49:
1104:
369:
419:
1114:
249:
In an attempt to solve the issue, the Crown established the Maranhão
Commerce Company (1682), which had the monopoly of all commerce in Maranhão for a period of twenty years, with the obligation to introduce ten thousand African slaves (at the rate of five hundred individuals per year), trading them
339:
In 1818, Maranhão's economy reached one million pounds and moved 155 ships, making it Brazil's fourth largest economy. In this period, São Luís was the fourth most populous city in Brazil. The economic heyday of this period is represented by the construction of the mansions of the
Historical Center
320:
With the growing demand for cotton, a fundamental raw material for the
English textile industry, as well as the interruption of American exports due to the United States War of Independence, declared in 1776, the colony experienced strong economic growth. Another important buyer of cotton from
267:
Unable to adequately fulfill its commitments, the company's operation aggravated the economic crisis and increased discontent in the region, which triggered conflicts such as the
Beckman's Revolt. The revolt was suppressed and later the company was extinguished by the Crown.
290:, which was to guarantee the coming of African slaves to the colony, with a monopoly on navigation and foreign trade, as well as provide credit for local producers and the introduction of better agricultural techniques. Later, the Marquis also promoted the expulsion of the
455:(1860–1865) Maranhão went through a brief period of economic expansion, and again fell into decadence in the following decades, having to face the end of the slave trade to Brazil, the internal traffic between the provinces, and later the abolition of slavery.
193:
The main economic activities of this region were sugar production, tobacco cultivation, cattle raising (for the export of hides), and cocoa collecting. Most of the population lived in conditions of extreme poverty, surviving on gathering, fishing, and
686:
394:
By 1798 the enslaved represented 47% of the population, a number that rose to 55% in the second decade of the 19th century, while the white population represented 16%. In the
Itapecuru valley, the number of enslaved people reached 80%.
430:
From 1820 on, with the return of the United States to the international market, with higher productivity and more advanced techniques, the Maranhão economy lost strength, with a 70% drop in prices.
250:
on the term, at fixed prices, as well as supply manufactured textiles and other
European goods needed by the local population, such as cod, wines, and wheat flour. In return, it had to send to
324:
Since 1661 there have been records of cotton production in Maranhão, but it was focused on domestic supply. Between 1760 and 1771, cotton exports in the state increased from 651 to 25,473
34:
242:". Faced with these aggressions, the Society of Jesus appealed to the Crown, which intervened and prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous, since this did not bring profits to the
1049:
1044:
816:
651:
118:, between the mid-eighteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century, being responsible for strong economic growth in the region. In the
613:
746:
260:
991:
340:
of São Luís and Alcântara. Cotton represented about between 73% and 82% of Maranhão's exports in the late 18th and early 19th century.
821:
201:
From the middle of the 17th century, the state of Maranhão faced an economic crisis, as since the expulsion of the Dutch from the
166:
287:
310:
229:
1117:
48:
375:(pillar of stone, or less often of wood, erected in a public place, by which criminals were exposed and punished), in
933:
302:
781:
739:
236:
labor. The evangelized
Indians were the labor force used by the religious to collect the so-called "drugs of the
529:
1153:
826:
564:
986:
1023:
940:
343:
About 83.70% of Brazil's cotton exports came from Grão-Pará and Maranhão and
Pernambuco (which encompassed
233:
217:
Missions in the state of Maranhão, he established the bases of missionary action in the region: Preaching,
1054:
981:
864:
854:
849:
127:
100:
Economic expansion of the
Captaincy of Maranhão; increase in slavery in Maranhão, and demographic changes
123:
1107:
923:
874:
763:
732:
694:
7ª Conferência
Internacional de História Econômica e IX Encontro de Pós Graduação em História Econômica
687:"O Algodão do Brasil e a Economia Atlântica: Comparações entre Maranhão e Pernambuco (C.1750- =C.1810)"
186:
306:
264:
wood, and tobacco, produced in the region, would be sold exclusively to the company, at fixed prices.
54:
1008:
402:, causing a strong demographic and social change in the colony, with effects that extended after the
283:
614:"A Revolta de Beckman pelo olhar de João Felipe Betendorf e da Documentação do Conselho Ultramarino"
209:
and began to face the competition of sugar from the Antilles. In this context, the action of Father
110:
refers to the period when this product had great prominence in the Brazilian economy, especially in
1143:
1138:
376:
202:
915:
383:
Between 1756 and 1788, about 30,000 Africans disembarked in Belém and São Luís, 70% of them from
336:
In 1780 cotton accounted for about 24% of Brazil's exports, while sugar accounted for about 34%.
