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89:. The announcement included an open letter co-signed by multiple scientists, including Hawking, expressing support for an intensified search for alien radio communications. During the public launch, Hawking said: "In an infinite Universe, there must be other life. There is no bigger question. It is time to commit to finding the answer."
151:. Targets for the project include one million nearby stars and the centers of 100 galaxies. All data generated from the project are available to the public, and SETI@Home is used for some of the data analysis. The first results were published in April 2017, with further updates expected every 6 months.
253:
summarized the significance of the project, saying that "by sending hundreds or thousands of space probes the size of postage stamps, Breakthrough
Starshot gets around the hazards of spaceflight that could easily end a mission relying on a single spacecraft. Only one nanocraft needs to make
163:
program is to study the ethics of sending messages into deep space. It also launched an open competition with a US$ 1 million prize pool, to design a digital message that could be transmitted from Earth to an extraterrestrial civilization. The message should be "representative of humanity and planet
226:
of its host star in the Alpha
Centauri system. From a distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (150 million kilometers or 93 million miles), the four cameras on each of the spacecraft could potentially capture an image of high enough quality to resolve surface features. The spacecraft fleet would have 1000
273:
Breakthrough Watch is a multimillion-dollar astronomical program to develop Earth- and space-based technologies that can find Earth-like planets in our cosmic neighborhood – and try to establish whether they host life. The project aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets
135:
Breakthrough Listen is a program to search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the
Universe. With $ 100 million in funding and thousands of hours of dedicated telescope time on state-of-the-art facilities, it is the most comprehensive search for alien communications to date. The
300:. In September 2018, NASA signed a collaboration agreement with Breakthrough to jointly create the mission concept. This mission would be the first privately funded deep space mission. It would study the content of the plumes ejecting from
40:
will comprise an effort to search over 1,000,000 stars for artificial radio or laser signals. A parallel project called
Breakthrough Message is an effort to create a message "representative of humanity and planet Earth". The project
469:
679:
1476:
Breakthrough
Initiatives was investigating the feasibility of launching a probe that would look for signs of life in the plume of water vapor and other material wafting from Enceladus' south polar region.
53:. The project Breakthrough Watch aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth. Breakthrough plans to send a mission to
903:
164:
Earth". The program pledges "not to transmit any message until there has been a global debate at high levels of science and politics on the risks and rewards of contacting advanced civilizations".
1364:"In Quest To Reach Alpha Centauri, BreakThrough Starshot Launches World's Smallest Spacecraft - First Prototype 'Sprites' – Precursors to Eventual 'StarChip' Probes – Achieve Low Earth Orbit"
604:
1036:
640:
715:
459:
535:
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669:
1311:
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is the head of this project. The conceptual principles to enable this interstellar travel project were described in "A Roadmap to
Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of
1497:
3703:
2398:
1432:
969:
1463:
893:
502:
3446:
1211:
1099:
1337:
840:
744:"Search for extraterrestrial intelligence gets a $ 100-million boost. Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announces most comprehensive hunt for alien life"
3855:
2826:
2816:
1918:
1908:
1590:
Yuri Milner and
Stephen Hawking announce $ 100 million Breakthrough Initiative to dramatically accelerate search for intelligent life in the Universe
594:
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1026:
705:
630:
329:
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its way to Alpha
Centauri and send back a signal for the mission to be successful. When that happens, Starshot will make history."
100:
research over the early 2000s rate, and will nearly double the rate NASA was spending on SETI research annually in approximately 1973–1993.
1823:
3421:
1993:
2736:
2248:
206:(60,000 km/s or 215 million km/h) taking about 20 years to get there, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.
2435:
304:
through its southern ice crust. Enceladus's ice crust is thought to be around two to five kilometers thick, and a probe could use an
237:
of up to 100 gigawatts. Each tiny spacecraft would transmit data back to Earth using a compact on-board laser communications system.
