Breathalyzer - Knowledge

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alcohol concentration is nearly identical in all regions of the lung. Rather, it is because, during exhalation, water and alcohol are being redeposited on the airways, primarily the trachea and generations 6 though 12 of the airways. As more fluid is deposited on the mucous surfaces, the remaining fluid travels further, resulting in more alcohol being recorded by the breathalyzer. The recorded alcohol concentrations never reach the alveolar alcohol concentration, even if the subject exhales as deeply as possible. According to Henry's law, alveolar air alcohol concentration would be pulmonary BAC divided by 1756, compared to the BrAC which is arterial blood concentration divided by 2251. When the subject stops exhaling, the alcohol concentration levels off - this does not indicate that alveolar air has been obtained, as it will level off regardless of the point at which the subject stops exhaling. But it does mean that end-exhaled BrAC is readily obtained. This brings up the question of what is meant by reporting BrAC as a single number; is it the "deep-lung air", the highest possible reading obtainable by the subject's full exhalation? Or is it the zero concentration at the initial part of the curve? Hlastala suggests using the average BrAC during the exhalation, which corresponds to the BrAC measured at about the 5-second mark. The Supreme Court of California determined that the BrAC is defined as the alcohol concentration of the last part of the subject’s expired breath.

213: 1400:, which means that by applying for a driver's license, drivers are agreeing to take an evidentiary chemical test (blood, breath, or urine) after being arrested for a DUI. But in US law, the arrest and subsequent test may be invalidated if it is found that the arrest lacked probable cause. The PBT establishes a baseline alcohol level that the police officer may use to justify the arrest. The result of the PBT is not generally admissible in court, except to establish probable cause, although some states, such as Idaho, permit data or "readings" from hand-held preliminary breath testers or preliminary alcohol screeners to be presented as evidence in court. In states such as Florida and Colorado, there are no penalties for refusing a PBT. Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST, PBT, or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory. 236: 1067:

exhale a greater fraction of their available lung volume compared with a larger subject. A mathematical model suggests that a 2L-lung-capacity subject's end-exhaled BrAC may read 35% higher than a 6L subject for the same minimum 1.5L exhalation and alveolar alcohol concentration. For exhalation to the maximum extent, such as under typical laboratory conditions, measured BrAC is unaffected by lung size. The subject's body temperature and breath temperature also influence results, with an increase in temperature corresponding to an increase in measured BrAC. Furthermore, the humidity and temperature of the ambient air can decrease results by as much as 10%. The result of these factors is that the breath test is more forgiving for some subjects than others. Nonetheless, the overall variance due to how much one breathes out is usually low, and some breathalyzers compensate for the volume of air.

1286:(sometimes referred to as driving or operating while intoxicated) in several ways. Historically, states in the US initially prohibited driving with a high level of BAC, and did not have any laws regarding BrAC. A BrAC test result was merely presented as indirect evidence of BAC. Where the defendant had refused to take a subsequent blood test, the only way the state could prove BAC was by presenting scientific evidence of how alcohol in the breath gets there from alcohol in the blood, along with evidence of how to convert from one to the other. DUI defense attorneys frequently contested the scientific reliability of such evidence. Before September 2011, South Dakota relied solely on blood tests to ensure accuracy. 166: 1059:, which supplies blood to these airways. When the air reaches the alveoli, it is already near equilibrium - this is why inhaling dry air does not dry out the lungs significantly. With exhalation, water and alcohol are rapidly lost to the airways, primarily within the fifth to fifteenth generations of branching. Nonetheless, as may be evidenced by seeing one's breath in the cold, some water vapor does not get re-absorbed by the airways and is exhaled, and similarly some alcohol is exhaled during breathing. But the relationship of the alcohol concentration of this air to the concentration of alcohol in the blood is somewhat suspect and can be affected by many variables. 1148:"slope" parameter. This parameter detects any decrease in alcohol concentration of 0.006 g per 210 L of breath in 0.6 second, a condition indicative of residual mouth alcohol, and will result in an "invalid sample" warning to the operator, notifying the operator of the presence of the residual mouth alcohol. Other instruments require that the individual be tested twice at least two minutes apart. Mouthwash or other mouth alcohol will have somewhat dissipated after two minutes and cause the second reading to disagree with the first, requiring a retest. Many preliminary breath testers, however, feature no such safeguards. 1185:, pennies and batteries; all of these methods proved ineffective. The show noted that using these items to cover the smell of alcohol may fool a person, but, since they will not actually reduce a person's BrAC, there will be no effect on a breath analyzer test regardless of the quantity used, if any, it appeared that using mouthwash only raised the BrAC. Pennies supposedly produce a chemical reaction, while batteries supposedly create an electrical charge, yet neither of these methods affected the breath analyzer results. 870:

consumers use a silicon oxide sensor (also called a semiconductor sensor) to determine the alcohol concentration. These sensors are prone to contamination and interference from substances other than breath alcohol, and require recalibration or replacement every six months. Higher-end personal breath analyzers and professional-use breath alcohol testers use platinum fuel cell sensors. These too require recalibration but at less frequent intervals than semiconductor devices, usually once a year.

1247: 38: 1140:, can greatly exacerbate the mouth-alcohol problem. The stomach is normally separated from the throat by a valve, but when this valve becomes incompetent or herniated, there is nothing to stop the liquid contents in the stomach from rising and permeating the esophagus and mouth. The contents—including any alcohol—are then later exhaled into the breathalyzer. One study of 10 individuals suffering from this condition did not find any actual increase in breath ethanol. 5060: 189:, England, Dr. Gorsky, a police surgeon, asked a suspect to inflate a football bladder with his breath. Since the 2 liters of the man's breath contained 1.5 mg of ethanol, Gorsky testified before the court that the defendant was "50% drunk". The use of drunkenness as the standard, as opposed to BAC, perhaps invalidated the analysis, as tolerance to alcohol varies. However, the story illustrates the general principles of breath analysis. 1216:, etc.) that would fool a fuel cell type detector, or an organic interferent to fool an infrared absorption detector. The infrared absorption detector is more vulnerable to interference than a laboratory instrument measuring a continuous absorption spectrum since it only makes measurements at particular discrete wavelengths. However, due to the fact that any interference can only cause higher absorption, not lower, the estimated 1055:. However, the alcohol in the exhaled air comes essentially from the airways of the lung, and not from the alveoli. The alcohol acts similarly to water vapor, so it is instructive to study the humidity of lung air. During breathing, the inspired air picks up water and alcohol from the airways. Almost all uptake occurs in the upper airways; thus, the BrAC is most affected by the alcohol concentration in the 3052:: "If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a sample of the defendant's (blood/breath/urine) was taken within three hours of the defendant's driving and that a chemical analysis of the sample showed a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more, you may, but are not required to, conclude that the defendant's blood alcohol level was 0.08 percent or more at the time of the alleged offense." 1430: 102: 977:, a common gasoline additive, has been alleged anecdotally to cause false positives in persons exposed to it. Tests have shown this to be true for older machines; however, newer machines detect this interference and compensate for it. Any number of other products found in the environment or workplace can also cause erroneous BAC results. These include compounds found in 1325:

the 2100:1 figure. The NSC has acknowledged that more recent research shows the actual relationship is most probably higher than 2100:1 and closer to 2300:1, but opines that this difference is of minimal practical significance in law enforcement. The use of the lower 2100:1 factor errs on the side of conservativism and can only favor the driver.