195:
344:
1089:
928:
474:
403:
254:
at least one ship a year from Maranhão and another from Grão-Pará, with local products. Cocoa,
29:
950:
945:
836:
637:
Contribuições da Economia Algodoeira e Cafeeira ao Desenvolvimento do Maranhão e de São Paulo
469:
146:
398:
The exploitation of slave labor was one of the preponderant factors for the cotton cycle in
137:
This cycle developed in the context of an economic crisis in the colony with the end of the
1059:
869:
544:
464:
205:
of Brazil, the regional sugar company could not afford the high costs of importing African
1148:
8:
1074:
1064:
1018:
771:
484:
479:
138:
141:
and the competition of the sugar production in the northeast with the production in the
976:
791:
452:
328:. The annual movement of ships in São Luís increased from three to twenty-six in 1788.
162:
150:
134:. Other regions produced it for local consumption and to manufacture cloth for slaves.
131:
1079:
1013:
900:
801:
755:
407:
363:
295:
277:
221:, and education, in the molds of Portuguese culture and the rules established by the
206:
190:
895:
565:"Regimento das missões do Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará, de 21 de dezembro de 1686"
210:
1003:
998:
588:
539:
440:
The province became economically and socially unstable, with conflicts such as the
222:
890:
119:
350:
Between 1791 and 1801 Brazilian cotton accounted for 40% of the fiber traded in
1039:
859:
844:
1132:
796:
243:
25:
811:
806:
776:
531:
Algodão e o Comércio Internacional do Brasil Durante a Revolução Industrial
434:
1069:
445:
301:
In 1772 the Marquis divided the state into two administrative units: The
399:
170:
111:
73:
960:
115:
77:
368:
955:
905:
351:
1084:
724:
418:
238:
634:
441:
142:
314:
178:
174:
786:
437:
gained space in the Brazilian economy and prominence in exports.
291:
255:
218:
214:
182:
388:
384:
325:
251:
423:
213:(1608–1697) was important. In the 1650s, as Superior of the
228:
There was a conflict between the rural producers and the
649:
527:
709:
707:
705:
703:
684:
506:"As Riquezas do Brasil Colonial e Sua Exploração".
444:(1838–1841), a popular movement against the rural
700:
639:. Brasília: Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia.
232:because the latter prevented the use of enslaved
1130:
685:de Cambraia Martins, Diego; Melo, Felipe Souza.
510:(in Portuguese). Delta S/A. 1969. p. 1497.
652:"A Economia do Algodão no Nordeste Brasileiro"
740:
716:Conhecendo e Debatendo a História do Maranhão
635:Francisco Benedito da Costa Barbosa (2005).
153:(main supplier of the product to England).
747:
733:
528:Thales Augusto Zamberlan, Pereira (2017).
47:
543:
126:, from where the product was exported to
508:Enciclopédia Delta de História do Brasil
417:
367:
169:, comprising the present territories of
151:War of Independence of the United States
718:. São Luís: Fort Com. pp. 121–126.
713:
650:Nilson da Costa Oliveira, Eric (2018).
20:in Brazil from the 18th to 19th century
1131:
545:10.11606/T.12.2017.tde-17082017-091648
754:
728:
413:
1113:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
630:
628:
626:
583:
581:
579:
577:
559:
557:
555:
523:
521:
519:
517:
501:
499:
88:Farmers, slaves, and the Portuguese
354:, the main market for the product.
122:, cotton was also developed in the
13:
659:VI Congresso Sergipano de História
14:
1165:
665:
623:
574:
552:
514:
496:
65:From the 18th to the 19th century
1112:
1103:
1102:
311:State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
271:
426:of Pindaré Palace, in Alcântara
189:, directly subordinated to the
167:State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão
156:
643:
606:
288:Grão Pará and Maranhão Company
1:
538:(Thesis). Tese de Doutorado.
490:
331:
7:
458:
303:State of Maranhão and Piauí
10:
1170:
433:In the following decades,
361:
357:
275:
1098:
1032:
969:
914:
883:
835:
762:
595:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
96:
84:
69:
61:
46:
992:Automobiles manufactured
124:Captaincy of São Vicente
1050:Federative units by HDI
1045:Federative units by GDP
196:subsistence agriculture
145:, the beginning of the
22:
1090:Central Bank of Brazil
714:Botelho, Jean (2008).
475:Brazilian coffee cycle
427:
380:
42:Brazilian cotton cycle
35:considered for merging
1154:Industrial Revolution
589:"Revolta dos Beckman"
470:Brazilian sugar cycle
465:Brazilian cacao cycle
421:
371:
321:Maranhão was France.
147:Industrial Revolution
53:Historical Center of
404:abolition of slavery
987:Automotive industry
817:Stabilization plans
485:Brazilian Gold Rush
480:Amazon rubber cycle
406:, such as a marked
296:Portuguese colonies
43:
1024:Telecommunications
453:American Civil War
428:
414:Economic decadence
387:and the rest from
381:
313:(headquartered in
305:(headquartered in
163:Philippine dynasty
41:
1126:
1125:
1080:Brazilian disease
995:
982:Creative industry
937:
901:Cingapura project
822:2007–10 recession
802:Brazilian Miracle
756:Economy of Brazil
408:social inequality
364:Slavery in Brazil
284:Marquis of Pombal
278:Marquis of Pombal
191:Portuguese crown.