3554:
3163:
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1928:
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397:
33:
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85:
to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life in the
Universe and consider a plan for possibly transmitting messages out into
1679:
1303:
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1577:
1489:
1066:
568:
2869:
2336:
1582:
933:
1027:"Reaching for the Stars, Across 4.37 Light-Years; A Visionary Project Aims for Alpha Centauri, a Star 4.37 Light-Years Away"
2821:
2806:
2566:
2121:
1913:
1898:
1188:
2008:
1324:
NASA is pleased to hear that
Professor Lubin has received external funding to continue the work started in his NIAC study.
1125:
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1371:
959:
1424:
870:
323:
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2801:
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1893:
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1401:
1000:
436:
352:
233:, would be a very small centimeter-sized craft weighing several grams. They would be propelled by several ground-based
1455:
1237:
492:
2811:
2430:
2351:
1903:
1159:
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around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth, in search of oxygen and other "biosignatures."
3368:
2963:
2455:
2288:
1808:
1338:"Alpha Centauri mission: Stephen Hawking and Yuri Milner plan to send tiny spacecrafts [sic] to the stars"
2393:
2268:
1923:
1572:
382:
1089:
3870:
3860:
3763:
3490:
2953:
2511:
2278:
2223:
283:
830:
61:, in search for life in its warm ocean, and in 2018 signed a partnership agreement with NASA for the project.
3681:
3580:
3218:
3086:
2895:
2786:
2491:
2326:
2186:
1998:
1878:
387:
3865:
3406:
3279:
2776:
1868:
1525:
194:
Breakthrough Starshot, announced 12 April 2016, is a US$ 100 million program to develop a proof-of-concept
3264:
2988:
2460:
2445:
2361:
2038:
1963:
3789:
3513:
3338:
3056:
2978:
2293:
1672:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1968:
1521:"Enceladus's internal ocean and ice shell constrained from Cassini gravity, shape, and libration data"
2923:
2731:
2371:
2202:
1793:
1219:
460:"Stephen Hawking, Milner unveil $ 100M initiative to 'dramatically accelerate' search for alien life"
2791:
2298:
2064:
1883:
148:
3348:
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3313:
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1858:
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140:
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3178:
3071:
2906:
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2534:
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2418:
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1938:
1803:
1665:
595:"Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration"
305:
229:
173:
42:
1456:"Billionaire Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Initiatives Eyes Private Mission to Seek Alien Life"
301:
3875:
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3542:
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3328:
3318:
3289:
3106:
3001:
2425:
2413:
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2253:
2152:
2095:
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1988:
1838:
1722:
1712:
1534:
755:
372:
124:
182:
On 24 August 2016, ESO hosted a press conference to discuss the announcement of exoplanet
8:
3671:
3537:
3254:
3101:
3081:
3027:
2993:
2888:
2560:
2548:
2408:
2233:
710:
674:
339:
114:
37:
2018:
1538:
759:
3839:
3376:
3233:
3183:
2973:
2901:
2238:
1094:
1031:
925:
793:"Read the Inspiring 'Questions of Existence' Letter from the World's Greatest Thinkers"
792:
497:
334:
216:
211:
144:
69:
The Breakthrough Initiatives were announced to the public on 20 July 2015, at London's
29:
3771:
3656:
3009:
2879:
2578:
2572:
2366:
2116:
2069:
2033:
1773:
1752:
1552:
773:
362:
2856:
1425:"Report: NASA and Yuri Milner Working Together on Life-Hunting Mission to Enceladus"
3803:
3744:
3714:
3646:
3615:
3605:
3456:
3396:
3343:
3249:
3223:
3123:
2700:
2554:
1978:
1645:
1601:
1542:
1058:
835:
763:
560:
392:
377:
960:"Stephen Hawking and a Russian Billionaire Want to Build an Interstellar Starship"
3729:
3676:
3590:
3585:
3471:
3461:
3284:
3143:
3128:
3091:
3076:
3022:
2948:
2641:
2273:
2106:
1732:
894:"Anybody out there? $ 100m radio wave project to scan far regions for alien life"
797:
128:
74:
46:
36:
over a span of at least 10 years. The program is divided into multiple projects.
