3338:, University of Oklahoma Horn Studio
2630:
2547:
3189:. Dover Publications. p. 300.
2575:
24:
2860:
2474:deficiencies in the valve system.
25:
4269:
3544:Early Valve designs, John Ericson
3501:
2597:speedy adjustment while playing.
2481:Trumpet valve bypass (depressed)
3518:Canadian Museum of Civilization
3479:Musical Instrument Professional
3467:
3429:
3412:
3383:
3370:
3085:A big band typically includes:
2600:Trigger is used in two senses:
1491:equal (even) temperament system
180:The view of most scholars (see
37:Left, from top: A reproduction
4150:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
3534:Acoustics of Brass Instruments
3341:
3329:
3257:
3239:
3221:
3203:
3178:
3151:Haas (brass instrument makers)
2869:Quartet with plastic trombones
2801:, and thus suppress growth of
2786:plating to prevent corrosion.
2752:
1153:Brass instrument piston valves
831:period-instrument performances
13:
1:
4155:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
3233:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3215:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3171:
3146:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
3119:one sousaphone, called "tuba"
2674:
2608:
852:prior to about 1795, and the
313:are also in the slide family.
151:pitches on a brass instrument
3481:. 2 May 2013. Archived from
3448:Flynn, Mike (20 June 2013).
2880:
2793:or silver. These alloys are
2683:
1495:just (not equal) temperament
928:Cylindrical vs. conical bore
208:are made of brass, like the
27:Class of musical instruments
7:
3134:
2979:two to four tenor trombones
2660:
215:
51:, a modern trumpet in D, a
10:
4274:
4217:Pitch of brass instruments
3161:Pitch of brass instruments
2884:
2664:
1912:
1499:Pitch of brass instruments
1142:
309:, and the folk instrument
35:Six high brass instruments
4209:
4163:
4122:
4029:
3986:
3930:
3795:
3591:
3074:one tuba or bass trombone
2982:one to two bass trombones
1471:
1138:
3450:"pBone plastic trombone"
3185:Baines, Anthony (1993).
2970:four to six trumpets or
2757:
1867:pythagorean major second
1347:Very sharp (1+2+3 only)
968:Whole-tube vs. half-tube
18:Brass musical instrument
3311:Yamaha Catalog YSL-350C
3280:Encyclopædia Britannica
2715:Brass Instrument Valves
1527:Component tubing length
1145:Brass instrument valves
1025:Other brass instruments
904:Bore taper and diameter
130:that produces sound by
61:(octave higher), and a
4001:Marching baritone horn
3141:Brass instrument valve
2870:
2585:
2482:
1524:Necessary valve length
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1007:
957:tenor horn (alto horn)
854:horn before about 1820
265:tenor horn (alto horn)
119:
82:
4186:Classical trombonists
3783:Double bell euphonium
3436:The Early Valved Horn
3265:Schlesinger, Kathleen
3251:newt.phys.unsw.edu.au
2905:two to three trumpets
2868:
2583:
2480:
1485:deficiencies between
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
998:
978:fundamental frequency
879:. These included the
173:, while the player's
132:sympathetic vibration
88:
33:
3353:www.phys.unsw.edu.au
3091:four tenor trombones
1843:Relative tube length
1505:Absolute tube length
1286:Very slightly sharp
844:. These include the
206:woodwind instruments
134:of air in a tubular
3030:two tenor trombones
3000:British brass bands
2799:oligodynamic effect
2746:woodwind instrument
2523:Compensation system
2469:Tuning compensation
1514:
1205:
1109:Vladimirskiy rozhok
877:woodwind instrument
741:Electronic keyboard
326:Musical instruments
320:Part of a series on
4135:British brass band
4006:Marching euphonium
3773:Subcontrabass tuba
3027:two baritone horns
3023:tenor (alto) horns
2995:two to three tubas
2871:
2826:galvanic corrosion
2586:
2495:, low G, and low F
2483:
1512:
1203:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
949:British brass band
470:String instruments
128:musical instrument
120:
83:
4253:Brass instruments
4240:
4239:
4196:Euphonium players
3585:Brass instruments
3508:Brass Instruments
3454:Jazzwise Magazine
3270:"Bombardon"
3033:one bass trombone
2976:four French horns
2893:musical ensembles
2830:sacrificial zincs
2631:Trumpet or cornet
2609:certain trombones
2548:Additional valves
2466:
2465:
1906:five-limit tuning
1883:just minor second
1832:
1831:
1469:
1468:
1331:Sharp (1+3 only)
1209:Valve combination
873:Keyed or Fingered
827:
826:
405:Brass instruments
255:, as well as the
16:(Redirected from
4265:
4258:Metallic objects
4191:Jazz trombonists
4171:(all) Trumpeters
4109:Axial flow valve
4021:Contrabass bugle
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3397:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3355:. Archived from
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:with ascending B
3308:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:"The Pedal Tone"
3225:
3219:
3218:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3182:
3166:Wind instruments
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
2937:classical period
2706:Heinrich Stölzel