1381:. In order to demand a person produce a breathalyzer sample an officer must have "reasonable suspicion" that the person drove with more than 80 mg alcohol per 100 mL of blood. The demand must be within three hours of driving. Any driver that refuses can be charged under s.254 of the Criminal Code. With the legalization of 1031:

ratio of ABAC:BrAC is 2294 ± 56 across all phases and 2251 ± 46 in the post-absorption phase. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises approximately 0.0001×2251 g/L, or 0.2251 g/L of arterial blood alcohol concentration (equivalent to 0.2251 permille or 0.02251% BAC).

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avoid alerting the police officers administering the test (who would obviously become very suspicious if they noticed that a person was inserting items into their mouth prior to taking a breath test). It would likely be very difficult, especially for someone in an intoxicated state, to be able to accomplish such a feat.

1309:, which means it is presumed that the driver was intoxicated given a high BrAC reading, but that presumption can be rebutted if a jury finds it unreliable or if other evidence establishes a reasonable doubt as to whether the person actually drove with a breath or blood alcohol level of 0.08% or greater. 1407:

subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" fine, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law. In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable

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showed some of the more common and not-so-common ways of attempts to beat the breath analyzer, none of which work. Test 1 was to suck on a copper-coated coin such as a penny. Test 2 was to hold a battery on the tongue. Test 3 was to chew gum. None of these tests showed a "pass" reading if the subject

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Across all phases, BrAC correlates closely with arterial BAC. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the arterial blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. The

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The dry-gas method utilizes a portable calibration standard which is a precise mixture of ethanol and inert nitrogen available in a pressurized canister. Initial equipment costs are less than alternative methods and the steps required are fewer. The equipment is also portable allowing calibrations to

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In early years, the range of the BrAC threshold in the US varied considerably between States. States have since adopted a uniform 0.08% BrAC level, due to federal guidelines. It is said that the federal government ensures the passage of the federal guidelines by tying traffic safety highway funds to

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In general, two types of breathalyzer are used. Small hand-held breathalyzers are not reliable enough to provide evidence in court but reliable enough to justify an arrest. These devices may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety test" commonly called "preliminary breath test"

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One of the most common causes of falsely high breath analyzer readings is the existence of mouth alcohol. In analyzing a subject's breath sample, the breath analyzer's internal computer is making the assumption that the alcohol in the breath sample came from the lungs. However, alcohol may have come

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As air is exhaled, the alcohol concentration of the exhaled air increases over time, rising significantly in the first few seconds and then slowing down after, but not leveling out until the subject stops exhaling. This is not because there is a "dead space" of non-alcoholic air in the airways - the

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Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting the internal settings of a breath analyzer by comparing and adjusting its test results to a known alcohol standard. Breath analyzer sensors drift over time and require periodic calibration to ensure accuracy. Many handheld breath analyzers sold to

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was complete within one hour-9:00. At the time of the stop, the driver is fully absorbed. The test result of 0.080 was at 10:00. So the one hour of elimination that has occurred since the stop is added in, making 0.080+0.015=0.095 the approximate breath alcohol concentration at the time of the stop.

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In other states, such as California and New Jersey, the statute remains tied to BAC, but the BrAC results of certain machines have been judicially deemed presumptively accurate substitutes for blood testing when used as directed. While BrAC tests are not necessary to prove a defendant was under the

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jurisdictions such as the UK, it is automatically illegal to drive a vehicle with a sufficiently high breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). The breath analyzer reading of the operator will be offered as evidence of that crime, and challenges can only be offered on the basis of an inaccurate reading.

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Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed. Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer

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Absorption of alcohol continues for anywhere from 20 minutes (on an empty stomach) to two-and-one-half hours (on a full stomach) after the last consumption, generally taking around 40-50 minutes. During the absorptive phase, the concentration of alcohol throughout the body changes unpredictably, as

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In 1927, Emil Bogen produced a paper on breath analysis. He collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1 cc of urine. Also in 1927, a Chicago chemist,

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Time of breath test-10:00pm...Result of breath test-0.080...Time of driving-9:00pm (stopped by officer)...Time of last drink-8:00pm...Last food-12:00pm. Using these facts, an expert can say the person's last drink was consumed on an empty stomach, which means absorption of the last drink (at 8:00)

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There is no international consensus on the statutory ratio of blood to breath levels, ranging from 2000:1 (most of Europe) to 2100:1 (US) to 2300:1 (UK). In the US, the ratio of 2100:1 was determined based on studies done in 1930-1950, with a 1952 report of the National Safety Council establishing

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To help guard against mouth-alcohol contamination, certified breath-test operators and police officers are trained to observe a test subject carefully for at least 15–20 minutes before administering the breath test. Some instruments also feature built-in safeguards. The Intoxilyzer 5000 features a

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The ratio of venous blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content may vary significantly, from 1300:1 to 3100:1. Assuming a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.07%, for example, a person could have a partition ratio of 1500:1 and a breath test reading of 0.10 g/2100 mL, over the legal limit in some

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dosing, chugging a single large drink. With additional doses of alcohol, the definitions of absorption and post-absorption are less clear. However, once absorption of the last drink has finished, the concentrations will follow standard post-absorption curves. It is also not always clear from a BAC

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light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the change in color, which is used to calculate the percent alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by it, producing

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The breath analyzer test is usually administered at a police station, commonly an hour or more after the arrest. Although this gives the BrAC at the time of the test, it does not by itself answer the question of what it was at the time of driving. The prosecution typically provides an estimated

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breathalyzers, but typically are not calibrated frequently enough for evidentiary purposes. The test device typically provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, but its primary use is for screening. In some cases, the device even has "pass/fail" indicia. For example, in Canada, PST

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End-exhaled BrAC varies depending on several factors. Most alcohol breath testers require a minimum exhalation volume (normally between 1.1 and 1.5 L) or minimum six-second exhalation time before the breath sample is accepted. This raises concerns for subject with smaller lung volumes - they must

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episode also pointed out another complication: it would be necessary to insert the item into one's mouth (for example, eat an onion, rinse with mouthwash, conceal a battery), take the breath test, and then possibly remove the item — all of which would have to be accomplished discreetly enough to

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alcohol concentration at the time of driving utilizing retrograde extrapolation, presented by expert opinion. This involves projecting back in time to estimate the BrAC level at the time of driving, by applying the physiological properties of absorption and elimination rates in the human body.

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Other false positives of high BrAC and also blood reading are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney metabolization and failure. The metabolization rate of related patients with kidney damage is abnormal in relation to percent in alcohol in the breath. However, since

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Overall, the results show an increase in measured BrAC with increased contact between the lungs and the measured air. Exercising immediately before the test, such as running up and down a flight of stairs, can also reduce measured BrAC by 13% or more, with the combined effect of exercise and

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Another issue is that the BrAC is typically tested several hours after the time of driving. Some jurisdictions, such as the State of Washington, allow the use of breath analyzer test results without regard as to how much time passed between operation of the vehicle and the time the test was

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The wet-bath method utilizes an ethanol/water standard in a precise specialized alcohol concentration, contained and delivered in specialized breath simulator equipment. The wet-bath method has a higher initial cost and is not intended to be portable. The standard must be fresh and replaced

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level for drivers in the UK, above which it became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle; and introduced the roadside breathalyser, made available to police forces across the country. In 1979, Lion Laboratories' version of the breathalyser, known as the Alcolyser and incorporating

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The preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening test uses small hand-held breath analyzers (hand-held breathalyzers). (The terms "preliminary breath test" ("PBT") and "preliminary alcohol screening test" reference the same devices and functions.) They are generally based on

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There are two ways of calibrating a precision fuel cell breath analyzer, the wet-bath and the dry-gas methods. Each method requires specialized equipment and factory-trained technicians. It is not a procedure that can be conducted by untrained users or without the proper equipment.