1184:
3815:
3719:
3697:
3610:
3358:
3259:
3188:
3138:
3014:
2912:
2649:
2192:
1788:
1727:
1702:
1121:
1022:
344:
250:
223:
203:
199:
50:
3482:
1632:
1621:
1606:
1363:
768:
743:
178:
3849:
3734:
3304:
3269:
3228:
2751:
2741:
2614:
2584:
1848:
1556:
862:
831:"$ 100m Breakthrough Listen is 'largest ever' search for alien civilisations"
635:
70:
1393:
992:
432:
3827:
3775:
3709:
3466:
3411:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3333:
3208:
3148:
2781:
2746:
1873:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1742:
1737:
1717:
1707:
1688:
1233:
1151:
898:
777:
289:
526:"Mark Zuckerberg just joined a new project to explore the universe faster"
3739:
3661:
3636:
3595:
3527:
3401:
3066:
2874:
2692:
2684:
2590:
2169:
2059:
1778:
1768:
1547:
1520:
464:
318:
238:
187:
136:
project began in January 2016, and is expected to continue for 10 years.
86:
78:
25:
2503:
1212:"Billionaire Milner pledges $ 100 mln to find intelligent life in space"
3666:
3641:
3416:
3294:
3213:
2657:
2146:
1833:
195:
706:"Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Nets Historic Cash Infusion"
49:, aims to send a swarm of probes to the nearest star at about 20% the
3436:
3173:
3168:
2983:
2958:
2665:
2283:
2140:
2101:
2079:
631:"NASA is giving advice to Yuri Milner's private mission to Enceladus"
402:
367:
297:
219:
183:
58:
1634:
Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed? (PBS Digital Studios)
1519:Čadek, Ondřej; Tobie, Gabriel; Van Hoolst, Tim; et al. (2016).
3810:
3600:
3158:
3133:
3045:
3038:
2933:
2864:
2341:
2331:
2263:
2054:
2028:
2003:
599:
530:
412:
407:
24:
is a science-based program founded in 2015 and funded by Julia and
292:
space probe mission concept to explore the possibility of life on
2943:
2918:
2622:
2197:
2023:
1304:"DEEP IN Directed Energy Propulsion for Interstellar Exploration"
964:
326:
Array of 74m telescopes capable of laser propelling nano crafts.
3426:
2938:
2846:
2440:
2013:
1983:
1973:
1933:
1657:
1490:"Saturn moon Enceladus' ice shell likely thinner than expected"
293:
54:
653:
The first private mission to deep space is gathering momentum.
2356:
2228:
670:"Stephen Hawking announces $ 100 million hunt for alien life"
234:
2708:
2303:
97:
1653:
Creation of Stephen Hawking's Universe with Nanotechnology
3704:
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication
2399:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
1518:
1652:
257:
In July 2017, scientists announced that precursors to
119:
3787:
3447:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
1090:"One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth"
1152:"Breakthrough Starshot: Mission to Alpha Centauri"
993:"Breakthrough Initiatives - Breakthrough Starshot"
198:spacecraft fleet capable of making the journey to
139:The project uses radio wave observations from the
96:cash infusion is projected to mark up the pace of
2827:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2817:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1919:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1909:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
186:at its headquarters in Germany. In this picture,
3847:
3550:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
3114:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
1592:/ Breakthrough Initiatives, London, 20 July 2015
984:
330:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
209:The interstellar journey may include a flyby of
3512:
1844:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
1179:
1177:
1015:
1145:
1143:
663:
661:
3498:
2519:
1673:
1269:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1051:
824:
822:
820:
737:
735:
733:
1824:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1355:
1174:
1081:
784:
699:
697:
3422:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
3119:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
1252:
1140:
658:
493:"Greetings, E.T. (Please Don't Murder Us.)"
484:
3505:
3491:
2737:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
2526:
2512:
2249:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
1680:
1666:
1602:Breakthrough Initiatives' official website
1422:
885:
817:
730:
147:, and visible light observations from the
2533:
2436:European Astrobiology Network Association
1546:
767:
694:
277:
3856:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
3555:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
3164:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
2832:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1929:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1487:
953:
951:
703:
398:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
265:, were successfully launched and flown.