2656:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2616:
2615:
2576:Trigger or throw
2558:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2506:piccolo trumpets
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2487:Trigger or throw
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1911:
1910:
1899:just minor third
1896:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1533:Slide positions
1515:
1511:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1218:Tuning problems
1206:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1125:examples in the
937:Cylindrical bore
819:
812:
805:
317:
316:
124:brass instrument
118:
117:
108:
107:
98:
97:
93:(alto horn) in E
80:
79:
70:
69:
60:
59:
50:
49:
21:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4205:
4176:Jazz trumpeters
4159:
4118:
4114:Harmonic series
4030:Parts/technique
4025:
3982:
3926:
3885:Soprano helicon
3855:Baroque trumpet
3850:Natural trumpet
3791:
3742:Alto/Tenor horn
3626:Fanfare trumpet
3587:
3582:
3538:Music Acoustics
3504:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3302:
3292:
3288:
3262:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3137:
3113:three trombones
3050:
3049:
3041:
3040:
2916:tenor trombones
2889:
2883:
2863:
2861:Other materials
2815:stainless steel
2760:
2755:
2723:
2686:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2578:
2569:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2471:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1918:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1507:
1487:Western music's
1474:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1420:Slightly sharp
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1387:Augmented fifth
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1302:Slightly sharp
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1212:Effect on pitch
1184:
1183:
1147:
1141:
1027:
974:harmonic series
970:
961:E. A. Couturier
930:
906:
867:Richard Strauss
842:harmonic series
823:
794:
793:
784:
776:
775:
726:
716:
715:
686:aka Kettledrums
599:
589:
588:
472:
462:
461:
407:
397:
396:
337:
299:valve trombones
297:family, though
218:
171:harmonic series
115:
114:
105:
104:
95:
94:
77:
76:
67:
66:
57:
56:
53:piccolo trumpet
47:
46:
39:baroque trumpet
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4271:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:Soprano cornet
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Pocket trumpet
3618:
3613:
3608:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3502:External links
3500:
3497:
3496:
3466:
3440:
3428:
3411:
3382:
3369:
3340:
3328:
3316:2009-04-28 at
3300:
3286:
3275:Chisholm, Hugh
3256:
3238:
3220:
3202:
3195:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:three trumpets
3104:Mexican bandas
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3036:two euphoniums
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:soprano cornet
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:baritone horns
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2885:Main article:
2882:
2879:
2862:
2859:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2722:
2719:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2665:Main article:
2662:
2659:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2605:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2549:
2546:
2524:
2521:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1869:
1844:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1503:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1327:Perfect fourth
1324:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1197:Arban's method
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:2010 World Cup
1116:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
969:
966:
965:
964:
941:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
905:
902:
901:
900:
870:
863:Richard Wagner
825:
824:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Clavicytherium
733:
727:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
697:
692:
687:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
600:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
473:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
315:
314:
288:
217:
214:
43:modern trumpet
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4270:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Brass section
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Brass quintet
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Hand-stopping
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Slide trumpet
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3823:Tenor cornett
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Baritone horn
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3485:on 5 May 2013
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3401:on 2009-09-01
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3359:on 2014-08-14
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3295:Orchestration