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While jurisdictions that recognise absorptive stage intoxication as a defense would also accept a defense of consumption after driving, some jurisdictions penalise post-driving drinking. While laws regarding absorption of alcohol consumed before (or while) driving are generally

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breath spray on an Intoxilyzer 5000. He performed 23 tests with subjects who sprayed their throats and obtained readings as high as 0.81—far beyond legal levels. The scientist also noted that the effects of the spray did not fall below detectable levels until after 18 minutes.

861:(BAC), which requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they measure the amount of alcohol in one's breath, BrAC, generally reported in milligrams of alcohol per liter of breathed air. The relationship between BrAC and BAC is complex, and is affected by many factors. 1035:

jurisdictions. However, low partition ratios are generally observed during the absorption phase. Post-absorption, the ratio is relatively fixed, 2382 ± 119 , although this ratio was measured in a laboratory environment and variation may be larger in real-world scenarios.

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Public breathalyzers are becoming a method for consumers to test themselves at the source of alcohol consumption. These are used in pubs, bars, restaurants, charities, weddings and all types of licensed events. As breathalyzer tests have increased risk of transmission of

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Accordingly, all breath-testing programs require the operator or other trained individual to 'continuously' observe the subject for 15 to 20 minutes before a breath test (the exact amount of time varies among the jurisdictions). The rules typically require reasonable

232:. His trademarked Breathalyzer used chemical oxidation and photometry to determine alcohol concentrations. The invention of the Breathalyzer provided law enforcement with a quick and portable test to determine an individual's intoxication level via breath analysis. 969:

levels hundreds or even thousands of times higher than those in others. Acetone is one of the many substances that can be falsely identified as ethyl alcohol by some breath machines. However, fuel cell based systems are non-responsive to substances like acetone.

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devices, called "alcohol screening devices" are set so that, from 0 to 49 mg% it shows digits, from 50 to 99 mg% it shows the word "warn" and 100 mg% and above it shows "fail". These preliminary breath tests are sometimes categorised as part of

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Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably

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A common defense to an impaired driving charge (in appropriate circumstances) is that the consumption of alcohol occurred subsequent to driving. The typical circumstance where this comes up is when a driver consumes alcohol after a road accident, as an

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of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise suspects who refuse a preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening to not engage in discussion or "justifying" the refusal with the police.)

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Robert F. Borkenstein, who revolutionized enforcement of drunken driving laws by inventing the Breathalyzer to measure alcohol in the blood, died last Saturday at his home in Bloomington, Ind. He was 89....born in Fort Wayne, Ind., on Aug. 31,

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Lindberg, L.; Brauer, S.; Wollmer, P.; Goldberg, L.; Jones, A.W.; Olsson, S.G. (May 2007). "Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration".

185:, invented a breathalyzer in which the breath moving through chemicals in water would change color. One suggested use for his invention was for housewives to test whether their husbands had been drinking. In December 1927, in a case in 1665:

on an electrode. The current produced is proportional to the amount of alcohol present. These sensors are very stable, typically requiring calibration every 6 months, and are the type of sensor usually found in roadside breath testing

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In addition, the show noted that breath tests are often verified with blood tests (BAC, which are more accurate) and that even if a person somehow managed to fool a breath test, a blood test would certainly confirm a person's guilt.

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solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed color. The greater the color change, the more alcohol there was present in the breath. The drunkometer was manufactured and sold by Stephenson Corporation of

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gas sensors are based on the increase in conductance of a tin oxide layer in the presence of a reducing gas such as vaporized ethanol. They are found in inexpensive breathalyzers and their stability is not as reliable as fuel cell

837: 1340:, use breathalyzers that give a recognized 20% tolerance on readings. Noel Ashby, former Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner (Traffic & Transport), claims that this tolerance is to allow for different body types. 660: 284:

for the product in 1980, and it began to be marketed worldwide. The Alcolyser was superseded by the Lion Intoximeter 3000 in 1983, and later by the Lion Alcolmeter and Lion Intoxilyser. These later models used a

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maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, Infrared instruments are also known as "evidentiary breath testers" and generally produce court-admissible results.

1136:(1959): "True reactions with alcohol in expired breath from sources other than the alveolar air (eructation, regurgitation, vomiting) will, of course, vitiate the breath alcohol results." Acid reflux, or 2789: 2731: 1289:

States responded in different ways to the inability to rely on breathalyzer evidence. Many states such as California modified their statutes so to make a certain level of alcohol in the breath

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maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for preliminary screening use. In the United States, the main use of the preliminary breath test (PBT) is to establish

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from the mouth, throat or stomach for a number of reasons. A very tiny amount of alcohol from the mouth, throat or stomach can have a significant impact on the breath-alcohol reading.

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breathalyzers allow a high degree of specificity for ethanol. Typically evidential breath alcohol instruments in police stations will work on the principle of infrared spectroscopy.

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Fessler, Chancy C.; Tulleners, Frederic A.; Howitt, David G.; Richards, John R. (March 2008). "Determination of mouth alcohol using the Dräger Evidential Portable Alcohol System".

1459:. This closely relates to absorptive stage intoxication (or bolus drinking), except that the consumption of alcohol also occurred after driving. This defense can be overcome by 942:). The characteristic bond of alcohols in infrared is the O-H bond, which gives a strong absorbance at a short wavelength. The more light is absorbed by compounds containing the 1925:

The Drunkometer, which used a balloon into which people breathed, was the first practical breath test to measure whether people were drunk. The device was patented in 1936.

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is more straightforward, with a separate penalty applied for consumption "After An Accident" until reported to the police and if so required, has been medically examined.

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Kechagias S, Jönsson KA, Franzén T, Andersson L, Jones AW (July 1999). "Reliability of breath-alcohol analysis in individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease".

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such as irregular contraction patterns. After absorption, the concentrations in the body settle down and follow predictable patterns. During absorption, the BAC in

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administered, or within a certain number of hours of testing. Other jurisdictions use retrograde extrapolation to estimate the BAC or BrAC at the time of driving.

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Harding PM, McMurray MC, Laessig RH, Simley DO, Correll PJ, Tsunehiro JK (July 1992). "The effect of dentures and denture adhesives on mouth alcohol retention".

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compliance with federal guidelines on certain issues, such as the federal government ensuring that the legal drinking age be the age of 21 across the 50 states.

272: 325: 212: 3724: 2257:"Reflections on variability in the blood-breath ratio of ethanol and its importance when evidential breath-alcohol instruments are used in law enforcement" 1027:

graph when the absorption phase finishes - for example, the body can reach a sustained equilibrium BAC where absorption and elimination are proportional.

235: 200:. The drunkometer collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine. The breath sample was then pumped through an acidified 4395: 2796: 669: 1417: 887:

Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab.

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It is sometimes said that the exhaled air analyzed by the breathalyzer is "alveolar air", coming from the alveoli in close proximity to the blood in

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Jones, A.W. (1 July 1983). "Determination of Liquid/Air Partition Coefficients for Dilute Solutions of Ethanol in Water, Whole Blood, and Plasma".

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proportional to the degree of the color change; this current moves the needle that indicates BAC. Like other methods, breath testing devices using

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One exception to criminal prosecution is the state of Wisconsin, where a first time drunk driving offense is normally a civil ordinance violation.