177:
167:
131:used by the Breakthrough Listen project.
118:
34:search for extraterrestrial intelligence
2969:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
2347:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1423:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (8 November 2018).
1335:
1209:
1149:
1021:
667:
490:
457:
358:Ohio State University Radio Observatory
154:
3848:
891:
828:
741:
628:
592:
108:
3486:
2870:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2507:
2337:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1661:
1500:from the original on 18 February 2019
1466:from the original on 18 February 2019
1435:from the original on 18 February 2019
1361:
1258:
1087:
990:
957:
948:
790:
643:from the original on 18 February 2019
607:from the original on 20 December 2018
593:Powell, Corey S. (19 December 2018).
571:from the original on 23 February 2021
523:
268:
18:Science-based program founded in 2015
2822:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
2807:Habitability of neutron star systems
2567:Viking lander biological experiments
2486:
1914:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1899:Habitability of neutron star systems
1488:Deatrick, Elizabeth (21 June 2016).
1453:
1301:
1283:from the original on 31 January 2017
1240:from the original on 15 January 2017
624:
622:
588:
586:
555:
553:
538:from the original on 22 October 2020
3571:List of interstellar radio messages
2797:Habitability of binary star systems
2772:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
1889:Habitability of binary star systems
1102:from the original on 1 January 2022
13:
3432:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3275:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
2802:Habitability of natural satellites
2451:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1894:Habitability of natural satellites
1819:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1598:, Breakthrough Initiatives website
1404:from the original on 13 April 2021
1276:(published February 2016): 40–72.
1261:"A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight"
1162:from the original on 15 April 2016
1039:from the original on 15 April 2016
1003:from the original on 13 April 2021
972:from the original on 13 April 2016
439:from the original on 13 April 2021
433:"Breakthrough Initiatives - About"
353:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
14:
3887:
2812:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2431:Center for Life Detection Science
2352:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
1904:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1573:Breakthrough Initiatives web site
1566:
1374:from the original on 29 July 2017
1336:Osborne, Hannah (12 April 2016).
1314:from the original on 1 April 2019
1191:from the original on 29 June 2019
1128:from the original on 29 June 2019
1088:Chang, Kenneth (24 August 2016).
936:from the original on 12 June 2018
906:from the original on 20 July 2015
843:from the original on 22 July 2015
805:from the original on 22 July 2015
718:from the original on 22 July 2015
682:from the original on 22 July 2015
619:
583:
550:
505:from the original on 19 July 2018
472:from the original on 11 July 2018
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3770:
3759:
3758:
2964:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2485:
2474:
2473:
2456:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
2289:Life Investigation For Enceladus
1809:Extraterrestrial sample curation
1687:
1069:from the original on 22 May 2019
873:from the original on 31 May 2019
829:Rundle, Michael (20 July 2015).
668:Feltman, Rachel (20 July 2015).
629:Harris, Mark (8 November 2018).
491:Johnson, Steven (28 June 2017).
2394:Astrobiology Society of Britain
2269:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
1924:Habitable zone for complex life
1512:
1481:
1447:
1416:
1386:
1342:International Business Times UK
1329:
1295:
1226:
1210:McBride, Sarah (20 July 2015).
1203:
1150:Gilster, Paul (12 April 2016).
1114:
958:Stone, Maddie (12 April 2016).
930:www.breakthroughinitiatives.org
918:
855:
458:Lendino, Jamie (20 July 2015).
2954:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2279:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
1454:Wall, Mike (9 November 2018).
742:Merali, Zeeya (20 July 2015).
704:Billings, Lee (20 July 2015).
517:
451:
425:
284:Breakthrough Enceladus mission
1:
3087:Berkeley SETI Research Center
2787:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2327:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1879:Extraterrestrial liquid water
419:
288:Breakthrough Enceladus is an
227:craft, and each craft, named
3407:Extraterrestrials in fiction
3280:Interplanetary contamination
2777:Circumstellar habitable zone
2661:(unusual light fluctuations)
2653:(unusual light fluctuations)
2645:(unusual light fluctuations)
2461:Spanish Astrobiology Center‎
1869:Circumstellar habitable zone
1526:Geophysical Research Letters
1259:Lubin, Philip (April 2015).