3290:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3196:0-486-27574-4
3192:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3088:four trumpets
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3047:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:two to three
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:Concert bands
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:bass trombone
2919:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:Brass section
2878:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2837:metal beating
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2704:(invented by
2703:
2702:Stölzel valve
2699:
2698:
2697:piston valves
2693:
2692:
2691:rotary valves
2681:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2623:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2545:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1884:
1870:
1868:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:Desired pitch
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1476:Since valves
1464:
1462:
1461:Major seventh
1459:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:Minor seventh
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Perfect fifth
1370:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:(keyed brass)
1094:
1091:
1089:(keyed brass)
1088:
1085:
1083:(keyed brass)
1082:
1081:Keyed trumpet
1079:
1077:(keyed brass)
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1003:Orchestration
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
933:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
911:
898:
897:keyed trumpet
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
835:
834:
832:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
798:
797:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
704:
701:
700:Tubular bells
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
471:
466:
465:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Baritone horn
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Contrabassoon
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
331:
330:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
285:rotary valves
283:, but can be
282:
281:piston valves
278:
274:
270:
269:baritone horn
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:(also called
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
213:
211:
207:
204:, while some
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
112:
102:
101:baritone horn
92:
87:
74:
64:
54:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4227:Horn section
4181:Horn players
4140:Balkan brass
4047:Rotary valve
4042:Piston valve
3973:Tibetan horn
3840:Natural horn
3818:Mute cornett
3765:
3729:
3690:
3656:
3642:
3598:
3584:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3478:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3431:
3414:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3394:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3352:
3343:
3331:
3294:
3289:
3278:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3186:
3180:
3156:Horn section
3122:
3102:
3077:
3071:one trombone
3065:two trumpets
3057:
3012:nine cornets
2998:
2962:
2955:contemporary
2910:French horns
2908:two to four
2897:
2890:
2875:
2872:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2788:
2761:
2743:
2736:
2724:
2710:Vienna valve
2709:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2670:
2667:F attachment
2650:
2634:
2620:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2503:
2484:
2472:
1903:
1846:
1836:compensation
1833:
1742:1+2+4 or 3+4
1691:1+2+3 or 2+4
1508:
1477:
1475:
1380:1+2+4 or 3+4
1336:1+2+3 or 2+4
1254:Major second
1239:Minor second
1194:
1180:
1169:Rotary valve
1161:Piston valve
1064:Natural horn
1028:
1020:instruments.
1016:
1010:
1002:
999:
971:
944:Conical bore
943:
936:
931:
907:
872:
837:
828:
629:Glockenspiel
512:
511:
474:
404:
290:
224:
219:
179:
148:
143:
139:
123:
121:
34:
3684:Wagner tuba
3679:Vienna horn
3674:German horn
3669:French horn
2852:is used to
2841:sheet metal
2797:due to the
2774:to prevent
2753:Manufacture
1887:3rd valve:
1871:2nd valve:
1855:1st valve:
1849:just tuning
1538:Open tubing
1465:Very sharp
1416:Major sixth
1298:Major third
1282:Minor third
1190:lubrication
1103:animal horn
1075:Keyed bugle
994:organ pipes
893:keyed bugle
751:Harpsichord
529:Bass guitar
497:Hurdy-gurdy
487:Double bass
432:French horn
357:Cor anglais
245:French horn
144:labrophones
71:. Right: a
4247:Categories
4130:Brass band
4079:Pedal tone
4069:Mouthpiece
4064:Embouchure
4016:Sousaphone
4011:Trombonium
3996:Mellophone
3931:Indigenous
3922:Jazzophone
3912:Saxotromba
3902:Sudrophone
3892:Ophicleide
3813:Cornettino
3796:Antiquated
3747:Flugelhorn
3698:Contrabass
3606:Contrabass
3459:16 October
3405:2009-10-25
3395:yamaha.com
3363:2017-12-10
3318:Archive-It
3172:References
3017:flugelhorn
2987:euphoniums
2899:Orchestras
2739:mouthpiece
2732:embouchure
2675:Euphoniums
2512:problems.