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regularly. In addition, the assumed water-air partition ratio for aqueous ethanol must be taken into account along with its associated uncertainty.

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Gullberg RG (2005-01-01). "Determining the Air/Water Partition Coefficient to Employ when Calibrating Forensic Breath Alcohol Test Instruments".

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Jones, A. W. (1 November 1982). "Effects of Temperature and Humidity of Inhaled Air on the Concentration of Ethanol in a Man's Exhaled Breath".

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crystal-filled tubes that changed colour above a certain level of alcohol in the breath, was approved for police use. Lion Laboratories won the

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alcohol sensor rather than crystals, providing a more reliable curbside test and removing the need for blood or urine samples to be taken at a

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potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by kidney and blood filtration, producing false positives.

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Jones AW (March 1982). "Quantitative measurements of the alcohol concentration and the temperature of breath during a prolonged exhalation".

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Jones tested several breathing patterns immediately before and during breathalyzer use and found the following changes (in order of effect):

3686: 2966: 2764: 530: 3522:"The accuracy and promise of personal breathalysers for research: Steps toward a cost-effective reliable measure of alcohol intoxication?" 3330: 1270:

All breath alcohol testers used by law enforcement in the United States of America must be approved by the Department of Transportation's

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Novelty beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of breathalysers in the United Kingdom, in 1967.

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Infrared-based breath analyzers project an infrared beam of radiation through the captured breath in the sample chamber and detect the

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periods. Also known to produce false results due to residual alcohol in the mouth is passionate kissing with an intoxicated person.

1385:, updates to the criminal code are proposed that will allow a breathalyzer test to be administered without suspicion of impairment. 5528: 3928: 1711: 4525: 4044: 899:) found in alcoholic beverages but also other substances similar in molecular structure or reactivity, "interfering compounds". 4407: 1908: 1474:, most statutes directed to post-driving consumption allow defenses for circumstances related to activity not related to. In 1296:. In other words, the BrAC level itself became the direct predicate evidence for conviction, with no need to estimate BAC. In 1255:

or "preliminary alcohol screening", or as evidential devices in point of arrest testing. Larger breathalyzer devices found in

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Recent use of mouthwash or breath fresheners can also skew results upward, as they can contain fairly high levels of alcohol.

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to be oxidized at an appreciable rate. The requisite acidic condition needed for the reaction might also be provided by the

1116:, for example, contains 26.9% alcohol, and can skew results for between 5 and 10 minutes. A scientist tested the effects of 5755: 5745: 5523: 4021: 2987: 3400: 3010: 1842: 1074:

Hyperventilation by rapid inspiration and expiration of room air for 20 seconds before forced expiration - decrease by 10%

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of the beam, producing an absorbance spectrum that can be used to identify the compound, as the absorbance is due to the

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One major problem with older breath analyzers is non-specificity: the machines identify not only the ethyl alcohol (or

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Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when

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tested a number of methods that supposedly allow a person to fool a breath analyzer test. The methods tested included

5195: 5025: 5005: 4765: 4448: 3104: 1128:. This causes the liquids and/or gases from the stomach—including any alcohol—to rise up into the soft tissue of the 96: 82: 1156:

There are a number of substances or techniques that can supposedly "fool" a breath analyzer (i.e., generate a lower

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Inspiration through the nose followed by breath-holding for 30 seconds before forced expiration. - 12.6% increase

3569: 3222: 2376: 1635:, for example, could also act as reducing agents, creating the necessary color change to indicate increased BAC. 5538: 5488: 4280: 4098: 3902: 3428:

Montgomery MR, Reasor MJ (August 1992). "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: an applied approach".

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and oral cavity, where it will stay until it has dissipated. The American Medical Association concludes in its

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Mouth closed for 5 minutes (shallow breathing) before nose-inspiration and a forced expiration. - 7.7% increase

923:. This source of false positives is unlikely as very few other substances found in exhaled air are oxidizable. 229: 3629:

Vitz E, Chan H (October 1995). "LIMSport VII. Semiconductor Gas Sensors as GC Detectors and 'Breathalyzers'".

2936:. American Prosecutors Research Institute; National District Attorneys Association. p. 15. Archived from 946:

group, the less reaches the detector on the other side—and the higher the reading. Other groups, most notably

5561: 5503: 3800: 2543:

Jones, A. W. (October 1982). "How Breathing Technique Can Influence the Results of Breath-Alcohol Analysis".

3189:"Highway Safety Programs; Conforming Products List of Screening Devices To Measure Alcohol in Bodily Fluids" 165: 5508: 5366: 5180: 5165: 5130: 4721: 4688: 4476: 3950: 3892: 3810: 3795: 3785: 3471: 1943: 1397: 17: 2523: 1416:, have statutes on the books penalizing preliminary breath test refusal for drivers under 21; however the 5409: 5255: 5234: 5063: 4415: 3729: 3672: 3062: 1974: 1283: 1011: 858: 845:

produced by this reaction is measured by a microcontroller, and displayed as an approximation of overall

1741: 5626: 5498: 5414: 5371: 5306: 5117: 4931: 4894: 4672: 3923: 3815: 3250: 3028: 1475: 1022:

blood, but post-absorption, venous BAC will be higher than arterial BAC. This is especially clear with

5672: 5250: 5205: 5089: 4830: 4496: 4385: 3938: 3847: 3790: 3268: 1378: 3298:"Highway Safety Programs; Conforming Products List of Evidential Breath Alcohol Measurement Devices" 1095:

A normal inspiration with breath-holding for 30 seconds before a forced expiration. - 15.7% increase

5551: 5493: 5223: 4959: 2438: 2306:"Identification, management and referral of adults with chronic kidney disease: concise guidelines" 1688: 221: 154: 64: 4361: 5770: 5589: 5386: 5381: 5010: 4815: 4752: 4650: 4625: 3897: 3297: 3188: 3148: 2094:"Evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether as an interference on commercial breath-alcohol analyzers" 974: 1777: 5644: 5579: 5556: 5518: 5338: 5265: 4583: 4530: 4486: 4371: 4339: 4130: 4103: 1355: 1306: 998: 201: 186: 182: 4772: 1377:

In Canada, a preliminary non-evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an

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Extrapolation is calculated using five factors and a general elimination rate of 0.015/hour.

1217: 1157: 1117: 1056: 1048: 939: 846: 244: 146: 192:

In 1931 the first practical roadside breath-testing device was the drunkometer developed by

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season 1, episode 6: "Lightning Strikes Tongue Piercing, Tree Cannon, Beat the Breath Test"

2346: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1581: 1573: 1549: 903: 225: 206: 4645: 3284:"ORS 813.136 (2015) - Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests" 8: 5709: 5699: 5513: 5480: 5228: 5109: 5015: 4889: 4630: 4615: 4565: 4270: 4260: 4039: 3969: 3757: 3594:

Labianca DA (March 1990). "The chemical basis of the Breathalyzer: A critical analysis".