104:
103:
1161:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1105:
989:
931:
924:Renewable energy
875:Animal husbandry
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
720:
719:
711:
698:
697:
691:
682:
663:
662:
656:
647:
641:
640:
632:
621:
620:
618:
610:
604:
603:
601:
600:
585:
572:
571:
570:(in Portuguese).
569:
561:
550:
549:
547:
525:
512:
511:
503:
223:Council of Trent
203:Northeast region
51:
44:
40:
38:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1144:Cotton industry
1139:Colonial Brazil
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1094:
1028:
965:
910:
879:
831:
758:
753:
723:
712:
701:
689:
683:
666:
654:
648:
644:
633:
624:
616:
612:
611:
607:
598:
596:
587:
586:
575:
567:
563:
562:
553:
526:
515:
505:
504:
497:
493:
461:
416:
366:
360:
334:
280:
274:
159:
120:colonial period
57:
39:
23:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Infrastructure
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
984:
979:
973:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
926:
920:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
896:Auxílio Brasil
893:
887:
885:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
766:
760:
759:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
722:
721:
699:
664:
642:
622:
605:
573:
551:
513:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
460:
457:
415:
412:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
333:
330:
276:Main article:
273:
270:
211:António Vieira
158:
155:
128:Rio de Janeiro
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:Other sectors
968:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:Bolsa Família
889:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Plano Trienal
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
727:
717:
710:
708:
706:
704:
695:
688:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
660:
653:
646:
638:
631:
629:
627:
615:
609:
594:
590:
584:
582:
580:
578:
566:
560:
558:
556:
546:
541:
537:
533:
532:
524:
522:
520:
518:
509:
502:
500:
495:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
438:
436:
431:
425:
422:Ruins of the
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
386:
378:
374:
370:
365:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
337:
329:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
272:Pombal period
269:
265:
263:
262:
257:
253:
247:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
226:
225:(1545–1563).
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:In 1621, the
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
99:
95:
90:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
36:
32:
31:
30:Infobox event
27:
19:
929:Ethanol fuel
812:Plano Collor
807:Samba effect
792:Rubber cycle
777:Coffee cycle
715:
693:
658:
645:
636:
608:
597:. Retrieved
592:
535:
530:
507:
450:
439:
432:
429:
397:
393:
382:
372:
349:
342:
338:
335:
323:
319:
300:
286:created the
282:In 1755 the
281:
266:
259:
248:
237:
227:
200:
165:created the
160:
157:Predecessors
136:
108:cotton cycle
107:
105:
85:Participants
28:
17:
1070:Brazil Cost
946:Solar power
941:Electricity
837:Agriculture
827:2014 crisis
593:Só História
451:During the
446:aristocracy
309:); and the
24:‹ The
1133:Categories
1060:Corruption
999:Healthcare
961:Eletrobras
870:Irrigation
772:Gold cycle
599:2021-05-08
491:References
373:Pelourinho
244:Metropolis
234:indigenous
149:, and the
139:gold cycle
116:Pernambuco
78:Pernambuco
1055:Companies
1019:Transport
956:Petrobras
906:Fome Zero
377:Alcântara
352:Liverpool
332:Expansion
294:from the
261:pau-cravo
33:is being
1149:Maranhão
1108:Category
977:Industry
459:See also
442:Balaiada
400:Maranhão
307:São Luís
187:Amazonas
171:Maranhão
143:Antilles
112:Maranhão
80:, Brazil
74:Maranhão
70:Location
62:Duration
55:São Luís
37:. ›
26:template
1118:Commons
1014:Tourism
1009:Exports
934:History
884:Welfare
787:Fazenda
764:History
358:Slavery
345:Paraíba
326:arrobas
292:Jesuits
256:vanilla
230:Jesuits
219:baptism
97:Outcome
16:Cotton
1085:Camelô
1004:Mining
916:Energy
865:Coffee
855:Orange
850:Banana
782:Empire
435:coffee
389:Angola
385:Guinea
252:Lisbon
239:sertão
215:Jesuit
207:slaves
185:, and
1033:Misc.
690:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
617:(PDF)
568:(PDF)
424:Baron
315:Belém
179:Piauí
175:Ceará
132:Bahia
18:boom
1040:Real
951:Vale
860:Beer
845:Wine
183:Pará
130:and
114:and
106:The
76:and
540:doi
536:USP
347:).
317:).
1135::
1075:B3
702:^
692:.
667:^
657:.
625:^
591:.
576:^
554:^
534:.
516:^
498:^
448:.
410:.
391:.
298:.
258:,
246:.
198:.
181:,
177:,
173:,
994:)
990:(
936:)
932:(
748:e
741:t
734:v
696:.
661:.
619:.
602:.
548:.
542::
379:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