892:Sample, Ian (20 July 2015).
791:Vella, Matt (21 July 2015).
754:(7561). Nature News: 392–3.
524:Seung, Lee (13 April 2016).
308:to constrain its structure.
7:
3514:Interstellar communications
3265:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
2446:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1398:breakthroughinitiatives.org
1368:BreakThroughInitiatives.org
867:breakthroughinitiatives.org
565:breakthroughinitiatives.org
311:
103:
10:
3892:
2979:Mars sample-return mission
2294:Mars sample return mission
1394:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
1302:Hall, Loura (7 May 2015).
1234:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
926:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
863:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
561:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
281:
171:
112:
64:
3753:
3690:
3629:
3563:
3520:
3367:
3303:
3242:
3197:
3055:
2855:
2760:
2732:Earliest known life forms
2724:
2677:
2634:
2607:
2600:
2541:
2469:
2384:
2372:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2317:
2216:
2178:
2162:
2130:
2047:
1956:
1947:
1857:
1794:Earliest known life forms
1761:
1695:
1623:Going interstellar (NASA)
769:10.1038/nature.2015.18016
3533:Breakthrough Initiatives
3097:Breakthrough Initiatives
2404:Breakthrough Initiatives
1063:Breakthrough Initiatives
997:Breakthrough Initiatives
22:Breakthrough Initiatives
3201:extraterrestrial beings
2792:Galactic habitable zone
2065:Mars Science Laboratory
1884:Galactic habitable zone
1059:"Breakthrough Starshot"
991:Staff (12 April 2016).
149:Automated Planet Finder
3349:Planetarium hypothesis
3339:Hart–Tipler conjecture
3324:Dark forest hypothesis
3314:Aestivation hypothesis
3033:Venus In Situ Explorer
2837:Planetary habitability
2626:(misidentified quasar)
2618:(misidentified pulsar)
2244:Enceladus Life Finder‎
2224:Breakthrough Enceladus
1748:Planetary oceanography
1362:Staff (26 July 2017).
302:Enceladus's warm ocean
278:Breakthrough Enceladus
191:
141:Green Bank Observatory
132:
3871:Proposed space probes
3861:Interstellar messages
3725:Extraterrestrial life
3652:Sebastian von Hoerner
3621:Voyager Golden Record
3452:Post-detection policy
3354:Rare Earth hypothesis
3179:Voyager Golden Record
3072:Allen Telescope Array
2907:Enceladus Life Finder
2842:Superhabitable planet
2535:Extraterrestrial life
2419:Breakthrough Starshot
2019:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
1939:Superhabitable planet
1804:Extraterrestrial life
306:ice-penetrating radar
181:
174:Breakthrough Starshot
168:Breakthrough Starshot
122:
43:Breakthrough Starshot
3576:A Message from Earth
3543:Breakthrough Message
3442:Planetary protection
3329:Firstborn hypothesis
3319:Berserker hypothesis
3290:Mediocrity principle
3107:Breakthrough Message
2725:Life in the Universe
2426:Carl Sagan Institute
2414:Breakthrough Message
2254:Enceladus Orbilander
1989:Biosatellite program
1839:Planetary protection
1723:Evolutionary biology
1713:Atmospheric sciences
1583:Breakthrough Message
1548:10.1002/2016GL068634
1185:"Starshot - Concept"
373:Open-source software
161:Breakthrough Message
155:Breakthrough Message
125:Green Bank Telescope
3866:Interstellar travel
3672:Linda Salzman Sagan
3581:Across the Universe
3538:Breakthrough Listen
3255:Directed panspermia
3234:Reptilian humanoids
3102:Breakthrough Listen
3082:Arecibo Observatory
3028:Titan Mare Explorer
2601:Signals of interest
2561:Murchison meteorite
2549:Shergotty meteorite
2409:Breakthrough Listen
1596:Breakthrough Listen
1578:Breakthrough Listen
1539:2016GeoRL..43.5653C
1222:on 11 October 2015.