1674: 1456: 1438: 1333: 935: 508:{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH_{(g)}{}+ H2O_{(l)}-> CH3COOH_{(l)}{}+ 4H+_{(aq)}{}+ 4e-}}} 264: 3642: 3607: 3441: 5667: 5639: 5465: 5426: 5213: 4847: 4790: 4706: 4605: 4598: 4560: 4520: 4326: 4227: 4142: 4120: 3974: 3933: 3695: 3546: 3521: 3497: 3096: 2691: 2618: 2568: 2491: 2430: 2333: 2281: 2256: 2229: 2204: 2049: 1913: 1886: 1819: 1802: 1716: 1358:, although it is not part of the series of performance tests generally associated with 1228: 1201: 2109: 1259:

can be used to produce court evidence, These desktop analyzers generally use infrared

56: 5611: 5470: 4877: 4747: 4610: 4588: 4491: 4366: 4310: 4088: 4027: 4017: 3989: 3965: 3551: 3453: 3100: 2907: 2872: 2837: 2695: 2660: 2610: 2560: 2472: 2422: 2418: 2338: 2286: 2234: 2185: 2144: 2132: 2113: 2041: 1824: 1628: 1624: 1260: 256: 193: 174: 60: 2434: 2181: 2053: 1051:

and containing ethanol in concentrations proportional to that blood approximated by

957:

Some natural and volatile interfering compounds do exist, however. For example, the

5688: 5443: 5401: 5311: 5218: 5145: 4860: 4810: 4454: 4390: 4356: 4349: 4232: 4199: 4189: 3646: 3611: 3541: 3533: 3445: 3092: 2899: 2864: 2829: 2687: 2652: 2622: 2602: 2572: 2552: 2464: 2414: 2328: 2320: 2276: 2268: 2224: 2216: 2177: 2105: 2037: 2033: 1878: 1814: 1803:"The Diagnosis of Drunkenness-A Quantitative Study of Acute Alcoholic Intoxication" 1620: 1541: 1532:, is a form of breath testing rarely encountered today. The process works by using 1023: 951: 842: 832:{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH_{(l)}{}+ O2_{(g)}{}-> CH3COOH_{(aq)}{}+ H2O_{(l)}}}} 216:

A US Transportation Systems Center staff member demonstrates a breathalyzer in 1972

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Substances in the environment can also lead to false BAC readings. For example,

5678: 5601: 5333: 5301: 5272: 5140: 5045: 4855: 4835: 4797: 4662: 4083: 4073: 4063: 3871: 3837: 3703: 2556: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1393: 1350: 1290: 1282:

The breath alcohol content reading may be used in prosecutions of the crime of

1256: 1052: 943: 290: 134: 3449: 3087:

Jones, A.W. (2016). "Alcohol: Acute and Chronic Use and Postmortem Findings".

2626: 2606: 2205:"Significance of variations in blood: breath partition coefficient of alcohol" 1124:

Other than those, the most common source of mouth alcohol is from belching or

938:

and stretching of specific bonds in the molecule at specific wavelengths (see

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Riordan BC, Scarf D, Moradi S, Flett JA, Carey KB, Conner TS (January 2017).

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electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis. These units are similar to some

1204:

concealed in the mouth (to absorb alcohol vapor), an oxidizing gas (such as N

1080:

Deep expiration without an inspiration - statistically insignificant increase

915: 276: 142: 2220: 177:

made the observation that small amounts of alcohol were excreted in breath.

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Deep inspiration followed by a slow (20 second) expiration. - 2.0% increase

664:

The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water.

255:

developed and marketed the first electronic breathalyser. They established

3457: 3011:"DUI blood test refusal waiver (post [Birchfield v. North Dakota]" 2876: 2699: 2664: 2588:"The impact of breathing pattern and lung size on the alcohol breath test" 2564: 2476: 2468: 1246: 5714: 5616: 5448: 5376: 5348: 5190: 5074: 4911: 4906: 4777: 4657: 4547: 4440: 4212: 4157: 3762: 2726: 2238: 1165: 911: 313: 118: 3283: 2071: 1767:"Professor Robert F. Borkenstein — An Appreciation of his Life and Work" 5662: 5460: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5160: 5040: 4872: 4820: 4620: 4593: 4503: 4285: 4265: 4194: 3777: 3767: 3251:"Refusal to Take a Roadside Breathalyzer Test in the State of Colorado" 1890: 1585: 1533: 1413: 931: 927: 150: 3650: 3615: 2868: 2833: 2656: 1540:(oxidation-reduction) reaction. A breath sample is bubbled through an 1083:

Inspiration through the nose before a deep expiration. - 1.3% increase

655:{\displaystyle {\ce {O2_{(g)}{}+ 4H+_{(aq)}{}+ 4e- -> 2H2O_{(l)}}}} 5704: 4975: 4882: 4716: 4515: 4481: 4334: 4305: 4275: 4207: 4162: 4135: 3983: 3918: 3752: 3747: 3664: 1658: 1654: 1616: 1337: 1264: 1200:

Other substances that might reduce the BrAC reading include a bag of

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In Canada, an evidentiary breath instrument can be designated as an

902:

The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of

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DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test

1632: 1577: 1125: 978: 966: 896: 518: 305: 260: 3570:"Breathalyzer tests suspended as coronavirus risk level goes up" 2819: 1077:

Moderate inspiration through mouth and deep expiration - control

1019: 990: 293:. In 1991, Lion Laboratories was sold to the American company 3063:"Offenses and penalties for OWI (Operating While Intoxicated)" 2889: 5035: 4943: 4108: 2790:"Alco -Sensor FST Operator Manual For British Columbia Users" 2166: 2133:"Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol - Issues of Forensic Importance" 2092:

Buckley TJ, Pleil JD, Bowyer JR, Davis JM (1 December 2001).

1869:

Mitchell CA (March–April 1932). "Science and the Detective".

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A man demonstrating a breathalyzer in the Netherlands in 1974

47:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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CDN DOJ lists the "post driving" restriction as two hours.

1250:

A police officer testing a volunteer's blood alcohol level

3138: 2746:"Sobriety testing: Intoxilyzers and Listerine antiseptic" 1712:"Robert F. Borkenstein, 89, Inventor of the Breathalyzer" 1596: 1588: 825: 804: 786: 765: 747: 718: 697: 684: 648: 627: 556: 450: 429: 413: 392: 374: 353: 340: 4472:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

2526:, pg. 35 (The Supreme Court of California 2011). 243:

Subsequent breath analyzers have converted primarily to

3519: 3331:"If you drink more after a crash, can you avoid a DUI?" 3236:"How Does Implied Consent Work In A DUI Investigation?" 3122:"A history of the Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs" 2091: 2070:. Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide. Archived from 97:

Electronic tagging § Sweat alcohol content monitor

2379:, 459 (The Supreme Court of New Jersey. 1990). 1516:, they were temporarily suspended from use in Sweden. 672: 533: 328: 3725:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

2743: 1937: 1935: 1933: 105:

An Alco-Sensor IV law enforcement grade breathalyzer

4396:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

3119: 3395: 3393: 1942: 831: 654: 507: 304:When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any 4401:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 3806:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 2784: 2782: 2202: 1930: 275:introduced the first legally enforceable maximum 5727: 3427: 2967:"Federal Register/Vol 71, No. 125/June 29, 2008" 2744:Feeny, M T; Horne, J M; Williamson, A D (1985). 2585: 1408:probative value in a drunk driving prosecution. 4783:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 3390: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2162: 2160: 2158: 1603:'s color from red-orange to green. The reacted 1528:The photovoltaic assay, used only in the dated 5547:Commercial Driver's License Information System 3430:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2779: 1443:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1390:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1272:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1163:A 2003 episode of the science television show 959:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 29:Device to estimate blood alcohol concentration 5595:Disabled parking permits of the United States 5090: 3680: 1705: 1703: 1460: 1403:Refusal to take a preliminary breath test in 45:The examples and perspective in this article 4345:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 2712: 2586:Hlastala, MP; Anderson, JC (February 2007). 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2493:Why breath tests of blood-alcohol don't work 2400:"Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath Test" 2382: 2303: 2250: 2248: 2155: 2026:Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 1992: 1909:"Rolla N. Harger Dies. Invented Drunkometer" 1599:. This reduction results in a change of the 3218: 3216: 3089:Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine 1485: 1424: 1343: 282:Queen's Award for Technological Achievement 137:content (BrAC). It is commonly utilized by 5104: 5097: 5083: 4986:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 4556:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 3687: 3673: 2996:(Lists evidentiary testing procedures for 2762: 2254: 1700: 1134:Manual for Chemical Tests for Intoxication 3888:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 3545: 2529: 2332: 2280: 2245: 2228: 2124: 1818: 1449: 1305:influence, laws in these states create a 1267:technology, or a combination of the two. 857:Breath analyzers do not directly measure 616: 599: 567: 493: 461: 83:Learn how and when to remove this message 5529:List of countries by minimum driving age 3628: 3593: 3213: 3046:California Vehicle Code Section 23152(b) 2489: 2397: 2023: 1975:"Drink driving law and motoring history" 1868: 1428: 1245: 890: 267:, and Tom Parry Jones was a lecturer at 234: 211: 164: 100: 4526:Legal drinking age in the United States 3498:"Drinking & Driving – Breathalyzer" 3408:American Prosecutors Research Institute 3348: 3328: 3282:Committee, Oregon Legislative Counsel. 2304:Burden R, Tomson C (December 1, 2005). 2203:Alobaidi TA, Hill DW, Payne JP (1976). 1519: 1220:will be overestimated. Additionally, Cl 1151: 1018:blood will generally be higher than in 14: 5728: 3694: 2924: 2499:. DWI on Trial – The Big Apple Seminar 2255:Jones, AW; Cowan, JM (3 August 2020). 2000:"Police breathalysers - type approved" 1903: 1871:The American Journal of Police Science 1709: 1284:driving under the influence of alcohol 1277: 954:can give similar absorbance readings. 5078: 4509:List of dry communities by U.S. state 3668: 3281: 3248: 3155:. Government of Canada. June 19, 2017 3086: 2706: 2677: 2642: 2542: 2454: 2130: 1800: 930:of the compound as a function of the 198:Indiana University School of Medicine 153:of instruments developed by inventor 4022:List of methanol poisoning incidents 3401:"Alcohol Toxicology for Prosecutors" 1042: 31: 4743:Alcohol consumption recommendations 4668:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 3476:Kraut Law Group (a Calif. law firm) 3472:"What is Retrograde Extrapolation?" 3322: 3269:"SOS - Substance Abuse and Driving" 2775:(1). Clark Boardman Callaghan: 136. 2398:Hlastala, Michael P. (March 2010). 1004: 914:, changing color in the process. A 224:(1912–2002) was a captain with the 133:, is a device for measuring breath 24: 5585:Decriminalised parking enforcement 4467:Alcohol packaging warning messages 4079:Alcohol use among college students 3741:Drunk driving in the United States 3175:"Changes to Impaired Driving Laws" 3097:10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00013-6 2692:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07002.x 1631:that have compositions similar to 1241: 989:, and cleaning fluids, especially 25: 5787: 5392:Category: Speed limits by country 5196:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 5026:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 5006:Index of alcohol-related articles 4449:Administrative License Suspension 3660: 2988:"Breath Alcohol Approved Methods" 2490:Hlastala, Michael P. (May 2001). 1536:to analyze the color change of a 5059: 5058: 4460:Alcoholic beverage control state 4256:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 2927:"Breath Testing for Prosecutors" 2595:Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2457:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2419:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01269.x 1746:US Patent & Trademark Office 1319: 1103: 879:be done when and where required. 141:officers whenever they initiate 36: 4069:Alcohol in association football 3622: 3587: 3562: 3513: 3489: 3464: 3421: 3372: 3290: 3275: 3261: 3249:Byers, Matthew (13 July 2021). 3242: 3228: 3181: 3167: 3113: 3080: 3055: 3039: 3021: 3003: 2980: 2959: 2918: 2883: 2848: 2813: 2765:"Drinking/Driving Law Letter 1" 2737: 2734:. First aired November 7, 2003. 2671: 2636: 2579: 2511: 2483: 2448: 2364: 2297: 2196: 2182:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.018 2085: 2060: 2017: 1955:from the original on 2022-01-12 1807:California and Western Medicine 1506: 1466:, but complicates prosecution. 1138:gastroesophageal reflux disease 1100:hyperventilation reaching 20%. 5539:Traffic violations reciprocity 4281:List of deaths through alcohol 4099:Epidemiology of binge drinking 3903:Subjective response to alcohol 3311:(115): 35748–50. June 14, 2012 2680:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 2170:Forensic Science International 2098:Forensic Science International 2038:10.1080/00085030.2005.10757592 1967: 1897: 1862: 1835: 1794: 1759: 1734: 864: 819: 813: 780: 774: 752: 741: 735: 712: 706: 642: 636: 610: 580: 574: 550: 544: 474: 468: 444: 438: 416: 407: 401: 368: 362: 230:Indiana University Bloomington 13: 1: 5562:Non-Resident Violator Compact 5504:Inter-American Driving Permit 4766:Sweat alcohol content monitor 3801:Alcoholism in rural Australia 3631:Journal of Chemical Education 3596:Journal of Chemical Education 2795:. August 2017. Archived from 2545:Medicine, Science and the Law 2273:10.1080/20961790.2020.1780720 2110:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00534-5 1694: 1657:gas sensors are based on the 1627:are prone to false readings. 1368:standard field sobriety tests 5509:International Driving Permit 5367:Assured clear distance ahead 5181:School bus traffic stop laws 5166:Left- and right-hand traffic 5131:Assured clear distance ahead 4689:Adult Children of Alcoholics 4477:Drunk driving law by country 3893:Long-term effects of alcohol 3811:Disease theory of alcoholism 3796:Alcoholism in family systems 3786:Alcohol and Native Americans 3410:. April 2003. Archived from 3380:"Drinking After An Accident" 2904:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.004 2857:Journal of Forensic Sciences 2822:Journal of Forensic Sciences 2407:Journal of Forensic Sciences 2325:10.7861/clinmedicine.5-6-635 1851:. August 1, 1927. p. 56 1710:Martin D (August 17, 2002). 