2510:intonation
1941:Cents from
1931:Cents from
1530:Difference
1482:Intonation
1093:Ophicleide
1070:Jazzophone
1054:Didgeridoo
1011:Whole-tube
986:pedal tone
889:ophicleide
731:Clavichord
706:Vibraphone
702:aka Chimes
674:Snare drum
644:Lithophone
597:Percussion
442:Tenor horn
437:Mellophone
427:Flugelhorn
372:Nadaswaram
277:mellophone
275:, and the
273:sousaphone
261:flugelhorn
202:didgeridoo
182:organology
175:embouchure
140:labrosones
91:tenor horn
63:flugelhorn
4123:Ensembles
4104:Water key
4089:Valve oil
3845:Post horn
3778:Euphonium
3757:Kuhlohorn
3718:Superbone
3424:euphonium
3422:Prestige
3079:Big bands
2881:Ensembles
2819:aluminium
2795:biostatic
2776:corrosion
2772:lacquered
2770:and then
2684:Mechanism
1706:7 or T+2
1489:dominant
1058:Australia
1017:Half-tube
982:overtones
771:Virginals
746:Harmonium
724:Keyboards
711:Xylophone
695:Tubaphone
664:Mridangam
654:Marímbula
604:Bass drum
422:Euphonium
387:Saxophone
335:Woodwinds
249:euphonium
210:saxophone
136:resonator
111:euphonium
4099:Leadpipe
3988:Marching
3948:Vuvuzela
3723:Cimbasso
3692:Trombone
3631:Firebird
3326:/C rotor
3323:♭
3314:Archived
3267:(1911).
3135:See also
3068:one horn
3059:Quintets
3051:♭
3042:♭
2947:Romantic
2811:bacteria
2768:polished
2727:harmonic
2661:Trombone
2654:♯
2645:♭
2639:♭
2614:♭
2590:triggers
2556:♭
2541:♭
2534:♭
2498:♯
2492:♯
2419:♭
2413:♯
2356:♭
2350:♯
2267:♭
2261:♯
2204:♭
2198:♯
2141:♭
2135:♯
2052:♭
2046:♯
1989:♭
1983:♯
1774:♭
1768:♯
1723:♭
1717:♯
1671:1+3 or 4
1652:♭
1646:♯
1620:1+2 or 3
1601:♭
1595:♯
1550:♭
1544:♯
1518:Valve(s)
1493:and the
1307:1+3 or 4
1262:1+2 or 3
1215:Interval
1185:♭
1119:Vuvuzela
690:Triangle
679:Steelpan
639:Handbell
614:Carillon
559:Shamisen
549:Mandolin
447:Trombone
362:Clarinet
342:Bagpipes
295:trombone
233:trombone
216:Families
200:and the
116:♭
106:♭
96:♭
78:♭
68:♭
58:♭
48:♭
41:in D, a
4201:Tubists
4164:Players
3938:Alphorn
3917:Bazooka
3907:Saxtuba
3897:Serpent
3880:Helicon
3875:Sackbut
3860:Buccina
3808:Cornett
3803:Clarion
3752:Fiscorn
3731:Saxhorn
3713:Soprano
3636:Flumpet
3616:Piccolo
3600:Trumpet
3489:12 July
3277:(ed.).