1122:"Starshot - Target"
760:2015Natur.523..392M
711:Scientific American
675:The Washington Post
340:Interstellar travel
115:Breakthrough Listen
109:Breakthrough Listen
38:Breakthrough Listen
3377:Ancient astronauts
2974:Mars Geyser Hopper
2902:Enceladus Explorer
2542:Events and objects
2239:Enceladus Explorer
1095:The New York Times
1032:The New York Times
498:The New York Times
335:Interstellar probe
269:Breakthrough Watch
212:Proxima Centauri b
192:
145:Parkes Observatory
133:
45:, co-founded with
30:Breakthrough Prize
3785:
3784:
3682:Aleksandr Zaitsev
3657:Nikolai Kardashev
3480:
3479:
3010:SpaceX Red Dragon
2925:Rosalind Franklin
2720:
2719:
2579:Allan Hills 84001
2573:Allan Hills 77005
2501:
2500:
2380:
2379:
2204:Rosalind Franklin
2117:Trace Gas Orbiter
1774:Allan Hills 84001
1753:Planetary science
1533:(11): 5653–5660.
1065:. 12 April 2016.
1025:(12 April 2016).
383:Project Dragonfly
363:100 Year Starship
77:. Russian tycoon
3883:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3745:San Marino Scale
3715:Astrolinguistics
3647:Hans Freudenthal
3616:Teen Age Message
3606:Hello from Earth
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3457:San Marino Scale
3397:Brookings Report
3344:Neocatastrophism
3250:Cosmic pluralism
3224:Little green men
3199:Types of alleged
3124:Astrolinguistics
2713:
2705:
2704:(unknown origin)
2701:Fast radio burst
2697:
2689:
2670:
2669:(unknown origin)
2666:HD 164595 signal
2662:
2654:
2646:
2627:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2555:Nakhla meteorite
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2476:
1954:
1953:
1849:Yamato meteorite
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:Official website
1635:
1624:
1613:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:. Archived from
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
955:
946:
945:
943:
941:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
826:
815:
814:
812:
810:
788:
782:
781:
771:
739:
728:
727:
725:
723:
701:
692:
691:
689:
687:
665:
656:
655:
650:
648:
626:
617:
616:
614:
612:
590:
581:
580:
578:
576:
557:
548:
547:
545:
543:
521:
515:
514:
512:
510:
488:
482:
481:
479:
477:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
429:
393:Project Longshot
378:Project Daedalus
243:UC Santa Barbara
190:giving a speech.
129:radio telescopes
95:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3749:
3686:
3677:Iosif Shklovsky
3625:
3591:Bracewell probe
3586:Arecibo message
3559:
3516:
3511:
3481:
3476:
3472:Xenoarchaeology
3462:Technosignature
3363:
3299:
3285:Kardashev scale
3238:
3200:
3193:
3189:Xenolinguistics
3154:Project Phoenix
3144:Project Cyclops
3129:Lincos language
3092:Bracewell probe
3077:Arecibo message
3058:
3051:
2949:Icebreaker Life
2851:
2763:
2756:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2673:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2596:
2537:
2532:
2502:
2497:
2465:
2386:
2376:
2319:
2313:
2274:Icebreaker Life
2212:
2174:
2158:
2132:
2126:
2043:
1949:
1943:
1860:
1853:
1757:
1733:Geomicrobiology
1691:
1686:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1622:
1607:
1569:
1564:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1317:
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1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1156:Centauri Dreams
1148:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1023:Overbye, Dennis
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
989:
985:
975:
973:
956:
949:
939:
937:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
890:
886:
876:
874:
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
827:
818:
808:
806:
789:
785:
740:
731:
721:
719:
702:
695:
685:
683:
666:
659:
646:
644:
627:
620:
610:
608:
591:
584:
574:
572:
559:
558:
551:
541:
539:
522:
518:
508:
506:
489:
485:
475:
473:
456:
452:
442:
440:
431:
430:
426:
422:
417:
314:
286:
280:
271:
222:that is in the
176:
170:
157:
117:
111:
106:
94:US$ 100 million
93:
75:Stephen Hawking
67:
47:Mark Zuckerberg
19:
12:
11:
5:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3767:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Drake equation
3717:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3698:Alien language
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Pioneer plaque
