347:- and in the RecĂ´ncavo Baiano - in its best soil of clay and humus - that the traces, the values, the Portuguese traditions were first established and took on a Brazilian physiognomy. The most Brazilian because of its type of aristocrat, today in decadence, and mainly because of its type of man of the people, already close, perhaps, to relative stability. A man of the people made of three bloods, in other lands so inimical - that of the white, the Indian and the black. A black man adapted like no other to sugar farming and the tropical climate. A Portuguese also willing to settle down in agriculture. An Indian who remained here more in the womb and breasts of the fat and loving cabocla than in the hands and feet of the restless and restless man.
339:; become stronger; put down roots in stone-and-lime houses; there was no need for the agrarian nomadism that was practiced in other lands, where the soil was less fertile, soon exhausted by monoculture, making the farmer almost always a gypsy in search of virgin land. (...) The quality of the soil, complemented by that of the atmosphere, conditioned, as perhaps no other element, that regional specialization of the colonization of America by the Portuguese, based on sugar cane (...). The truth is that it was in the extreme Northeast - by extreme Northeast one must understand the stretch of the agrarian region of the North that goes from
19:
1075:
1085:
159:
232:, in which they did not participate. They declared that they only recognized the ownership of populated lands. In order not to lose its lands, Portugal would have to occupy them, a task that demanded many resources. Without finding gold, they needed to develop an economic activity to offset the costs of this occupation.
314:
government on
Portugal, in order to guarantee a market for English merchants. The colony sold metals, tropical, and subtropical products at low prices set by the Metropolis, and bought manufactured goods and slaves from it at much higher prices, thus ensuring Portugal's profit in either transaction.
144:
was "so powerful (...) that there are more than one hundred men in it that have from one thousand to five thousand cruzados of income, and some of eight, ten thousand cruzados. From this land, many rich men came to these very poor kingdoms". By the early 17th century, Pernambuco was the largest and
274:
ports. By the mid-16th century, this agricultural enterprise had become a joint
Portuguese and Flemish venture. This association was vital to absorb the large Brazilian production that entered the market from the second half of the 16th century on. There is evidence that powerful Dutch groups also
131:
Pernambuco, the richest of the captaincies during the sugarcane cycle, had impressed Father FernĂŁo Cardim, who was surprised by "the farms larger and richer than those of Bahia, the banquets of extraordinary delicacies, the beds of crimson damask, fringed with gold and the rich bedspreads from
309:
imposed by
Portugal established that Brazil (Colony) could only trade with the Metropolis, and should not compete with products produced there. Therefore, Brazil could not produce anything that the Metropolis already produced. A trade monopoly was established, in a way imposed by the
275:
financed the production facilities in Brazil and the transport of slave labor. It should also be noted that by this time the
Portuguese were fully aware of the workings of the African slave market, having begun war operations to capture
81:
after the establishment of the general government. In 1549, Pernambuco already had thirty sugar mills; Bahia, eighteen; and SĂŁo
Vicente, two. Sugarcane farming was prosperous and, half a century later, the distribution of the
600:
58:
from the mid-16th century to the mid-18th century. Sugar represented Brazil's first great agricultural and industrial wealth and, for a long time, was the basis of the colonial economy.
1020:
295:
109:- whose trafficking also generated profits. The most productive sugar mills used African labor, while the smaller mills continued with the original indigenous labor.
394:
638:
1015:
787:
1119:
364:
306:
286:
Brazil was the largest producer of sugar in the world in the 16th and 17th centuries. The main sugar-producing regions were at first
Pernambuco,
464:
717:
962:
792:
270:
cities trained consumers, which did not prevent a crisis of low prices in 1496, redirecting a large part of the production to the
239:
was grown in Europe, and freight from
America was very expensive. Only spices and manufactured goods were viable options.
1114:
132:
India", and summarized his impressions in an anthological phrase: "Finally, in
Pernambuco, one finds more vanity than in
1088:
557:
904:
668:
584:
402:
752:
710:
797:
957:
302:
also joined this select group, and by the time of the Dutch
Invasions, it had almost two dozen sugar mills.
260:
994:
911:
365:"Primeiros Engenhos do Brasil Colonial e o Engenho SĂŁo Jorge dos Erasmos: Preliminares de uma Doce Energia"
102:
1025:
952:
835:
825:
820:
74:
1078:
894:
845:
734:
703:
372:
280:
979:
247:
The
Portuguese already had experience, for several decades, exploring sugar on the Atlantic islands (
291:
495:
Schwartz, Stuart B. "A Commonwealth within itself: The Early Brazilian Sugar Industry, 1550-1670".