2972:cornets
2933:Baroque
2361:300:143
2235:240:143
2083:180:143
1994:180:167
1892:⁄
1876:⁄
1860:⁄
1813:1+2+3+4
1686:6 or T
1452:⁄
1441:1+2+3+4
1428:5 steps
1407:⁄
1383:4 steps
1363:⁄
1343:Tritone
1339:3 steps
1318:⁄
1294:2 steps
1273:⁄
1230:⁄
1123:plastic
1111:(wood,
1087:Serpent
1056:(wood,
1034:Alphorn
1005:, p. 86
990:partial
885:serpent
881:cornett
838:Natural
684:Timpani
649:Marimba
624:Cymbals
619:Celesta
574:Ukulele
569:Tambura
534:Guzheng
513:Plucked
452:Trumpet
382:Piccolo
347:Bassoon
311:bazooka
307:sackbut
237:trumpet
198:serpent
194:cornett
190:alphorn
4074:Falset
4037:Valves
3968:Sringa
3963:Shofar
3958:Carnyx
3870:Buccin
3644:Cornet
3592:Modern
3420:Besson
3193:
3106:have:
3021:three
2953:, and
2951:modern
2941:bugles
2791:copper
2784:silver
2611:from B
2594:throws
1938:tuning
1914:Valves
1908:in C:
1472:Tuning
1436:Sharp
1250:1 step
1139:Valves
1113:Russia
1099:Shofar
953:cornet
858:crooks
789:Ghatam
783:Others
766:Spinet
584:Zither
524:Guitar
507:Violin
417:Cornet
392:Tharai
257:cornet
251:, and
235:: the
229:crooks
225:Valved
196:, the
192:, the
163:crooks
159:valves
155:Slides
109:, and
73:cornet
4210:Other
4094:Crook
4054:Mutes
3978:Wazza
3953:Nyele
3943:Nabal
3830:Cornu
3664:Bugle
3536:from
3273:. In
3129:choir
3127:or a
3125:organ
3054:tubas
3048:two B
3045:tubas
3039:two E
2850:lathe
2846:torch
2807:fungi
2803:molds
2764:brass
2758:Metal
2617:to F.
2424:75:32
2370:32:15
2209:30:19
2155:45:32
2146:45:32
2057:45:38
2020:60:53
2003:16:15
1943:just
1928:Cents
1925:Ratio
1919:monic
1793:1+3+4
1762:2+3+4
1478:lower
1457:steps
1425:1+3+4
1412:steps
1396:2+3+4
1391:Flat
1368:steps
1323:steps
1177:Slide
1048:shell
1044:Conch
846:bugle
761:Piano
756:Organ
669:Parai
659:Melam
564:Sitar
519:Banjo
502:Viola
492:Huqin
482:Cello
476:Bowed
367:Flute
291:Slide
186:brass
126:is a
4084:Bore
3835:Dord
3767:Tuba
3708:Alto
3703:Bass
3658:Horn
3611:Bass
3491:2013
3461:2016
3418:The
3191:ISBN
3015:one
3006:one
2935:and
2928:tuba
2926:one
2920:one
2914:two
2854:spin
2780:gold
2694:and
2453:1586
2436:−41
2433:12:5
2427:1475
2399:−22
2390:1382
2387:20:9
2373:−29
2364:1283
2327:1200
2307:15:8
2301:1088
2298:15:8
2284:−22
2272:16:9
2221:−23
2069:−23
1936:Just
1933:12ET
1922:Note
1917:Har-
1828:T+7
1822:70.5
1808:T+6
1802:64.6
1788:T+5
1782:58.3
1757:T+4
1751:52.4
1737:T+3
1731:45.7
1697:41.4
1680:31.1
1677:33.5
1660:24.8
1657:25.9
1629:18.1
1626:18.9
1606:12.2
1278:step
1235:step
1038:wood
914:bell
910:bore
895:and
865:and
634:Gong
609:Bell
579:Yazh
554:Harp
544:Lyre
539:Koto
457:Tuba
377:Oboe
303:jazz
253:tuba
241:horn
167:keys
113:in B
103:in B
75:in B
65:in B
55:in B
45:in B
2989:or
2817:or
2809:or
2782:or
2734:).