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
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3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:Related topics
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3359:Zoo hypothesis
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Drake equation
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Pioneer plaque
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2989:Northern Light
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2913:Europa Clipper
2909:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2857:Space missions
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
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2774:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2712:(radio signal)
2706:
2698:
2696:(inconclusive)
2690:
2688:(radio source)
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2650:EPIC 204278916
2647:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2598:
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2516:
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2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Northern Light
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2318:Cancelled and
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2193:Europa Clipper
2190:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Drake equation
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Exoplanetology
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Astrochemistry
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1568:
1567:External links
1565:
1563:
1562:
1511:
1480:
1446:
1415:
1385:
1354:
1328:
1294:
1251:
1225:
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783:
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582:
549:
516:
483:
450:
423:
421:
418:
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415:
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405:
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395:
390:
388:Project Icarus
385:
380:
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370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
342:
337:
332:
327:
324:Colossus Array
321:
315:
313:
310:
282:Main article:
279:
276:
270:
267:
251:Douglas Vakoch
224:habitable zone
204:speed of light
200:Alpha Centauri
172:Main article:
169:
166:
156:
153:
127:is one of the
113:Main article:
110:
107:
105:
102:
66:
63:
51:speed of light
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3888:
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3768:
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3736:
3735:Fermi paradox
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
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3706:
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3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:Fermi paradox
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Fermi paradox
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Nordic aliens
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Energy beings
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
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3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:communication
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3011:
3008:
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2765:
2759:
2753:
2752:Life on Titan
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Life on Venus
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2707:
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3467:UFO religion
3412:Extremophile
3392:Biosignature
3387:Astroecology
3382:Astrobiology
3334:Great Filter
3149:Project Ozma
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3057:Interstellar
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3003:Perseverance
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2782:Earth analog
2764:habitability
2747:Life on Mars
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2385:Institutions
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2185:
2163:Heliocentric
2151:
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2086:Perseverance
2085:
2070:
1874:Earth analog
1861:habitability
1829:Ocean planet
1799:Earth analog
1784:Biosignature
1743:Paleontology
1738:Microbiology