116:
was a farmer who owned the sugar production unit. The main destination of Brazilian sugar was the
886:
141:
137:
70:
299:
93:
system in which large farms were producing a single product. Their production was geared toward
1060:
899:
125:
69:, by the colonial administrator Pero Capico. With the creation of the hereditary captaincies,
921:
916:
807:
576:
A Faina, a Festa e o Rito. Uma etnografia histórica sobre as gentes do mar (sécs XVII ao XIX)
229:
1030:
840:
550:
Piratas no Brasil: As incrĂveis histĂłrias dos ladrões dos mares que pilharam nosso litoral
62:
8:
1045:
1035:
989:
742:
213:
94:
947:
762:
458:
287:
78:
1050:
984:
871:
772:
726:
664:
580:
553:
504:
198:
98:
18:
866:
974:
969:
424:
861:
658:
574:
324:
209:
55:
23:
1109:
1010:
830:
815:
522:
311:
271:
216:'s newly discovered lands in Brazil. But it also attracted the interest of the
1103:
767:
508:
178:
162:
782:
777:
747:
1040:
217:
201:. As an immediate consequence, there was a drop in the prices of spices.
182:
31:
61:
The cycle began in 1530, when sugarcane was introduced on the island of
931:
256:
90:
66:
35:
27:
77:
rose to prominence in sugar production, the latter being overtaken by
926:
876:
166:
1055:
695:
263:). The country already dominated the sugar mill equipment industry.
691:. Folha da ManhĂŁ (under license of the Companhia Editora Nacional).
276:
344:
757:
340:
248:
225:
121:
83:
453:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. São Paulo. 1994. pp. 153–154.
266:
The offer of the still relatively new product in Europe by the
252:
221:
194:
173:, on May 20, 1498. The new route caused a drop in spice prices.
133:
117:
106:
158:
267:
236:
190:
186:
170:
205:
331:
The richness of the soil was profound: The generations of
547:
140:
suggests in 1587, from the fact that at that time the
318:
548:Hue, Sheila; Marcel Carvalho França, Jean (2014).
451:Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil Publicações Ltda
1101:
579:(in Portuguese). Papirus Editora. p. 122.
136:". Pernambuco's opulence seemed to derive, as
711:
572:
279:blacks a century earlier, in the time of Dom
185:, which would allow the Portuguese to trade
601:"A Brief History of Brazil - Colonial Days"
552:(in Portuguese). Globo Livros. p. 92.
335:lords could succeed each other in the same
145:richest sugar-producing area in the world.
718:
704:
463:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
235:Agricultural production proved unviable.
120:market. Besides sugar, the production of
663:(in Portuguese) (7th ed.). Global.
646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
157:
17:
1120:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
686:
624:
477:
128:also stood out in Brazil at that time.
1102:
656:
636:
523:"Recife — cidade que surgiu do açúcar"
725:
699:
197:, who had a monopoly on trade in the
1084:
494:
490:
488:
486:
13:
319:Historical-Sociological Evaluation
242:
177:In 1498, the Portuguese navigator
14:
1131:
483:
1083:
1074:
1073:
89:The production was based on the
680:
650:
630:
618:
593:
401:(in Portuguese). Archived from
371:(in Portuguese). Archived from
54:was a period in the history of
566:
541:
515:
471:
443:
417:
387:
357:
181:discovered a sea route to the
1:
351:
189:without the mediation of the
689:Formação Econômica do Brasil
637:Bethel, Leslie, ed. (1987).
573:Geraldo Silva, Luiz (2001).
7:
395:"O Maior Problema de Todos"
10:
1136:
1115:History of Brazil by topic
212:aroused great interest in
153:
148:
46:, also referred to as the
1069:
1003:
940:
885:
854:
806:
733:
657:Freyre, Gilberto (2013).
963:Automobiles manufactured
1021:Federative units by HDI
1016:Federative units by GDP
687:Furtado, Celso (2000).
228:, which questioned the
138:Gabriel Soares de Sousa
1061:Central Bank of Brazil
425:"Um pouco de histĂłria"
349:
174:
39:
605:New York Times Travel
329:
261:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
230:Treaty of Tordesillas
161:
44:Brazilian sugar cycle
21:
480:, pp. 7–10, 36)
399:Rolling Stone Brasil
958:Automotive industry
788:Stabilization plans
369:HistĂłria e-histĂłria
65:, off the coast of
995:Telecommunications
405:on 24 October 2020
375:on 18 October 2016
175:
40:
1097:
1096:
1051:Brazilian disease
966:
953:Creative industry
908:
872:Cingapura project
793:2007–10 recession
773:Brazilian Miracle
727:Economy of Brazil
627:, pp. 11–14)
497:Revista de Indias
204:The discovery of
199:Mediterranean Sea
114:senhor de engenho
1127:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1076:
960:
902:
895:Renewable energy
846:Animal husbandry
720:
713:
706:
697:
696:
692:
675:
674:
654:
648:
647:
645:
634:
628:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
597:
591:
590:
570:
564:
563:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
519:
513:
512:
492:
481:
475:
469:
468:
462:
454:
447:
441:
440:
438:
436:
421:
415:
414:
412:
410:
391:
385:
384:
382:
380:
361:
323:In the words of
52:sugarcane cycle,
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1065:
999:
936:
881:
850:
802:
729:
724:
683:
678:
671:
655:
651:
643:
640:Colonial Brazil
635:
631:
623:
619:
609:
607:
599:
598:
594:
587:
571:
567:
560:
546:
542:
532:
530:
529:(in Portuguese)
521:
520:
516:
493:
484:
476:
472:
456:
455:
449:
448:
444:
434:
432:
431:(in Portuguese)
423:
422:
418:
408:
406:
393:
392:
388:
378:
376:
363:
362:
358:
354:
325:Gilberto Freyre
321:
245:
243:Success Factors
210:Spanish America
156:
151:
56:colonial Brazil
38:(17th century).