2592:or
2459:5:2
2456:−14
2450:5:2
2441:○○○
2430:−25
2404:○●○
2396:9:4
2393:−18
2378:●○○
2367:−17
2341:●●○
2333:2:1
2324:2:1
2315:○○○
2304:−12
2289:○●○
2281:9:5
2275:996
2252:●○○
2247:12
2244:5:3
2238:896
2226:●●○
2218:8:5
2212:791
2189:○●●
2181:3:2
2175:702
2172:3:2
2163:○○○
2152:−10
2149:590
2126:○●○
2118:4:3
2112:498
2109:4:3
2100:●○○
2095:12
2092:5:4
2086:398
2074:●●○
2066:6:5
2060:293
2037:○●●
2032:11
2029:9:8
2023:215
2011:●○●
2006:18
1997:130
1974:●●●
1966:1:1
1957:1:1
1948:○○○
1711:1+4
1703:4.4
1683:2.4
1663:1.1
1640:2+3
1632:0.8
1575:5.9
1352:1+4
1291:2+3
1133:Lur
247:),
142:or
4249::
3477:.
3452:.
3393:.
3351:.
3303:^
3249:.
3231:.
3213:.
3131:.
2949:,
2895:.
2805:,
2766:,
2717:.
2648:.
2462:0
2416:/E
2353:/D
2336:0
2310:0
2278:−4
2264:/B
2241:−4
2215:−9
2201:/A
2184:0
2158:0
2138:/G
2121:0
2115:−2
2089:−2
2063:−7
2049:/E
2026:15
2000:30
1986:/D
1969:0
1878:15
1851::
1771:/D
1720:/E
1700:37
1666:5
1649:/G
1635:4
1615:3
1598:/A
1584:2
1564:1
1547:/B
1192:.
955:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
271:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
239:,
212:.
161:,
157:,
153:.
122:A
99:,
89:A
3577:e
3570:t
3563:v
3520:.
3493:.
3463:.
3426:.
3408:.
3366:.
3253:.
3235:.
3217:.
3199:.
2636:B
2447:E
2444:5
2410:D
2407:5
2384:D
2381:5
2347:C
2344:5
2330:0
2321:C
2318:4
2295:B
2292:4
2258:A
2255:4
2232:A
2229:4
2195:G
2192:4
2178:2
2169:G
2166:3
2132:F
2129:3
2106:F
2103:3
2080:E
2077:3
2043:D
2040:3
2017:D
2014:3
1980:C
1977:3
1963:0
1960:0
1954:C
1951:2
1894:5
1890:1
1874:1
1862:8
1858:1
1825:–
1819:–
1816:B
1805:–
1799:–
1796:C
1785:–
1779:–
1765:C
1754:–
1748:–
1745:D
1734:–
1728:–
1714:D
1694:E
1674:F
1643:F
1623:G
1612:–
1609:–
1592:G
1589:1
1581:–
1578:–
1572:A
1569:2
1561:–
1558:–
1555:0
1541:A
1454:2
1450:1
1447:+
1445:5
1409:2
1405:1
1402:+
1400:4
1365:2
1361:1
1358:+
1356:3
1320:2
1316:1
1313:+
1311:2
1275:2
1271:1
1268:+
1266:1
1247:1
1232:2
1228:1
1223:2
1129:)
1115:)
1105:)
1101:(
1060:)
1050:)
1046:(
1040:)
1036:(
947:"
869:.
818:e
811:t
804:v
81:.
20:)
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