1718:Biochemistry
1708:Astrophysics
1689:Astrobiology
1609:
1608:Launching a
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81:created the
68:
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3876:Yuri Milner
3840:spaceflight
3740:Prix Guzman
3662:Jon Lomberg
3637:Frank Drake
3596:Cosmic Call
3528:Active SETI
3402:Exotheology
3214:Grey aliens
3067:Active SETI
2995:Opportunity
2875:BioSentinel
2693:Wow! signal
2642:KIC 8462852
2591:CI1 fossils
2320:undeveloped
2170:BioSentinel
2060:Fobos-Grunt
1957:Earth orbit
1779:Biomolecule
1769:Abiogenesis
1762:Main topics
1696:Disciplines
1504:17 February
1470:17 February
1439:17 February
647:17 February
611:17 February
465:ExtremeTech
319:Active SETI
239:Pete Worden
217:Earth-sized
202:at 20% the
188:Pete Worden
83:Initiatives
79:Yuri Milner
26:Yuri Milner
3850:Categories
3667:Carl Sagan
3642:Ann Druyan
3437:Noogenesis
3417:Hemolithin
3295:Panspermia
3243:Hypotheses
3219:Insectoids
3184:Water hole
2685:SHGb02+14a
2658:VVV-WIT-07
2367:Red Dragon
2147:OSIRIS-REx
2131:Comets and
1834:Panspermia
1287:11 January
1244:11 January
443:16 January
420:References
347:Enterprise
249:president
196:light sail
28:, also of
3804:Astronomy
3307:solutions
3174:setiQuest
3169:SETI@home
2984:Mars 2020
2959:Laplace-P
2896:Dragonfly
2881:Curiosity
2762:Planetary
2284:Laplace-P
2187:Dragonfly
2141:Hayabusa2
2133:asteroids
2102:Tianwen-1
2080:Mars 2020
2071:Curiosity
2004:Eu:CROPIS
1859:Planetary
1612:– concept
1557:1944-8007
1460:Space.com
1308:NASA News
1106:24 August
403:SETI@home
368:Open data
298:Enceladus
296:'s moon,
220:exoplanet
184:Proxima b
59:Enceladus
3764:Category
3601:CosmicOS
3564:Messages
3521:Programs
3159:SERENDIP
3134:NIROSETI
3046:Viking 2
3039:Viking 1
2944:Foton-M3
2934:ExoLance
2865:Beagle 2
2480:Category
2342:Kazachok
2332:Beagle 3
2264:ExoLance
2217:Proposed
2055:Beagle 2
2029:OREOcube
2009:EXOSTACK
1950:missions
1610:StarChip
1498:Archived
1494:GeoSpace
1464:Archived
1433:Archived
1402:Archived
1372:Archived
1318:22 April
1312:Archived
1278:Archived
1238:Archived
1189:Archived
1166:14 April
1160:Archived
1126:Archived
1100:Archived
1073:12 April
1067:Archived
1043:12 April
1037:Archived
1007:14 April
1001:Archived
976:12 April
970:Archived
934:Archived
904:Archived
871:Archived
841:Archived
803:Archived
778:26201576
716:Archived
680:Archived
641:Archived
605:Archived
600:NBC News
569:Archived
536:Archived
531:Newsweek
503:Archived
470:Archived
437:Archived
413:Starwisp
408:Starship
312:See also
261:, named
259:StarChip
230:StarChip
143:and the
104:Projects
57:'s moon
3816:Biology
3790:Portals
3023:Tanpopo
2919:ExoMars
2623:CTA-102
2615:CP 1919
2492:Commons
2309:Trident
2299:Oceanus
2198:ExoMars
2179:Planned
2153:Rosetta
2108:Zhurong
2096:Phoenix
2034:Tanpopo
2024:O/OREOS
1969:BIOCORE
1639:YouTube
1628:YouTube
1617:YouTube
1535:Bibcode
1429:Gizmodo
1378:28 July
1216:Reuters
1195:29 June
1132:29 June
965:Gizmodo
940:24 July
910:20 July
847:20 July
809:21 July
756:Bibcode
722:21 July
686:20 July
509:28 June
476:20 July
263:Sprites
65:History
3730:Lincos
3630:People
3427:MERMOZ
3016:Spirit
2939:EXPOSE
2889:Darwin
2847:Tholin
2593:(2011)
2587:(2000)
2581:(1984)
2575:(1977)
2569:(1976)
2563:(1969)
2557:(1911)
2551:(1865)
2441:MERMOZ
2234:CAESAR
2122:Viking
2039:VEGGIE
2014:EXPOSE
1994:E-MIST
1984:BIOPAN
1974:Biolab
1934:Tholin
1555:
1408:9 June
877:9 June
776:
748:Nature
575:9 June
542:29 May
294:Saturn
235:lasers
55:Saturn
3828:space
3691:Other
3018:rover
3005:rover
2997:rover
2927:rover
2883:rover
2678:Other
2635:Stars
2357:MELOS
2229:BRUIE
2206:rover
2110:rover
2088:rover
2073:rover
1948:Space
1347:1 May
1281:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
836:Wired
215:, an
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2304:THEO
2048:Mars
1979:Bion
1553:ISSN
1506:2019
1472:2019
1441:2019
1410:2017
1380:2017
1349:2017
1320:2016
1289:2016
1246:2017
1197:2019
1168:2016
1134:2019
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1075:2016
1045:2016
1009:2016
978:2016
942:2015
912:2015
879:2017
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798:Time
774:PMID
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688:2015
649:2019
613:2019
577:2017
544:2019
511:2017
478:2015
445:2019
345:IXS
247:METI
159:The
123:The
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