12:
11:
5:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:Infrastructure
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
955:
950:
944:
942:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
897:
891:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
867:AuxĂlio Brasil
864:
858:
856:
852:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
731:
730:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
694:
693:
682:
679:
677:
676:
669:
649:
629:
617:
592:
585:
565:
559:978-8525058270
558:
540:
514:
482:
470:
442:
416:
386:
355:
353:
350:
320:
317:
296:Rio de Janeiro
244:
241:
155:
152:
150:
147:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
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1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:Other sectors
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
890:
888:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
862:Bolsa FamĂlia
860:
859:
857:
853:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:Plano Trienal
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
701:
698:
690:
685:
684:
672:
670:9788526018167
666:
662:
661:
653:
642:
641:
633:
626:
625:Furtado (2000
621:
606:
602:
596:
588:
586:9788530806354
582:
578:
577:
569:
561:
555:
551:
544:
528:
524:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
479:
478:Furtado (2000
474:
466:
460:
452:
446:
430:
426:
420:
404:
400:
396:
390:
374:
370:
366:
360:
356:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
316:
313:
308:
307:Colonial Pact
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Vasco da Gama
172:
168:
164:
163:Vasco da Gama
160:
146:
143:
139:
135:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:foreign trade
92:
87:
86:totaled 256.
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
900:Ethanol fuel
783:Plano Collor
778:Samba effect
763:Rubber cycle
748:Coffee cycle
688:
681:Bibliography
659:
652:
639:
632:
620:
608:. Retrieved
604:
595:
575:
568:
549:
543:
531:. Retrieved
526:
517:
500:
496:
473:
450:
445:
433:. Retrieved
428:
419:
407:. Retrieved
403:the original
398:
389:
377:. Retrieved
373:the original
368:
359:
336:
332:
330:
322:
304:
298:. Later on,
285:
265:
246:
234:
203:
176:
130:
113:
111:
101:composed of
88:
60:
51:
47:
43:
41:
26:in colonial
15:
1041:Brazil Cost
917:Solar power
912:Electricity
808:Agriculture
798:2014 crisis
218:Netherlands
165:arrives in
99:slave labor
75:SĂŁo Vicente
1104:Categories
1031:Corruption
970:Healthcare
932:Eletrobras
841:Irrigation
743:Gold cycle
527:Despertai!
435:29 October
379:21 October
352:References
257:Cape Verde
91:plantation
71:Pernambuco
67:Pernambuco
48:sugar boom
36:Frans Post
28:Pernambuco
1026:Companies
990:Transport
927:Petrobras
877:Fome Zero
509:0034-8341
459:cite book
292:SĂŁo Paulo
195:Venetians
142:captaincy
97:and used
63:Itamaracá
1079:Category
948:Industry
660:Nordeste
610:31 March
409:30 April
281:Henrique
251:Island,
214:Portugal
193:and the
118:European
107:Africans
84:engenhos
34:painter
22:A sugar
1089:Commons
985:Tourism
980:Exports
905:History
855:Welfare
758:Fazenda
735:History
533:5 April
503:(223).
341:Sergipe
337:engenho
333:engenho
312:British
300:ParaĂba
272:Flemish
268:Italian
249:Madeira
226:England
167:Calicut
154:Context
149:History
122:tobacco
103:natives
1056:CamelĂ´
975:Mining
887:Energy
836:Coffee
826:Orange
821:Banana
753:Empire
667:
583:
556:
507:
259:, and
253:Azores
224:, and
222:France
187:spices
183:Indies
134:Lisbon
126:cotton
1110:Sugar
1004:Misc.
644:(PDF)
429:IBRAC
345:Ceará
288:Bahia
277:pagan
237:Wheat
191:Arabs
171:India
79:Bahia
32:Dutch
30:, by
1011:Real
922:Vale
831:Beer
816:Wine
665:ISBN
612:2023
581:ISBN
554:ISBN
535:2015
505:ISSN
465:link
437:2016
411:2017
381:2016
305:The
294:and
206:gold
124:and
112:The
105:and
73:and
42:The
24:mill
501:115
343:to
208:in
50:or
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