1396:for arrest. All states have 1263:technology, electrochemical 299: 7: 5756:Driving under the influence 5746:Vehicle safety technologies 5524:Driving licences by country 5489:Commercial driver's license 5235:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 4416:International whisk(e)y day 3730:Driving under the influence 3360:(CDN) Department of Justice 3202:(115): 35745. June 14, 2012 3149:"Criminal Code Section 254" 3000:starting 29 September 2011) 2769:Drinking/Driving Law Letter 1944:"Obituary: Tom Parry Jones" 1682: 1433:An evidential breath tester 1012:gastrointestinal physiology 961:has found that dieters and 859:blood alcohol concentration 852: 308:present in their breath is 59:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5792: 5751:Brands that became generic 5499:Graduated driver licensing 5372:National Maximum Speed Law 4932:Christian views on alcohol 4538:List of alcohol laws of US 3816:High-functioning alcoholic 3329:Phippen W (21 July 2014). 3255:Christian A. Schwaner, P.C 2969:. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov 2925:Swartz J (December 2004). 2557:10.1177/002580248202200409 2261:Forensic Sciences Research 160: 94: 5761:Law enforcement equipment 5653: 5625: 5570: 5537: 5479: 5432:Mobile phones and driving 5400: 5347: 5243: 5204: 5116: 5054: 4998: 4952: 4922: 4846: 4831:Alcoholic spirits measure 4816:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 4730: 4574: 4546: 4497:Ignition interlock device 4439: 4430: 4386:Drunken monkey hypothesis 4319: 4248: 4219:Routes of administration 4000: 3911: 3880: 3848:Alcohol congener analysis 3830: 3791:Alcoholism in adolescence 3776: 3713: 3702: 3450:10.1080/15287399209531639 3120:National Safety Council. 2992:ND Atty. General's Office 2607:10.1007/s10439-006-9216-3 1843:"Test a Tippler's Breath" 1530:photoelectric intoximeter 1379:approved screening device 849:(BAC) by the Alcosensor. 228:and later a professor at 5695:"How's my driving?" sign 5552:Driver License Agreement 5494:European driving licence 5224:The Highway Code (Malta) 3538:10.1177/2055207617746752 3508:Retrograde extrapolation 1689:Coronavirus breathalyzer 1486:Retrograde extrapolation 1461:retrograde extrapolation 1425:Evidentiary breath tests 1344:Preliminary breath tests 1224:is toxic and corrosive. 521:, atmospheric oxygen is 263:. Ducie was a chartered 222:Robert Frank Borkenstein 155:Robert Frank Borkenstein 5590:Disabled parking permit 5387:Speed limits by country 5382:Speed limit enforcement 5011:Alcohol and spaceflight 4753:Alcohol server training 4626:Managed alcohol program 4204:Binge drinking devices 3898:Pharmacology of ethanol 3384:ZA Arrive Alive Website 3356:"Impaired Driving Laws" 2221:10.1136/bmj.2.6050.1479 2137:Forensic Science Review 2131:Jones, AW (July 2011). 2068:"Infrared spectroscopy" 975:methyl tert-butyl ether 5673:Drivers' working hours 5645:Clunk Click Every Trip 5580:Alternate-side parking 5557:Driver License Compact 5266:Field sobriety testing 4616:Alcohol rehabilitation 4584:Alcohol detoxification 4487:Field sobriety testing 4372:Health effects of wine 4340:International Beer Day 4104:Holiday heart syndrome 3163:– via Canada.ca. 2763:Whited III FK (2014). 1450:Drinking after driving 1434: 1356:field sobriety testing 1307:rebuttable presumption 1251: 1238:had consumed alcohol. 1227:A 2007 episode of the 833: 656: 509: 247:. In 1967 in Britain, 240: 217: 202:potassium permanganate 183:William Duncan McNally 170: 106: 5437:Texting while driving 5357:85th percentile speed 5171:Bidirectional traffic 5156:New Zealand Road Code 5136:Australian Road Rules 4868:Disulfiram-like drugs 4408:Ritual use of alcohol 4377:Wine and food pairing 4362:Apéritif and digestif 4013:Adulterated moonshine 3860:Blood alcohol content 3822:Seeing pink elephants 3153:R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46 2892:Science & Justice 1801:Bogen E (June 1927). 1774:Borkensteincourse.org 1640:Infrared spectroscopy 1432: 1405:the State of Michigan 1249: 1218:blood alcohol content 1158:blood alcohol content 1057:bronchial circulation 1049:pulmonary circulation 940:infrared spectroscopy 891:Non-specific analysis 847:blood alcohol content 834: 657: 510: 245:infrared spectroscopy 238: 215: 168: 147:genericized trademark 104: 5684:Epilepsy and driving 5362:Advisory speed limit 5287:Road traffic control 4937:Alcohol in the Bible 4924:Religion and alcohol 4890:General anaesthetics 4683:Alcoholics Anonymous 4641:List of mixed drinks 4094:Alcohol intoxication 4009:Adulterated alcohol 3532:: 2055207617746752. 3318:– via GPO.gov. 3209:– via GPO.gov. 2377:117 N.J. 450 1582:potassium dichromate 1550:potassium dichromate 1520:Breathalyzer sensors 1398:implied consent laws 1360:field sobriety tests 1152:Myths about accuracy 904:potassium dichromate 670: 531: 326: 273:Road Safety Act 1967 226:Indiana State Police 207:Red Bank, New Jersey 149:of the Breathalyzer 65:create a new article 57:improve this article 5710:Slow moving vehicle 5700:Old age and driving 5251:Parking enforcement 5016:Gateway drug effect 4802:Low-alcohol drinks 4631:Non-alcoholic drink 4566:Temperance movement 4548:Alcohol prohibition 4271:Gilbert Paul Jordan 4261:Dionysian Mysteries 4045:on college campuses 4040:Alcohol advertising 3758:Public intoxication 3643:1995JChEd..72..920V 3608:1990JChEd..67..259L 3442:1992JTEHA..36..281M 2519:People v. Vangelder 2469:10.1093/jat/7.4.193 1907:(August 10, 1983). 1619:, which creates an 1457:affirmative defense 1439:approved instrument 1278:Breath alcohol laws 1114:Listerine mouthwash 827: 806: 788: 767: 749: 720: 699: 686: 650: 629: 590: 558: 484: 452: 431: 415: 394: 376: 355: 342: 265:electrical engineer 5668:Digital tachograph 5640:Click It or Ticket 5466:Vehicular homicide 5427:Distracted driving 4848:Addiction medicine 4791:Get Your Sexy Back 4731:Alcohol limitation 4707:Sober living house 4673:Twelve-step groups 4606:Brief intervention 4599:Open-container law 4561:Neo-prohibitionism 4521:Legal drinking age 4327:Alcoholic beverage 4228:Alcohol inhalation 4143:Drinking in public 4121:Blackout Wednesday 3979:Beverage-specific 3696:Alcohol and health 1914:The New York Times 1717:The New York Times 1525:Photovoltaic assay 1435: 1252: 1202:activated charcoal 1010:it is affected by 936:harmonic vibration 829: 807: 794: 768: 755: 726: 700: 687: 674: 652: 630: 617: 568: 535: 505: 462: 432: 419: 395: 382: 356: 343: 330: 241: 218: 171: 129:), also called an 107: 5723: 5722: 5627:Automotive safety 5612:Parking violation 5471:Wrong-way driving 5402:Moving violations 5118:Rules of the road 5072: 5071: 4994: 4993: 4944:Islam and alcohol 4878:Calcium carbimide 4748:Alcohol education 4636:List of cocktails 4611:Designated driver 4589:Alcohol-free zone 4492:Hip flask defence 4426: 4425: 4367:Hangover remedies 4311:Whiskey Rebellion 4301:Six o'clock swill 4089:Austrian syndrome 4028:Surrogate alcohol 4018:Denatured alcohol 3990:Red wine headache 3651:10.1021/ed072p920 3616:10.1021/ed067p259 3495:Example found in 3067:DOT.Wisconsin.gov 2943:on March 29, 2017 2869:10.1520/JFS13285J 2834:10.1520/JFS14558J 2657:10.1042/cs0630441 2313:Clinical Medicine 2215:(6050): 1479–81. 1625:chemical analysis 1607:is compared to a 1418:Constitutionality 1261:spectrophotometer 1043:Breathing pattern 981:, paint remover, 818: 810: 797: 779: 771: 758: 740: 729: 711: 703: 690: 677: 641: 633: 620: 603: 579: 571: 549: 538: 497: 473: 465: 443: 435: 422: 406: 398: 385: 367: 359: 346: 333: 257:Lion Laboratories 194:Rolla Neil Harger 175:Francis E. Anstie 127:analyzer/analyser 93: 92: 85: 67:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5783: 5689:Hours of service 5514:Learner's permit 5481:Driver licensing 5444:Reckless driving 5410:Impaired driving 5256:Impaired driving 5229:Road Users' Code 5219:The Highway Code 5206:Road user guides 5146:Green Cross Code 5099: 5092: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5062: 5061: 4861:Chlordiazepoxide 4811:Low-alcohol beer 4455:Alcohol monopoly 4437: 4436: 4357:Drinking culture 4350:Women in brewing 4233:Vodka eyeballing 4200:Passive drinking 3711: 3710: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3654: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3305:Federal Register 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3196:Federal Register 3193: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3177:. 13 April 2017. 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3015:Valley News Live 3007: 3001: 2998:Intoxilyzer 8000 2995: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2741: 2735: 2723: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2645:Clinical Science 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2625:. Archived from 2592: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2540: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2437:. Archived from 2404: 2395: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2345:. Archived from 2336: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2232: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2176:(2–3): 200–207. 2164: 2153: 2152: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2004:drinkdriving.org 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1979:drinkdriving.org 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1946: 1939: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1776:. Archived from 1771: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1707: 1621:electric current 1580:reacts with the 1542:aqueous solution 1005:Pharmacokinetics 952:carboxylic acids 843:electric current 838: 836: 835: 830: 828: 826: 823: 822: 816: 808: 805: 802: 795: 790: 787: 784: 783: 777: 769: 766: 763: 756: 751: 748: 745: 744: 738: 727: 722: 719: 716: 715: 709: 701: 698: 695: 688: 685: 682: 675: 661: 659: 658: 653: 651: 649: 646: 645: 639: 631: 628: 625: 618: 609: 608: 601: 592: 589: 584: 583: 577: 569: 560: 557: 554: 553: 547: 536: 514: 512: 511: 506: 504: 503: 502: 495: 486: 483: 478: 477: 471: 463: 454: 451: 448: 447: 441: 433: 430: 427: 420: 414: 411: 410: 404: 396: 393: 390: 383: 378: 375: 372: 371: 365: 357: 354: 351: 344: 341: 338: 331: 145:. The name is a 88: 81: 77: 74: 68: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5649: 5621: 5566: 5533: 5475: 5396: 5343: 5282:Pretextual stop 5239: 5214:Driver's manual 5200: 5112: 5103: 5073: 5068: 5050: 5031:Self-medication 4990: 4948: 4918: 4856:Benzodiazepines 4842: 4726: 4712:Sobering center 4697:Sober companion 4678:Al-Anon/Alateen 4570: 4542: 4432: 4422: 4315: 4244: 4184:In vino veritas 4178:Hair of the dog 3996: 3912:Adverse effects 3907: 3876: 3826: 3772: 3716: 3715:Alcohol-related 3706: 3698: 3693: 3663: 3658: 3627: 3623: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3518: 3514: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3362:. 22 June 2018. 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3335:Tampa Bay Times 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3247: 3243: 3238:. 27 July 2023. 3234: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3044: 3040: 3033:194 N.J. 54, 77 3029:"State v. Chun" 3027: 3026: 3022: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2888: 2884: 2863:(4): 999–1007. 2853: 2849: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2761: 2757: 2742: 2738: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2676: 2672: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2541: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2402: 2396: 2383: 2372:State v. Downie 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2253: 2246: 2201: 2197: 2165: 2156: 2129: 2125: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1940: 1931: 1919: 1917: 1902: 1898: 1883:10.2307/1147200 1867: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1848:Popular Science 1841: 1840: 1836: 1799: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1722: 1720: 1708: 1701: 1697: 1685: 1611:of non-reacted 1584:, reducing the 1564:, allowing the 1522: 1509: 1488: 1452: 1427: 1346: 1322: 1280: 1257:police stations 1244: 1242:Law enforcement 1231:network's show 1223: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1154: 1106: 1045: 1007: 921:false positives 893: 867: 855: 824: 812: 811: 803: 798: 789: 785: 773: 772: 764: 759: 750: 746: 734: 730: 721: 717: 705: 704: 696: 691: 683: 678: 673: 671: 668: 667: 647: 635: 634: 626: 621: 604: 600: 591: 585: 573: 572: 559: 555: 543: 539: 534: 532: 529: 528: 498: 494: 485: 479: 467: 466: 453: 449: 437: 436: 428: 423: 412: 400: 399: 391: 386: 377: 373: 361: 360: 352: 347: 339: 334: 329: 327: 324: 323: 302: 253:Tom Parry Jones 163: 139:law enforcement 99: 89: 78: 72: 69: 54: 41: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5789: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5771:Harm reduction 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5681: 5679:Drowsy driving 5676: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635:Seat belt laws 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Double parking 5599: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449:Brake checking 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5334:Traffic ticket 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273:Highway patrol 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Boulevard rule 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5046:French paradox 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4902:Sulfonic acids 4899: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4836:Standard drink 4833: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4800: 4798:Liquor license 4795: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4670: 4665: 4663:Temperance bar 4660: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4084:Binge drinking 4081: 4076: 4074:Alcohol powder 4071: 4066: 4064:Alcohol myopia 4061: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3972: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3872:Wine chemistry 3869: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3838:Beer chemistry 3834: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3708: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3661:External links 3659: 3657: 3656: 3621: 3586: 3574:Sveriges Radio 3561: 3526:Digital Health 3512: 3504:. 17 May 2013. 3502:allontario.com 3488: 3463: 3420: 3417:on 2018-06-21. 3389: 3371: 3347: 3321: 3289: 3274: 3260: 3241: 3227: 3212: 3180: 3166: 3137: 3112: 3105: 3079: 3054: 3038: 3020: 3017:. 22 May 2018. 3002: 2979: 2958: 2917: 2882: 2847: 2812: 2778: 2755: 2736: 2711: 2705: 2670: 2651:(5): 441–445. 2635: 2632:on 2017-02-13. 2578: 2551:(4): 275–280. 2528: 2510: 2482: 2463:(4): 193–197. 2447: 2444:on 2017-02-13. 2413:(2): 451–456. 2381: 2363: 2296: 2267:(4): 300–308. 2244: 2195: 2154: 2123: 2084: 2059: 2032:(4): 205–212. 2016: 1991: 1966: 1929: 1896: 1877:(2): 169–182. 1861: 1834: 1793: 1758: 1748:. May 13, 1958 1742:"Breathalyzer" 1733: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1661:of ethanol to 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1558:silver nitrate 1554:silver nitrate 1526: 1521: 1518: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1484: 1451: 1448: 1426: 1423: 1394:probable cause 1345: 1342: 1321: 1318: 1279: 1276: 1243: 1240: 1221: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1153: 1150: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1044: 1041: 1006: 1003: 892: 889: 885: 884: 880: 866: 863: 854: 851: 821: 815: 801: 793: 782: 776: 762: 754: 743: 737: 733: 725: 714: 708: 694: 681: 644: 638: 624: 615: 612: 607: 598: 595: 588: 582: 576: 566: 563: 552: 546: 542: 501: 492: 489: 482: 476: 470: 460: 457: 446: 440: 426: 418: 409: 403: 389: 381: 370: 364: 350: 337: 301: 298: 291:police station 162: 159: 157:in the 1950s. 91: 90: 73:September 2023 51:of the subject 49:worldwide view 44: 42: 35: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5788: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:Parking chair 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456:Street racing 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5420:United States 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324:Traffic guard 5322: 5320: 5319:Traffic court 5317: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Move over law 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5021:Mood disorder 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4895:Nitrous oxide 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Fermented tea 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4702:Sober curious 4700: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4493: 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